10UM_PHY

SCERT TELANGANA

SCERT TELANGANA

Physical Sciences Class - X

SCERT TELANGANA

© Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

First Published 2014

New Impressions 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,2019,2020

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

The copy right holder of this book is the Director of School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.

We have used some photographs which are under creative common licence. They are acknowledged at the end of the book.

This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. Map litho, Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

Printed in India

at the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press, Mint Compound, Hyderabad,

Telangana.

2020-21

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SL AHS GTW ZPHS

. ZPHS

SCERT TELANGANA

SCERT TELANGANA

2005- 2009-

2011

DTP

SCERT TELANGANA

Mind Mapping

SCERT TELANGANA

(Altenatives)

Question bank

SCERT TELANGANA

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1 - 19 6

20 - 32 4

33 - 56 10

57 - 80 9

81 - 105 9

106 - 121 7

122 - 149 10

150 - 175 12

176 - 208 10

209 - 236 15

237 - 252 7

253 - 294

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1

(Reflection of Light at curved surfaces)

•

•

•

(Inverted) •

•

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13(a) foam

foam

1(b)

1

fig-1(a) fig-1(b) fig-1(c)

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1(c)

1(b)

1(C)

1(b)

C

14(a)

C R

r i 14(b)

i = r

14(b) Pole

c p principal axis

fig-2(a)

fig-2(b)

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3

4

f F

R=2f

fig-3

2

fig-4

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5 coated side

5 F

V

18 V V

80 10

fig-5

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I I

V

1 2 3 4

2

2

2

C F

C

fig-6

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2

1 4

7

'A' 'A'

'A'

'B' 'A'

'A' 'B' 'A'

'A'

fig-7

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R1 8

R2 9

R2 R1

90

R3 10

fig-8

fig-9

fig-10

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23 'A'

'B'

'A' 'B'

'A'

12

24

O 13

R¹

fig-11

fig-12

fig-13

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13

14

14

15 15

fig-14

fig-15

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T.V.

16

1 17

1 2

18

3

fig-16

fig-17

fig-18

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20 AB

3 1 F P

(V) (U)

21

B AB X

B F

Y "C"

A'B' AB B B' YB' XB' B'

21 A'B'C ABC XP'

A'B'F P'XF

fig-20

fig-21

SCERT TELANGANA

1 2

(hⁱ) (h^o) 3

P'X = AB 21

(3) (1)

P P' P'F = PF

21 AC = PA - PC

A'C = PC - P'A A'F = PA' - PF (5)

uvf (7)

SCERT TELANGANA

(magnification)

(m)

22

O' 22

PO = -u; PI = -v; OO' = h^o; II' = -hⁱ (1)

m =

m =

(m) 2

25 15 4

(u) = -25 cm (f)= -15 cm

(v) = ? (h^o) = +4 cm

(hⁱ) =?

fig-22

hⁱ h^o

-v u

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37.5

23 TV dish

fig-23

SCERT TELANGANA

dish antenna

24 antenna 12 8

(concave)

(parabolic)

25

=

fig-24

fig-25

m m = -

SCERT TELANGANA

:

(AS1) 1

(AS1) 2

(AS1) 3

(AS1) 4

(AS1) 5

(e) (d) (c) (b) (a)

(m) (i) (h) (g) (f)

(AS1) 6

:

8 10 1

(AS1)

(AS1) +1 2

(AS2) 3

(AS5) 4

F

C C F

C

F C C

SCERT TELANGANA

C 1

c(d) C(c) C F(b) (a)

2

C(d) C(c) F (b) F(a)

3

C(d) C(c) F (b) F(a)

=m 4

(iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

iv i (d) iv iii (c) iii ii (b) ii i (a)

5

c(d) F(c) (b) (a)

6

(d) (c) (b) (a)

5 (AS5)

(AS7) Side mirror 6

:

5 3 1

(AS7)

(AS5) 2

SCERT TELANGANA

30 7 r=15 cm

7.5 cm (d) 30 cm(c) 10 cm(b) 15 cm(a)

8

(d) (c) (b) (a)

9

f/2 (d) 0 (c) f (b) 2f (a)

:

1 2

:

1 2

3

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2

(Chemical Equations)

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10

(Na₂SO₄) 100

100ml

(BaCl₂)

Na₂SO₄ BaCl₂

20ml

1

HCl

SCERT TELANGANA

1 2 3 4

1 1

+ (1)

(+)

SCERT TELANGANA

H2O CaO 1 Ca(OH)₂

CaO + H²O Ca(OH)₂ (2)

ZnCl₂ HCl

Zn + HCl ZnCl² + H² (3)

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO₄ + NaCl (4)

Ca(OH)₂

(Formula units)

MgBr₂ Cl- Na+ NaCl

SCERT TELANGANA

1

H² + O² H²O (5)

2 (Coefficient

'2' '2'

2H² + O² 2H²O (6)

(Coefficient) 3

(6) 4

(C₃H₈) 1 C₃H₈

1 C³H⁸ + O² CO² + H²O (7) (

SCERT TELANGANA

2

C3H8 3

3

C³H⁸ + O² 3CO² + H²O (8) 8

4 H2O

C3H8 + O2 3CO2 + 4H2O (9)

'5' C³H⁸ + 5O² 3CO² + 4H²O (10)

(10) 3

2C³H⁸ + 10O² 6CO² + 8H²O (11)

2 (11) (11)

C³H⁸ + 5O² 3CO² + 4H²O (12)

4

2

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1

2

(13) (i)

1 Fe 2 Fe₂O₃ Fe

3 Al₂O₃ 3 FeO₃ O

2 Al₂O₃ 1 Al Al

(13)

Fe Fe (ii)

2 Fe Fe

Al (Al²O3) Al (14) (iii)

'2' Al Al Al

(15)

(15) 3

4

2 Fe 2 Fe₂O₃ Fe

3 Al₂O₃ 3 FeO₃ O

2 Al₂O₃ 2 Al Al

SCERT TELANGANA

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(i) (s) (l) (g)

(aq) 'aqueous'

(16)

ii

(+) 'Q'

SCERT TELANGANA

(g) " " .iii

" " .iv

i ii

u iii

iv v

vi

(a (b (c (d

SCERT TELANGANA

1120

540 1120

STP 230g 2

H=1U O=16U Na=23U

2g 46g Na

230g Na 22.4 1 bar, Standard Pressure Standard Temperature STP

22.4 2.0g STP

SCERT TELANGANA

(N^o) 6.02X1023 1 2g 10g

HCl 7.3g HCl (CaCO₃) 50g 3

STP

CaCO3 _(s) + 2 HCl _(aq) CaCl2_(aq) + H2O _(l) + CO2 _(g)

44g HCl 73g CaCO3 100g Staichio Metric

HCl 36.5g CaCO3 50g HCl 73g CaCO3 100g

HCl 7.3g

HCl CO2

limiting reagent CaCO3

44g CO₂ 73g HCl

7.3g HCl 7.3g x 44g

73g

CO2 4.4 g 22.4 L CO2 44g

= 4.4g

SCERT TELANGANA

STP

4.4 g x 22.4 L 44g

CO2 4.4 g CO2 6.022 x 10²³ CO2 44g 4.4 g x 6.022 x 10²³

44g

= 2.24 Litres

= 6.022 x 10²² Mol

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

(ASI) 1

SCERT TELANGANA

(ASI) 3

(ASI) 4

(AS1) 1

+ + (a)

+ (b)

(ASI) 2

(a (b

CuCl2 6.023 x 10²² 1

(AS1)

2.4 STP A (C3H8) 2

(AS1)

(AS1) STP CO2 2.4 kg 3

(a) (b) (c)

SCERT TELANGANA

3

(Acids, Bases & Salts)

(Antacid) (Acidity)

Phenolpthalein Methyl Orange

(lichen)

( I n d i c a t o r )

SCERT TELANGANA

(CH³COOH) (HNO³) (H²SO⁴) (HCl)

[Mg(OH)²] [Ca(OH)²] (NaOH)

(KOH) (NH⁴OH)

(Watch Glass) 4

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Olfactory Indicator

SCERT TELANGANA

(HCl)

(NaOH)

(Venilla) Venilla NaOH HCl

Olfactory Indicator Venilla

HCl H²

HCl 1

Olfactory Indicator

SCERT TELANGANA

Glass through

10

H2 "POP"

2HCl ^(aq) Zn ^(s) ZnCl^{2 (aq)} H^2(g) H²SO⁴ HNO³

2 10

(Sodium (H²)

Zincate)

2NaOH Zn Na²ZnO² H² (Sodium Zincate)

SCERT TELANGANA

A B A

0.5 B 0.5

2

2

HCl

CO2

Na2CO3

Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)^2(aq) CO^2(g) CaCO³ H² O⁽¹⁾

CaCO³ H²O CO^2(g) Ca(HCO³)^2(aq)

Ca(OH)₂2-

SCERT TELANGANA

NaOH 2 HCl

HCl NaOH

NaoH

NaOH

NaOH ^(aq) HCl ^(aq) NaCl ^(aq) H²O ^(l)

Antacid Tablet Antacid Tablet

SCERT TELANGANA

HCl

HCl

(II)

HCl 5

6 5

(Ca(OH)²) 4

3

HCl

SCERT TELANGANA

100ml DC 6V

(H⁺)

H⁺ H⁺

7

230

AC

3-

SCERT TELANGANA

NaCl 1.0 g

HCl

2NaCl ^(s) H²SO^4(l) 2HCl ^(g) Na²SO^4(s)

HCl HCl Guardtube

Test tube holder

NaCl HCl 4

HCl

HCl

SCERT TELANGANA

H-

H⁺ H³O⁺ 6 4

H⁺ H²O H³O⁺ H³O⁺ H⁺

OH^- Be(OH)²

10ml H²SO⁴

5

H³O⁺ OH^-

(Diluted) (Dilution)

5

SCERT TELANGANA

HCl, HNO³

(HCl) B (CH³OOH) A B A

7

H³O⁺ HCl

H³O⁺ HCl

NH⁴OH NaOH

(Universal Indicator)

SCERT TELANGANA

pH

pH

pH potenz p pH

pH 7 pH 7 pH

7 pH OH- H³O⁺ 14 7

pH OH- H+ 6

pH

2 pH

SCERT TELANGANA

pH pH

HCl .1 CH³COOH .2 NH⁴Cl .3 CH³COONa .4 NaHCO³ .5 NaCO³ .6

NaOH .7

.8 .9 .10 .11 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17

pH 7

OH^- H3O⁺ H3O⁺

2-

SCERT TELANGANA

H+

pH Sorensen p H

(molar) "1" [H+]

14 pH

H + pH H+

(pH = 10^-14 pH=0

pH 8 14)

Battery Acid

(H²O in equilibrium with atmospheric

CO2)

NaHCO3

NH3

(NaClO) (NaOH)

pH

pH

pH

pH .1

5.6 pH pH

pH

Milk of Magnesia (MgCOH2)

8-

SCERT TELANGANA

pH .2

Enamel 5.5pH

5.5 pH

Tooth Paste

pH .3

Antacid Antacid

(Milk of Magnesia)

3 2 HCl

Antacid Tablet

pH .4

pH pH

pH

5 2

pH

12

13

pH

SCERT TELANGANA

Dock Plant

Na²SO⁴ NaCl

KCl NaCl

pH

pH pH

14

15

SCERT TELANGANA

3

pH

7 pH

7 pH

7 pH

pH

(Chemicals from common salt)

(Crystals)

brine

(Chlor-alkali)

SCERT TELANGANA

2NaCl ^{+ (aq)} 2H²O ^(l) 2NaOH^(aq) Cl^2(g) H^2(g)

(Bleaching Powder)

Dry Bleached lime [Ca(OH²)]

CaOCl² Ca(OH)² Cl² CaOCl² H² O

CFCs

(CaOCl²)

SCERT TELANGANA

.1

.2 .3 .4

(NaHCO³) NaCl H²O CO² NH³ NH⁴ Cl NaHCO³

p H 1 2

NaHCO³

2NaHCO³ Na²CO³ H²O CO²

Ca(H²PO⁴)² NaHCO³ (i)

CO² NaHCO³

Antacid (ii)

(iii) (antiseptic) (iv)

SCERT TELANGANA

Washing Soda

Na²CO³.10H²O

Na²CO³ 10H²O Na²CO³ . 10H²O

(i)

(Borax) (ii)

(Cleaning Agent) (iii)

(iv) 10H²O

Na²CO³ (Dry)

(Removing water of crystallisation)

2-3

10

16

SCERT TELANGANA

CuSO⁴ . 5H²O

Na²CO³ . 10H²O

CaSO⁴ . 2H²O

373K CaSO⁴ . 2H²O

CaSO⁴

CaSO⁴

SCERT TELANGANA

Guard Tube

Potenz, Antacid pH Hydrated Salt

H^-(aq) H^+(aq)

(0-14) pH

7 pH 7 pH 7 pH

pH (Metabolic Activities)

(AS1) .1

(AS2) .2

SCERT TELANGANA

(AS5) (Electricity) .3

(AS7) .4

(AS7) .5

9 7 11 1 4 pH pH E D C B A .1

(e) (d) (c) (b) (a)

(AS1) pH

(AS1) 5.5 pH .2

(AS2) .3

6 pH (a)

(b)

(AS2) .4

(HCl) A B A .5

(AS3) B

(AS3) pH 6 pH .1

(AS5) .2

.1

(d) (c) (b) (a)

( ) .2

(d) (c) (b) (a)

( ) .3

(d) (c) (b) (a)

( ) _________pH .4

10 (d) 5 (c) 4 (b) 1 (a)

( ) .5

SCERT TELANGANA

( ) .6

(d) (c) Basic (b) (a)

( ) .7

(b) (a)

(d) (c)

( ) (pH=1) .8

(d) (c) Purple (b) (a)

( ) .9

(Antiseptic) (d)Antacid (c) Analgesic (b) (Antibiotic) (a)

( ) _______ .10

(d) (c) (b) (a)

.1 -

.2

.1

pH .2

pH .3

SCERT TELANGANA

4

Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces

o o o o

4

o o o o

SCERT TELANGANA

o o o

1 o

o

2 c

(P)

o

SCERT TELANGANA

o Snell

3

o 4d 4c 4b 4a

1 4a

2 4c

3 4b

4 4d

4b 4a o

SCERT TELANGANA

o

4d 4c o

o

4(b) 4(c) 4(a)

4(a) 4(d)

4(d) (Focal Point)

o o o

5 n2 n1

'O' A

2 AI ¹

I

5

u PO 5

v PI

R PC

n² n¹

SCERT TELANGANA

ACO ACI

Snell

2 1

(1)

(2)

NC NO NI (P) N

PC PO PI (3)

(4) (4)

- -

SCERT TELANGANA

- -

(u) PO

(v) PI

R PC

PO=-u, PI=v,PC=R (4)

1/R

5

v u

1

(b) (a)

(d) (c)

n x

= n1

u = -x n² = n n¹ = 1 E1 v = -y

SCERT TELANGANA

y>x n>1 x

y>x y

(c) (a)

n R 2

E2

n² = n n¹ = 1 n¹

3

n¹=n n²=1

U = -R R = -R Using

v=-R

SCERT TELANGANA

o o o

6

(Bi Convex Lens)

(6a)

6(d) 6 ( e ) 6 ( c ) 6 ( b )

6(f)

6(a) 6(c) 6(e)

6

6(b) 6(d) 6(f)

SCERT TELANGANA

C (Centre of Curvature) C2 C1

(R)

R2 R1

C2 C1 7

Optic Centre (P) (Pricipal Axis)

(Focal length of the lens) 8(a)

8(b) Focal Point or Focus (F)

f Focal length

8(e) 8(d)

SCERT TELANGANA

o

8(c)

8(d)

2f C² C¹

I 9(b) 9(a)

10(b) 10 (a) II

III

8(d) 8(c)

(focus) o

IV

11(b) 11(a)

SCERT TELANGANA

o

12(b) 12(a) (focal

plane)

IV I

- - - - -

-1

o o

SCERT TELANGANA

8(a)

-2

(13)

F1 C1 (C2)

(13)

-3

(C2)

C1 14

-4

(F2) (C2)

C1 15

-5

(F2) 16

SCERT TELANGANA

-6

17

(magnified image)

-1

-2 (Microscope)

F1 C1

o

18

MN (S) 4

E4 (F)

(F1)

SCERT TELANGANA

(S) - (P')

(S) -

F⁰ (P)

(I) F⁰ P' -

(S) I -

5 E5(a)

E5(b) 4

E5(d) E5(c)

o

V

V V

SCERT TELANGANA

o V

1 60

v u

30 40 50 1

1

o o o o

o o

v (u) 1

1 o

'f' 'v' 'u' o

II' (19) OO'

(19)

o (v) (u)

(f)

1

SCERT TELANGANA

(Lens Formula)

F¹ O'

P (I') (O') (19)

P

I' P O'

OO' 19 I O O'

II'

PP'F¹ (19) PF¹ PI PO

F1II' (1)... PP' / II' = PF¹ / F¹I

F¹I = PI - PF¹ 19

(1) F¹I

(2)... PP'/II' = PF/(PI-PF¹) OO' / II" = PO /PI PII' OO'P

OO'=PP' (19) (3)... PP'/II'=PO/PI PO / PI = PF¹ / (PI - PF¹) (3) (2)

PI / PO = (PI - PF¹) / PF¹ PI / PO = PI / PF¹ - 1 (4)... 1 / PO = 1 / PF¹ - 1 / PI PI

PO= -u ; PI = v; PF¹ = f

1/f = 1/v - 1/u (4) (Lens formula)

'v' 'u' 1

SCERT TELANGANA

(Magnification)

II' OO' 20

II'P OO'P

21 6

100 1

E-6 x

u= -x v= 100-x f= 21 1/f = 1/v - 1/u

x

70 30

SCERT TELANGANA

2

2 (20)

o o

o o

(Lens maker's formula)

21 'O'

n^a

n^b 'O'

R¹ A

21

fig - 21

fig - 22

SCERT TELANGANA

A Q

PO = -u; (21)

v = PQ = x R = R¹

n² = n^b n¹ = n^a n2/v - n1/u=(n2-n1) / R

B (R) A

I B

21 I Q

u = PQ = + x PI = v R² = -R²

2 1

Suffixes n¹=n^b n²=n^a

n²/v - n¹/u = (n²-n¹) / R

(2) (1)

n^a

n^b / n^a = n^ba

SCERT TELANGANA

1/f = 1/v - 1/u

Lens maker's formula n

R²= 60 R¹= 30 7

n=1.50

n=1.5 R1= -30 R2= 60 E-7

1/f = (n-1) (1 / R¹ - 1 / R²) 1/f = (1.5 - 1) (1 / (-30) - 1 / 60)

f = -40

SCERT TELANGANA

'R' n²/v - n¹/u=(n²-n¹) / R o

n² n¹

o

v u f 1/f = 1/v - 1/u o

f n R2 R1 1/f = (n - 1) (1/R1-1/R2) o

o

C2 F2 C1

C2 C1

C2 C1 F1

F1

F1 P F1

(AS1) -1

(AS3) -2

(AS3) -3

F2 (ii) C2 (i)

-1 (AS1)

SCERT TELANGANA

60 20 -2

30 (AS1)

f n =15 R -3

(AS1)

24 1.5 -4

(AS7) R2= 12 R1= 6

1 -1

(AS2)

(AS3) -2

AB Q-3 -3

(AS5)

fig -Q 1

fig - Q3

SCERT TELANGANA

N1N2 Q-4 -4

(AS5)

Q-5 SI S -5

(AS5)

15 40 -6

(AS5)

-7 (AS7)

-1

(d) Acrylic (c) (b) (a)

-2 (a) (b) (c) (d)

n R -3

f=(n-1)/R (d) f=R/(n-1) (c) f=R/2(b) f=R (a)

fig - Q5 fig - Q4

SCERT TELANGANA

.1

f2 f1 .2

(i)

(AS3) d (ii)

.1 (AS4)

.2

SCERT TELANGANA

5

Human Eye and Colourful World

Lenses

Lens

(Least distance of distinct vision)

SCERT TELANGANA

10 25

8 7

25cm 2 1 25

PVC

40 35 30 20

1

30 25

SCERT TELANGANA

25 1 25 Clamp

30 Clamp

25 AB 2

CD B A

A'B' AB AB

2

EF AB 2

B A F E

60⁰ 60⁰

60⁰

60⁰ 25

SCERT TELANGANA

Structural of Human Eye

3 Eyeball Cornea

Aqueos Humour

Iris Crystalline Lens

(Iris) Pupil

Variable Aperture

2.5 (Eye Ball)

2.5

(Eyelens)

SCERT TELANGANA

EyeBall

3

Accommodation

1- 25

125

Cones Cones rods

1 rods

SCERT TELANGANA

4a

u = - V=2.5

25

u = -25 cm ; v = 2.5 cm 1/f = 1/v - 1/u

2.27 2.5

Accommodation of Lens

2.27 2.5

Myopia i

Hypermetropia i i

Presbyopia i i i

SCERT TELANGANA

Myopia

2.5

5(a)

5(b) 25

Extreme Point

5(c) M

M M

(L) 5(d) 5(c)

Far Point M

Far Point

Myopia

SCERT TELANGANA

(biconcave)

Far point v u

-D = = v u=

f

Lens Formula

1 / f = 1 / v - 1/ u

f 2.27

( Hypermetropia)

2.27

6(a)

SCERT TELANGANA

6(b) H

6(b) 6(a) H H

6a (L) H

d Near Point

(L) H

H

L (biconvex)

H L

6(d) 6(d)

(u)=-25 cm

-d= = v

'f'

Lens Formula

1 / f = 1 / v - 1 / u

f = 25 d / (d - 25) f

'f' d >25cm

SCERT TELANGANA

(Presbyopia)

Ciliary Muscles

bi-focal Lens

Prescription (Prescription)

(Power of Lens)

'f '

P=1/f; P=100/f

'D' dioptre

2D :1

P=2D

P = 100 / f ; 2 = 100 / f f = 100/2 = 50 cm f =50

SCERT TELANGANA

(Dispersion and Scattering of light)

Prism

(Prism)

PQR

M PQ 7 M PQ

iI Incident Ray

N M

N PR

i² PR N

A PR PQ

d

SCERT TELANGANA

20 x 20

R Q P

A PR PQ

M PQ

M M PQ

30^o

M

1 8

B A

C D C PR B A

B A D

PR

N N PR

1 1

(i¹) (i²) (d)

SCERT TELANGANA

D C N M B A N M

'O'

1 'd' 'd'

1 50^o 40^o

Y X

9

X

Y

Y D

X

1

Derivation of formula for refractive index of a prism

10(a) OMN

SCERT TELANGANA

d=(i¹+i²)-(r¹+r²) (1) PMN A+(90^o-r1)+(90^o-r2)=180^o

r¹ + r²=A (2)

2 1

d = (i1+i2) - A

A + d = i¹ + i² (3)

n1Sini = n2Sinr Snell's 'n'

n1=1; i-i1; n2=n; r=r1 M Snells Sin i1 = n Sin r1 (4)

n¹ = n ; i = r² ; n² = 1 ; r = i² N n Sin r2 = Sin i2 (5)

10(b) i1=i2 D

10(b) MN QR MN

D d i1 = i2

3 A + D = 2i¹

i1 = (A + D) / 2

2 r1=r2 i1 = i2

r¹ = A / 2 2r¹=A

4 r1 i1

Sin {A+D / 2} = n Sin(A / 2)

n = Sin(A+d / 2)/Sin A /2 (6)

SCERT TELANGANA

30^o A=60^o :2

D=30^o A=60^o :

=

Light On Light Light

Narrow Beam

11 3

SCERT TELANGANA

4 3 Ray Theory

Ray Theory

(Dispersion of Light)

3

VIBGYOR

Fermat's Principle 3

4 3

Violet

SCERT TELANGANA

4 3 VIBGYOR

(Violet) 7

f v

f v = f v

SCERT TELANGANA

Tube

Colours

12

Spectrum

( V o i l e t )

Voilet 42^o 0^o

12 42^o

(Voilet) 13

fiq-13

SCERT TELANGANA

Voilet 42^o

40^o 40^o

42^o VIBGYOR

14

(Voilet) 14

fiq-14

fiq-15

SCERT TELANGANA

(Scattering of light)

15

90o

fiq-16

SCERT TELANGANA

O2 N2

O² N²

hypo

SCERT TELANGANA

Raman Effect Raman Effect

Hyper Meteropia Eye Lens

Press byopia

SCERT TELANGANA

60o 25

Myopia Hyper Metropia Presbyopia

n = Sin[(A+D) / 2] / (Sin A / 2)

D A

VIBGYOR

ASI Myopia 1

ASI Hypermetropia 2

AS3 3

ASI 4

AS1 5

n2 n1 1 6

( 2=n1 /n2) ASI

AS7 7

8 AS7

SCERT TELANGANA

AC AB 13 1 AS5

AS7 Ground Glass 2

30o 40o 3

AS7 25 50

100 Hypermetropia 4

AS7 33.33 1D

1

b a

d c

2

b a

d c

_______ 3

d c b a

4 MCQ-4

RS PQ d RS c QR b PQ a

5m 5

10m b 5m a

2.5 d 5m c

MCQ 4:

(1):

SCERT TELANGANA

6

d c b a

1 2 3

AS4 1

2

3 4

SCERT TELANGANA

6

(Structure of Atom)

SCERT TELANGANA

(Spectrum)

(VIBGYOR) Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red

(Wave Nature of Light)

C = 3 x 10⁸ m / s

( ) ( )

SCERT TELANGANA

(C) ( ) ( )

(Electro magnetic spectrum)

(Electro magnetic spectrum)

SCERT TELANGANA

(Max Plank) h

h h h nh

"h" E = h

" " 6.626 x 10^-34 JS (E)

paste)

(Crimson

SCERT TELANGANA

(Line Spectra) (Finger Print)

quantised E¹, E², E³

(Ground state)

(emission line) 1922

3

SCERT TELANGANA

(High resolution)

Bohr-Sommerfield model of Atom

(Fine Spectrum)

4 l = 1

l = 0

l = 0

l = 1 l = 2

l = 0

l = 1

l = 2 l = 3

SCERT TELANGANA

(Quantum mechanical model of an atom) 1918

SCERT TELANGANA

(Quantum Number) n, l, m¹

(Principal Quantum Number)

(n) 1

(n = 1, 2, 3, ...) n n

n n K, L, M,... n = 1, 2, 3, ...

K L M N

n 1 2 3 4

(The Angular momentum Quantum Number)

(l) 2

l n-1 0 l n

"l"

s, p, d,... "l"

l 0 1 2 3

s p d f

1s l = 0 n = 1

l = 1 2s l = 0 l = 1 n = 2

2p

SCERT TELANGANA

l n = 4

l n = 4

(The Magnetic Quantum Number)

(m

) 3

l -l m^l

(2l + 1) m^l l

-l (-l + 1) ...-1, 0 , 1 ...(+l - 1) + l

1s m^l (2l + 1) = 1 l = 0

x, p -1, 0, +1 m¹ (2l + 1) = 3 l = 1

p^x, p^y, p^z, y, z p

"l" m^l

(2l + 1) "l"

l

0 s

1 p

2 d

3 f

d p s-5 2py 2pz

SCERT TELANGANA

2

3

(m

) 4

(Spin Quantum Number) m^s l, n

(Sodium vapour lamps) (Spectroscope)

(Doublet) (2l + 1)

2-

3-

SCERT TELANGANA

(- 1/2) (+ 1/2)

(electronic configuration)

(Electronic Configuration)

x l n nl ^x

nl ^x

1s¹ (Z) = 1 (H)

1s ¹

H

(He)

(Z = 2)

SCERT TELANGANA

(The Pauli Exclusion Principle)

1s 1s

1s² He

He m^s m^l l n

m^s = + ' '

m^s = -

m^s

He

(Aufbau principle)

'n' 2n²

2 ( 2l+ 1 ) (s , p , d , f)

14 10 6 2 l = 0, 1, 2, 3...

" " " "

1s²

SCERT TELANGANA

(n + l) .1

n (n + l) .2

(n + l)

(Z)

(Z = 6) (C)

p_y p_x

(Hund's Rule)

degenerate orbital

1s 4 1s² 2s² 2p² (Z = 6) (C)

2p 2 2s

2p

6

SCERT TELANGANA

C = (C) ( ) ( )

E = hv

4-

SCERT TELANGANA

m¹ l n

(degenerate orbital)

(AS1) .1

(AS1) .2

(AS1) .3

(AS1) .4

(AS1) nl^x .5

(AS2) L K .6

(AS1) (a) .1

(b) (c) (d) (e)

SCERT TELANGANA

L K M .2 (AS4)

.b .a

.d .c

.3 (AS1)

(AS1) Na .4

i .5 (AS2)

(AS4) 1s¹ ii

(AS7) 1.0m .6

.1

(d) (c) (b) (a)

L .2

16 (d) 8 (c) 4 (b) 2 (a)

l = 1 .3

0 (d) 3 (c) 2 (b) 1 (a)

.4

ms (d) ml (c) l (b) n (a)

.1 .2 d p s .3

(AS4) .4

1s² 2s² 2p³

N (Z=7)

SCERT TELANGANA

7

Classification of Elemets - The Periodic Table

(Medical store)

(Super Bazar)

(1661)

(Laviosier) 18 13 (Element)

91 1940 63 1865 11

17

SCERT TELANGANA

118

(Joseph Louis Proust) 18

'1'

(Dobereiner's law of triads)

(Dobereiner-1829) (Triads)

3

SCERT TELANGANA

(K) (Li) (Na)

o o

o

-1 -2

Br F Cl F, Cl, Br

-3

(Newland's Law of Octaves)

(1865) 7

3.51g/cm³ 1.55 (Ba) (Ca)

(Sr)

SCERT TELANGANA

1

(H)

(Cl) (Fl) (H) (Cl) (Fl)

(K) (Na) (Li)

(Ni) (Co)

SCERT TELANGANA

(Pt) (Ir) (Pd) (Ni) (Co)

(F, Cl, Br, I) (Ca)

56

(Mendeleeff's Periodic Table)

2a B A

R²O

K2O Na2O Li2O K Na Li

Ca Mg Be RO

CaO MgO BeO

(Periodic Law)

1871 2

SCERT TELANGANA

1871 2a

2b

SCERT TELANGANA

I '8' -1 VIII

B A

(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) IA

' 7 ' (Periods) -2

7 1

3

(Eka)

(Eka)

(Ga)

37^oC 30.2^oC

SCERT TELANGANA

(Au) (In) (Be)

13.5 (Be)

=

4.5 x 3 = 13.5 '3' 4.5

9 (Be) 4.5 x 2 = 9 2 3 (Be)

Mg, Ca

(Au)

(I) (Te)

I (126.9U) Te (127.6U)

101

-1

126.9 I 127.6 Te

IA B A -2

Cu, Ag, Au I B Li, Na, K

VIIB (Cl) VIIA

SCERT TELANGANA

Ea²O³, EsO²

1913

(I) (Te)

(Modern periodic Law)

132 (2)

SCERT TELANGANA

1 's'

'd' 6 3 'p'

7 ' f ' 10 5

(Differentiating 14

s, p, d, f electron)

s Na 3s(differenitiationelectron) (Na)

p p (defferentiating electron) (Al)

d d (defferentiating electron) (Sc)

f f(defferentiating electron) (Ce)

58Ce 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 5d¹ 4f¹

SCERT TELANGANA

SCERT TELANGANA

(Groups)

VIII I

B A

B A 18 1 IUPAC

(VIA)16 (IIA)2

ns¹ Fr Li (IA)1

p s

(Periods)

7 1 7

(main shell) -1

1 (K) (He) (H)

2 L K Li, Be, B, C, N, O², F, Ne

SCERT TELANGANA

(Plant ash) K Na (aliquili = plantashes) IA (VIA) 16 (Chalcogens=ore product)

(VIIA) 17 (Genus=produced) (Halos-sea salt)

(VIIIA) 18

s -2

p s

(1s) (K) K

2 1s²(He) 1s¹ (H)

L 2p 2s L (L) -3

Li, Be, 2s¹,2s²,2p³ to 2p⁶

(B to Ne) p (Li, Be) s B, C, N, O, F, Ne

3d 3p 3s 3 (M) (M) -4

8 3d 4s

(Al to Ar) p (Na, Mg) s

SCERT TELANGANA

4s, 4p, 4d, 4f (N) (N) -5 4p 3d, 4s

(31Ga p (Sc to Zn) d 10 (K,Ca) s 18

18 to 36Kr)

(37Rb to 54Xe) 18

f 14 (6s) s 2 (55Cs to 86Rn)

(6p) p 6 (5d) d 10 (4f)

57La 58Ce to 71Lu (Lanthanoids) (Lanthunides) " 4f "

Lanthonide

p (6d) d 10 (5f) f 14 (7s) s 2

90Th to 103Lr (Actinides) (Actinoids) 5f (7p)

f Actinoides Lanthanoids

Cl Cl to Cl- "heir" Ide

"Oid" Cl- 15 57La to 71Lu ⁵⁸Ce to 71Lu ⁵⁷La to 70Yb

21Sc and ₃₉Y

57La to 71Lu 21Sc, 39Y

89Ac to 90Th to 103Lr (Actinoids)

89Ac to 103Lr 102No

SCERT TELANGANA

VIII

d

(transition metals)

(IIIB) d

(Inner Transition Elements)

(Metalloids) s B Si As Ge

18 p

Ge As Si B

(Gradation)

SCERT TELANGANA

(Valence) -1

Ca 1 Na NaH H Na

2 Ca CaO O

V

8-7=1 8

4 1

p s 1 2 3 4

20

75

(metallic radii) Cl²

SCERT TELANGANA

(Pico meter) 'pm' 1pm = 10^-12m

f d

SCERT TELANGANA

Na⁺ N (Na⁺) (Na)

11 11 (Na) 11 (Na)

3s Na⁺ 10 11 Na⁺ 3s¹

Na⁺ 2s²2p⁶ Na⁺

(cation) Na Na⁺

anion (Cl-) (Cl)

Cl- Cl 1s² 2s²2p⁶ 3s² (Cl-) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ (Cl)

17 17 3p⁶

(Cl) (Cl-) 18

(Anion) (Cl)

(a)Na, Al (b) Na, Mg⁺² (c) S^2-, Cl- (d)Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ (e) C^4-,F^-

Ionization energy

SCERT TELANGANA

= IE₁

= IE₂

(Nuclear Charge) -1

17Cl ¹¹Na

(Screening effect or sheilding effect) -2

55Cs ₃Li

55Cs (Penetration power of the orbitals) -3 4s> 4p>

B 1s² 2s² 2p^{1 5}B 1s²2s² ₄Be 4f 4s 4d> 4f>

2s 2p

(Stable Electronic Configuration) -4

7N (1s² 2s² 2p³) ₇N (1s² 2s² 2p⁴)₈O

(Atomic radius) -5

'Na' 'I' F

'Cs'

KJ mol^-1

ev atom^-1

SCERT TELANGANA

Electron affinity - Electron gain enthalpy

enthalpy

M = E¹

M = E²

KJ/mol

SCERT TELANGANA

enthalpy

enthalpy 'Cl' 'F'

enthalpy

enthaply

enthalpy

(Electronegativity)

enthalpy

(Mulliken)

2 =

SCERT TELANGANA

2.20

F(4.0), Cl(3.0), Br(2.8), I(2.5)

Li(1.0), Be(1.4), B(2.0), C(2.5), N(3.0), O(3.5), F(4.0), Ne(-) 2

'Cs' 'F'

(Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties)

Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl

Cl P, S (Metalloids) Si Al Mg Na

(IVA)14

C Si Ge Sn Pb IVA Pb, Sn (metalloids) Ge Si

SCERT TELANGANA

o o o o o o

7 18 o

differentiating electron o

s,p,d,f

f Zn d o

o

SCERT TELANGANA

0 4 1

(AS1) -1

(AS1) -2

(AS1) s, p, d, f -3

(AS1) 17 -4

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

SCERT TELANGANA

(AS1) A,B,C,D -1

-1 1s²2s² -A

-2 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² -B -3 1s² 2s² sp⁶ 3s² 3p³ -C

'C' -4 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ -D

18 p s -2

(AS1)

X, Y, Z -3 Z = 2, 8, 2 (c) Y = 2, 6 (b) X = 2 (a)

(AS1) -6

(AS1) -5

(Period Number) 1

2 3

18 18 4s, 3d, 4p 4

5 6

32 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p 7

(Period Number)

(Total No. of elements) s

p d

f

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

SCERT TELANGANA

(AS1) (a) -4

(AS1) -5

B Al (iv) N P (iii) Li Cs (ii) Mg Ca (i

(AS1) -6

K Br (iv) Br F (iii) Li O (ii) Mg Na (i)

(AS1) -7

(ii) (i)

(AS2) 64 46 37 9 -8

Y 16 X 13 -9

(AS2)

(AS2) 19 10

(P) (G) (b)

(AS1) (N)

SCERT TELANGANA

-1 (AS7)

Y X 2 -2

(iii) (ii) (i)

(v) (iv)

2 -1

8 (b) 2 (a)

32 (d) 18 (c)

VA (Z=7) -2

14 (b) 9 (a)

17 (d) 15(c)

2 8 7 -3

(Z=9) (b) (Z=7) (a)

(Z=18) (d) (Z=15) c)

-4

(b) (a)

(d) (c)

SCERT TELANGANA

NaOH HCl -1 Al

metalloid

VIIIA -1

(AS4)

IA -2

SCERT TELANGANA

8

Chemical Bonding

118

NaCl² HO² NaCl H²O

NaCl

SCERT TELANGANA

19

Davy's experiment

(1778-1819)

250 1807

KCl NaCl

A Votaic pile

Experimental setup in Davy

SCERT TELANGANA

VIIIA 18

(He)

SCERT TELANGANA

1 18

Ar

X Na

1 1 H

SCERT TELANGANA

13-18 1-2

13 2 1

4 14

2 ns², np⁶

Electronic theory of valence by Lewisand Kossel

1916

VIIIA VIIA VIA VA IVA IIIA IIA IA

Cs Li IA

11Na 2, 8, 1, ₁₁Na⁺ 2, 8

Ba Mg IIA

12Mg 2, 8, 2 ₁₂Mg²⁺ 2, 8

IIIA

SCERT TELANGANA