Unit-2 Scope and Applications of Facility Management -I

UNIT 2 SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS OF FACILITY MANAGEMENT -I

Structure 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Introduction

2.2 Hospitality and Catering Facilities 2.2.1 Evolution of Hospitality Industry

2.2.1.1 Silk Routes 2.2.1.2 Pleasure Travel

2.2.1.3 Events of traveling in ancient India 2.2.1.4 Grand Tour

2.2.1.5 19th Century: Indulgence of Luxury

2.2.1.6 20th Century: Beginning of Modern Hospitality Era 2.2.1.7 21st Century: Technological Integrations

2.2.1.8 Evolution and Growth of Hotel Industry in the India 2.2.2 Hotel Business

2.2.2.1 Important departments of Hotel 2.2.3 Catering Facilities

2.3 Tourism Facilities

2.3.1 Antecedents of Modern Tourism 2.3.2 Requirements of Tourism Industry 2.3.3 Components of Tourism Industry 2.3.4 Impact of Tourism Industry 2.4 Recreational Facilities

2.4.1 Basics of Recreation Facilities

2.4.2 Fundamentals of Recreation Facilities 2.4.3 Types of Recreation facilities

2.4.4 Management of Recreational facilities

2.4.5 Administrative Functions and Operation Management 2.5 Entertainment Facilities

2.5.1 Categories of Entertainment 2.5.2 Impacts of Entertainment 2.6 Sport Facilities

2.6.1 Types of Sport Facilities

2.6.2 New Trends in Sport Facilities 2.7 Event Management Facilities

2.7.1 Characteristic of Event 2.7.2 Classification of Event 2.7.3 Event Management 2.7.4 Role of Event Manager

2.7.5 Role of Event Management Organizations 2.7.6 Impact of Events

2.8 Government and Public Facilities Like Library and Museum, etc 2.9 Conclusion

2.10 Key Concepts 2.11 Activities 2.0 OBJECTIVES

The objective of this unit is to highlight the key characteristic of various facilities including hospitality and catering facilities, Tourism Facilities and identify the numerous antecedents of tourism, Recreational Facilities, Entertainment Facilities, Sport Facilities, Event Management Facilities and Government and Public Facilities Like Library and Museum, etc and as an integral aspect to the understanding of the components and areas of these facilities.

After studying this Unit, you should be able to:

 Understand the scope of these facilities.

 Understand the components of these facilities

 Understand the impacts of these facilities.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Over the past decade, the facility management (FM) industry has emerged as one of the fastest-growing sectors.FM is centered in the factor of place, which is not a core business issue. The work of FM is multidisciplinary and encompasses a wide range of activities, responsibilities, and skills.In terms of the life cycle of each building, FM collaborates with the organization from beginning to end. Clearly, FM works to reconcile the demand and supply sides by acting as an intermediary and integrating agent. In order to orchestrate all of the functions of the organization, FM provides and manages a variety of support services.

Integration of primary activities at both the strategic and operational levels is the primary focus. It is expected of facility managers to be well-versed in a wide range of administrative and leadership abilities.Moreover every aspect of an organisation seems to be drawn into facility management. In order to advance FM's recognition as well as its identity and image, FM can be regarded as a significant profession that places an emphasis on business strategy, innovation, finances, and people (human resources).In practice, facilities management can include wide range of services including building maintenance, domestic services (such as cleaning and security), utilities supplies, financial management, change management, human resources management, health and safety management, and contract management.

2.2 HOSPITALITY AND CATERING FACILITIES

2.2.1 Evolution of Hospitality Industry

The French word "Hospice," which translates to "Taking care of the travelers," is the source of the term "Hospitality".

Prior to monasteries' decision to construct a tourist rest area, there were no place to stay, locals used to let travelers, rest on kitchen floors or other extra spaces while they traveled in the past, as a result, lodging services emerged. Inns were established at the end of the 1700s.Inns were nothing more than shelters along the road where travelers could rest and eat.

They would also look after the horses of travelers while they rested. The modern hospitality facility's seeds were planted at this time. The development of the past two millennia has resulted in what we see today. The development of lodging facilities over time is depicted here.

The Lascaux caves in France, which were constructed in 15,000 BCE to accommodate members of other tribes, marked the beginning of the hospitality industry's long history. We learn about Greek and Roman spas, which were popular with people who wanted to rest and relax in classical times. The first two hotels in Japan's history, known as Ryokans, were established in the early 700s.Along the Silk Road, these Ryokans served as rest stops.

The United Nations World Tourism Organization designated September 27 as "World Tourism Day" in 1980.The purpose of this celebration is to promote sustainability in the global tourism industry. United Nations World Tourism Organization defines tourism as

“Activities of persons traveling to and staying in different places for not more than a

consecutive year for leisure, business or traveling purpose.” Our ancient civilizations traveled great lengths in search of food and shelter. Now only travelling to various parts of the country and outside country is itself a huge business and business market. Transportation, lodging, food and beverage, travel agencies, entertainment, and other services make up the tourism industry. Land and water were the only means of transportation in the past and they were often considered risky. However, the tourism industry saw a massive increase in the number of travelers from all over the world as the innovations resulted in more convenient and safer modes of transportation. Today's tourism industry is the result of changes in the hospitality industry, transportation innovations, advancements in communication technology, and other factors.

2.2.1.1 Silk Routes:

From the second century B.C. to the 14th century A.D., China, India, Persia, Arabia, Greece, and Italy were all part of the historic trade route known as the Silk Route. Due to the significant amount of silk trade that occurred during that time, it was given the name "Silk Route". The Silk Road trade played a significant role in the development of the civilizations of China, Korea, Japan, the Indian subcontinent, Iran, Europe, Horn of Africa and Arabia, it also opened long-distance political and economic relations between those civilizations.

Although silk was the most commonly traded item exported from China, many other goods and ideas were also exchanged, including syncretic philosophies, scientific discoveries, religions (particularly Buddhism), and technologies like paper and gunpowder.As a result, the civilizations that traveled along the Silk Road exchanged cultural and economic goods as well. Along the Silk Road, diseases like the plague also spread. Trade was the first to encourage travelers to travel, and as more and more people traveled, they needed more comforts like food, lodging, and health care. Private organizations emerged as a result, which led to the subsequent developments: Development of creative activities, the local economic expanded as a result of providing services to tourists, Interaction in Cultural and Commercial, Exchange of ideas and thinking.

2.2.1.2 Pleasure Travel:

After the closure part of the early travel, the Rome Realm arrived at their summit of the brilliance. As a result, the Romans are credited with developing the concept of leisure travel.

They traveled because they have plenty of time and money. In addition, Romans were the greatest supporters of literature, learning, and art. The 12,000 kilometers-long silk route from

the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean is one of the example. Old, prosperous cities like Rome, Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, India, and China connected it. Due to their curiosity, some intellectuals of the time continued to engage in creative pursuits. Between 400 and 500 A.D., the fall of the Roman Empire ended the era of pleasure travel.

2.2.1.3 Events of Traveling in Ancient India:

India was also a major destination for pilgrims. In his eagerness to spread Buddha's teachings, Ashoka traveled a lot. Ashoka and his entourage began their journey in Nepal at Patliputra, then proceeded to Lumbini Gardens, Kapilvastu, and finally Sarnath. From Sarnath, Ashoka traveled to Gaya, where Buddha attained enlightenment. During the course of his travels, Emperor Ashoka established rest houses and erected special memorials at each location. Following in his footsteps, a number of other rulers established institutions and Dharamshalas for tourists. Rest houses, monasteries and temples were also built for pilgrims.

2.2.1.4 Grand Tour:

The popularity of the "Grand Tour" provided a significant boost to the hotel industry during the second half of the eighteenth century, prior to the French Revolution (1789–99),this period is referred to as the "Golden Era of Travel". During that time, the education of children from wealthy British families included a Grand Tour of the European continent.

People in prominent cities in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Ireland had the opportunity to establish lodging, transportation, and recreation facilities during this tour, which frequently lasted for several years. Entrepreneurs who saw the big picture and made money from it embraced hospitality skills and established the modern hotel industry.

Noticeable among the lodgings that arose during this period were Dolder Grand in Zurich.

Des Bergues in Geneva, the Vir Jahreszeiten in Hamburg, and the Imperial in Vienna Thomas Cook, a humble cabinet maker, established himself as the first tour operator in the world when he organized a train trip from Leicester to Louthborough in 1841.

2.2.1.5 19th Century: Indulgence of Luxury

At the beginning of the 1800s, tourists only had access to "inns" as places to stay.Numerous inns date back to the 17th century. But now, lodging was more than just a place to sleep and rest, they began providing the travelers with food and beverages. And shortly thereafter, the luxury component began to blend in and Hotels became more sophisticated establishments with more luxurious rooms and dining areas. In the history of the hospitality industry in the

United States, the year 1829 is regarded as a turning point. Isaiah Rogers, an American architect, built the first luxury hotel in Boston, Massachusetts, the "Tremont Hotel," in that year. It was the first hotel with a lock on the doors and a private bathroom attached. The water was lifted to the roof-mounted storage tank by a steam-powered pump. In those days, the "Tremont Hotel" set the standard for luxury hotels. From that point on, hotels and inns began placing a greater emphasis on services in order to differentiate themselves from other hotels. They never stopped improving their facilities and services. Hotels started to include bars later on. Additionally, the bars soon became a significant hotel selling point. The hotels were also getting better in terms of design and architecture. There were more hotels with multiple floors, and their beautiful exteriors made them stand out from other hotels. Soon, beautiful crystal chandeliers and well-decorated ceilings became commonplace. Throughout the 19th century, hotels continued to compete to build the best, largest, and most luxurious hotels. The Grand Pacific, The Palmer House, and the Sherman House in Chicago, as well as the Palace in San Francisco with its 800 rooms, were among the other hotels built.

Another landmark hotel was built in 1908, it was the first business hotel , The Statler Hotel in Buffalo, New York was a beautiful 450 rooms magnificent multi storied property was pioneer in many- it provided attached bathroom with hot and cold running water in each room , electric lamp on the desk, and radio in each room.

The year of 1930‘s again saw the great depression in the liquidity of most of the hotels in America. The Hotel industry than continue to show a slow and steady growth in around 1940 and 1950‘s.with new properties and changes coming in the hotels.

Around 1950, an increase in automobile travel led to the rise of motor hotels or motels, a new hotel category. In addition to providing free parking and basic lodging, these motels also served as rest stops for tourists and travelers between two locations. In the years that followed, there was a rapid expansion of hotels on a large scale as well as the establishment of budget hotels that offered basic amenities at a reduced price with a focus on customers on a tight budget. The hotel industry has developed a number of national and international chains over time. Most recently, new concepts and luxuries that can be provided to guests are being developed, and the possibilities are endless. Hotels can now be found underwater, above water, on trees, and in capsules, among other locations.

2.2.1.620th Century: Beginning of Modern Hospitality Era

Hospitality, which was more or less ingrained in the culture, turned out to be a huge opportunity for businesses. Numerous individuals are approaching architectural design firms to incorporate more facilities into the hotel design architecture. More and more people are able to travel as transportation systems become more innovative. Some people jumped into the hotel industry when they saw the opportunity. This is why, from the beginning to the middle of the 20th century, numerous enormous hotel chains began operating. There had never been more competitors in the industry. Conard Hilton opened his first hotel in Texas in 1919.Conard purchased the Ellsworth Statler's hotel chain in 1954 as well. Marriot (founded1927), the Sheraton (in 1937), Hyatt (establishedin 1957) also emerged as major industry players.

2.2.1.721st Century: Technological Integrations

The traditional hospitality industry has developed into what it is today, even though it began as merely offering a place to sleep. The customer has always been at the center, despite all industry changes. It is always developing to become more sophisticated. The hotels literally reached new heights in this century. The 21st century saw the construction of some of the tallest hotels.All of this was made possible by Engineering Design Services' technological advancements. Examples include the Burj al Arab and Hotel Fairmont Makkah.

Since its inception in 2008, Airbnb has created a brand-new sector within the hospitality sector. It connects people who want to rent their property with people who want to rent it as a marketplace. This provides them with a very cost-effective and convenient option as an increasing number of people travel for business or pleasure. Like wise, there has been seen an extraordinary climb in the quantity of independent explorers worldwide. These independent explorers not much made a fuss over the conveniences. They are not opposed to sharing space. They enjoy meeting and interacting with both locals and tourists. Youth hostels and home-hospitality concepts have emerged as new trends as a result. The Web helps a great deal to such neighborliness organizations. The availability, photos, and user reviews can all be seen by the public. Today, we can look at all of our possible places to stay anywhere in the world. We can learn about amenities and services. We are able to reserve our stay and pay in advance as well. The construction of hotels with a traditional, historic feel that incorporates modern amenities is favored by recent trends in the hospitality industry.

2.2.1.8 Evolution and Growth of Hotel Industry in the India

Medieval or ancient times: The Indian concept of "Atithi Devo Bhava"—"Guest is God"—

was the impetus behind the establishment of the hospitality industry. Even though it's not clear when hospitality became a business in India, there are examples of lodging facilities for travelers and guests, though they weren't as organized as they are today. In India, the idea of a shelter was probably first put into practice by ancient Buddhist monks. There is a chaitya (sanctuary) and a vihara (monastery) at the cave temples that can be found all over India's south-western region. These priests, albeit living in their tranquil environmental elements, away from towns and towns, were by the by aware of the requirements of explorers and pioneers who tracked down sanctuary and food at these religious communities. It is interesting to note that these monasteries are on ancient trade routes that connected significant regional deities. According to some inscriptions, merchants generously contributed to the construction and upkeep of these establishments. Evidently, these acts of kindness were not motivated solely by charity. These routes were used by traders to transport their goods and cash, and the viharas served as their lodgings. This ancient institution gradually became more secular during the Middle Ages. The caravanserai appeared as an exclusive traveler's lodge with a nanbai, or cook, whereas religious centers always had musafirkhanas and dharamshalas attached to them.

Numerous lodging facilities were constructed as people moved around more frequently and time went on.In India, lodging houses were referred to as "Dharamshala" (Religion House/School). These homes were built in and around village chaupals and were managed by locals. They served as a meeting place for the villagers to plan and discuss various social welfare and development initiatives. As travelers started setting up camp there for safety reasons, these became the lodgings. With the assistance of zamindars and other influential individuals, Dharamshala's permanent structures were gradually constructed for tourists. As a result, they were given a secure location in which to unwind and spend the night. After that, kings, rajas, nawabs, wealthy businessmen, and philanthropists built sara is to make traveling easier. As commerce grew, traveling became profitable, and with it came the business of giving comfortable lodging and good food to the growing number of travelers.

2.2.2 Hotel Business

One of the largest segments of the service and leisure industries is the hotel industry. In a nutshell, it is the sector of the service industry responsible for providing overnight lodging to

individuals in need. Conventional hotels and motels, short-term apartment rentals, resorts, and hostels are all included in the definition of the "Hotel Industry."Long-term or permanent housing is not typically associated with the hotel industry; Having said that, a number of hotels do accommodate a select few guests staying for longer periods of time. The hotel industry is intrinsically linked to the travel and tourism sector.

The business structure that emerged with the implementation of the laws in form of –

 Sole Proprietor

 Partnership Firm

 Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) firms

 Private Limited Company

 Public Limited Company

In addition to the above, the following types of business options are also available for foreign investors or foreign companies desirous of doing business in India are Liaison Office, Representative Office, Project Office, Branch Office, Wholly-owned Subsidiary Company and Joint Venture (JV) Company. In India, the conceptualization of a limited liability company, which is to be limited by guarantee, after its files two primary documents – The Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association.

2.2.2.1 Important departments of Hotel

The entire procedure of a hotel's day-to-day operation is referred to as "successful hotel operations". In order for a hotel to run smoothly, each department needs to work well together and in harmony with the others. In order to give guests the best experience possible, the various parts of the hotel need to work together.

The front desk department's smooth and effective check-in, the housekeeping department's clean and inviting rooms, and the maintenance department's well-maintained facilities are all examples of successful hotel operations. Hotel management has become even more challenging over the past decade. The complexity of hotel operations has increased as a result of the requirement for additional health checks, hygiene measures, and other measures. The hotel manager is in charge of everything because he or she is in charge of all departments.

Depending on the level of complexity of their operations, different hotels will have different departments. The majority of hotels will require the operation of the following major departments:

Front Office Department- It is responsible for welcoming & registering the guest, assigning rooms &and assisting guests with checkout. It is headed by Front Office Manager.

Housekeeping Department- It is responsible for keeping cleanliness & upkeep of hotel areas and rooms clean and in good condition. This department is headed by Executive Housekeeper.

Food & Beverage Services- It contains the Restaurants, Bars, Coffee Shop, banquets &

Room Service. The department in-charge is Manager Food & Beverages.

Food Production Department- It consist of kitchen & bakery area. This department is headed by executive Chef.

Human Resource Department-The Human Resource Department is looking into recruitment, orientation, training, employee welfare, compensation, labor laws, and safety rules for the hotel. The Human Resource Manager is in charge of this department.

Maintenance Department-All engineering, maintenance, and repair work on machines, fixtures, and equipment falls under the purview of this department.

Marketing Sales & Department-This department has five functions: sales, personal relationships, advertising, and acquiring. Manager of Sales & Marketing is heading the department.

Financial and Account Department-Finance, billing and monitoring of all transaction, profit and loss, finance control procedures are the responsibility of this department. This department is headed by financial head.

Security Department- The Hotel's assets, guests, loss and found, fire and safety, and employees are all protected by this department. This department is headed by Chief Security Officer.

Purchase Department- The procurement of all departmental purchase, negotiation, inventory control, interaction with suppliers and outside contractors is the responsibility of purchase department. This department is headed by Purchase Manager.

2.2.3 CATERING FACILITIES

One of the food and beverage industry's most dynamic business groups is catering facilities.

Catering, in contrast to restaurants, where food and beverages are typically served on demand, is defined as the planned service of food and beverages by the industry. Catering establishments have a much better chance of offering pre-planned meals and drinks than restaurants do. Catering facilities, for the most part, can be provided in any public or private location, whereas restaurants are business units that serve the general public within their operating facilities. In addition to offering food and beverages on-demand, many restaurants provide catering services.

There are some food service companies that only work for planned events with food and drinks.

• In most cases, catering services for members and guests can be found in the architectural and landscaped facilities of private and public clubs. Catering events are held in a wide variety of indoor and outdoor settings.

• Quality-of-service and standards-training are two components of catering business management. In today's business environment, establishing a level of service quality and delivery is a competitive factor. The ongoing success of a food and beverage service depends on the training strategies and programs that are implemented for a staff that is constantly evolving.

Broad Categories of Catering Facilities

There are three broad categories in the food service industry, within each of the three segments, catering management is carried out in a variety of distinct ways:

1. Commercial Segment: The independent caterer, the restaurant caterer, and the home- based caterer are all included in the first, commercial segment, which is traditionally regarded as for-profit businesses. Catering businesses for private clubs and hotel/motel chains are also included in this category.

2. Non-commercial Segment: The following categories of catering operations are included in the non-commercial segment, also known as not-for-profit operations :catering for social organizations, transportation food service catering, college and

university catering, health care facilities, recreational food service catering, and business/industry accounts.

3. Military Segment: All catering activities associated with military or diplomatic events fall under the military category.

Location: Establishing the catering facilities focus on social or business marketing efforts is made easier by the restaurant's proximity to office complexes and centralized business areas.

Social catering businesses can be successfully developed by both urban and suburban restaurants. Social catering to private homes, clubs, churches, and other facilities tends to work better in suburban areas. Delivery to urban areas may present security and logistical challenges, increasing transportation and service labor costs. The anticipated catering business volume is also impacted by population density. Catering business will not immediately surge for restaurants in rural areas with low population densities. Catering opportunities abound in high-density areas, and their volume steadily rises as a result of word-of-mouth and goodwill. The kind of catering services the restaurant building provides is influenced by its location. Production of catering services is influenced by a number of factors, including access to important transportation routes, expansion opportunities, and storage facilities. Before placing catering facility and start offering services, these following factors should be considered: Location where facility proposing, Customer profile in that area, Restaurant style or concept, Staffing availability and capabilities, facility physical layout and menu offering.

Customer Profile: The advantage of restaurants is that they already have a large customer base from which to market both on-site and off-site catering services. The association with a restaurant's reputation also contributes to the expansion of the potential market to include new social and business customers. Customers should be classified according to their income level in the market profile as business or social catering clients. Additionally, every customer pool's needs for catering services should be investigated as thoroughly as possible. The creation of package programs, potential menus, and pricing ideas are aided by this information.

Operational Controls: The operational controls that management establishes for monitoring the business's daily productivity and profitability are crucial to the success of an ongoing catering operation. Within a foodservice operation, operational controls are performed to

ensure that food and beverage products meet established quality standards as quickly as possible. The following areas are covered by operational controls:

 Costingand Pricing controls - Costs are all expenses required to conduct business, including rent or mortgage, taxes, licensing fees, and contracts such as laundry, pest control, equipment service, and trash removal, plus food, labor, supplies, telephone, heat, electricity, water, advertising, and printing, to name a few

 Purchasing and Production controls - Develop step-by-step procedures that maximize the product's shelf life to reduce the cost of waste caused by product loss during receiving, storage, or distribution.

 Presentation - Presentation standards include three important elements that contribute to the maintenance of a consistent quality in the appearance of the finished product as it is presented to the guest: Size and type of dish, Portion size, Garnish and Service.

2.3 TOURISM FACILITIES

Tourism is considered as an Industry. The activities of a visitor who travels to a specific geographical location outside of his or her usual environment for no more than a year for leisure, business, or other reasons are referred to as tourism. At the destination, they are not permitted to work for compensation. One of the world's fastest-growing industries is considered to be tourism. However, due to its mix of formal and informal sectors, it lacks organization. It is one of the industries with the most divisions. It provides employment opportunities to numerous individuals worldwide. Although it is categorized as an industry, the economy's tertiary sector includes it. A series of routes used for the commercial transfer of goods were referred to as trade routes. It made it easier to move the goods over longer distances. The trunk route, also known as the main transportation artery, served a larger area by establishing supporting and connecting routes. Even in the distant past, this general principle was in use. Two of these paths were extremely significant.

2.3.1 Antecedents of Modern Tourism The following could be the order.

a. Nomadism :People who moved around in search of food were known as nomads.

b. Pilgrimage :A pilgrimage is a journey to holy sites in accordance with one's faith and beliefs. The places of the birth or death of the spiritual awakening's founders are significant to many religions. Pilgrimage has become a major source of mass tourism in modern times due to the expansion of transportation and other facilities and the consequent increase in the number of visitors to these locations..

c. Travel for trade and business

d. Migration :The movement of people from one location to another is known as migration. This has been taking place for quite some time..

e. Travel for research and education: People travel to far-flung regions in search of quality education due to the proliferation of numerous schools and research educational institutions.

f. Multi-destination tourism: Tourism has expanded significantly over time for a variety of reasons. In many nations, it is a cost-effective and profitable strategy for expanding economic activity. Everything is done to make sure that tourists have everything they need, like transportation, lodging, local transportation, food and drinks, entertainment, and comforts. Traveling to multiple destinations for tourism purposes is considered multi-destination tourism. It is now a very popular tourist activity. At the point when vacationers are voyaging, they are not bound to a solitary spot yet are visiting many places in a steady progression. As a result, multi-destination travel is essential in today's world.

The growth of tourism involves a large number of people. Those individuals may be from the informal sector of society or have formal education and training. In addition to highly qualified experts in the hotel industry, IT and communication, long- and medium-distance transportation, guides, ticketing, hotel booking, food and drinking, etc., tourism offers opportunities to vendors, rickshaw pullers, and auto-taxi drivers.

2.3.2 Requirements of Tourism Industry

Space for Tourism Industry: Since tourism involves moving from one location to another, space is an essential component. Almost all of the world is available for tourism. Facilities for tourists might include accessible transportation, hotels, clean food, attractions, etc. in that locale. One of the most crucial aspects for the growth of tourism is security and safety.

Entrepreneurship for Tourism Industry: A lot of people want to go to different tourist destinations; the entrepreneur assumes responsibility for providing tourist facilities.

Capital: Infrastructure Development Resource: Advancement of foundation isn't restricted exclusively to the travel industry, yet it is for general prosperity of the area and individuals.

Workforce for Tourism Industry: Significant among them are transport, convenience, food, diversion, cordiality, vacation spot, visit administrators, travel planners, lastly vacationer and so on. Every one of them are not isolated substances but rather they exist in an interlinked way. Their interaction takes the form of a web, which eventually leads to serving tourists.

Manpower: When skilled workers are available to meet the needs of tourists, the tourism industry thrives. The workforce can be divided into skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled categories. All are necessary to satisfy the requirements of the tourists. For instance, booking the tickets, arranging the hotel, providing entertainment, a guide, and high-quality food all require highly skilled individuals. The workforce, which includes taxi drivers and other supporting staff, provides local transportation. Making places neat and tidy for tourists.

Additionally, an untrained workforce is required and utilized. Worker collaboration of all kinds is also linked to the development of infrastructures.

Market for Tourism Industry: Producer, operator, travel agent, and tourists are the primary components of tourism. Travel agents and tour operators are connected to all of these. The producer creates a variety of tourism-related resources. The public and private sectors could both benefit from these resources.

2.3.3 Components of Tourism Industry

The tourism industry is made up of six main components, each of which has its own sub- components:

1. Tourist boards: It is responsible for promoting tourism in a particular sector or area, such as a city, region, or location, and is an essential part of tourism. It is typically a public travel and tourism organization supported by the government.

2. Travel Services: It is a fundamental part of the travel industry. It provides all relevant tourism-related information and recommendations. There is a strong connection between transportation, tourism, and travel services. Tourism relies heavily on transportation because people cannot reach their intended destination without it. Air, road, train, and water are among the most common modes of transportation.

3. Accommodation services: Services provided at a place where tourists can stay, such as hotels, hostels, guest houses, home stays, new ways to stay, etc.

4. Food and Beverage services

5. Events and Conferences: Business and leisure varying in size e.g. football world cup, official meeting, education conference, etc.

6. Attractions and Tourism services: Attraction that are visited by tourist, can 2.3.4 Impact of Tourism Industry

The four impacts of tourism could be classified as:

1. Economic impacts: The number of people involved and the amount of money made could indicate how important this sector's economics. Numerous individuals are involved in the tourism industry, either directly or indirectly. Transportation, lodging, food, ticketing, guiding, boating, rafting, trekking, and site maintenance are all included. The host provides the guests with all necessary amenities and services. All of these extras are paid for by the guest. As a result, both the tourist's home town and the destination they choose to visit benefit greatly from tourism. The host nations benefit financially from expenditures incurred to promote tourism. This, in turn, boosts expansion in related economic sectors.

2. Socio-cultural impacts: Changes in behavior, value systems, and even one's identity—

including the loss of one's indigenous identity—are observed as a result of interaction.

Community structure, family relationships, the collective traditional way of life, ceremonies, and morality are all examples of deviations. In addition, there are some positive effects that are observed. Tourism raises public awareness of the value and significance of natural, cultural, archaeological, or historical sites. It makes people feel proud of their country's and local heritage. This results in their consciousness.

Education is a part of tourism. Through education, tourism helps people from two or more cultural groups get to know each other better. Cultural exchange between hosts and guests is provided.

3. Political impacts: The tourists' primary concern is political stability. Securely and security at any vacationer location draws in huge number of sightseers. Conflict and political unrest in the region or country of destination prove to be a hindrance. In point of fact, a country that has a government that is either unstable or on the verge of being toppled has political instability. A coup-supporting faction sometimes runs the

government. Law and order pose a significant challenge in such circumstances. As a result, tourists steer clear of these locations.

4. Environmental impacts:More tourists mean more demand for a variety of goods and services. The provision of supportive and other facilities results in site congestion for tourists.

2.4 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

Recreational activities improve effect on the mental health and physical health of an individual. It helps in managing stress, develops personal development, boosts physical activities, promote psychological well beings and contributes towards improving the overall quality of life. Golfing, rock climbing, skiing, snowboarding, hunting, road cycling, mountain biking, camping, hiking, scuba diving, and paddle sports (river rafting, stand-up paddle boarding) are all examples of recreational activities. Spas, saunas, steam baths, swimming pools, tennis courts, playground equipment, and other exercise, entertainment, or athletic facilities are all considered recreational facilities. An indoor or outdoor facility is an option.

2.4.1 Basics of Recreation facilities

Significant management efforts are required to construct and maintain a recreational facility as a space that serves a purpose. Design reflects the influence of architectural interests, environmental considerations, core product, and legal requirements, so no two facilities are exactly alike. Every recreation facility is constructed with the goal of delivering a specific product that requires human initiative and creativity while effectively managing resources.

Since a single product is developed and delivered at a single facility, management and operations may be simpler. Management of multipurpose facilities necessitates a variety of applications and efforts, despite the fact that they incorporate two or more products.

Maximizing revenue while managing facilities with minimum expenses and diverse trained manpower has become a demanding requirement in recreation facility management. All costs related to all expenditures including utility, maintenance, manpower and others should be checked and under scrutiny by the facility manager.

2.4.2 Fundamentals of Recreation Facilities

To understand the importance and management of the recreation facilities first examine the fundamentals of facilities, including complexity, structures, extensiveness and uniqueness.

Structures recreation facilities exist in two broad categories:

1. Natural environments: Where little constructed or modified by the people including mountains, lakes, streams and forests

2. Man-made structures: In order to deliver a recreation product, these structures are planned, designed, conceived, constructed, and occupied by a management system.

Man-made recreation structure can be further divided into:

a. Outdoor Manmade Recreation Structure: A variety of man-made outdoor structures can be observed like local playgrounds, tennis courts, parks, water parks, boating, golf courses, ski/ snowboard mountain resorts, beaches and sport stadiums.

b. Indoor Manmade Recreation Structure: An indoor man-made structure can be gymnasiums, dance studios, museums, health club, bowling alleys, major resort, etc. There may be a structure that has both indoor and outdoor amenities like a swimming pool and clubhouse. Numerous designated areas for a variety of activities can be included in multifaceted structures.

2.4.3 Types of Recreation facilities

Recreational facilities can be of different types:

1. Public Recreational Facilities – Managed by not-for-profit organisations designed for all ages example – Play grounds, Yoga grounds, Parks , Camp grounds, etc.

2. Commercial Facilities – These are facilities managed by organisation on fee basis examples – Fitness Gymnasium, theme parks, science parks, table tennis centre etc.

3. Corporate Recreational Facilities – Activites sponsored by companies and organisations example – Games Team sponsors.

4. Therapeutic Recreational Facilities – These facilities managed by public and private both organisations for the benefits of specific categories of people example – Rehabilitations centers, exercise centers and Physical therapy centers, etc.

2.4.4 Management of Recreational facilities Indoor Recreation Facilities:

The importance placed on product delivery is influenced by the location and site of all facilities, which must be in a specific location. Natural barriers like rock formations, drainage areas, weather conditions, and prevailing winds are typical problems with a site. The

proximity of reads, utilities, and natural energy sources are all part of site coordination. The space, or main area, that is required for creating and delivering the core product. When designing the primary product, specific sizes, dimensions, and technical specifications should be taken into consideration. For instance, courts or sports fields have standard dimensions that must be adhered to in order to produce the core product. Climate control (Heating, Ventilation and air-conditioning) system, surfaces, illumination, electrical systems, plumbing, finishings and acoustics play a vital role while managing facilities. The exterior or structural appearances of any indoor facility are one of the most noticeable aspects. Crafted structural appearance that aids in product marketing, administration, and attractiveness, as well as makes a statement to potential customers.

Outdoor Recreation Facilities:

Outdoor facilities areas can be simple or complex. Management of these facilities require consideration of size of space, topography, land available, surrounding vegetation, water and storm water and climate. Support services need to managed are accessibility, Utilities, lighting, irrigation, conveniences and seating arrangement. Design and Development of any facility required assessment, planning, designing and learning basics of recreation facilities.

Circulation, safety, coordination, and scheduling, maintenance, emergencies, and risk management are all necessary for recreation facility use.

Following points are required for management of recreation facilities:

 Assign specific responsibilities to staff and allocating resources.

 Flexible and Functional Space: Facility design and layout should promote safe and optimal flexibility and functionality to accommodate concurrent use of the facility for different activities and events. Facilities should be designed to accommodate everyone regardless of age, gender, ability and cultural background. This includes participants, officials, administrators, spectators and visitors. This also includes the design of secondary areas such as carpark, spectator viewing areas, reception/foyer areas, toilets, cafe, kitchen, crèche, operational plant and equipment/storage rooms.

 Designing area – brief description of the surrounding area, capacity of the facility, level and products available. Photos should also show problem or hazardous areas.

 Designing areas and time assignments that related to the product.

 Scheduling: Scheduling is efficiently allocating human and physical resources.

Number of users expected and allowed at one time to use the site. Length of stay for

user – a few hours, overnight, few days, etc. Season of use. Types of equipment’s the users are allowed to bring and the physical site requirements to accommodate that equipment.

 Utility services: Utilities requirement of the user (water, toilet facilities, sewer, electricity). Feasibility and expenses of applying solar collector or generating power onsite with solar or wind. Source of existing potable and non-potable water. Location of potential or existing wells, water treatment facilities and water distribution routes.

 Accessibility: Entry and exits shall be planned in such a way that the public does not have to cross through secure recreational amenity space for exiting. Zoning can be done by division of an area into different landscaping units for the maximum enjoyment of different categories of users e.g. establishing zones for walking, cycling, picnicking and boating.

 Signage: Facilities Signs that indicate where things are and give information. Make sure the following areas have signs:

o To identify the establishment.

o To indicate the Facility's entrance.

o In specialized parking spaces.

o For all necessary navigational aids.

o At the entries o In the service areas.

o Fire and life safety evacuation plans.

o Any other signage required for each facility.

 Developing policies and procedures

2.4.5 Administrative Functions and Operation Management of Recreation Facilities

 Reception: Methods for collecting fees and requirements for the location for facility security. Provide equal access to all functions and control from a central location.

Views of all major function spaces or access points ought to be provided by it.

 Achieve Safety and security: Requirements for separating one section of a facility from another. There are requirements for fire safety, like the need for ambulances and fire trucks to move around the site. Requirement that emergency vehicles be able to access facilities as well as acceptable access restrictions.

 Parking: The provided parking for automobiles and bicycles must meet the minimum requirements. The location of the parking for automobiles and bicycles ought to be within easy reach of the Facility's entrance. Lighting that is sufficient for personal safety and security should be provided. The location and capacity for vehicles of the existing parking lot and access route to the site.

 Fire and Safety: Fire control devices like fire extinguishers, sprinkler system, fire detectors should be placed as per the law.

 Environmental sustainability: Facilities operating and maintenance life-cycle costs face increased pressure as a result of rising utility costs like electricity and water. As a consequence of this, it is essential to take into account the utilization of energy- and water-efficient products as well as design elements in order to assist in reducing energy and water consumption and saving money. Consider LED lighting, rainwater storage, and photovoltaic cell systems, as well as passive design principles like indirect natural lighting through highlight windows and ventilation through louver windows, to reduce energy use. Garbage recycling is an option.

 In kitchens, restrooms, laundry rooms, janitorial closets, and other locations as required by each Facility, resilient (smooth, non-absorbent, non-slip, and washable) flooring is required.

 Climate control: The HVAC system will be made to fit rooms with windows that can be opened. To eliminate odours, all rooms must be adequately ventilated, particularly the laundry, kitchen, and bathroom areas. The temperature of the hot water must be adjustable. All apparatuses and fittings ought to be water saver low utilization.

 Trained manpower required as per the product for recreation facilities. Manpower can be outsourced and staffing includes recruiting, hiring and training employees.

 Leading, training, delegating, communicating, coordinating, and motivating are all aspects of directorial work.

 Managing resources: Resources play a significant role in both delivery operations and administrative functions. The recreation setting's most obvious management resources by managing:

o Employees: The ability to influence employees to fulfil their responsibilities in the production or delivery of a product is a crucial management function.

Staffing is the process of finding, hiring, and training the right people to fulfil the requirements of a successful product.

o Money: Any management system cannot function without money. Budgeting, the process of managing money, needs to be planned out in advance. Expenses should be met or exceeded by revenue.

o Equipment: Purchasing, inventorying, receiving, storing, distributing, and maintaining equipment are just a few of the many responsibilities associated with this extensive resource.

o Facilities: Recreation facilities, which can be indoor or outdoor structures, vary greatly.

o Marketing -Marketing by Product, Promotion, Price and Placement, and Partnership are all methods of attempting to reach a target audience and deliver a product.

2.5 ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES

A theater, cinema, auditorium, music hall, concert hall, dance hall, amusement center, or other similar establishment is an entertainment facility. To bring a top-in-line customer experience entertainment venues facilities leaders should prioritize sustainable infrastructure, technologies, solutions and practices. Energy, building automation, security, safety, communication, and climate are some of the most stringent requirements that must be met by all entertainment facilities.

2.5.1 Categories of Entertainment

Six categories of entertainment are literature, the after or cinema, music hall or dance hall, games, comedy and sport.

With advanced technologies, facility manager can drive sustainability while enhancing customers experience, improve building operations and reducing operational costs. Few advanced technologies for entertainment facilities are:

 Grandstand lifting system

 Energy and building solutions – The unique nature of entertainment facilities is that they fluctuate between “Live” and “dark” days and energy usage naturally spikes and falls accordingly. Facility managers need real-time, deep insights into their facility in order to strike a balance and optimize energy usage.

 Facility management systems: a web-based platform that controls all safety, security, communication, and building management.

 HVAC Systems: The planning and provision of heating, ventilation and cooling and hot-water solutions particular challenges to all involved.

 Fire alarm and voice evacuation system: It is essential to quickly detect, locate, verify, and contain fires in entertainment facilities in order to safeguard lives and property.

 Access control, video surveillance and intrusion alarm systems: Technology prevents access to private areas like locker rooms and equipment. As a result, only authorized individuals will be permitted entry. Any attempts at unauthorized entry are monitored by nearby video cameras.

Major challenge faced by facility manager is non-availability of date or soiled data, integration of all facilities system from energy, lightning, HVAC, Fire and safety systems and Access controls, operating team will have greater insight into venue day-to-day operations, all while managing from one central location. When preforming from one central location facility manager become better equipped to maintain efficient building and provide safe, secure and healthy environment to the customer.

Following are the customer expectation’s from any good entertainment facilities:

 Good environment

 Helpful staff – Staff should be helpful and approachable and properly trained, know customer expectation and providing best experience for the guests.

 Variety – means several things like games, rides, food, offers and events.

2.5.2 Impacts of Entertainment

Each type of event, festival, or attraction will have an impact either positive or negative on the host community and guests. Given below is the lists some of the positive and negative impacts that can be built upon and celebrated.

Type of Impact

Positive Impacts Negative Impacts

Social and Cultural

 Shared experience

 Revitalizing traditions

 Building community pride

 Community alienation

 Negative community image

 Bad behaviour

 Assisting community groups

 Expanding cultural perspectives

 Substance abuse or addiction

 Social dislocation Physical and

Environmental

 Increasing environmental awareness

 Ensuring infrastructure legacy

 Improved

transport/communications

 Urban transformation and renewal

 Environmental damage

 Pollution

 Destruction of heritage

 Noise disturbance

 Traffic congestion

Political  International prestige

 Improved profile

 Promotion of investment in the host community

 Social cohesion

 Development of

event/administrative skills

 Risk of event failure

 Misallocation of funds

 Lack of accountability

 Propaganda purposes

 Loss of ownership and control

 Legitimization of political ideology

Tourist and Economic

 Destination promotion

 Increased tourist visits

 Extended length of visitor stay

 Higher economic yield

 Increased tax revenue

 Permanent and temporary job creation

 Community resistance to tourism

 Loss of authenticity

 Damage to reputation

 Exploitation

 Inflated prices

 Opportunity costs

2.6 SPORT FACILITIES

The global culture of sport management is deeply ingrained in the use of sporting facilities of all sizes. A persistent theme is sports' status as "big business". There are a lot of different sports out there today, but we can group them by the number of players: individual sports,

dual sports, and team sports are the three main categories. Several events, tournaments, physical education classes, and training sessions can be held in sports facilities. The majority of sports facilities are permanent and non-movable, and they last a long time. Sports Complex is a typical illustration of a facility for sports. Sports facilities can be either indoor or outdoor, one of two types.

2.6.1 Types of Sport Facilities

Indoor Sport facilities: are those materials and structures that can conveniently be constructed or enclosed in the four-wall of a building called gymnasium to facilitate learning programme. These are some: the physical structure that is capable of enclosing a typical swimming pool, gymnasium, locker, shower, and drying rooms, teaching stations, classrooms, corridors, and foyers, offices, and research or laboratory spaces.

Outdoor Sport facilities: Are constructed outdoor or left in the open in order to serve physical education and sporting programme as we have in most of our primary and secondary school fields and other open fields. Some of these will be: arenas, courts, and sports fields for football, basketball, handball, hockey, badminton, tennis, and volleyball, as well as track and field.

Sports Equipment: The terms "sports equipment" and "disposables" are used interchangeably. This could be in the form of clothing and materials that athletes, managers, and coaches need to be productive and safe. Sports equipment is divided into the following categories:

 Games equipment: This includes sports equipment like balls, rackets, and goal posts that enable you to play a sport.

 Player equipment: This is gear worn for player safety like footwear, training essentials and helmets.

 Vehicles: These are used for specialized sports activities like engine sports. These are also used for transportation during sporting events, such as items like golf carts, cart to transport injured players off the field of play in football.

Equipment and facilities are related to the program. There is every chance of having a successful sports program if they are available, adequate, and well-maintained. As a result, the kind of sports program that can be offered is greatly influenced by the standard facilities

and equipment that are available in a school or state for the purpose of running a sports program. Facilities and equipment are different for different kinds of activities.

Trends in Sport Facilities: New trends in facilities and materials for physical education programs include improved landscapes, new construction materials, new swimming pool shapes, partial shelters, synthetic grass, and new playing materials. Other new developments include pools that can be used both indoors and outdoors, outdoor fitness equipment, all- weather tennis courts, and multi-colored lines for a variety of games and activities.

2.6.2 New Trends in Sport Facilities

Other new trends in sport facilities, equipment, supplies and materials for sport programme are including:

 New surface materials like rubberized all-weather running tracks, rubber-cushioned tennis courts, Roll-out floor systems (portable football field the turf can be rolled up), Personal storage units (lockers) and Air-supported structures

 Improved landscapes: New ceiling, Partial shelters, Synthetic grass, Synthetic walls, Combination indoor-outdoor pools, Water slides, New physical fitness equipment, All-weather tennis courts/games area and New climbing walls.

 Modern gymnasium construction: features include using modern engineering techniques and materials which have resulted in welded steel, Domes that provide area completely free from internal supports, laminated wood modular frames, arched roofs, gabled roofs

 Exterior surfaces: like aluminium, steel, fiber glass and plastics

 Floors: hydraulic floors surfaces like my rial floors surfaces, nonslip floors surfaces

 New windows patterns and styles

 Prefabricated wall surfaces

 Better lighting systems with improved quality and quantity and reduced glare.

 Facilities are moving from using regular glass to using either a plastic and fiber glass

 panel or an overhead sky dome and they are

Advantages of modern facilities: When compared to conventional facilities, the modern ones have the following advantages: they are lighter, do not require painting, are simple to maintain, require less labour, cost less in materials, do not require shades, curtains, or blinds

to eliminate glare, the problem of breakage is reduced or eliminated, and it helps to solve the problem of a lack of money and land.

2.7 EVENT MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

An event is something that happens at a specific location and time, usually to celebrate or remember a special occasion. It can be sporting, entertainment arts and culture, conferences, Trade shows, Seminars, awards ceremony, fundraising, festivals and parties, networking events, miscellaneous event like teddy bear day, etc.

2.7.1 Characteristic of Event

These following given below are the characteristic of event:

 Events are often “once in a lifetime” experience for the participants.

 They required long and careful planning.

 They are generally expensive to stage.

 They usually take place over a short span of time.

 They can take place once only, however many are held annually, usually at certain frequency)

 They carry high level of financial risk and safety risk.

 There is often requirement of lot of stake holders involvement including the event management team to success any event.

2.7.2 Classification of Event

Depend upon the size and type the events can be classified. There can be different types of events:

1. Mega Event - Those that yield high levels of tourism, media coverage, prestige, or economic impact for the host community or destination. These events are so large that it affects economies, highly prestigious and gains global media coverage. Problems of developed infrastructure, facilities, transport are some of the limitations in organising these events. Examples are common wealth games, economic summits, world cup, Kumbh mela and international or national fairs, etc.

2. Special Event-Outside the normal activities of the sponsoring or organizing body.

These events are one-time or in frequent, Specific ritual, presentation, performance, or

celebration. These are planned and created to mark a special occasion. Examples are National days, festivals, parades and celebrations, Royal weddings, Unique cultural performances, etc.

3. Minor Events-Most of the events are fall in this category.

4. Private Events -One common illustration of private events is weddings. Even though

"private events" are held for individuals, families, and social groups, they frequently necessitate the use of specialized venues and professional event managers. These might be referred to as "functions" by catering facilities, restaurants, private clubs, hotels, and resorts.

2.7.3 Event Management

Meetings and conventions, exhibitions, festivals and other cultural celebrations, sporting competitions, entertainment spectaculars, private functions, and numerous other special events are all included in the category of "Event Management."

2.7.4Role of Event Manager

Event managers are responsible for organizing and administer the organizations that produce or govern events. Skills in event management will also be useful for careers in related fields such as tour-ism, hospitality, arts, culture, sports, recreation and leisure. For a specific event, the team must address functional level responsibilities. A gaming event like an athletic competition, for instance, will require a completely different staffing structure to support it than a grand traditional wedding, which will require more catering staff, lighting technicians, etc.

2.7.5 Role of Event Management Organizations

Event planning is a fine art. It is important for every event organization to interact and have direct relationship with the organization or client for which organizing event. The success or failure of an event will be primarily established by the effectiveness of the interaction.

The event management organization need to performs various tasks while planning any event that include:

 Planning –First is to discuss what the client wants.

 Conceptualizing or theming - Coming up with original ideas for events

 Budgeting and finance management -The event relies heavily on budgeting and financial planning. It depends on how big the event is and how many people are there.

The cost of each event is different. Pricing is very important because inexperienced organizers often overestimate costs. The event's budget and timeline must be agreed upon through negotiation.

 Contract management - The more complex and more unique an event is, the more likely it is to be labour intensive, both in terms of organisation and operation. The skills of the event team are very important for concept development. There is requirement of researching, negotiating and contracting.

 Logistics –Key characteristic for event management is network with the vendors and supply chain management. Need to do venues finalisation, contact and suppliers management.

 Security and safety - Ensuring the health, safety and insurance regulations are followed

 Manpower management -Managing team and smooth event logistics for planning to post events. The staff working at most of the events have limited experience and less time for training, hence job breakdowns and task sheet become essential aspects.

Because so much of the planning and programming of special events is dependent on technological solutions, technology today plays a crucial role. Technology is an effective marketing tool and opens up new communication and information resource options.

Remaining current with innovation is significant for occasion supervisors as purchasers anticipate fast criticism from the coordinators of occasions. The event manager typically collaborates with a variety of contactors, such as employment agencies, rental contractors, public relations and marketing consultants, security and catering companies, cleaning and ticketing operations, stage managers, lighting and audio-visual companies, decoration and florist companies, entertainers, and others. Events types can be separate into types of organisations like corporate, private or charity. Corporate events mostly focus on business and customers, private events are mostly recreational and charity events are mostly philanthropy.

Event managers no longer plan for hotel meeting rooms or convention centers; instead, they plan for architectural spaces like rooftops, airport hangers, sea beaches, and experiential venues like aquariums, museums, and galleries. This is because delegates are becoming more demanding and event planners are becoming more creative.

2.7.6 Impact of Events

All events have a wide range of impacts, both positive and negative on people, communities and stakeholders. Major events have potential to have positive effects and might be creation of an opportunity that act as a catalyst for long term behaviour.

2.8 GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC FACILITIES

Public offices are the administrations that are accessible to the overall population and not to a particular person. The government provides these facilities with the intention of facilitating the public's access to resources and the development of society. Since welfare is their primary objective, they provide low-cost services. There are numerous government and public facility like library, museums, botanical gardens, schools, colleges, healthcare, banks, electricity, public transport and historical monuments, etc.

2.8.1 Characteristics of Government and Public Facilities Important characteristics of these facilities are:

 These facilities provided to public to ensure the quality of life.

 These facilities are either without a charge or at a charge which is affordable to the masses.

 Its benefits can be shared by many people, for example is a school in a village will provide education to all children in the village.

2.8.2 Major Government and Public Facilities

Few major facilities under government and public facilities are as follows -

Educational Facilities: These are the structures that house educational institutions like schools and colleges that are affiliated with and recognized by a relevant board, university, or other affiliation authority of a similar nature. The structure ought to encourage the collection of recreational, educational, and instructional activities for educational purposes. In addition, the building must have adequate housing facilities for essential staff members who must live on campus.