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DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
GREATER HYDERABAD MUNCIPAL CORPORATION
1. INTRODUCTION 2. GHMC PROFILE
HAZARD, RISK & VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PAST OCCURRENCES OF DISASTERS
3. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF GHMC AND DIRECTOR (DM) TECHNICAL & COMMUNICATION
FINANCE
EXECUTIVE BODY
4. PREVENTION MITIGATION MEASURES 5. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
6. MAINSTREAMING OF DRR INTO DEVELOPMENT PLANS 7. PARTNERSHIP WITH OTHER STAKEHOLDERS
8. DISASTER / EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN URBAN FLOODING
STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE FIRE & HEAT WAVE
TERROR ATTACKS
NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL AIRPORT EMERGENCY
EARTHQUAKES / LANDSLIDES
9. CONTACTS AND INVENTORY RESOURCES 10. WAY FORWARD
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1. INTRODUCTION VISION
Making a resilient HYDERABAD where communities respond to disasters with sense of urgency and in a planned way to minimize human, property and environmental loss by developing a holistic, proactive, multi-disaster and technology driven strategy for DM. The entire process will center stage the community and will be provided momentum and sustenance through the collective efforts of all government agencies.
POLICY
Saving human lives with utmost priority and ensuring minimum loss to property and environment. Recognizing the commitment of stakeholders and the need for collaboration across all levels of government, community, industry, commerce, government owned corporations, private and volunteer organizations, and local communities in all aspects of disaster management. Emphasizing, building and maintaining sincere relationships, trust, teamwork, consultative decision-making and shared responsibilities among stakeholders.
OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN
The aim of the DM plan is to ensure that the following components of DM are addressed to facilitate planning, preparedness, operational, coordination and community participation. The objectives guiding the policy formulation are:
1) To assess various hazard, vulnerability, capacity and risk associated with the District.
2) To lay down various measures and guidelines for prevention and mitigation.
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3) To lay down preparedness measures for all stakeholders.
4) To build the capacity of all stakeholders in the state to cope with the disasters and promote community based disaster management.
5) To mainstream disaster management concerns into the developmental planning process.
6) To develop efficient, streamlined and rapid disaster response and relief mechanism in the GHMC.
7) To provide clarity on roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders concerned with various phases of disaster management.
8) To ensure co-ordination and promote productive partnership with all other agencies related to disaster management.
9) To commence recovery programme as an opportunity to build back better in case of a future disaster by incorporating community in the programme.
STRATEGY
Keeping in view the hazard risk profile of the district and its disaster history, HYDERABAD has the following prevention and mitigation strategy:
1) Creating Disaster Mitigation Fund.
2) Creating awareness for disaster risk reduction at all level.
3) Appropriate amendments in the legislative and regulatory instruments along with strengthening of the enforcement mechanisms at different levels.
4) Ensuring use of disaster resistant construction techniques, codes and guidelines in all sectors of the society by law and through incentives and disincentives.
5) Incorporating the study of disaster engineering subjects in architecture and Engineering curriculum.
SCOPE OF THE PLAN
The term "DISASTER MANAGEMENT" encompasses the complete realm of disaster-related activities. Traditionally people tend to think of disaster management only in terms of the post-disaster actions taken by relief and reconstruction officials; yet disaster
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management covers a much broader scope, and many modern disaster managers may find themselves far more involved in pre-disaster activities than in post-disaster response. This is because many persons who work in the development field, or who plan routine economic, urban, regional or agricultural development projects, have disaster management responsibilities. For example, housing specialists planning a low-income housing project in a disaster-prone area have the opportunity (and an obligation) to mitigate the impact of a future disaster if the houses incorporate disaster resistant construction technologies.
It is mandate the Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction / Management into all the development projects, policy decisions and execution.
FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF GHMC - DMP
GHMC should make financial allocations in preparing and executing the disaster management plan. The HoD, Finance, GHMC should plan for the following:
1) Funds for Prevention and Mitigation Activities 2) Funds for Preparedness and Training Activities
3) Funds for Response Activities (including pre-authorization to draw money from treasury in the event of an immediate emergency)
4) Funds for Disaster Risk Insurance
For the purpose of expediting services to its customers, GHMC will delegate special financial powers during an emergency to the officers dealing with disaster.
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2. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
The Disaster Management Act 2005 provides the legal and institutional framework for disaster management in India at the National, State and District level.
AGENCIES ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA)
NDMA, as the apex body, is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the following responsibilities:-
1) Lay down policies on disaster management;
2) Approve the National Plan;
3) Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan;
4) Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan;
5) Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects;
6) Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster management;
7) Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;
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8) Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government;
9) Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may consider necessary;
10) Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT (NIDM)
1) The NIDM, in partnership with other research institutions has capacity development as one of its major responsibilities, along with training, research, documentation and development of a national level information base.
2) It will network with other knowledge-based institutions and function within the broad policies and guidelines laid down by the NDMA.
3) It will organize training of trainers, DM officials and other stakeholders.
4) The NIDM will strive to emerge as a ‘Centre of Excellence’ in the field of Disaster Management.
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE (NDRF) NON-DISASTER PERIOD
1) Acquire and continually upgrade its own training and skills
2) Impart basic and operational level training toState Response Forces (Police, Civil Defense and Home Guards)
3) Assist in Community Training & Preparedness
4) Liaison, Reconnaissance, Rehearsals and Mock Drills.
IMPENDING DISASTER
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1) Proactive deployment during impending disaster situations.
DURING DISASTER 1) Specialized Response.
STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (SDMA)
According to the Disaster Management Act 2005 Section 14 each State mandates to establish State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), which functions under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister. The SDMA has a clearly defined line of command and control.
Section 18: Powers and functions of State Authority.
1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, a State Authority shall have the responsibility for laying down policies and plans for disaster management in the State.
2) Without prejudice to the generality of provisions contained in sub-section (1), the State Authority may-
a) Lay down the State disaster management policy.
b) Approve the State Plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Authority.
3) Approve the disaster management plans prepared by the departments of the Government of the State.
4) Lay down guidelines to be followed by the departments of the Government of the State for the purposes of integration of measures for prevention of disasters and mitigation in their development plans and projects and provide necessary technical assistance therefore.
5) Coordinate the implementation of the State Plan.
6) Recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures.
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7) Review the development plans of the different departments of the State and ensure that prevention and mitigation measures are integrated therein.
8) Review the measures being taken for mitigation, capacity building and preparedness by the departments of the Government of the State and issue such guidelines as may be necessary.
9) The Chairperson of the State Authority shall, in the case of emergency, have power to exercise all or any of the powers of the State Authority but the exercise of such powers shall be subject to ex post facto ratification of the State Authority".
STATE INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT (SIDM)
1) The SIDM, in partnership with other research institutions has capacity development as one of its major responsibilities, along with training, research, documentation and development of a state level information base.
2) It will network with other knowledge-based institutions and function within the broad policies and guidelines laid down by the SDMA.
3) It will organize training of trainers, DM officials and other stakeholders.
4) The SIDM will strive to emerge as a ‘Centre of Excellence’ in the field of Disaster Management.
3. GHMC PROFILE
3.1 HAZARD, RISK & VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 3.2 PAST OCCURRENCES OF DISASTERS
4. INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATE STRUCTURE To be developed
DIRECTOR
1) TECHNICAL & COMMUNICATION 2) EXECUTION
3) VIGILANCE 4) FINANCIAL
5. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES
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MITIGATION:
Disaster Preparedness needs to be followed by disaster mitigation, which is essential for providing long-term succor to the victims of disasters. Mitigation involves all actions to reduce the effects of disaster –causing phenomena. Mitigation involves all actions to reduce the impact of a disaster that can be taken prior to its occurrence, including preparedness and long-term risk reduction measures. It also includes the planning implementation of measures to reduce the risks of human-made hazards, and the process of planning for effective response to disasters. Disaster mitigation includes scientific analysis of risk assessment, social, economic, legal and technical process in the application of these measures.
PRINCIPALS OF DISASTER MITIGATION:
1) Creating awareness of risk at community level
2) Promoting local actions through community participation to reduce such risks Assisting decision makers to understand the nature and extent of various risks faced by communities
3) Pre-disaster mitigation helps ensure fast recovery of a community from the economic and other impacts of a disaster.
4) Hazard reduction measures should take into account the various hazards faced by the community, including technological hazards.
5) Mitigation measures should protect natural and cultural resources of the community.
6) Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of disasters.
7) The magnitude of damage wreaked by natural disasters can be reduced considerably by adopting the twin strategies of “culture of prevention” and
“Spirit of Cooperation” through awareness, knowledge, training and proper use of new technologies.
8) Greater Hyderabad municipal corporation has adopted both mitigation and prevention components for disaster management.
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5.1 DISASTER MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1.1 EARTHQUAKE
A comprehensive programme has been taken up for earthquake mitigation. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has laid down the standards for construction in the seismic zones; these are not being adhered to. The building construction in urban and suburban areas is regulated by the Town and Country Planning Acts and building regulations. In many cases, the building regulations do not incorporate the BIS codes. Even where they do, the lack of knowledge regarding seismically safe construction among the architects and engineers as well as awareness regarding their vulnerability among the population has resulted in most of the construction in the urban / suburban areas being done without reference to BIS standards. The increasing population has led to Settlements in vulnerable areas close to the riverbed areas, which are prone to liquefaction. Earthquake mitigation requires engineered structures to withstand seismic forces, compliance to building codes, regulations, appropriate location planning, land-use regulations.
In case of earthquakes, it is not yet possible to make forecasts about the impending event. Therefore, there can be no warning. Thus to ensure the earthquake risk mitigation, it is necessary to prepare the community for:
1) Hazard resistant construction or retrofitting of building / houses to reduce the vulnerability of the structures
2) Proper land use planning to avoid potentially high hazard zone; and
3) Community preparedness through awareness generation, mutual assistance, and adherence to a set of Do’s and Don’ts.
It is poorly built structures, not earthquakes that kill people. It is a well-known fact that most earthquake related deaths and financial losses are due to the structural collapse of houses and other buildings and structures. The impact of an earthquake on a structure is greatly influenced By the building material used, design of the building and techniques employed for construction.
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The best way to cope with the problem of earthquakes is to build earthquake resistant buildings and infrastructure and to prepare earthquake mitigation plans to take care of every stage of earthquake management. The following Do's and Don'ts, if observed before, during and after an earthquake, will definitely help in mitigation of the consequences of An earthquake disaster.
STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES
TASK ACTIVITIES RESPOSNSIBILITIES
Micro Zonation
1) Undertake micro zonation study according to priority area
2) Provide or make available seismic micro zonation map
3) Provide vulnerability and risk assessment map
1) SDMA
2) Town planning Dept.
GHMC
3) Engineering Dept., GHMC 4) NGRI
Earthquake Resistance Design for Different Earthquake Zones
1. Develop earthquake resistant design features for the construction of public utility structures
2. Develop earthquake resistant design features for the construction of
residential structures
3. Provide earthquake resistant design for incorporating in different types of structures of the line departments
1. Engineering Dept.;(Projects, GHMC)
2. Town planning Dept.,,GHMC
Retrofitting of Existing Structure
1. Create a database of existing structure (both public and private) in the district.
2. Identify the available resources 3. Identify structures that require retrofitting
4. Prepare a scheme/programme for retrofitting
1. . Engineering Dept., GHMC 2.
SDMA
4. Town planning Dept.,GHMC
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5. Identification and removal of unsafe buildings/structure
NON STRUCTURAL MITIGATION MEASURES:
Task Activities Resposnsibilities
Monitoring of Seismic Activities
1. Establish seismological network and round the clock monitoring
2. Dissemination of information and reporting
3. Conduct seismological research
1. IMD, Hyderabad 2. SDMA, Telangana 3. GIS, GHMC
4. Town planning Dept.,GHMC
Capacity Building
1) Ensure earthquake related departmental action plan and SOP
2) Include earthquake engineering topics in curriculum
3) Provide professional training about earthquake resistance construction to engineers and architects
4) Provide training to masons.
5) Encourage soil and material testing in laboratories
1. SDMA
3. Town planning Dept.,GHMC
Safety Audit
Carry out structural safety audit of all critical lifeline structures
1.SDMA
2. Engineering
dept.(GHMC)
3. Town planning Dept.,GHMC
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Awareness 1. Disseminate earthquake risk to general public residing in earthquake prone zones
2. Campaign for Earthquake safety tips
1. SDMA
2. Revenue
Depts.,(Collectors)
3. Town planning Dept.,GHMC
5.1.2 URBAN FLOODS:
Floods are extreme events, usually triggered by extreme precipitation (river/inland floods)and/or storms (coastal floods). If these rainfalls exceed the retention capacity of the basins, drainage speed and volume, it causes floods.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOODING ARE EVIDENT IN HYDERABAD:
1) localized flooding due to inadequate drainage;
2) flooding due to overflows from musi River, where settlements have taken place in the flood plains.
3) Localized flooding occurs mainly due to informal settlements in the drain path, improper drainage network, reduction in drain capacity due to siltation.
4) Land use practices, solid waste management practices and drainage maintenance in the city have influenced and exacerbated the flood hazard.
Various approaches are available to deal with floods and to mitigate their adverse impact. As each situation is different, different approaches or their combination is adopted.
Basically,these approaches fall under the following three categories:
Modification of floods would involve measures such as weather modification (if possible),catchment and land use modification, physical control works such as reservoirs and embankments. Modification of the susceptibility of the people would involve flood
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forecasting, warning, flood proofing and flood plain management. Modifying the loss burden is possible through evacuation, pumping out water, avoidance of epidemics, flood insurance and compensation.
Modification of the hazard is possible through structural and non-structural measures.
Task Activities Responsibility
Structural Measures
Construction 1. Improve design for storm water drains and flood protective structures
2 Strengthen /repair of existing roadsand bridges and other critical infrastructure in flood plains.
1. SDMA
2. Engineering
dept.(GHMC)
3.Revenue depts.(
Collectors)
4. Town planning dept.(GHMC)
Flood Plain Zoning
1. Demarcation of areas liable to floods on large scale maps
2. Demarcation of areas likely to be
inundated for different flood frequencies
1. SDMA
2. Town planning dept.(GHMC)
3.Engineering dept.(GHMC)
Development of Catchment area
1. Develop catchment area of the floodplain
Land sloping
Small reservoirs / Check dams /ponds etc
1. SDMA
2. Town planning dept.(GHMC)
3. Engineering
dept.(GHMC)
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Flood Proofing
1. Implement specific building by laws for buildings and structures in the flood plains
1. SDMA
2. . Town planning dept.(GHMC)
Forecasting 1. Strengthen and upgrade existing
flood forecasting system
2. Establish infrastructure for flood
warning and dissemination.
1. IMD, Hyderabad
2. disaster management, GHMC
Non-Structural Measures Capacity Building
1. Prepare departmental flood contingency plan
2. Develop flood related departmentalaction plan and SOP 3. Impart training to the stakeholders involved in flood mitigation and management
1. SDMA
2. Disaster management, GHMC
3. Revenue
depts.(Collectors)
4. . Town planning dept.(GHMC)
Awareness 1. Disseminate flood risk warnings to general public residing in flood prone zones
1. SDMA
2. Disaster management, GHMC
3. . Town planning dept.(GHMC)
Safety Audit 1. Carry out structural safety audit of all critical lifeline structures
1. SDMA
2. Engineering
dept.(GHMC)
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3. Town planning dept.(GHMC)
5.1.3 EPIDEMICS
An epidemic is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less.
Greater Hyderabad municipal corporation is the Lead Agency for monitoring and control of epidemics in post monsoon times.
MITIGATION EFFORTS FOR CONTROL OF EPIDEMICS WOULD INCLUDE 1) Surveillance and warning
2) Preventive and promotive measures 3) Strengthening institutional infrastructure.
Task Activities Responsibility
Structural mitigation measures
Surveillance and warning
1. Identify the epidemic prone areas
2. Establish mechanism for regular monitoring of such locations 3. Set up testing laboratories with trained man power if required 4. Collect data and disseminate to concerned authorities
1. Health & sanitation dept.(CMOH/
AMOHs), GHMC 2. Entomology wing,
GHMC
3. UCD Dept(GHMC) 4. Town planning
Dept(GHMC) Preventive
and
1. Ensure clean drinking water, personal toilets and proper
1.HMWS& SB
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Promotive Measures
sanitation facilities in epidemic prone areas.
2. Ensure safe drainage and proper waste management system
2. solid waste management cell, GHMC
Strengthening Institutional Infrastructure
1. Organize capacity building trainings for health staff 2. Establish testing labs with modern equipment and trained manpower
1. Entomology wing, GHMC
2. Health and sanitation dept, GHMC
Non structural preventive measures:
Capacity Building Activities
1. Identify the primary
stakeholders of current epidemic 2. Organize epidemic management trainings for all stakeholders 3. Provide necessary safety devices
to health staff who manage and work in epidemic area
1. Entomology wing, GHMC
2. Health and sanitation dept, GHMC
Awareness Program
1. Organize public campaigns to aware them on what to do and what not do to control the epidemic.
2. Use both electronic and print media to disseminate the safety measures and the actions
government taken to check the epidemic
1. Entomology wing, GHMC
2. Health and sanitation dept, GHMC
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The following measures for preventing the health risk arising out of a disaster:
Research and epidemiological studies Immunization and vaccination
Proper food and nutrition
Maintenance of hygiene and sanitation Adequate system of garbage disposal Vector Control
Well laid down system of education, training and simulation exercises Mitigation Plans
Media Campaigns
Sustainable development People’s involvement
Mitigation plans should integrate the following points:
Creating awareness of health risk at community level
Promote local actions through community participation to reduce such risk
Assist decision makers (Politicians and administrators) to understand the nature and extent of various risks faced by the communities in their areof responsibility, and to assess the economic conditions through proper decision making and planning.
Introduce effective measures to implement disaster mitigation plans at different levels of public administration based on risk assessment and vulnerability analysis.
With such a mitigation strategy, it becomes possible to reduce the adverse health consequences. The local community, the governmental bodies, and other agencies working
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in the area of disaster management can assess the causes, severity and elements of risks pertaining in their areas. This will enable them to take appropriate health preparedness measures. NGOs and disaster management agencies should conduct training programmes of the public health workers and volunteers in the community. As far as possible, population should be trained for multi-purpose activities. Formal training can be given through modular courses by NGOs or other agencies.
5.1.4 ROAD, RAIL ACCIDENTS:
Roads and Railways are the principal mode of transport for both passengers and goods in the city. The safety of railway operations is becoming all the more imperative in view of railway endeavor to lift more passengers and freight traffic. Accordingly, high priority is being given to various safety measures to ensure greater safety in rail travel.
Factors contributing to occurrence of Rail Disasters are:
Heavy Rain
Cyclone / Flash Floods Human Failures
Equipment Failures
Non-observance of section of 131 of Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 by road users leading to unmanned railway level crossing accidents
Sabotage
Tampering with Track
In areas prone to natural disasters, like cyclone and floods, Railways adopt measures to tackle problems. Weather warning is received through the meteorological department and is relayed.The track is patrolled on foot and the condition of track, bridges are observed, and special watch is kept at vulnerable locations.
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the road fatalities involving pedestrians and bicyclists are on the increase due to the spiralingincrease in number of vehicles clogging the roads. Road accidents are caused by the negligence ofthe drivers, lack of proper road sense in the public and also by use of vehicles which are fully roadworthy.
The mitigation strategy therefore assumes that enforcement of Motor vehicle Act will precede themeasures suggested:
Task Activities Responsibility
Structural Mitigation Measures
Strengthening Road
Infrastructure
1. filling potholes, patchworks and recarpeting works regularly
1. Make provision for special
enforcement wing
2. Set up traffic posts and trauma carecenters
3. Set up hotlines and speed monitoring technology 4. Keep equipments for removal of accident vehicles
5. Fix a lead agency for monitoring
6. Make provision of special route for hazardous vehicles
1. Engineering
dept.(GHMC)
2. traffic police dept.
3. Vigilance and enforcement wing , GHMC
Strengthening Institutional
1. Avoid parking on no parking zones.
1. traffic police dept.
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Capability 2. Show excavation locations with barricades 3. Put road dividers, speed breakers, information sign boards
4. Keep machines for removal of debris in emergency
2. Engineering
dept.(GHMC)
Improving Regulations
1. Insurance regulation 2. Strictly use protective materials by two wheeler drivers
3. Training for drivers carrying
hazardous materials
4. Use blinking lights for stationary
vehicles
1. traffic police dept.
2.Vigilance and
enforcement wing , GHMC
Strengthening Institutional Capability & Road Infrastructure:
1. Assess the problem, policies and institutional settings relating to road traffic injury and the capacity for road traffic injury prevention
2. Improve the deteriorated stretches of roads in Asphalt or Concrete 3. Maintain the roads in motorable condition
4. Prescribe Regular lines for the existing roads & road lines for new proposed roads.
5. Maintain existing roads
6. Provide & maintain Road Dividers, Signals, delineation etc. (Road safety devices) in
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consultation with Traffic Police & Wards Offices.
7. Provide & maintain streetlights on roads through the B.E.S.T., Reliance Energy &
M.S.E.B. in consultation with Traffic Police & Ward Offices.
8. Prescribe Road widening based on traffic studies & new road lines for proposed new roads.
9. Parking of vehicles in “No Parking Zone” strictly prohibited
10. Formulate & implement pay & park schemes in consultation with Traffic Police &
Ward Offices.
11. Construct flyovers, FOB & subways.
12. The speed breakers and tipplers must have standard designs.
Improving Regulations:
1. 1. Insurance claims should be linked with compliance of all regulations related to vehicles and
transport restrictions.
2. Prepare a road safety strategy and plan of action.
3. Allocate financial and human resources to address the problem.
4. Implement specific actions to prevent road traffic crashes, minimize injuries and their consequences and evaluate the impact of these actions.
5.1.5 FIRES
Fire loss is national loss because what burns never returns. Amongst all hazards, fire and fire related accidents carry a high degree of fire risk and pose a greater problem.
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There are many cause of fire in the GHMC such as accidents, electrical short-circuit, carelessness, gas leaks, mishandling of flammable chemicals and products, etc. Further, GHMC being highly industrialized district there is increased threat of fire incidents. Fire causes huge losses of life and property every year.
Task Activities Responsibility
Structural Measures Develop Fire
Infrastructure and other fire facilities
1. Strengthen coordination between Fire agencies and other stakeholders
2. Equip fire stations with modern fire engines and other equipment 3. Provide fire proof devices to fire
fighters
4. Insurance coverage for fire staff
5. Make provision for special fire burn ward in the hospitals
6. Robust communication system for Fire control room and it’s Regional
fire stations
1. fire prevention and response wing, GHMC
2. state fire dept.
Non-Structural Measures Capacity Building
1. Provide regular training to the fire staff in using and maintaining the equipment
2. Organize regular demo for fire brigade to familiar them with fire
1. fire prevention and response wing, GHMC 2. state fire dept
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equipments
3. Conduct mock drills to check up
the departmental preparedness Awareness
Generation
1. Organize awareness programmes on fire safety in schools, colleges and offices 2. Disseminate fire safety tips among public through print and electronic media
3. Develop IEC materials on dos and
don’ts for public distribution 4. Organize training program for NGOs, NSS, NCC students.
1.Disaster management , GHMC
2. fire prevention and response wing, GHMC
History it is found that fire is a frequently occurring hazard in Hyderabad, and many fires occur because of the lack of awareness on the part of occupants such as using temporary and low quality electric gas fixtures / lines, faulty electrical equipment etc.
To avoid fire accidents as a part of mitigation strategy, efforts should be made to 1. Strict regulations on the quality of electric and gas lines and fixtures especially for commercial and institutional buildings.
2. Shopkeepers may not be allowed individual generators in case of multi-story commercial buildings, instead, owners may be asked to arrange central generator, preferably placed outside the building in a generator room.
3. Building approving authorities should have a mechanism to inspect the adequacy of active fire safety measures before approving it to be fit for use.
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4. There should be no relaxation on the provisions of standard fire safety measures for commercial and institutional buildings as these are highly vulnerable to fires and generally house many people at on time.
5. There is an urgent need to develop fire safety guidelines and educate public, building owners, designer and government agencies regarding the damaging effects of fire and importance of including fire safety in the design of important buildings.
6. Computerized data management system should be introduced to keep the record of all fires including frequency, extent, fatality, economic losses etc.
7. Special burns wards should be established in every civil hospital and in the hospitals near the industrial estates.
8. Equipping fire services with robust communication facilities
9. The roles and responsibilities of administration, police, fire services and medical services should be clearly laid down.
5.16 INDUSTRIAL AND CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS
Major Chemical (Industrial) disasters are low in frequency but are very significant in the terms of loss of lives, injuries, environmental impact and property damage.
Frequency and severity of chemical disasters has increased in last few years due to rapid development of chemical and petrochemical industries and increase in size of plants, storage and carriers, specifically in densely populated areas.
Task Activities Responsibility
Structural Measures Industrial Safety Measures
1. Strengthen Mutual Aid Response
Group (MARG)
1. SDMA
2. Town planning Dept(GHMC)
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2. Form and strengthen the Crisis Groups at local levels
3. Develop on-site and Off-site Plans
4. Set up toxic water treatment facility
5. Set up leakage checkup devices 6. Purchase, store and keep functional
all necessary Industrial safety equipment
7. Make provision for poison ward in
GHMC & Govt Hospitals
3. Industries dept., GHMC
Emergency Planning
1. Prepare / update emergency onsite
and offsite plan
2. Regular monitoring of safety activities in all the factories / industries
1. Revenue dept
Awareness Activities
1. Organize community awareness programmes for the communities residing near the factories and let people know dos and don’ts in case of industrial disaster
2. Develop IEC material in local language and distribute them in schools and local communities 3. Organize school level awareness
1. SDMA
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activities and ensure students participation in large number
Following aspects should be include in DM Plan
Awareness among workers and the people likely to be affected Procedure for warning
Immediate action to be taken
Specific responsibilities of officials and their training Plan for casualty evacuation and medical aid
Fire fighting arrangements
Command, Control and Communication System
List of specialists, personnel, and organisations who could provide assistance.
Practice drills
5.1.7 Community efforts in Mitigation Measures
Any mitigation policy and activity need to be accompanied by community participation.
The communities are the first to respond when disaster strikes. Since they are familiar with the local area vulnerabilities, available resources, facilities, demography, the community need to be assisted with disaster mitigation plans. Public Administration and citizens have to work in unison, as existence of one without the other is not possible in a civilsed society.
The harmonious relationship depends upon the sincerity, earnestness and cooperation between the two. There is need to
Encourage people’s participation for development and modernization
Kindle the potential energy of the citizens in to kinetic energy to accelerate development
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Supplement the efforts of the government in the conduct of its affairs Strengthen the values of democracy in the minds and spirit of the people Enlist respect in the Constitution, which is rooted in people’s sovereignty Empowerment of community:
The community needs to be empowered for coping with disasters. Disasters are situations that need mobilization of capabilities and capacities of local population. It is also known that the local communities have an active part to play before and after disaster because:
A good state of preparedness before a disaster strikes may reduce its impact.
More number of lives can be saved during the first few hours after a disaster has occurred, before help arrives from elsewhere.
The numerous problems of survival and health resulting from a disaster are dealt with more efficiently, if the community is active and well organized.
5.1.7 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
CAPACITY BUILDING / TRAINING PROGRAMMES
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CONCEPT & SIGNIFICANCE
Disaster involve in two key elements namely, the event and people vulnerable to it, preparedness assumes significance, to strengthen the abilities, capacities to predict and wherever feasible, prevent disaster, lessen the impact, facilitate response, and handle the consequence of disaster at various levels. Disaster preparedness is a multifaceted activity. It has to pay attention to economic, social, political, technological and psychological variable.
PREPAREDNESS STRATEGY HAS TO AIM:
Developing awareness amongst the people to be alert and responsive to impending disasters.
Reducing the vulnerability of community in disaster-prone areas and enhancing their ability to cope with them.
Strengthening the institutional mechanism and capacities of government at several levels, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Communities in disaster preparedness, relief, response and rehabilitation activities.
Building networks between several organizations including government, NGOs, private organizations, community, and other key stakeholders to foster preparedness efforts.
Principles:
Perceptions should be studied and opportunities created for people to modify their perceptions where necessary
Create strategies to rouse the curiosity of the individual and encourage a general desire for change.
Individuals and communities should be helped to compare the existing ways with
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proposed innovations, relate innovations to the basic needs and overcome barriers to acceptance
Adopt educations methods that have a heavy emphasis on community involvement and participation.
Group approval influences adoption of new behavior pattern.
Behavior is motivated. Motivation is the inner drive the propels human beings towards attaining a desired goal.
Developing and institutionalizing disaster preparedness plan which comprehensive, indicating the roles and responsibilities of several stakeholder before, during and after occurrence of disasters.
Strengthening warning systems and meteorological studies
Evolving appropriate Information Education and Communication (IEC) activities for community
Keeping ready Rapid Response Teams, Search and Rescue personnel along with Emergency Medical Teams
Setting up safe havens
Putting in place emergency evacuation procedures
Making available relief activities including emergency shelters, medical, food aid servicers, and security arrangements.
Assessing the damage after the occurrence and restoring transport, power and communication systems.
SDMA suggested following disaster management activities under preparedness
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measures
o Update resources inventory o Review and update the DM Plans o Develop DM policy, guideline and plan
o Establishment of EOC and early warning system o Formation of DM Committees and task forces o Organise capacity building trainings
o Purchase / repair the search and rescue materials and critical supplies o Identify disaster prone areas and complete the HRVA study
o Prepare the hazard maps
o Organize community based DM trainings, orientations and awareness activities o Make fund provision for disaster response, mitigation and relief works
o Implement all preventive and mitigation activities in disaster prone areas o Conduct mock drills
o Mainstreaming of DM in development programmes / projects / scheme o Develop coordination and net working with various stakeholders
5.3 Community –Based Disaster Management
The Community has an important role, their coping mechanisms are undervalued. But in case of any disaster, the responsibility of community and local authority is much more in
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setting goals, devising rehabilitation programmes, managing recovery and developing priorities. Its need to recognize the community as a key resource in disaster management, Communities and victims are a resource because:
They are knowledgeable about disasters happening in their own environment and are sometimes able to forecast them
They are rich in experience of coping, both in preparedness and in emergencies. Their coping methods – practiced over time and derived from their own experience suit the local government best.
1.3.1 CBDM in Pre-disaster Phase
Orienting the community towards the nature and effects of the disasters to which they are vulnerable
Taking stock of the resources of the community such as schools, primary health centers, cyclone shelters, communication facilities, road and other infrastructure and skilled
individuals
Assessing the risks and vulnerabilities of the community. The various elements at risk thatinclude the physical structures, as well as the vulnerable section of the community such as women, children, physically challenges, old etc. need to be examined so that the
preparedness measures are appropriately planned.
Formulating preparedness plan at the community level, that takes into cognizance the community needs, measures to be taken by the community before, during and after the disaster strikes, resources available at various places, clear allocation of responsibilities
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amongst all concerned officials, departments, NGOs, CBOs.
Specifying the role of community in handling the disaster.
1.3.2 CBDM During Disaster
Organising Search, Rescue and Evacuation activities. This includes identifying the disaster victims, bringing them to safer places, provision of first aid, distribution of relief, adhering to evacuation plan etc.
Shelter for people as well as livestock. This includes arrangements for water supply, sanitation, kitchens, fodder for animals, medical services and first aid etc.
Clearing of debris from collapsed buildings, bridges, trees other structures, re- establishing of transport and communication facilities.
Moving of injured to the nearby health centers and hospitals
Disposing of dead humans in order to contain the spread of disease in another important task. Identification of dead bodies, compliance with police formalities, mobilizing resources for disposal of bodies in accordance with religious and cultural practices, are activities which involve the community. Disposal of dead animals is important as it has effect on health and environment
Assessing damages immediately on the occurrence of disaster facilitates quick emergency relief. This is to be done with reference to the number of households population, livestock, area affected etc.
1.3.3 CBDM in Post-Disaster Phase
Undertaking a detailed damage assessment covering verified number of human lives,
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identification of live victims as well as the dead, livestock, infrastructure and the estimated value.
Drawing up a comprehensive economic rehabilitation plan that includes restoration activity through necessary inputs.
Building an appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanism in community based disaster preparedness programme.
Capacity Building Trainings and Other Proactive Measures
COURSE CONTENT TO WHOM RESPONSIBLE
AGENCIES 1. Impart training to prepare
disaster management plan for their respective depts
2. IEC Activities to bring awareness in mass public
3. Conduct on site and off site mock drills
4. Communication and coordination with other depts.
5. Adopt the advanced information and communication technologies in early warning dissemination and emergency management situations
6. Advanced research works with regard to community based
Govt.
staff(Engineers, Hospital Staff, Schools
,Colleges, Community, Security Personals, Corporate, Control Rooms, )
SDMA
Disaster Management, GHMC
All line depts
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disaster management to be taken up and the research outputs should be applied in practical field.
7. DISASTER RESPONSE Emergency Operations Center
The purpose of the Emergency Operations Center is to:
Provide a central location, with communications capabilities, for key GHMC Department Heads and Emergency Support Function Liaisons to gather as a central coordinated body.
These liaisons, officials, and decision makers present will be able to make decisions on the spot under the guidance of Responsible Officer ( Director, Disaster Management, GHMC) and will be able to assist the RO in achieving the incident objectives. The RO will also ensure that the line departments do not issueparallel and contradictory instructions to their field level officers.
Demonstrate that the GHMC Government is in charge, and ensure a coordinated decision making process;
Provide for information exchange and documentation about the ongoing disaster;
Set incident objectives (operational priorities) for response at the GHMC level and Ward level;
Collect damage information and needs assessment for the District Disaster Relief Committee and State Emergency Operations Center;
Provide for a media location and media briefings with the GHMC “speaking with one voice”; and
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Manage logistics and resources for required response operations, and to track disaster finances.
The EOC will take stock of the emerging situation and assist the Responsible Officer in mobilizing the respective line department's resources, manpower and expertise along with appropriate delegated authorities for the on-scene response teams. EOC will keep the Responsible Officer informed of the changing situation and support extended.
Communication and Alert Regarding Opening of the GHMC Emergency Operations Center
Announcements that the GHMC Emergency Operations Center has been opened for incident monitoring and response will be provided to the public through all available systems.
Communication, Alert and Warning
Communication, Alert and Warning will be provided to the public through all available systems.
Warning information will only be used from the following official Warning Nodal Agencies. Nodal Agencies for Early Warning are as follows:
Disaster Agencies
Earthquake IMD, NGRI, GIS Floods IMD, GHMC Cyclones IMD
Epidemics HEALTH& SANITATION DEPT, GHMC Road Accidents Police
Fires State fire dept, Police
Responsibilities of the Chief of the Emergency Operations Center & Command Staff Positions at the EOC(Director, Disaster Management, GHMC)
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The Chief of the EOC, or Responsible Officer(Director, Disaster Management, GHMC) is overall in charge of disaster response and the operations of the Emergency Operations Center.
In addition, the Chief of the EOC will manage the Information & Media, Safety, and Liaison Functions. The main function of the Command Staff( D) is to assist the Chief of the Emergency Operations Center or RO in the discharge of his functions. These Command Staff positions are shown in the EOC Organization Chart, as shaded or green color, in Figure below.
The Information and Media Officer (IMO) is responsible for: Advising Chief of Emergency Operations on information dissemination and media relations. The IMO Obtains information from and provides information to community and media.
RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION
Activities relating to rehabilitation and reconstruction are primarily carried out by GHMC and various Government departments and boards.
RECONSTRUCTION STRATEGY
Depending on the type of damage and population affected, measures can be initiated as comprehensive recovery strategy. While the short term reconstruction strategy includes repair, restoration and strengthening of affected structures, long term strategy includes reconstruction and relocation.
DETAILED DAMAGE AND NEED ASSESSMENT
While a preliminary damage assessment is carried out during disaster phase, a detailed assessment must be conducted before commencing reconstruction and rehabilitation activities. The primary objective of any post–disaster damage assessment and need analysis is to provide a clear, concise picture of post disaster situation, to identify damage caused to different sector and to develop strategies for rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery.
The relevant GHMC/ State Government departments and other authorities shall initiate
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detailed assessment at their respective level for damages sustained in their respective departments and jurisdiction in the affected regions. For assessing the damage and need of the affected community, the damage and need assessment team should be a composite representation of all the different communities and groups in the affected area. An ideal team would include expert in the related field, government official and representatives from majority and minority communities, females, Scheduled Caste and Tribes, panchayat member or nagarpalika member, etc.
Two essential aspects of reconstruction are:
a. Owner Driven Reconstruction
Reconstruction should be done on the principle of Owner Driven Reconstruction.
Here the GHMC administration aids in provision of funds and technical expertise for construction activity. The principle allows active participation of the affected family/
owner in rebuilding their houses and ensures that their houses suit their cultural, occupational and other personal needs and context.
It also gives them a sense of ownership and change their mindset from ‘being a beneficiary’ to ‘being am owner’ which also aids in psychological rehabilitation.
The active participation of the owner also ensures regular monitoring of the process, quality of material used, etc. which helps in speeding up the reconstruction process.
b. Build Back Better
Reconstruction post disaster also gives an opportunity to build back better. The new construction post disaster should comply of all safety norms, guidelines and building codes.
The design of these buildings should be disaster resilient as per the hazard profile of the area into consideration. GHMC shall monitor the reconstruction process and ensure that the principle of build back better is followed through disaster resilient reconstruction.
Rehabilitation
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Holistic rehabilitation post disaster includes many inter linked aspects. It is critical to address all need of affected population in order to achieve early recovery and to bring back normalcy to their lives.
a) Socio-economic Rehabilitation
Socio-economic rehabilitation is aimed at revamping the social and economic fabric to the pre-disaster or a better situation. It also addresses issues like that of livelihood restoration and generation. This is done by providing required training, skill, tools and equipment to restart the previous or new livelihood options. Care should also be taken to address the needs of various socially and economically vulnerable groups like that of women, adolescent girls, old age persons, differently able persons, children, destitute, below poverty line population, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, particularly vulnerable tribal groups, etc.
b) Psychological Rehabilitation
Disasters often lead to long time stress and trauma due to loss of near and dear ones, injuries, loss of limbs, loss of housing and related property, trauma generated by facing the disaster and fearful sites, fear of repetition of the disaster, etc. If not addressed appropriately, it may lead to lifelong psychological fear and disorders, thus it is necessary to provide psycho-social first and psychological care to the affected population.
c) Environmental Rehabilitation
Environmental impacts of natural disasters can result in serious risk to life and livelihoods if not addressed. Environmental emergencies like uncontrolled, unplanned or accidental release of a substance into the environment not only impact human life in many ways but also damage environment to great extent which may be impossible or may take years to restore to original. Without proper consideration of the environment, pre-existing vulnerabilities may be re-created or exacerbated. Thus GHMC along with other stake hoders should ensure measures to decontaminate the affected elements like air, river, water bodies, forests, etc.
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INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
Communication activities are necessary to convey to the larger community the scope and nature of the proposed reconstruction and rehabilitation effort so as to increase the stakeholder awareness and buy-in for the ongoing activities. Hence, GHMC / State Government department shall undertake:
Ongoing media management/Public Relations: To ensure accurate communication of the reconstruction and rehabilitation measures being taken to various stakeholders;
Community management: This includes communicating to the affected communities with a view to appraising them of efforts being made for their relocation/ rehabilitation/
reconstruction;
Feedback mechanisms: Using the communication network to get feedback on reconstruction and rehabilitation measures.
MAINSTREAMING OF DISASTER RISK REUDUCTION INTO THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Mainstreaming DRR in Development Programs / Projects / Schemes
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Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) means that risk reduction becomes a particle of all partners involved in development work by institutionalizing the process in planning and implementation and in policies.
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them: it has been strongly influenced by the mass of research on vulnerability that has appeared in print since the mid-1970s.It is the responsibility of development and relief agencies alike. It should be an integral part of the way such organizations do their work, not an add-on or one-off action. DRR is very wide-ranging: Its scope is much broader and deeper than conventional emergency management. There is potential for DRR initiatives in just about every sector of development and humanitarian work.
The basis of the GHMC Disaster Management Plan is a collaborative planning process that incorporated a synergistic, holistic approach to disaster risk reduction and response for Hyderabad. This approach allowed the development of the GHMC Disaster Management Plan, or the operating environment in which Hyderabad responds to disaster.
‘Win-win’ solutions for securing sustainable development, reducing poverty and strengthening hazard resilience, need to be explicitly and actively sought, particularly as climate change looks set to increase the incidence of droughts and floods and the intensity of windstorms. Solutions are best derived by integrating disaster risk reduction strategies and measures within the overall development framework, viewing disaster risk reduction as an integral component of the development process rather than as an end in its own right.
Hazard-related issues need to be considered in national and sectoral development planning, country programming and in the design of all development projects in hazard- prone countries, seeking both to protect the development investments themselves against natural hazards and to strengthen the hazard resilience of the communities they serve.
Hazard-proofing individual structures may not even cost much. . As such, due
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consideration of disaster risks may represent an important aspect of international efforts to enhance aid effectiveness.
Mainstreaming Issues with GHMC Departments
The issues of disaster mainstreaming which to be taken into consideration by concerned department are given below:
ACTIVITIES CONCERNED DEPT.
1.To ensure the possible risks, likelihood and impact from disasters due to the location of project sites
2. To ensure whether probable risks have been prioritise and the mitigation measures being contemplated, both structural &nonstructural measures
3.To ensure the design and engineering of the structure has taken into consideration the National Building Code 200, The
appropriate BIS, other applicable sources such as NDMA
4.Impact assessment of project (Damage that can be caused to the
project by natural disasters, design of the project that could accentuate the vulnerability of the area to disasters and or lead to rise in damage / loss of lives, property, livelihood, and surrounding environment.
5.Impact of the project on the environment and the surrounding population with respect to the type of the project and adoption of
1.Engineering dept(GHMC) 2.Town planning dept(GHMC) 3. state pollution control board
4. all related depts. To the particular project.
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mitigation measures to reduce the impact of the same
DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN 1. Urban Flooding
URBAN FLOODING – A DRAFT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN INDEX
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CHAPTER CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION TO URBAN FLOODS 2 ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP
3 WARNING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
4 CONTROL ROOMS
5 PRE FLOOD PREPARATORY STAGE 6 SIMULATION EXERCISES
7 DISASTER MANAGEMENT
8 DUTIES OF VARIOUS OFFICIALS DRAFTED FOR FLOOD DUTY
9 JOB CHART OF ALLIED DEPARTMENTS
URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION
Flooding is a natural event; the water cycle is a balanced system. Water flowing into one part of the cycle (like streams) is balanced by water flowing back to the sea. Sometimes, however the amount flowing into one area is greater than the capacity of the system to hold
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it within natural confines. The result is a flood, which occurs when the amount of water arriving on land (from rainfall, snow melt, surface flow, flow in watercourses or inundation by the sea) exceeds the capacity of the land or drainage-system to discharge that water. It can occur on any location but mainly occurs on land adjacent to watercourses (fluvial flood plains) or low laying areas.
Increasing trend of urban flooding is a universal phenomenon and poses a great challenge to urban planners the world over. Urban floods will happen in a relatively short period of time and can inundate an area with several feet of water. Although volume of water to be handled is not as severe as a flash flood of a river system the property damages and indirect financial losses are significant as surface water runoff is controlled and managed by humans in a concrete world as this flooding occurs in highly populated areas. As the Environment Agency sustainable development Unit said in June 2001: “Major floods that have only happened before say, every 100 years on average, may now start to happen every 10 or 20 years. The flood season may become longer and there will be flooding in places where there has never been any before”. Urban flooding is significantly different from rural flooding as urbanisation leads to developed catchments which increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8 times and flood volumes by up to 6 times. Consequently, flooding occurs very quickly due to faster flow times, sometimes in a matter of minutes. Urban areas are centres of economic activities with vital infrastructure which needs to be protected 24x7.
In urban areas, water must follow the prescribed pathways set forth by large water systems that direct water where to flow. According to FEMA, the basic philosophy of urban drainage systems, or "storm water management", for redirecting water flow has been to seek maximum convenience at an individual site by the most rapid possible elimination of excess surface water after a rainfall and the containment and disposal of that water as quickly as possible through a closed/ Open conveyance system. In other words, "get that water out of here NOW" has been the overlying philosophy of creating drainage systems in urban areas.
Types of Flooding
Flooding can be divided into different categories according to their duration:
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1. Slow-Onset Floods
Slow-Onset Floods usually last for a relatively longer period, it may last for one or more weeks, or even months. As this kind of flood last for a long period, it can lead to lose of stock, damage to agricultural products, roads and rail links.
2. Rapid-Onset Floods
Rapid-Onset Floods last for a relatively shorter period, they usually last for one or two days only. Although this kind of flood lasts for a shorter period, it can cause more damages and pose a greater risk to life and property as people usually have less time to take preventative action during rapid-onset floods.
3. Flash Floods
Flash Floods may occur within minutes or a few hours after heavy rainfall, tropical storm, failure of dams or levees or releases of ice jams. And it causes the greatest damages to society.
Flooding can also be divided into different categories according to their location:
1. Coastal Floods
Coastal Floods usually occur along coastal areas. When there are hurricanes and tropical storms which will produce heavy rains, or giant tidal waves created by volcanoes or earthquakes, ocean water may be driven onto the coastal areas and cause coastal floods.
2. Arroyos Floods
A arroyo is river which is normally dry. When there are storms approaching these areas, fast-moving river will normally form along the gully and cause damages.
3. River Floods
This is the most common type of flooding. When the actual amount of river flow is larger than the amount that the channel can hold, river will overflow its banks and flood the areas alongside the river. And this may cause by reasons like snow melt or heavy spring rain.
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4. Urban Floods
In most of the urban area, roads are usually paved. With heavy rain, the large amount of rain water cannot be absorbed into the ground and leads to urban floods.
Among various kinds of disasters, flooding is unique in the sense that it has a very high degree of predictability, both in the short term, as well as long term. In most situations, flood prone areas are quite known – in the sense that they have a history of flooding. Only in very rare situations, a place might be flooded – without having any past history of flooding. Even in such cases, a careful study of the area could give an indication of possible flooding.
Flood Prone Areas
The areas, which are prone to flood-risks, are:
places, which have a history of flooding Low-lying areas
Areas receiving heavy rainfall, with not much naturally sloping landscape
areas at the lower levels of naturally sloping landscape – where, the higher areas are receiving heavy rainfall
areas with in the FTL limits of tanks/ponds/lakes.
areas downstream of Tanks. As water level upstream of Tanks/lakes/ponds might rise, the authorities might be forced to release water (to safeguard the Tanks/lakes/ponds) – which might cause flooding of downstream areas
Loss due to Flooding
The most common kinds of loss that are caused during flooding include:
