PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
OF GREENHOUSE FOR AQUACULTURE AND FISH DRYING
by
TRIBENI DAS
Centre for Energy Studies
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
to the
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
JULY, 2007
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Dedicated to
my parents
Certificate
It is certified that the thesis entitled "Performance Evaluation of Greenhouse for Aquaculture and Fish Drying" submitted by Tribeni Das is worthy of consideration
for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and is a record of the original bonafide research work carried out by her under my guidance and supervision. The results contained in the thesis have not been submitted in part or full to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
—SI' AN k.ZC.91--- Dr. .N.Tiwari
Professor
Centre for Energy Studies
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016
Date: July, 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is my immense pleasure to express the deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. G.N.Tiwari for his constant inspiring guidance and utmost cooperation at every stage that helped me in successful completion of this research work.
My sincere thanks goes to Padmashree Prof. M.S.Sodha for his academic discussion and encouragement.
I am very much thankful to Prof. M.K.G. Babu, Head, Prof. A. Chandra, Ex-Head, Prof. T.S.Bhatti, and Dr. Subodh Kumar of Centre for Energy Studies for their kind advice and timely help. My sincere thanks goes to Prof. V.K.Srivastava, Department of Chemical Engineering for his encouragement.
My special thanks goes to my colleagues Dr. Bikash Sarkar, Dr Lopa Ghosh, Dr.
Arvind Tiwari, Mr. Anil Kumar, Mr. P.Barnwal, Mr.Arvind Chel, Dr. Nisha Kumari, Mrs. Sujata Nayak and Mr. Swapnil Dube.
I convey my sincere thanks to Mr.Laldimi Chand, Mr. Dhaney Singh, Mr. Umesh Mishra, Mr. Sunny Mishra, Miss Shabana Khan, Swapna Singh Rabha and staff members of IIT Delhi for their kind support and help provided during the research work.
I acknowledge the moral support and encouragement extended by my husband Mr. Ranendra Das, sister Tridisha Das, sister-in-law Mrs. Bonti Das and brother Mr.Trideeb Kr. Das.
My deep sense of obligation to Mrs. Tiwari and their children for their high degree of hospitality and encouragement throughout our stay in Delhi.
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Date: July, 2007 Tribeni Das
11
Abstract
Fish is a very important foodstuff in developing countries, due to its high protein content and nutritional value, supplying approximately 6% of global protein requirement and 16% of total animal protein (Ayyappan and Diwan, 2003). One of the most important factors influencing fish growth is the water temperature. Growth rate increases with increasing water temperature, but when the temperature becomes super optimal, it has a negative influence instead of a stimulatory influence. Fish culture is carried out in a Varity of systems. Greenhouse ponds are good alternatives to maintain the water temperature (Zhu et al., 1998).
The Effect of water temperature on fish growth and survival was studied.
Experiment was conducted in open and inside greenhouse fish pone at Indian Institute of Technology (IITD), India, during winter period (Novemember, 2005-Feburary 2006). The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling 13.5+0.49g (mean weight + S.D) grew to 53.8g and 27.9g in greenhouse and open pond respectively. In both the tanks the fish appeared healthy and no mortality was observed. Inside greenhouse fish production showed significantly (p<0.05) higher in comparison with open system.
Water quality parameter was acceptable range for fish culture in both the condition.
The results showed that 3.12 — 5.64°C rise in water temperature can be achieved when compared with out side pond in the composite climate of New Delhi.
To evaluate the influence of water temperature on fish growth and survival of common carp, an experiment was conducted in open and inside greenhouse condition during winter (November, 2004 — February, 2005). The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) of mean individual weight, 26.15 + 0.44 g (total mean weight + S.D.) grew to
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116.40± 0.92g, 112.80± 0.62g, 90.20 ±2.45g and 81.30 + 2.60 g in 105 days in tank 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. In all the tanks, the fish appeared healthy and no mortality was observed. Inside greenhouse fish production showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth-rate in comparison with open system.
The thermal modeling and its validation of greenhouse fishpond system connected with or without flat plate collector (FPC) was done. Numerical computation has been performed for a typical winter day in the month of December 2005. The energy balance equations have been written considering the effects of conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation and ventilation and these equations are numerically solved with Matlab 7.0 software to predict the room and water temperature. A parametric study has also been performed to find the effects of water mass and number of collectors. There is significant effect on water temperature at different water depths due to change in the number of collectors. The results showed that a rise of 4.13 — 6.92 °C water temperature can be achieved for greenhouse pond connected with two number collectors and in case of without collector it was 3.12 — 5.64°C. Fish production in greenhouse is also significantly higher as compared to open pond. In both the cases, with and without collector predicted and experimental values of water temperature exhibited fair agreement with coefficient of correlation r
= 0.96 and 0.95 and root mean square percent deviation e = 1.64% and 1.83 %, respectively.
Greenhouse drying (natural convection) of Indian minor fish species, such as prawn (Macrobrachium lamarrei) has been studied during July 2006, for the composite climate of New Delhi. The hourly data for the rate of moisture evaporation, fish temperature and relative humidity inside greenhouse have been recorded for
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complete drying of fish. These data were used for determination of the convective heat transfer coefficient. Convective heat transfer coefficients are mainly dependent on the rate of moisture transfer under the drying process. Among different curve fitting, a quadratic curve exhibited best relation between convective heat transfer coefficient and drying time as it gave the maximum coefficient of determination (R2 = 99.04%).
A study of convective heat transfer coefficient during greenhouse fish drying for prawn (Macro brachium lamarrei) under forced convection mode has been performed. The experiment has been performed during July 2006 for the composite climate of New Delhi. The hourly data for the rate of moisture evaporation, wind velocity, fish temperature and relative humidity inside greenhouse have been recorded for complete drying of fish under both natural and forced convection mode. These data were used for determination of the coefficients of convective heat transfer.
Convective heat transfer coefficients are higher for forced convection than natural convection drying. Also the drying time required for forced convection is lesser than natural convection drying. It is mainly dependent on the rate of moisture transfer under the drying process. The curve fitting was carried out for different available model out of various observations. A quadratic curve exhibited best relation between convective heat transfer coefficient and drying time. This model gives the maximum coefficient of determination (R2 = 96.04%).
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Table of Contents
Certificate
Acknowledgements Abstract
Contents List of Figures List of Tables Nomenclature Chapter-I
General Introduction
1.1 Importance of greenhouse 1.2 Definition of greenhouse 1.3 History and present scenario
1.4 Classification of greenhouse systems 1.5 Basic heat and mass transfer
1.5.1 Evaporative heat transfer coefficient 1.5.2 Convective heat transfer coefficient 1.5.3 Radiative heat transfer coefficient 1.5.4 Conductive heat transfer coefficient 1.6 Thermal analysis of greenhouse
1.6.1 Steady-state model
1.6.2 Transient model (Quasi-steady state) 1.6.3 Periodic model
1.7 Climate
1.8 Identification of the problem
1.9 Objectives
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Chapter-II
Design and fabrication of different experimental greenhouses namely 17 uneven, IARI and low cost greenhouses
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Design of experimental greenhouses 19
2.2.1 Low cost aquaculture greenhouse 19
2.2.2. Quonset shape greenhouse (IARI Model) 20 2.2.3 Uneven span greenhouse with north brick wall 21
2.2.4. Design of Greenhouse Dryer 22
2.2.4.i. Natural mode 23
2.2.4.ii. Force mode 24
2.3 Instruments 25
2.3.1 Solarimeter 25
2.3.2 Thermometer 26
2.3.3 Hygrometer 26
2.3.4 Anemometer 26
2.3.5 Infrared thermometer 26
2.3.6 pH meter 26
2.4 Measurement of Parameters 27
2.4.1 Solar radiation 27
2.4.2 Temperature 27
2.4.3 Humidity 27
2.4.4 Wind velocity 27
2.4.5 pH 27
2.4.6 Dissolve oxygen 28
2.4.7 Total alkalinity 28
2.4.8 Free CO2 28
2.5 Computation of solar radiation on different walls and roofs 29 2.6 Evaluation of heat loss through ventilation from greenhouse 30
to ambient air
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2.7 Error analysis 31
2.7.1 Coefficient of correlation (r) 31
2.7.2 Root mean square of percent deviation (e) 31
2.7.3 Standard deviation (u ) 31
Chapter-III 32
Rearing of fish in greenhouse
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Material and Methods 33
3.2.1 Experimental set-up 33
3.2.1.1 Uneven span greenhouse 33
3.2.1.2 IARI model greenhouse 34
3.2.1.3 Low cost greenhouse 35
3.2.2 Biological Experiment 35
3.2.3 Monitoring the water quality parameters 37
3.3 Results and discussion 37
3.3.1 Ambient air, inside greenhouse air and water 37 temperature
3.3.2 Water quality parameters 42
3.3.3 Growth performance 45
3.3.3.1 Growth performance (Uneven) 45
3.3.3.2 Growth performance (IARI) 47
3.3.3.3 Growth performance (Low cost) 48
3.4 Conclusions 50
Chapter-IV 51
Thermal performance of a greenhouse fishpond integrated with flat plate collector
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Materials and Methods 53
4.2.1 Experimental set-up 53
4.2.2 Experimental observation 54
4.3 Thermal Analysis 55
viii
4.3.1 Assumptions 55 4.3.2 Energy balance equations for greenhouse fishpond 55
4.4 Results and discussion 58
4.5 Conclusion 66
Chapter-V 67
Greenhouse fish drying under natural and forced mode
5.1 Introductions 67
5.2. Computation procedure 69
5.2.1 Convective heat transfer coefficient (Natural and 69 Forced)
5.2.2 Convective mass transfer coefficient 72
5.3 Materials and methods 72
5.3.1. Experimental observation 72
5.3.2 Computation technique 74
5.4 Results and discussion 74
5.5 Conclusion 79
Chapter-VI
Thermal Modeling of Greenhouse Fish Drying 80
6.1 Introduction 80
6.2 Materials and Methods 81
6.2.1 Experimental set-up 81
6.2.2 Experimental observation 82
6.3 Thermal Analysis 82
63.1 Assumptions 82
6.3.2 Energy balance equations for greenhouse fish dryer 82 6.3.3 Solution of thermal model under natural mode 83 6.3.4 Solution of thermal model under forced mode 85
6.4 Results and discussion 86
6.5 Conclusion 91
ix
Chapter-VII
Conclusions and Recommendations 92
7.1 Conclusions 92
7.2 Recommendations 93
References 94
Appendix 101
Publications 102
Bio-Data 103
