Questions related to political subjectivity and intersections of gender, class, race and ethnicity are at the heart of a broad spectrum of contemporary struggles in the Global South, where women's participation and political involvement in a wide variety of social movements has increased and intensified. The increasing involvement of women in social movements, together with the growing role of feminist movements in the Global South, is not a development that is celebrated by everyone. Feminism itself has become an increasingly popular philosophy as well as a daily practice in a wide variety of social movements in the Global South.
The premises of Western feminism have also been criticized from within social movements in the Global South. Scholars from the Global North are usually welcome to study and participate in the struggles of social movements in the Global South, but as postcolonial feminists have pointed out, Western hegemonic approaches are problematic in many ways. Similarly, many women activists in the Global South have emphasized the importance of ideological solidarity between different groups of women when engaging in a broader project of building postcolonial forms of feminist solidarity27.
Resisting Borders: Mobilities, Gender, and Bodies Crossing the Mediterranean
Anitta Kynsilehto *
Another crucial issue to be highlighted in the above quote is the emphasis on material corporealities and political materialities. In the beginning of September 2015, the image of Aylan Kurdi circulated in traditional and social media. He drowned in the early hours of Wednesday, September 2, 2015, in a futile attempt to cross the Aegean Sea and reach the territory of the European Union with his family.
Later that evening I signed a multiple petition calling on European leaders to stop this tragedy, but as I was about to share the call with my social media friends, I saw the image of little Aylan appear on the cover of appeal. However, the impact of little Aylan's poignant image did not last long, nor was the general love it generated able to contribute to any lasting change in Europe's approach to migrants and refugees. Pushed Back: Systematic Human Rights Violations Against Refugees in the Aegean Sea and the Greek-Turkish Land Border, 2013.
Gender, Development Induced Displacement, and Resistance: Women
Uprooted by River Erosion in West Bengal and Bangladesh
The UN guidelines on internal displacement drawn up around this period addressed the crucial fact that 'the overwhelming majority of internally displaced persons are women and their dependent children'4. In this way, they often succeed in diverting attention from the unsatisfactory conditions of the displaced women. The various efforts made by displaced women to face their fate show that they are more than mere victims of the phenomenon of displacement.
At the same time, the slow but steady erosion of the Ganges River in the Malda district of the Indian state of West Bengal has left many people displaced and impoverished. Some of the major natural hazards listed in the report are tornadoes, earthquakes, landslides, drought, flash floods, drought and storms, and finally river bank erosion. But in the early years of the 21st century, the problem was seriously aggravated by the construction of the Farakka Dam.
When investigations into human vulnerability in the area were carried out by the authors of the report, it was found that there were two main types of losses among the displaced. As a member of the Executive Committee of the UNHCR, India is also bound by its mandate and thus obliged to consider the well-being of IDPs in the country. Unhygienic sanitation and water conditions in the resettlement areas often lead to the spread of vector- and water-borne diseases such as dengue and diarrhoea, which can seriously affect the health of the women.62.
Some women of childbearing age become victims of human trafficking and harassment. In some cases, the state authorities had to accede to the demands of the displaced women because of their joint action and solidarity among their peers. Self-help groups for women exist in many parts of the areas affected by river erosion in the Malda district of West Bengal.
C. “Rethinking Guiding Principles: The Case of the Kashmiri Pandits,” Forced Migration Review, no. 8, 2000, p. 26–28.
This Place is not ours: Stateless Women and the Right to Citizenship in Nepal
Roopshree Joshi *
Currently, questions related to citizenship in Nepal are among the most important and most emphasized debates in the public sphere. The situation reflects a more general trend: a lack of presence of marginalized women in the public sphere. To shed light on the daily reality of women without citizenship in Nepal, the article analyzes the experiences of three women who have been and still are in the situation of statelessness in Nepal.
In Article 2, Article 11 of the Constitution it is stated that citizenship will be granted on the basis of descent, and that both parents must be Nepali citizens at the time of birth. Nepal, this is most commonly the case among the population in the Mountain region (34 percent), followed by the Hill region (28.5 percent) and the Terai region (17.5 percent). Although most of them were born in Nepal and lived in the country all their lives, they were not granted citizenship.
In Nepal, as in many other patriarchal countries, there are many women who are never seen in the public sphere. For example, in the villages in Sihara, in the eastern part of Nepal, where agriculture was related. Many of the women in the village do not understand the value and importance of citizenship documents.
After its announcement, there were numerous protests against the new Constitution in the Madheshi district. Currently, the public debate on citizenship in Nepal has focused heavily on issues of citizenship through naturalization and citizen participation in the political space. All three seek justice and want to exercise their right to be treated equally and to be included in society.
The Politics of Belonging in the Himalayas: Local Attachment and Border Dynamics: Governance, Conflict and Civic Action.
Interrogating Political Society through Displacement and Vulnerability Risks
This raised a number of issues about the socio-economic impact of reforms, including the exclusion of a certain category of population from sharing the gains of economic growth.3 'The existence of a slum means the authorities have failed,' says the World Bank. In the political rhetoric, displacement is usually presented as an inevitable effect of the state's development strategy. The second section of the article discusses the cases in detail from a diachronic perspective, and reflects on the situation before, during and after the displacement.5 The third section of the article looks pertinently at theoretical aspects of displacement and their connection with the civil society and political society.
The occupation of the land, which belonged to the government in the name of the South Central Railway, began 30 to 35 years ago. Due to the authoritative leadership of the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) supremo7 and the then chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, none of the ruling party's Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) could oppose the project. The opposition house party, the Indian National Congress8, was not interested in talking to the people of the locality.
As a result of this, most of the families in the area came under the threat of forced eviction. 203 and 210 of Manikonda (J) village were handed over to Andhra Pradesh Industrial and Investment Corporation (APIIC). Only some parts of the land left over from the ORR project were given to the displaced persons to build houses in the resettlement colony.
The population of the resettlement colony consists of many different caste groups (Backward Classes and Scheduled Caste) and many different religions (Islam, Hinduism and Christianity). One of the major challenges in the resettlement colony is the lack of medical facilities. This led to displacement of the people of the area, again under the leadership of legislator Sabitha Indra Reddy.
This led to the establishment of the Shamshabad International Airport Land Losers Welfare Association (SIALLWEL). Vulnerability, according to Kasperson, can be explained as "the degree to which an exposure unit is susceptible to damage due to exposure to a disturbance or stress, and the ability (or lack thereof) of the exposure unit to cope, recover, or fundamentally adapt (become a new system or die out)". 15. A widow's right ceases to exist in the allotted land when the alternative land is allotted to the head of the family: to her son.
Brus (Reangs) in Mizoram: The Unresolved Crises
Shyamalendu Mazumdar *
The article aims to make an in-depth assessment of the real situations primarily in the Reang camps in North Tripura and Assam. This study will address this issue in the context of forced evictions of the Reang people from the state of Mizoram. All the camps were visited to observe the situation on the ground in the relief camps for the displaced.
The researcher took into account the actual situation in the refugee camps and the material facilities made available to the residents by the government. The first leg of the visit began with the Naisingpara camp, which happened to be the largest of the relief camps. Respondents belonging to the Naisingpara, Ashapara and Kaskau camps were very vocal about the Tripura government's inability to provide drinking water to the camps.
Informal interaction with the respondents would make the observer an accepted member of the group or community. Much more information was available about situations leading up to the forced migration of the Reangs. Bruiksom, a 35-year-old lady, gave a detailed account of the types of torture experienced by the Bru families in Mizoram.
They exposed some of the most critical political rudiments involving inter-ethnic relations in Mizoram. I realized that some exhaustive interactions with Tripura government officials were also extremely important to get information about the other side of the story. The entire interaction enabled me to verify the veracity of the statements made by the government officials of Mizoram.
The other major problem that a researcher may face is related to the remote location of the site.
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