The response of the participants was statistically analyzed to investigate the significant influence of the light parameters on the viewers' perception. Exhibitors can develop a lighting design based on the findings of this study related to the influence of lighting parameters on visual perception.
List of Tables
75 Table 8.3- Mean value of the participants' assessments for water-based paintings 76 Table 8.4- Rotated Component Matrix of Factor analysis (oil-based . paintings). 78 Table 8.6- Mean value of the participants' assessments for oil-based paintings 79 Table 8.7- t-test result for effect of the medium of the painting 81.
Glossary of Terms*
Introduction
Taking advantage of this new technology, the study of lighting design in art galleries must focus on the effect of lighting parameters on viewers' perception and derive a lighting design practice that will satisfy the viewers' visual preferences. With Tagore's perspective on the visual world, this thesis advances to shift the exhibition's lighting design process from a technical perspective to design for viewers.
It provides an overview of the phases of the study such as literature review, field study, testing of hypotheses and experimental findings that lead to conclusions of the study. It describes the subsequent development of scaling factors related to the effect of light on visual perception.
Chapter- 2 Literature Review
Standard recommendation on lighting in art galleries
According to the study, light is one of the important factors, which affects the satisfaction, arousal and dominance [37] of human beings in a certain space. It requires identifying visible attributes (such as pleasantness, comfort, brightness, etc.) of displayed paintings and choosing lighting conditions accordingly.
Light and Visual Perception
The conclusion of the study has reported that viewer preference has a negative correlation with CCT, while Illuminance has a positive correlation. A review of the literature on Kruithof's graph has pointed out that one reason for disagreement between studies is an imprecise specification of the SPD of the light sources [47].
Lighting Design Approach
In addition, the existing recommendation standards for the light level in art galleries and the types of light fixtures should be reconsidered with the advancement of light sources. Therefore, there is a need to explore the existing lighting conditions in galleries and interact with stakeholders to have a design approach for effective spotlight design in India's art galleries.
Research Questions
To improve the quality of exhibition lighting, designers must understand the expectations of stakeholders and the problems in existing lighting conditions [19]. Therefore, in order to understand the prior expectations of the viewer, as well as of an exhibitor, one must know the opinion of the painters about the quality of lighting in the exhibition.
Aim and Objectives
However, in the course of the literature review, the reported research in India in this context of knowledge was not readily available.
Hypotheses
Methodology
- Field Study
- Laboratory-based experiments
- Experimental Set up
- Study Approach
- Procedure
- Data analysis
Three consecutive experiments were conducted to understand the significant effect of each individual lighting variable on visual perception while viewing paintings. The results of the experiments reveal the light effect on visual perception while viewing paintings.
Field Study
- Lighting Survey in art galleries
- Rabindranath Tagore Centre (Date of survey: 1 st July, ’16)
- Birla Academy of Art and Culture (Date of survey: 2 nd July, ’16)
- Academy of Fine Arts (Date of survey: 3 nd July, ’16)
- The Monalisa Kalagram (Date of survey: 13 th December, ’16)
- Art2Day (Date of survey: 14 th December, ’16)
- Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum (Date of survey: 14 th December, ’16)
- National Gallery of Modern Art Mumbai (Date of survey: 16 th December, ’16)
- Jehangir Art Gallery (Date of survey: 17 th December, ’16)
Dimmed/Bright: For lighting the majority of painters have chosen low brightness (8 out of 10 painters) i.e. in contrast, lighting professionals have mentioned that there is no visual assessment of the lighting design.
Chapter- 5
Testing of Hypothesis: H1
Methodology
- Experimental design
- Types of paintings
- Types of spotlight
LED from the same company was chosen as the second variant for different types of reflectors due to relatively less harmful effects on images than other conventional light sources [23]. The light level value on the image plane was controlled by varying the voltage via a Variac (1-phase/0 to 270V AC/1A).
Results
- Effect of types of spotlight on viewers’ perception for water-based paintings
- Preferred type of spotlight by participants for water-based paintings
- Preferred type of spotlight by participants for oil-based paintings
Therefore, as hypothesized in H1, the perception of viewers while viewing water-based paintings changes significantly due to the type of spotlight. So, from the results, it can be said that the warmth feeling of viewers while viewing oil-based paintings changes significantly due to the type of spotlight. Therefore, it can be concluded that for the viewing of oil-based paintings also, perception of viewers changes due to different types of spotlight as hypothesized in H1.
Based on both the experimental results related to water-based and oil-based paintings, it can be said that the effect of the type of spotlight on the viewers' perception while viewing the paintings is similar, regardless of the medium of the paintings.
Chapter- 6
Testing of Hypothesis: H2
Methodology
- Experimental design
- Lighting environment set up
- Types of paintings
To verify the effect of CCT on viewers' perception of a warm white (WW) LED (CCT=2700K), a cool white (CW) LED (CCT=3500K) and an artificial daylight (AD) LED (CCT=6500K) LED is chosen as the light source. From the survey in galleries in India, it has been seen that there is no safe limit for the level of illumination. However, from literature review it has been found that conventional standards specify illuminance between 50 and 200 lux [91], which has mostly been established based on surveys of practice across a number of large museums [92].
So, for this experimental purpose, the illuminance is set at 100 lux which is in the middle of this specified range.
Results
Therefore, as hypothesized in H2, viewers' perception while viewing water-based paintings changes significantly due to different CCTs. To understand the effect of CCTs on oil paintings, a similar statistical analysis method was followed. Therefore, in line with the result derived from the qualitative study, this result also shows that viewers' perception while viewing oil-based paintings changes due to different CCTs, as hypothesized by H2.
Based on both the experimental results of water-based and oil-based paintings, it can be said that the effect of CCT on viewers' perception while viewing paintings is similar regardless of the medium of paintings.
Chapter- 7
Testing of Hypothesis: H3
Methodology
- Experimental design
- Lighting environment set up
- Types of paintings
Results
Therefore, we can say that the viewers' perception of pleasantness changes significantly due to different levels of illumination in water paintings. Therefore, we can say that an illumination level of 100 lux helps to create a pleasant visual display for water-based paintings. Therefore, we can say that the illumination level of 150 lux helped to create a pleasant visual display for oil paintings.
Thus, in contrast to preferred illuminance level for water-based paintings (i.e. 100lux), participants preferred 150lux illuminance level as more comfortable to see in the case of oil-based paintings.
Discussion
It was discussed by the experimental study that the recommended lighting level for art galleries under a specific situation should be increased for proper visibility [97]. Only the visibility level has therefore been improved in specific circumstances, but whether the standard recommendation level can be modified with the advancement of lighting technology and sources has not been discussed. The experiments to understand the individual effect of different lighting parameters (spotlight type, CCT, Illuminance) on viewers' perception have since been discussed.
A further experiment was carried out to understand the desired lighting conditions of the viewers by combining different lighting parameters as described in the next chapter.
Chapter- 8
Visual Preference for Effective Spotlight Design
Methodology
- Experimental design
- Lighting environment set up
- Types of paintings
The measurements of vertical illuminance were taken at the center of the plane of the exhibited paintings with standard Luxmeter (METRAVI 1332). The values of the light level at the level of paintings were controlled by changing the voltages by Variac (1-phase/ 0 to 270V AC / 1A). The same paintings were kept as an exhibition to understand whether the preference of lighting level changes with the variation of CCTs.
The experiment has been carried out according to the research approach and procedure described in chapter 3.
Results
A 100 lux CW LED with a moderate brightness and warm feel helps create a pleasant display for water-based images. Therefore, in accordance with the result obtained from the qualitative study, this result also reveals that the best possible image appearance for viewers while viewing water-based images can be achieved with CW LED with 100 lux illumination at the image plane. In order to understand the effect of CCT and illumination on viewers' perception when viewing oil paintings, we used a similar method of statistical analysis.
Based on both experimental results related to water-based and oil-based paintings, it can be assumed that the effect of light parameters (CCT and Luminance) on the perception of viewers when viewing paintings is similar, regardless of the medium of the paintings. .
Chapter- 9 Conclusion
- Summary of Key Findings
- Lighting Design Approach for Art Galleries
- Implication of study
- Design Practice
- Research and Education
- Limitations
- Future Scope
Based on this model (Figure 9.1), a lighting design approach (reflectors) was developed to optimize lighting conditions in art galleries in India based on visual preferences. Therefore, to bridge the gap between viewers, designers, painters and lighting professionals, a lighting design approach (as shown in Figure 9.2) was devised to optimize lighting conditions in art galleries in India from the viewers' perspective. In this approach to lighting design, the type of light, CCT and illuminance levels were selected based on a model (Figure 9.1) that defines the effect of reflectors on visual perception.
It is expected that framed lighting design approach will serve the lighting designers of India to incorporate viewers' perspective at an early stage of lighting installation in art galleries.
Cuttle, "Effect of Correlated Color Temperature on the Perception of Interiors and Color Discrimination," Lighting Research &. Watson, "Preferred Lighting Conditions for Displaying Oil and Watercolor Paintings," Lighting Research and and Technology, vol. Boyce, "Investigations of the subjective balance between illuminance and lamp color characteristics," Lighting Research and Technology, vol.
Fotios, "LRT Digest 1 Maintaining brightness while saving energy in residential roads," Lighting Research and Technology, vol.
List of Publications
Appendices
Questionnaire for Experiments
The following factors (14 opposite pairs) should be arranged based on appearance of oil paintings due to light. moderately low contrast, 3: little low contrast, 4: little high contrast, 5: .. moderately high contrast, 6: extremely high contrast).
Consent Form for Participants
Interviews with Painters
Notes (if any): The lighting position must be arranged correctly so that it will focus on. The color of the light Sometimes a painting needs a different light color than the usual light color in galleries. Comments (if any): Lighting design in art galleries should be emphasized more, which lacks proper thinking.
Comments (if any): We do not have the option to change the color of the light according to the theme when displaying in the gallery.
Interviews with Exhibition Stakeholders
Please share your views: Today most art galleries use LED lighting system. Please share your views (if any): It depends on the position of the exhibition gallery etc. Please share your views (if any): Guests give advice on the overall impact of the lighting.
Please share your views: Monitored by the curator, some artist advice is also welcome.
Interviews with Lighting Professionals
If the answer to the previous question is 'Yes', who did you interview for reactions to lighting? If the answer to the previous question is 'Yes', who did you interview for reactions to lighting? Please note - Various factors such as beam angle, CCT, CRI and fixture placement must be considered when designing lighting in art exhibitions.
Please mention-First, the suitable type of light source should be selected so that it does not affect the art/painting and has the right CCT, CRI, beam angle and energy efficiency.
