QUESTION PAPER DECEMBER 2018 | Central Teacher Eligibility Test | India

Bg nwpÒVH$m _| ²⁰> _w{–V n•> h¢ü& narjm nwpÒVH$m gߪ`m

This Book let con tains 20 printed pages. Test Book let No.

‡ÌZ-nÃççI / PAPER—I

VobwJw

^mJ IV & V / PART IV & V narjm nwpÒVH$m gßHo$V

Test Booklet Code

In struc tions for Candidates :

1. This Booklet is a Supplement to the Main Test Booklet for those candidates who wish to answer EITHER Part—IV (Language—I) OR Part—V (Language—II) in TELUGU language, but NOT BOTH.

2. Candidates are required to answer Parts I, II, III from the Main Test Booklet and Parts IV and V from the languages chosen by them.

3. Questions on English and Hindi languages for Part—IV and Part—V have been given in the Main Test Booklet.

Language Supplements can be asked for separately.

4. Use Black/Blue Ballpoint Pen only for writing particulars on this page/marking responses in the Answer Sheet.

5. The CODE for this Language Booklet is I. Make sure that the CODE printed on Side-2 of the Answer Sheet and on your Main Test Booklet is the same as that on this Language Supplement Test Booklet. In case of discrepancy, the candidate should immediately report the matter to the Invigilator for replacement of the Language Supplement Test Booklet.

6. This Test Booklet has Two Parts, IV and V, consisting of 60 Objective-type Questions and each carrying 1 mark : Part—IV : Language—I (Telugu) (Q. Nos. 91–120) Part—V : Language—II (Telugu) (Q. Nos. 121–150) 7. Part—IV contains 30 questions for Language—I and Part—V contains 30 questions for Language—II. In this Test Booklet, only questions pertaining to Telugu Language have been given. In case, the language(s) you have opted for as Language—I and/or Language—II is a language other than Telugu, please ask for a Test Booklet that contains questions on that language.

The languages being answered must tally with the languages opted for in your Application Form.

8. Candidates are required to attempt questions in Part—V (Language—II) in a language other than the one chosen as Language—I (Part—IV) from the list of languages.

9. Rough work should be done only in the space provided in the Test Booklet for the same.

10. The answers are to be recorded on the OMR Answer Sheet only. Mark your responses carefully. No whitener is allowed for changing answers.

narjm{W©`m| Ho$ {bE {ZX}e :

1. `h nwpÒVH$m _wª` narjm nwpÒVH$m H$m EH$ n[a{eÔ> h°, CZ narjm{W©`m| Ho$ {bE Omo `m Vmo ^mJçç^IV (^mfmçç^I) `m ^mJçç^V (^mfmçç^II) VobwJw ^mfm _|

XoZm MmhVo h¢, bo{H$Z XmoZm| Zhtü&

2. narjmWu ^mJ ^{I, II, III} Ho$ CŒma _wª` narjm nwpÒVH$m go X| Am°a ^mJ ^IV d ^V Ho$ CŒma CZHo$ ¤mam MwZr ^mfmAm| goü&

3. AßJ´oOr d {h›Xr ^mfm na ‡ÌZ _wª` narjm nwpÒVH$m _| ^mJçç^IV d ^mJçç^V Ho$ A›VJ©V {XE JE h¢ü& ^mfm n[a{eÔ>m| H$mo Amn AbJ go _m±J gH$Vo h¢ü&

4. Bg n•> na {ddaU Aß{H$V H$aZo Edß CŒma-nà na {ZemZ bJmZo Ho$ {bE Ho$db H$mbo/Zrbo ~m∞bnm∞BßQ> noZ H$m ‡`moJ H$a|ü&

5. Bg ^mfm nwpÒVH$m H$m gßHo$V I h°ü& `h gw{Z{¸V H$a b| {H$ Bg ^mfm n[a{eÔ>

narjm nwpÒVH$m H$m gßHo$V, CŒma-nà Ho$ n•>-² Edß _wª` narjm nwpÒVH$m na N>no gßHo$V go {_bVm h°ü& AJa `h {^fi hmo, Vmo narjmWu Xygar ^mfm n[a{eÔ>

narjm nwpÒVH$m boZo Ho$ {bE {ZarjH$ H$mo Vwa›V AdJV H$amE±ü&

6. Bg narjm nwpÒVH$m _| Xmo ^mJ ^IV Am°a ^V h¢, {OZ_| ⁶⁰ dÒVw{Z> ‡ÌZ h¢ VWm

‡À`oH$ ¹ AßH$ H$m h° :

^mJ^—IV: ^mfm^—I (VobwJw) (‡ÌZ gß0 ^91–120)

^mJ^—V : ^mfm^—II (VobwJw) (‡ÌZ gß0 ^121–150)

7. ^mJ^—IV _| ^mfm^—I Ho$ {bE ³⁰ ‡ÌZ Am°a ^mJ^—V _| ^mfm^—II Ho$ {bE

30 ‡ÌZ {XE JE h¢ü& Bg narjm nwpÒVH$m _| Ho$db VobwJw ^mfm go gÂ~p›YV

‡ÌZ {XE JE h¢ü& `{X ^mfm<sup>—I</sup> Am°a/`m ^mfm^—II _| AmnHo$ ¤mam MwZr JB© ^mfm(E±) VobwJw Ho$ Abmdm h°/h¢, Vmo H•$n`m Cg ^mfm dmbr narjm nwpÒVH$m _m±J b|ü& {OZ ^mfmAm| Ho$ ‡ÌZm| Ho$ CŒma Amn Xo aho h¢ dh AmdoXZ-nà _| MwZr JB© ^mfmAm| go AdÌ` _ob ImZr Mm{hEü&

8. narjmWu ^mJ^—V (^mfm^—II) Ho$ {bE, ^mfm gyMr go Eogr ^mfm MwZ|

Omo CZHo$ ¤mam ^mfm^—I (^mJ^—IV) _| MwZr JB© ^mfm go {^fi hmoü&

9. aµ\$ H$m`© narjm nwpÒVH$m _| Bg ‡`moOZ Ho$ {bE Xr JB© Imbr OJh na hr H$a|ü&

10. g^r CŒma Ho$db ^OMR CŒma-nà na hr Aß{H$V H$a|ü& AnZo CŒma ‹`mZnyd©H$

Aß{H$V H$a|ü& CŒma ~XbZo hoVw úoV aßOH$ H$m ‡`moJ {Z{f’ h°ü&

I

MVD18–I

Bg narjm nwpÒVH$m H$mo V~ VH$ Z Imob| O~ VH$ H$hm Z OmEü&

Do not open this Test Book let un til you are asked to do so.

Bg narjm nwpÒVH$m Ho$ {nN>bo AmdaU (n•> gߪ`m <sup>20</sup>) na {XE JE {ZX}em| H$mo ‹`mZ go nãT>|ü&

Read care fully the In struc tions on the Back Cover (Page No. 20) of this Test Book let.

LANG. CODE

18

VobwJw _| {ZX}em| Ho$ {bE Bg nwpÒVH$m Ho$ n•> gߪ`m ² d ¹⁹ XoI|ü&

For In struc tions in Tel ugu, see Page Nos. 2 and 19 of this Book let.

Name of the Candidate (in Capital letters) Roll Number (in figures)

(in words)

Centre of Examination (in Capital letters)

narjmWu H$m Zm_ (~ãS>o Ajam| _|) :

(e„Xm| _|) : AZwH´$_mßH$ (AßH$m| _|) :

narjm-Ho$›– (~ãS>o Ajam| _|) :

narjmWu Ho$ hÒVmja : {ZarjH$ Ho$ hÒVmja :

D _Ø˲≤ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ÃZ ²⁰ Á≥#rÀ$ MʸÀ–˲#. Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ Á‹ÖMÛ¸ô˲Ö

{Á≥‘Ë˝≤ Á≥{ô˲Ö

ô˛À$Vʸ$ øÍÁŸ Á‹Ì≥œ–˛$Öså˝

øÍVʸ–˲$$

–˲$«ƒÊ˝$$

—$–˲$√Õ≤ D _Ø˲≤ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ ô˛∆Êˇ–˲–˲$∞ ^˛ı≥µ –˲∆ÊˇMʸ$ ô˛∆Êˇ–˲–˲ßÊ˛$™.

D Á≥»Ñʸ _Ø˲≤ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ –˛Ø˲Mʸ ı≥i (ı≥i ¹⁹ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ ²⁰)ÃZ C_aØ˲ Á‹*^˲Ø˲ÀØ˲$ gÍ{Vʸô˲¢V> ^˲ßÊ˛–˲ÖyÏ˛.

Á≥»Ñ>«¶ ı≥∆Êˇ$ (Á≥N«¢V> Ú≥ßÊ˛™ AÑʸ∆>ÀÃZ) :

(AÑʸ∆>ÀÃZ) : Á≥»Ñ>«¶ {Mʸ–˲$ Á‹ÖQ≈ (AÖM¸ÀÃZ) :

Á≥»Ñ> MÛ¸Ö{ßÊ˛Ö ı≥∆Êˇ$ (Á≥N«¢V> Ú≥ßÊ˛™ AÑʸ∆>ÀÃZ) :

Á≥»Ñ>«¶ ^Û˛{–ÈÀ$ (Á‹Öô˲MʸÖ) : Á≥∆Êˇ≈–Û˛ÑʸMʸ$∞ ^Û˛{–ÈÀ$ (Á‹Öô˲MʸÖ)

Facsimile signature stamp of Centre Superintendent

Á≥»Ñ>∆Êˇ$¶ÀMʸ$ Á‹*^˲Ø˲À$ :

1. H Á≥»Ñ>«¶ øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^IV (øÍÁŸ ^I) ÃÙ˝Mʸ øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^V (øÍÁŸ ^II), ô˛À$Vʸ$ øÍÁŸÃZ C–˲”ßÊ˛À_ØÈ∆¯ M>± ∆ˇÖyÏ˛ÖsÏ˝ÃZØ˲* M>߯ –È« Mˆ∆ÊˇMʸ$ D _Ø˲≤

Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ –˲$$Q≈ Á≥»Ñʸ _Ø˲≤ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ ƒÒ˝$$MʸP JMʸ øÍVʸ–˲$$.

2. Á≥»Ñ>«¶ øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^{I, II, III}ÀMʸ$ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØ˲–˲$$ÀØ˲$ –˲$$Q≈ Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ Ø˲$Ö_ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^IV –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ ^V À Á‹–˲*´ßÈØ˲–˲$$ÀØ˲$ –È∆Êˇ$

GÖÌ≥Mʸ ^Û˛Á‹$MˆØ˲≤ øÍÁŸÃZ C–È”Õ.

3. CÖXœÁŸ$ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ Ìfl˝Ö© øÍÁŸÃZœ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À$ –˲$$Q≈ Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ÃZ øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^IV –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^V ÃZ C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲—. øÍÁŸ Á‹Ì≥œ–˛$Ör$Ø˲$ –Û˛∆Êˇ$V>

AyÏ˛W °Á‹$MˆØ˲–˲^˲$aØ˲$.

4. D ı≥iÃZ —–˲∆Êˇ◊˝ C_aØ˲Á≥#yÊ˛$ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ f–È∫$ Vʸ$∆Êˇ$¢ Ú≥sÏ˝tØ˲Á≥#yÊ˛$, ô˲Á≥µMʸ MÛ¸–˲ÀÖ Ø˲À$Á≥#/±ÀÖ ∆ÊˇÖVʸ$ VʸÀ ªÍÃå˝ ¥Î∆ˇ$$Ör$ Ú≥Ø˲$≤Ø˲$ –˲*{ô˲–Û˛$

EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^ÈÕ.

5. D øÍÁŸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ Á‹ÖMÛ¸ôË˛Ö ^I. f–È∫$ Á≥{ôÈÀÃZ Ú‹Oyä˛&² ı≥iÃZ Mʸ*yÈ D Á‹ÖMÛ¸ô˲Ö, EØ˲≤߯ ÃÙ˝ß¯ Á‹«^˲*yÊ˛ÖyÏ˛. –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ Á‹ÖQ≈, f–È∫$ Á≥{ôÈÀÃZ VʸÀ Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ Á‹ÖQ≈ Á‹«^˲*yÊ˛ÖyÏ˛. ôÛ˛yÈ EØ˲≤rœ∆ˇ$$Ø˲ –˛ÖrØÛ˛ Á≥»Ñ>´®M>«Mϸ Ìú∆>≈ßÊ˛$ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛. {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ Á≥{ôÈÀØ˲$, f–È∫$

Á≥{ôÈÀØ˲$ –˲*∆Êˇ$µ ^Û˛∆ˇ$$Ö^˲$ MˆØ˲yÊ˛Ö ô˲Á≥µ∞Á‹«.

6. D {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ Á≥{ô˲–˲$$ÃZ ∆ˇÖyÊ˛$ øÍV>À$, ^IV –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ ^V CÖßÊ˛$ÃZ —ÁŸƒÊ˝*{‘Ë˝ƒÊ˝$ ∆ÊˇMÊ¸Ö (AªÒ˝jMϸt–å˛ sÒ˝Oã≥) ⁶⁰ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À$ØÈ≤∆ˇ$$. {Á≥Ü {Á≥‘Ë˝≤Mʸ$ ¹ –˲*∆Êˇ$P MÛ¸sÍ∆ˇ$$Ö^˲yÊ˛–˛$OØ˲®:

øÍVʸÖ^—IV: øÍÁŸ^—I (ô˛À$Vʸ$) ({Á≥‘Ë˝≤ ⁹¹ Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤¹²⁰ –˲∆ÊˇMʸ$) øÍVʸÖ^—V : øÍÁŸ^—II (ô˛À$Vʸ$) ({Á≥‘Ë˝≤ ¹²¹ Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤¹⁵⁰ –˲∆ÊˇMʸ$)

7. øÍVÊ¸Ö ^IV øÍÁŸ ^I ÃZ ³⁰ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À$ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ øÍVÊ¸Ö ^V øÍÁŸ ^II ÃZ ³⁰ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À$ MʸÀ–˲#. D Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ÃZ ô˛À$Vʸ$ øÍÁŸMʸ$ Á‹Ö∫Ö´®Ö_Ø˲ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À$

–˲*{ô˲–Û˛$ C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲—. “$∆Êˇ$ GÖÌ≥Mʸ ^Û˛Á‹$MˆØ˲≤ øÍÁŸÀÃZ, øÍÁŸ ^I –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$/ÃÙ˝Mʸ øÍÁŸ ^II øÍÁŸ ô˛À$Vʸ$ øÍÁŸ MʸØÈ≤ –Û˛∆ˇOØ˲® A∆ˇ$$ôÛ˛, ßÊ˛ƒÊ˝$^Û˛Ì‹ B øÍÁŸÃZ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À$ VʸÀ Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ Mˆ∆ÊˇMʸ$ AyÏ˛W °Á‹$M¯ÖyÏ˛. “$∆Êˇ$ f–È∫$ {–ÈÌ‹Ø˲ øÍÁŸ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ AÌ≥œMÛ¸ÁŸØ˲$ ∏Î∆äˇ√ÃZ GÖÌ≥Mʸ ^Û˛Á‹$MˆØ˲≤ øÍÁŸ JMʸsÙ˝

A∆ˇ$$ EÖyÈÕ.

8. Á≥»Ñ>«¶ øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^V (øÍÁŸ ^II) ÃZ∞ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀØ˲$ (øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^IV ÃZ) GÖÌ≥Mʸ ^Û˛Á‹$MˆØ˲≤ øÍÁŸ ^I (øÍVʸ–˲$$ ^IV ÃZ) øÍÁŸÀ gͺôÈÃZ VʸÀ øÍÁŸ MʸØÈ≤

¿Ø˲≤–˛$OØ˲®V> EÖyÊ˛–˲ÃÒ˝Ø˲$.

9. _ô˲$¢ Á≥∞ (∆Êˇãú –˲∆Êˇ$PØ˲$) Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ÃZ ßÈ∞ Mˆ∆ÊˇMʸ$ MÛ¸sÍ∆ˇ$$ÖÁ≥∫yÏ˛Ø˲ Á‹¶À–˲$$ÃZØÛ˛ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$–˲ÃÒ˝Ø˲$.

10. f–È∫$À$ ^OMR f–È∫$ Á≥#Á‹¢Mʸ–˲$$ÃZØÛ˛ {–ÈƒÊ˝$–˲ÃÒ˝Ø˲$. “$ f–È∫$ÀØ˲$ gÍ{Vʸô˲¢V> Vʸ$«¢Ö^˲ÖyÏ˛. f–È∫$ÀØ˲$ –˲*∆Êˇ$arMʸ$ –˛Or≤∆äˇ –ÈyÊ˛$r

∞ıŸ´ßÊ˛–˲$$.

I

MVD18–I

LANG. CODE

18

AøÊ˝≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ô˛À$Vʸ$Ø˲$ øÍÁŸ ^–I V> GÖ^˲$Mʸ$∞ –˲#Ø˲≤rœ∆ˇ$$ôÛ˛

øÍVʸ–˲$$

^IV ÃZ∞ ({Á≥‘Ë˝≤ Á‹ÖQ≈ ^91–120 ÀMʸ$) Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$ ∆>ƒÊ˝*Õ.

Candidates should attempt the questions from Part–IV (Q. Nos.

91–120), if they have opted TELUGU

as Language–I only.

Part—IV /

øÍVʸ–˲$$ &

Language—I /

øÍÁŸ &

Telugu /

ô˛À$Vʸ$

AøÊ˝≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ô˛À$Vʸ$Ø˲$ øÍÁŸ^–I V> GÖ^˲$Mʸ$∞ –˲#Ø˲≤rœ∆ˇ$$ôÛ˛ øÍVʸ–˲$$^–IV ÃZ∞ ({Á≥‘Ë˝≤ Á‹ÖQ≈ ^91–120) ÀMʸ$ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$

∆>ƒÊ˝*Õ.

Á‹*^˲Ø˲À$ : Cn`w∫$ {dH$ÎnH$mo M`Z Jar Vb {XBEH$m

‡ÌZhÍ$H$mo (‡ÌZ gß0 ^91–105) CŒma

{XZwhmog≤ü :

91. —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀMʸ$ –È« E^Èe∆Êˇ◊˝Ø˲$, AÑʸ∆Êˇ {Mʸ–˲*∞≤

–˛$∆Êˇ$Vʸ$Á≥∆Êˇ^˲$M¯–˲yÈ∞Mϸ f«ı≥ ªZ´ßÊ˛Ø˲ –˲ÀØ˲ –È∆Êˇ$

(1) AøÍ≈Á‹ Ø˛OÁ≥#◊Í≈∞≤ –˛$∆Êˇ$Vʸ$Á≥∆Êˇ^˲$Mʸ$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$

(2) –È« Q_aô˲ôÈ”∞≤ –˛$∆Êˇ$Vʸ$Á≥∆Êˇ^˲$Mʸ$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$

(3) ´ßÈ∆>‚Ê˝ÖV> –˲*sÍœyÛ˛ {Mʸ–˲*∞≤ A¿–˲ñ®Æ

^Û˛Á‹$Mʸ$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$

(4) Á‹ñfØÈô˲√Mʸô˲Ø˲$ Ú≥Ö¥˜Ö®Ö^˲$Mʸ$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$

92. øÍ⁄Î ô˲∆ÊˇVʸÜÃZ ∞∆>√◊Íô˲√Mʸô˲ –˲ÀØ˲

(1) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ —¿Ø˲≤ Ø˲–˲$*ØÈÀØ˲$ A´ßÊ˛≈ƒÊ˝$Ø˲Ö

^Û˛›Î¢∆Êˇ$ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ ∞«™ÁŸt–˛$OØ˲ Á≥«⁄ÎP∆>∞≤

^Û˛∆Êˇ$Mʸ$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$.

(2) ——´ßÊ˛ –˲*´ßÊ˛≈–˲*ÀØ˲$ —∞ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲$Mˆ∞, ô˲–˲$

Á‹”Öô˲ Ì‹ßÈÆÖôÈÀØ˲$ ∆Êˇ*¥˜Ö®Ö^˲$M¯–˲yÈ∞Mϸ,

—ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀMʸ$ E¥Î´ßÈ≈ƒÊ˝$$À$ A–˲M>‘Ë˝Ö C›Î¢∆Êˇ$.

(3) ô˲–˲$ Á‹”Öô˲ A–˲V>Áfl˝Ø˲ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ {Á≥Á≥Ö^˲

Á≥«gÍqØÈ∞≤ AØ˲$øÊ˝–Ë˛Ö –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ øÍ⁄Î Ø˛OÁ≥#◊Í≈ÀÃZ VʸÀ AØ˲$øÊ˝–ÈÀØ˲$ {Á≥ֺܺÖÁ≥

gÙ˝›Î¢∆Êˇ$.

(4) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ô˲–˲$Mʸ$ M>–˲ÀÌ‹Ø˲ AøÍ≈Á‹

›Î´ßÊ˛ØÈÀØ˲$ ô˲ƒÊ˝*∆Êˇ$ ^Û˛Á‹$Mʸ$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$. ßÈ∞ÃZ AØ˲$øÊ˝–È∞≤ VʸyÏ˛›Î¢∆Êˇ$.

93. øÍ∆Êˇô˲ßÛ˛‘Ë˝ÖÃZ {¥ÎÖ°ƒÊ˝$ øÍ⁄ο–˲ñ®Æ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛ÖÃZ

{Mϸ֮ –È∞ÃZ H® JMʸ Á‹–ÈÀ$V>

Á≥«Vʸ◊Ï˝ÖÁ≥∫yÊ˛$ô˲$Ö®?

(1) {Á≥fÀMʸ$ ßÈ∞ Vʸ$«Ö_ ô˛ÕƒÊ˝$Mʸ ¥˘–˲yÊ˛Ö

(2) ›˚Mʸ∆>≈À$ ÃÙ˝Mʸ¥˘–˲yÊ˛Ö

(3) AÁ‹µÁŸt–˛$OØ˲ A–˲V>Áfl˝Ø˲

(4) AØ˲$–ÈßÊ˛ÖÃZ MʸÕVÛ¸ MϸœÁŸtô˲

94. øÍ⁄Î Á‹–˲$$¥Î∆ÊˇjØ˲ AØÛ˛®

(1) A–˲Á‹∆Êˇ–˛$OØ˲ Á≥ßÊ˛gÍÃÍ∞≤ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲VʸÀVʸyÊ˛Ö

(2) Ì≥ÀœÀ$ ô˲–˲$ –˲*ô˲ñøÍÁŸØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aMʸ$ØÛ˛

–ÈôÈ–Ë˛∆Êˇ◊Í∞≤ {ı≥∆ÛˇÌ≥Ö^˲yÊ˛ÖÃZ JMʸ ›ÎÖMÛ¸ÜMʸô˲

(3) –È≈Mʸ∆Êˇ◊˝ —‘Û˝œÁŸ◊˝ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ A–˲V>Áfl˝Ø˲Mʸ$, JMʸ

{Mʸ–˲$–˛$OØ˲ –˲*∆ÊˇYÖ

(4) –˲*Ø˲–˲#∞ –˛$ßÊ˛yÊ˛$Mʸ$ VʸÀ AÖô˲∆ÊˇYô˲ ›Î–˲$∆Êˇ¶¸≈Ö M>∆Êˇ◊˝ÖV> øÍÁŸØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲yÊ˛ÖÃZ JMʸ Á≥ßÊ˛ÆÜ

95. ßÛ˛∞ ßÈ”∆> JMʸ øÍ⁄Î E¥Î´ßÈ≈ƒÊ˝$$yÊ˛$ {–Èô˲

Ø˛OÁ≥#◊Í≈ÀØ˲$ Mʸ*yÈ ªZ´®Ö^˲VʸÀyÊ˛$?

(1) —Ör* ∆>ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

(2) ^˲MʸPV> ∆>ƒÊ˝$–˲$∞ —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀMʸ$ AyÊ˛VʸyÊ˛Ö

(3) –˛$ßÊ˛yÊ˛$Ø˲$ Á≥ßÊ˛$Ø˲$Ú≥sÏ˝t BÃZ^˲Ø˲ÀØ˲$ ^˛Ì≥µ –ÈsÏ˝∞ ô˲–˲$ Á‹”Öô˲ Á≥ßÈÀÃZ {–ÈƒÊ˝$–˲$∞

—ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀØ˲$ AyÊ˛VʸyÊ˛Ö

(4) –È≈›ÎÀØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲$∞ —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀØ˲$ AyÊ˛VʸyÊ˛Ö

96. øÍÁŸÃZ Ø˛OÁ≥#◊Í≈∞≤ ©∞ ßÈ”∆> A¿–˲ñ®Æ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$–˲^˲$a

(1) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶Àô¯ –˲*sÍœyÊ˛rÖ

(2) A∆Êˇ¶Ö M>Mʸ¥˘∆ˇ$$ØÈ, —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀØ˲$ ∞‘Ë˝ÿ∫™ÖV>

Mʸ*∆¯a–˲$Ø˲yÊ˛Ö

(3) –È« ÃZ¥ÎÀØ˲$ Vʸ$«¢Ö_, –ÈsÏ˝∞ –˛Ø˲$–˛ÖrØÛ˛

Á‹«^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

(4) Á‹–˲*^È∆>∞≤ AÖ®Ö^˲yÈ∞Mϸ øÍÁŸØ˲$

EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲yÈ∞Mϸ A–˲M>‘ÈÀØ˲$ MʸյÖ^˲yÊ˛Ö

97. øÍÁŸØ˲$ ªZ´®Ö^˲yÈ∞Mϸ M>–˲ÀÌ‹Ø˲ JMʸ {Á≥Üø͖˲Öô˲–˛$OØ˲

¥ÎuÊˇÖ, CMʸPyÊ˛ Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛ {¥Î∆ÊˇÖøÊ˝Ö A–˲#ô˲$Ö®

(1) ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aMʸ$ØÛ˛ ÀÑ>≈ÀØ˲$ gͺôÈ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

(2) JMʸ M>∆Êˇ≈{Mʸ–˲$Ö ßÈ”∆> —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀØ˲$ {ı≥∆ÛˇÌ≥Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ Á≥#Ø˲‘Ë˝a∆Êˇ◊˝

(3) ¥ÎuÊˇÖÃZ∞ Á‹ÖßÊ˛∆>¬∞≤ {Á≥›Î¢—Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö

(4) Ø˲Àœ∫ÀœÚ≥O {–ÈƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

98. ∞–È∆Êˇ◊˝ ªZ´ßÊ˛Ø˲ (Re me dial Teach ing) AØÛ˛®

Cr$–˲ÖsÏ˝ Á≥∞ ÃÙ˝ßÈ ªÍVʸ$^Û˛ƒÊ˝$$ ªZ´ßÊ˛Ø˲

(1) {Mʸ–˲$∫ßÊ˛Æ–˛$OØ˲

(2) Á‹*^˲ØÈÁ≥∆Êˇ–˛$OØ˲

(3) –˲≈Ü∆ÛˇM>ô˲√Mʸ–˛$OØ˲

(4) Ì‹ßÈÆÖô˲Á≥∆Êˇ–˛$OØ˲

99. øÍ⁄Î Ø˛OÁ≥#◊Í≈ÀØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆ÊˇayÊ˛Ö

(1) Á‹µÁŸt–˛$OØ˲ —–˲∆Êˇ◊˝ ßÈ”∆> f∆ÊˇV>Õ

(2) JÖr«V> EØ˲≤Á≥öyÊ˛$ –˲*{ô˲–Û˛$ f∆ÊˇV>Õ

(3) Á‹“$Mʸñô˲ Á≥ßÊ˛ÆÜÃZ f∆ÊˇV>Õ

(4) AØ˲$Mʸ∆Êˇ◊˝ ßÈ”∆> f∆ÊˇV>Õ

100. øÍÁŸØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲yÊ˛Ö AØÛ˛ {Á≥{MϸƒÊ˝$ÃZ —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀMʸ$

E^Èe∆Êˇ◊˝ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛ÖÃZ Bô˲√—‘È”Á‹Ö EÖyÊ˛ßÊ˛$. ©∞∞ H

—´ßÊ˛ÖV> A´®Vʸ—$›Î¢∆Êˇ$?

(1) ô˲∆ÊˇVʸÜÃZ ºVʸY∆ÊˇV> ^˲ßÊ˛–˲yÊ˛Ö ßÈ”∆>.

(2) Ì≥ÀœÀ$ JMʸ«ô¯ JMʸ∆Êˇ$ –˲*sÍœyÊ˛$Mʸ$ØÛ˛ —´ßÊ˛ÖV> JMʸ

ØÈrMÊ¸Ö Á≥∞V> C›Î¢∆Êˇ$.

(3) ô˲Á≥öÀØ˲$ AMʸPyÏ˛MʸMʸPyÛ˛ Á‹«^Û˛›Î¢∆Êˇ$.

(4) øÍ⁄Î ∞Á≥#◊˝$À Á‹‡ƒÊ˝$Öô¯ {Á≥ôÛ˛≈Mʸ–˛$OØ˲

M>∆>≈^˲∆Êˇ◊˝Ø˲$ ∞∆Êˇ”Ìfl˝›Î¢∆Êˇ$.

101. {Á≥‘È≤Á≥{ôÈ∞≤ ô˲ƒÊ˝*∆Êˇ$^Û˛Ì‹Ø˲ ô˲∆Êˇ$–Èô˲, Á≥»Ñʸ ÀÑ>≈ÀØ˲$

E¥Î´ßÈ≈ƒÊ˝$$yÊ˛$ ô˲∞T ^Û˛›Î¢∆Êˇ$. D —ÁŸƒÊ˝$ÖÃZ {Á≥´ßÈØ˲ÖV> {Á≥‘È≤Á≥{ô˲ÖÃZ D AÖ‘Ë˝ÖÚ≥O ßÊ˛ñÌŸt EÖr$Ö®

(1) —ÁŸƒÊ˝$ Á≥«Á≥N∆Êˇ~ô˲

(2) Gr$–˲ÖsÏ˝ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À$

(3) —‘Ë˝”Á‹±ƒÊ˝$ô˲

(4) ∞f ∞∆>Æ∆Êˇ◊˝

102. {Mϸ֮ —ÁŸƒÊ˝$ÖÃZ H∆ÊˇµyÏ˛Ø˲ C∫æÖßÊ˛$À$ ^˲ßÊ˛–˲yÊ˛ÖÃZ MʸÕVÛ¸ C∫æÖßÊ˛$ÀMʸ$ JMʸ _Áfl˝≤Ö M>ßÊ˛$

(1) AÑʸ∆ÊˇÖ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ Á≥ßÈ∞≤ Vʸ$«¢Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö

(2) Á≥ßÊ˛ E^Èe∆Êˇ◊˝ÃZ ∞ÀMʸyÊ˛

(3) ^˲ßÊ˛–˲yÊ˛ÖÃZ –Û˛Vʸ Á≥v–˲$

(4) BÃZ^˲Ø˲ÀØ˲$, Á≥ßÈÀØ˲$ A∆Êˇ¶Ö ^Û˛Á‹$M¯–˲yÊ˛Ö

103. {Mϸ֮ {Á≥MʸrØ˲ÃZ H® øÍ⁄ÎÁ‹”∆Êˇ*Á≥Ö —ÁŸƒÊ˝$ÖÃZ ∞fÖ M>ßÊ˛$?

(1) {Á≥Ü øÍÁŸMʸ$ ßÈ∞ ›˜Öô˲ ∞∆>√◊˝Ö EÖr$Ö®.

(2) øÍÁŸMʸ$ Á‹ÖÁ‹P≠ñÜ, ØÈVʸ«Mʸô˲Àô¯

Á‹Ö∫Ö´ßÊ˛–˲$$Ör$Ö®.

(3) øÍÁŸ Á‹$ÀøÊ˝ô˲∆ÊˇÖ Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛ MϸœÁŸt–˛$OØ˲ ßÊ˛‘Ë˝Mʸ$

^Û˛∆Êˇ$ô˲$Ö®.

(4) øÍÁŸ Á‹–˲$Ø˲”ƒÊ˝*ô˲√Mʸô˲ Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛ —‘Û˝œÁŸ◊Íô˲√Mʸô˲Mʸ$

–˛‚Ê˝$ô˲$Ö®.

104. {Mϸ֮ –È∞ÃZ ô˲∆ÊˇVʸÜVʸ® ›Î´ßÊ˛Ø˲ÀÃZ H —ÁŸƒÊ˝$Ö –˲òSMʸ øÍ⁄ο–˲ñ®Æ∞ MʸյÁ‹$¢Ö®?

(1) E¥Î´ßÈ≈ƒÊ˝$$∞ô¯ ªÍr$ ¥ÎuÊˇ≈Á≥#Á‹¢MʸÖÃZ VʸÀ Mʸ£Ê˛Ø˲$ —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀÖßÊ˛∆Êˇ$ ºVʸY∆ÊˇV> ^˲ßÊ˛–˲yÊ˛Ö

(2) Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲ E^Èe∆Êˇ◊˝ô¯ Á≥ßÈÀØ˲$ –˲Öô˲ Á≥ÀMʸyÊ˛Ö

(3) –˛OƒÊ˝$Mϸ¢MʸÖV> Vʸ$∆Êˇ$¢ ô˛^˲$aM¯–˲yÊ˛Ö, Á≥ßÈ≈À$

¥ÎyÊ˛yÊ˛Ö ÃÙ˝ßÈ {Á≥Ü —ßÈ≈«¶ Á≥ßÈ≈ÀØ˲$ Vʸ$∆Êˇ$¢

ô˛^˲$aMˆ∞ Á≥ßÊ˛≈Á≥uÊˇØË˛Ö ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

(4) CÁŸt–˛$OØ˲ Mʸ£Ê˛ÀØ˲$ ØÈrM>À$V> {Á≥ßÊ˛«ÿÖ_ –ÈsÏ˝ÃZ

¥Î{ô˲ÀØ˲$ ¥˘ÌŸÖ^˲yÊ˛Ö

105. –Û˛Vʸ–˲Öô˲–˛$OØ˲ Á≥uÊˇØË˛Ö –˲ÀØ˲ {Á≥ƒÒ˝*fØ˲Ö

(1) BÁ‹Mϸ¢∞ Ú≥Ö¥˜Ö®Ö^˲$rMʸ$

(2) {Á≥ôÛ˛≈Mʸ —–˲∆>À$ ô˛À$Á‹$MˆØ˲yÈ∞Mϸ

(3) —›Î¢∆Êˇ–˛$OØ˲ Á≥uÊˇØË˛Ö M¯Á‹Ö

(4) Á‹–˲*^È∆>∞≤ ¥˜ÖßÊ˛yÊ˛Ö M¯Á‹Ö

Á‹*^˲Ø˲À$ : D {MϸÖßÊ˛ C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲ AÖ‘È∞≤ ^˲®— ¹⁰⁶ Ø˲$Ö_

114 –˲∆ÊˇMʸ$ –˲#Ø˲≤ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀMʸ$ Á‹∆ˇOØ˲ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$ ∆>ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛ :

19–˲ ‘Ë˝ôÈ∫™ÖÃZ –˲$$VʸY$∆Êˇ$ ›ÎÌfl˝°–Û˛ô˲¢À$ f∞√Ö^È∆Êˇ$.

MʸÖßÊ˛$Mʸ*« “∆Ûˇ‘Ë˝ÕÖVÊ¸Ö Á≥Öô˲$À$V>∆Êˇ$, Vʸ$∆ÊˇgÍyÊ˛ A¥Îµ∆>–˲#V>∆Êˇ$, WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ ∆>–˲$–˲$*«¢ Á≥Öô˲$À$V>∆Êˇ$. D –˲$$VʸY$∆Êˇ$ –˲$*yÊ˛$ ∆ÊˇM>À AøÊ˝$≈ßÊ˛ƒÊ˝$ øÍ–ÈÀ$ MʸÕW, –ÈsÏ˝∞ A–˲$À$ Á≥∆Êˇ^˲yÈ∞Mϸ

∞«”∆>–˲$ÖV> MʸñÌŸ ^Û˛‘È∆Êˇ$. “∆Ûˇ‘Ë˝ÕÖVÊ¸Ö Á≥Öô˲$À$V>∆Êˇ$ Á‹ÖÁú$

Á‹ÖÁ‹P∆Êˇ¢, Ø˲“Ø˲ ƒÊ˝$$Vʸ ›ÎÌfl˝° ∞∆>√ô˲, {Á≥gÍÌfl˝ô˲ Á‹ÖÁ‹¶ ∞∆>√ô˲.

“∆Ûˇ‘Ë˝ÕÖVÊ¸Ö Á≥Öô˲$À$V>∆Êˇ$ Á‹–˲*fÖÃZ –˲òÕMʸ–˛$OØ˲ –˲*∆Êˇ$µÀ$

ôÛ˛–˲yÈ∞Mϸ MʸñÌŸ ^Û˛‘È∆Êˇ$. B B‘Ë˝ƒÊ˝$ ›Î´ßÊ˛Ø˲M¸O ›ÎÖÌú$Mʸ MʸñÌŸ

^Û˛Ì‹Ø˲–È∆Êˇ$ WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ ∆>–˲$–˲$*«¢ Á≥Öô˲$À$V>∆Êˇ$.

WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ ¹⁸⁶³ Á‹Ö–˲ô˲fi∆ÊˇÖ BVʸÁŸt$ ²⁹–˲ ôÛ˛©Ø˲ f∞√Ö^È∆Êˇ$.

1879ÃZ –˛${sÏ˝Mʸ$≈ÃÙ˝ÁŸØå˛ Á≥»ÑʸÃZ E°¢∆Êˇ$~ÀƒÊ˝*≈∆Êˇ$. WyÊ˛$Vʸ$

–Û˛ÖMʸr∆>–˲$–˲$*«¢V>« ı≥∆Êˇ$ —Ø˲V>ØÛ˛ Vʸ$∆Êˇ$¢Mʸ$ –˲^Û˛a— ô˛À$Vʸ$

–È≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲$Ö. Á‹–˲∆Êˇ øÍ⁄Î Á‹ÖÁ‹P≠ñô˲$ÀÚ≥O —‘Û˝ÁŸ–˛$OØ˲

MʸñÌŸ ^Û˛‘È∆Êˇ$. ô˛À$Vʸ$ –˲≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲$ Á‹*π«¢∞

MʸÕWÖ_Ø˲–È∆Êˇ$, ôˆÕ ô˛À$Vʸ$ øÍ⁄Î ‘ÈÁ‹à–Û˛ô˲¢ WyÊ˛$Vʸ$–È∆Êˇ$.

1910ÃZ Vʸ$∆ÊˇgÍyÊ˛ ®ßÊ˛$™ªÍr$ô¯ Mʸ£È ›ÎÌfl˝ô˲≈Ö {¥Î∆ÊˇÖøÊ˝–˛$OÖ®.

AßÛ˛ —´ßÊ˛ÖV> ¹⁹¹⁰ÃZ ô˛À$Vʸ$ –˲≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲*∞Mϸ

Á≥#ØÈ® –Û˛ƒÊ˝$∫yÏ˛Ö®. AÁ≥µsÏ˝ {V>Ö§Mʸ øÍ⁄ο–˲*Ø˲$À$, –˲≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲*∞≤ –˲≈Ü∆ÛˇMϸÖ^Û˛–È∆Êˇ$, Á‹ØÈô˲Ø˲

Á‹Ö{Á≥ßÈƒÊ˝$–ÈßÊ˛$À$ Á‹ÖÁú$ Á‹ÖÁ‹P∆Êˇ◊ZßÊ˛≈–˲*∞≤ H —´ßÊ˛ÖV>

–˲≈Ü∆ÛˇMϸÖ^Û˛–È∆¯ {V>Ö§Mʸ øÍ⁄ο–˲*Ø˲$À$ Mʸ*yÊ˛ AÖôÛ˛

–˲≈Ü∆ÛˇMʸô˲Ø˲$ MʸØ˲∫∆>a∆Êˇ$. {Á≥fÀØ˲$ —ßÈ≈–˲Öô˲$ÀØ˲$ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÈ∞Mϸ

–È«ÃZ ›Î–˲*hMʸ ªÍ´ßÊ˛≈ô˲ÀØ˲$ E߯¬ßÊ˛Ö ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÈ∞Mϸ –ÈyÊ˛$Mʸ øÍÁŸ Aô˲≈Öô˲ Á‹Áfl˝M>« A–˲#ô˲$ÖßÊ˛∞ WyÊ˛$Vʸ$–È∆Êˇ$ –È®Ö^È∆Êˇ$. D Ì‹ßÈÆÖôÈ∞≤ BƒÊ˝$Ø˲ VʸsÏ˝tV> ∫ÀÁ≥«^È∆Êˇ$. –˲$$Q≈ÖV> ¥ÎuÊˇ‘ÈÀÃZœ

—ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ^˲ßÊ˛$–˲#Mʸ$ØÛ˛ ¥Îu>≈Ö‘ÈÀÃZ Ú‹OôË˛Ö –ÈyÊ˛$Mʸ øÍÁŸ EÖyÈÀ∞ BØÈsÏ˝ —ßÈ≈‘ÈQ Mʸ*yÊ˛ A¿{¥ÎƒÊ˝$Á≥yÏ˛Ö®.

1910ÃZ {¥Î∆ÊˇÖøÊ˝–˛$OØ˲ –È≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲$Ö ¹⁹¹⁹ ØÈsÏ˝Mϸ

›ÎÁúÀ≈–˛$OÖ®. ¹⁹¹⁹ Á‹Ö.ÃZ WyÊ˛$Vʸ$–È« EßÊ˛≈–˲*∞≤ BØÈsÏ˝

Mʸñ⁄Î~ Á≥{ÜMʸ, BÖ{´ßÊ˛ Á≥{ÜMʸÀ$ Á‹–˲$«¶Ö^È∆ˇ$$. Á‹Ö¥ÎßÊ˛MÓ¸ƒÊ˝*À$

∆>‘È∆ˇ$$. ¹⁹²² ØÈsÏ˝Mϸ –˲$*ÀÁ≥Õœ Ø˲–˲À –ÈyÊ˛$Mʸ øÍÁŸÃZ –˛À$–˲yÏ˛Ö®. B ô˲∆Êˇ$–Èô˲ –˛À$–˲yÏ˛Ø˲ AØÛ˛Mʸ Á≥{ÜMʸÀÃZ ""ô˛À$Vʸ$

Á≥{ÜMʸ'' JMʸsÏ˝. D Á≥{ÜMʸ –È≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲*∞Mϸ —‘Û˝ÁŸ–˛$OØ˲

Á‹*π«¢∞ ô˛_aÖ®.

øÍ⁄Î ô˲ô˲” —–Û˛^˲Ø˲Ø˲$ ‘ÈÔ‹àƒÊ˝$ÖV> ∞∆Êˇ”Ìfl˝Ö_Ø˲ ôˆÕ ô˛À$Vʸ$

Á≥{ÜMʸ. D Á≥{ÜMʸ –˛À$–˲yÛ˛ ØÈsÏ˝Mϸ WyÊ˛$Vʸ$–È∆Êˇ$ Á≥∆>œMϸ—$yÏ˛ÃZ EØÈ≤∆Êˇ$. B –˲$*∆Êˇ$ –˲$*À {¥ÎÖôË˛Ö Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛ D Á≥{ÜMʸØ˲$

∞∆Êˇ”Ìfl˝Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö ^ÈÃÍ MʸÁŸtô˲∆Êˇ–˲$ƒÙ˝$≈®. D Á≥{ÜMʸÃZ ∆>f‘Û˝Q∆Êˇ$yÏ˛

M>–˲≈ “$–˲*ÖÁ‹ÃZ∞ Á‹*Mϸ¢Mϸ WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ Á≥ôÈMʸ —À$–˲∞Á‹¢* Á‹*Mϸ¢

–ÈMʸ≈ÖV> {Á≥^˲$«Ö^Û˛–È∆Êˇ$. Á‹ÖÁ‹P≠ñôË˛Ö VˆÁ≥µ øÍıŸ. AÖßÊ˛$ÃZ Gr$–˲ÖsÏ˝ Á‹ÖßÛ˛Áfl˝Ö ÃÙ˝ßÊ˛$. A∆ˇ$$ôÛ˛ {¥ÎMʸñôÈ∞Mʸ$Ø˲≤ ›˚ÖßÊ˛∆Êˇ≈Ö, ÃÍÕô˲≈Ö, Á‹ÖÁ‹P≠ñô˲ øÍÁŸM¸MʸPyÏ˛®? {¥ÎMʸñô˲–Û˛$ –˲*Mʸ$ CÁŸtÖ A∞

B Á‹*Mϸ¢ –ÈM>≈∞Mϸ ø͖˲Ö.

MÛ¸–˲ÀÖ øÍ⁄Î ‘ÈÔ‹àƒÊ˝$–˛$OØ˲ —ÁŸƒÊ˝*ÃÙ˝ M>Mʸ$ÖyÈ WyÊ˛$Vʸ$–È∆Êˇ$

ô˲Ög͖˲N∆Êˇ$ Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛ b˲{ô˲Á≥#∆ÊˇÖ –˲∆ÊˇMʸ$ Ü«W ı‹Mʸ«Ö_Ø˲ Á‹–˲$Á‹¢

–È≈–˲‡«M¯ßÊ˛≈–˲*∞Mϸ Á‹Ö∫Ö´®Ö_ Á‹–˲*^È∆>∞≤ D Á≥{ÜMʸÃZ {Á≥^˲$«Ö^ÈÀØÛ˛ ´ßÛ˛≈ƒÊ˝$Öô¯ D Á≥{ÜMʸØ˲$ ›Î¶Ì≥Ö_Ø˲rœ$ ô˛À$Á‹$¢Ö®.

106. WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ ∆>–˲$–˲$*«¢ Á≥Öô˲$À$ H Á‹Ö–˲ô˲fi∆ÊˇÖÃZ f∞√Ö^È∆Êˇ$?

(1) 1863 (2) 1879 (3) 1910 (4) 1922

107. {Á≥gÍÌfl˝ô˲ Á‹ÖÁ‹¶ ∞∆>√ô˲ G–˲∆Êˇ$?

(1) MʸÖßÊ˛$Mʸ*« —∆Ûˇ‘Ë˝ÕÖVÊ¸Ö Á≥Öô˲$À$

(2) WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ –˛ÖMʸr ∆>–˲$–˲$*«¢ Á≥Öô˲$À$

(3) Vʸ$∆ÊˇgÍyÊ˛ –˛ÖMʸr A¥Îµ∆>–˲#

(4) Ú≥O–È∆Êˇ$ G–˲∆Êˇ* M>ßÊ˛$

108. –˲≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲$Ö GÁ≥öyÊ˛$ –˛$$ßÊ˛ÃÒ˝OÖ®?

(1) 1922 (2) 1910 (3) 2001 (4) 2003

109. ""®ßÊ˛™$ªÍr$'' Mʸ£È›ÎÌfl˝ô˲≈Ö G–˲∆Êˇ$ ∆>‘È∆Êˇ$?

(1) Vʸ$∆ÊˇgÍyÊ˛ A¥Îµ∆>–˲#

(2) MʸÖßÊ˛$Mʸ*« “∆Ûˇ‘Ë˝ÕÖVÊ¸Ö Á≥Öô˲$À$

(3) WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ ∆>–˲$–˲$*«¢ Á≥Öô˲$À$

(4) –˛O –È∆ÊˇÖßÊ˛∆Êˇ$

110. –ÈyÊ˛$Mʸ øÍÁŸÃZ –˲_aØ˲ –˛$$ßÊ˛sÏ˝ Ø˲–˲À

(1) Á≥Ö^˲–˲$Ö

(2) –˲*ÀÁ≥Õœ

(3) ∆>f‘Û˝Q∆Êˇ ^˲«{ô˲

(4) Ú≥O–˲∞≤ƒÊ˝$$

111. 19–˲ ‘Ë˝ôÈ∫™Á≥# –˲≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲*∞Mϸ Á‹*π«¢

ô˛_aØ˲ Á≥{ÜMʸ

(1) ô˛À$Vʸ$ Á≥{ÜMʸ

(2) BÖ{´ßÊ˛ Á≥{ÜMʸ

(3) Mʸñ⁄Î~ Á≥{ÜMʸ

(4) Ú≥O–˲∞≤ƒÊ˝$$

112. D {Mϸ֮ Á‹Ö–˲ô˲fi∆ÊˇÖÃZ WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ ∆>–˲$–˲$*«¢ Á≥Öô˲$À$

–˛${sÏ˝Mʸ$≈ÃÙ˝ÁŸØå˛ Á≥N«¢ ^Û˛‘È∆Êˇ$

(1) 1910

(2) 1922

(3) 1909

(4) 1879

113. D {Mϸ֮ –È«ÃZ ô˛À$Vʸ$ –È≈–˲‡«Mʸ øÍ⁄˘ßÊ˛≈–˲*∞≤

^Û˛Ì‹Ø˲® G–˲∆Êˇ$?

(1) MʸÖßÊ˛$Mʸ*« —∆Ûˇ‘Ë˝ÕÖVÊ¸Ö Á≥Öô˲$À$

(2) WyÊ˛$Vʸ$ ∆>–˲$–˲$*«¢ Á≥Öô˲$À$

(3) Vʸ$∆ÊˇgÍyÊ˛ A¥Îµ∆>–˲#

(4) øÊ˝{®∆>k MʸñÁŸ~–˲$*«¢

114. Mʸ£È›ÎÌfl˝ô˲≈Ö H Á‹Ö–˲ô˲fi∆ÊˇÖÃZ –˛$$ßÊ˛ÃÒ˝OÖ®?

(1) 1910

(2) 1919

(3) 1922

(4) 1863

Á‹*^˲Ø˲ : D {MϸÖßÊ˛ C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲ Mʸ—ô˲∞ ^˲®— C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À (^115–120) Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$ ∆>ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛ :

"EßÊ˛™ô˲ øÊ˝Mʸ¢–˲ñßÊ˛Æ —Ø˲$ô¯ô˲¢–˲$ Ì‹ßÊ˛Æ Á≥»ô˲ fÖVʸ–˲$

{‘Ë˝ßÊ˛Æ Á‹ôÈô˲√‘Ë˝$ßÊ˛Æ Vʸ◊˝∆>h Á‹–˲$ñßÊ˛Æ —–˲$$Mʸ¢¥Î‘Ë˝ Á‹

Ø˲≤ßÊ˛Æ –˲$‡{Á≥Ì‹ßÊ˛Æ ƒÊ˝$Vʸ$◊˝{ô˲ƒÊ˝$∫ßÊ˛Æ ‘Ë˝∆Êˇ◊˝≈–˲$ƒÊ˝$≈ øÍ Á‹≈ßÊ˛Æô˲ _{ô˲µ∫ßÊ˛Æ ∫Á‹–È ∫Á‹–È ∫Á‹–È –˲ñ⁄δ´®¥Î'

115. "—Ø˲$ô¯ô˲¢–˲$' AØÛ˛ Á≥ßÊ˛–˲$$ÃZ∞ Á‹Ö´® H®?

(1) Á‹–˲∆Êˇ~©∆ÊˇÉ Á‹Ö´®

(2) EM>∆Êˇ Á‹Ö´®

(3) Vʸ$◊˝ Á‹Ö´®

(4) AM>∆Êˇ Á‹Ö´®

116. Ú≥O Á≥ßÊ˛≈ÖÃZ AÀÖM>∆Êˇ–Û˛$®?

(1) –˲$$Mʸ¢Á≥ßÊ˛{VʸÁ‹¢–˲$$

(2) AÖô˲≈{¥ÎÁ‹

(3) ∆Êˇ*Á≥M>ÀÖM>∆Êˇ

(4) EÁ≥–˲*ÀÖM>∆Êˇ

117. D Á≥ßÈ≈∞≤ G–˲∆Êˇ$ ∆>‘È∆Êˇ$?

(1) ¥ÎÀ$P« ›˘–˲$ØÈ£Ê˛$yÊ˛$

(2) Ø˲Ø˛≤^¯yÊ˛$yÊ˛$

(3) MÛ¸ô˲Ø˲

(4) Ú≥ßÊ˛™Ø˲

118. "Á‹ôÈô˲√' AØÛ˛ Á≥ßÈ∞≤ —yÊ˛©ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛:

(1) Á‹ôå˛ ⁺ Bô˲√

(2) Á‹ô˲ ⁺ Bô˲√

(3) Á‹ ⁺ ôÈô˲√

(4) Á‹ôÈ ⁺ Bô˲√

119. "—ƒÊ˝$$Mʸ¢' AÖsÙ˝ A∆Êˇ¶Ö

(1) —yÊ˛$–˲∫yÏ˛Ø˲

(2) –˛*Ñʸ–˲$$

(3) V˙∆Êˇ–˲Ö

(4) ∫Ö´®ÖÁ≥∫yÏ˛Ø˲

120. Ú≥O Á≥ßÊ˛≈Ö H M>–˲≈ÖÃZ∞®?

(1) ^˲ô˲$∆Ûˇ”ßÊ˛›Î∆Êˇ–˲$$

(2) –˲ñ⁄δ®Á≥ ‘Ë˝ô˲Mʸ–˲$$

(3) ∫Á‹–¯ßÈÁfl˝∆Êˇ◊˝–˲$$

(4) ∆Êˇ${ßÊ˛øÍÁŸ≈Ö

AøÊ˝≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ô˛À$Vʸ$Ø˲$ øÍÁŸ ^–II V> GÖ^˲$Mʸ$∞ –˲#Ø˲≤rœ∆ˇ$$ôÛ˛

øÍVʸ–˲$$

^V ÃZ∞ ({Á≥‘Ë˝≤ Á‹ÖQ≈ ^121–150 ÀMʸ$) Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$ ∆>ƒÊ˝*Õ.

Candidates should attempt the questions from Part–V (Q. Nos.

121–150), if they have opted TELUGU

as Language–II only.

Part—V /

øÍVʸ–˲$$ &

Language—II /

øÍÁŸ &

Telugu /

ô˛À$Vʸ$

AøÊ˝≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ô˛À$Vʸ$Ø˲$ øÍÁŸ^–II V> GÖ^˲$Mʸ$∞ –˲#Ø˲≤rœ∆ˇ$$ôÛ˛ øÍVʸ–˲$$^–V ÃZ∞ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ Á‹ÖQ≈ ^121–150 ÀMʸ$ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$

∆>ƒÊ˝*Õ.

Á‹*^˲Ø˲À$ : Cn`w∫$ {dH$ÎnH$mo M`Z Jar Vb {XBEH$m

‡ÌZhÍ$H$mo (‡ÌZ gß0 ^121–135) CŒma

{XZwhmog≤ü :

121. JMʸ {¥Î£Ê˛—$Mʸ ¥ÎuÊˇ‘ÈÀ —ßÈ≈«¶ÃZ —∞MϸyÏ˛, –˲*sÍœyÛ˛

Ø˛OÁ≥#◊Í≈ÀØ˲$ A¿–˲ñ®Æ ^Û˛ı‹ÖßÊ˛$Mʸ$ {Mϸ֮ –È∞ÃZ H®

Aô˲≈Öô˲ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*VʸMʸ∆ÊˇÖ?

(1) Mʸ£Ê˛ ^˛Á≥µyÊ˛Ö, —Ör* ∆>ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

(2) Á≥ßÊ˛≈ Á≥uÊˇØ˲Ö, øÍ⁄Î {Á≥ƒÒ˝*Vʸ‘ÈÀ

(3) ¥Î{ô˲À$ ¥˘ÌŸÖ^˲yÊ˛Ö, Á‹–˲*^È∆Êˇ Á≥uÊˇØ˲Ö

(4) ØÈrMʸÖÃZ ¥Î{ô˲À$ ¥˘ÌŸÖ^˲yÊ˛Ö, Á≥∆ÊˇÁ‹µ∆ÊˇÖ

^˲«aÖ^˲$M¯–˲yÊ˛Ö

122. øÍÁŸÃZ ∞–È∆Êˇ◊˝ ªZ´ßÊ˛Ø˲ ÃÙ˝ßÈ ªÍVʸ$^Û˛ƒÊ˝$$ ªZ´ßÊ˛Ø˲

ÀÑʸ¸≈Ö

(1) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À ôˆÕ ô˲Á≥öÀÃZ –˛$∆Êˇ$Vʸ$ßÊ˛À

(2) gÍqØ˲ Á‹Ö∫Ö´ßÊ˛–˛$OØ˲ ô˲Á≥öÀÃZ –˛$∆Êˇ$Vʸ$ßÊ˛À

(3) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀÃZ Ô‹”ƒÊ˝$ —‘È”›Î∞≤ Ú≥Ö¥˜Ö®Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö

(4) Ú≥O–˲±≤

123. øÍÁŸÚ≥O ›Î´ßÈ∆Êˇ◊˝ A–˲V>Áfl˝Ø˲Ø˲$ —‘Û˝œÌŸÖ^˲yÈ∞Mϸ H

∆ÊˇMʸ–˛$OØ˲ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤À$ Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲—?

(1) ÀÁú$$ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØ˲Ö

(2) AÀÁú$$ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØ˲Ö

(3) –È≈Á‹∆Êˇ*Á≥Ö

(4) ∫Áfl˝$‚Ê˝ I_eMʸ ∆Êˇ*Á≥Ö

124. øÍÁŸØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aMʸ$ØÛ˛ AÖô˲∆ÊˇYô˲ ›Î–˲$∆Êˇ¶¸≈Öô¯ Ì≥ÀœÀ$

f∞√›Î¢∆Êˇ$. C® G–˲∆Êˇ$ ^˛¥Îµ∆Êˇ$?

(1) iØå˛ Ì≥ƒÊ˝*gÒ˝så˝ (Jean Piaget) (2) ^¯–å˛$Ú‹O¸P ^(Chowmsky)

(3) –˛OV¯Ú‹O¸P ^(Vygosky)

(4) ¥Î–å˛ÃÍ–å˛ ^{(Pav lov)}

125. Ìfl˝Ö© –˲*sÍœyÛ˛ {¥ÎÖôË˛Ö Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛ “$ {¥ÎÖôÈ∞Mϸ JMʸ

ªÍÕMʸ –˲_aÖ®. “$ øÍÁŸØ˲$ –˲*sÍœyÛ˛rÁ≥öyÊ˛$ B–˛$

ô˲Á≥öÀ$ ^Û˛Á‹¢$Ö®. JMʸ E¥Î´ßÈ≈ƒÊ˝$$∞V> {Mϸ֮ –È∞ÃZ H {Á≥MʸrØ˲Ø˲$ Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲ {Á≥MʸrØ˲V> Á≥«Vʸ◊Ï˝›Î¢∆Êˇ$?

(1) B–˛$ ^Û˛Á‹$¢Ø˲≤ ô˲Á≥öÀØ˲$ –˲$∆ÊˇÀ, –˲$∆ÊˇÀ Vʸ$∆Êˇ$¢

^Û˛ƒÊ˝*Õ.

(2) B–˛$Mʸ$ øÍÁŸØ˲$ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲yÈ∞Mϸ GMʸ$P–˲

M>Ã͖˲M>‘ÈÀ$ C–ˆ”^˲$a.

(3) {Á≥Ü∆¯l A∆ÊˇÆVʸÖr ı‹Á≥# Mˆô˲¢ øÍÁŸÃZ –˲*sÍœyÊ˛yÊ˛Ö ›Î´ßÊ˛Ø˲ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$–˲$∞ B–˛$Ø˲$

AyÊ˛Vʸ–˲^˲$a.

(4) Mˆô˲¢ øÍ⁄Î {Á≥ƒÒ˝*VʸÖÃZ B–˛$ ô˲Ø˲ –˲*ô˲ñøÍ⁄Î {Á≥øÍ–È∞≤ Ø˛∆ÊˇÁ≥Mʸ*yÊ˛ßÊ˛$.

126. {Mϸ֮ ÀÑ>≈ÀÃZ ßÛ˛∞∞ ›Î´®Ö^˲yÈ∞Mϸ øÍÁŸØ˲$

ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲ÀÌ‹Ø˲ A–˲Á‹∆ÊˇÖ ÃÙ˝ßÊ˛$?

(1) i—ô˲ÖÃZ∞ ——´ßÊ˛ ßÊ˛‘Ë˝ÀØ˲$ ô˛À$Á‹$M¯–˲yÊ˛Ö

(2) øÍ⁄Î {VʸÁfl˝◊˝ ‘Ë˝Mϸ¢∞ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲yÊ˛Ö

(3) AÖô˲∆ÊˇYô˲ A¿{¥ÎƒÊ˝*∞≤ ^˛Á≥µyÊ˛Ö, —Ø˲yÊ˛Ö

(4) i—ô˲ÖÃZ ——´ßÊ˛ A–˲Á‹∆>ÀØ˲$ Ø˛∆Êˇ–Û˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲yÊ˛Ö

127. øÍ⁄Î —ÁŸƒÊ˝$ÖÃZ {Mϸ֮ –È∞ÃZ H® –È≈Á‹∆Êˇ*Á≥ Á≥»ÑʸÀ {Á≥ƒÒ˝*fØ˲Ö?

(1) øÍÁŸØ˲$ {–Èı‹rÁ≥öyÊ˛$ Ì≥ÀœÀ BÃZ^˲Ø˲, ∞∆Êˇ”Áfl˝◊˝

›Î–˲$∆>¶¸≈∞≤ –˲$*ÃÍ≈ÖMʸØË˛Ö ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÈ∞Mϸ

EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*VʸÁ≥yÊ˛$ô˲$Ö®.

(2) Á≥»ÑʸÀ Mˆ∆ÊˇMʸ$, Mˆ∞≤ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯yÈ∞Mϸ

EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*VʸÁ≥yÊ˛$ô˲$Ö®.

(3) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ Mˆ∞≤ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀØ˲$ {Á≥ƒÊ˝$Ü≤Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö ßÈ”∆> ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aMʸ$ØÛ˛ Á‹–˲$ƒÊ˝*∞≤ BßÈ

^Û˛Á‹$Mʸ$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$.

(4) C® –˛$$ô˲¢Ö ¥Îu>≈Ö‘ÈÀØ˲$ Á≥N«¢ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÈ∞Mϸ

Á‹‡ƒÊ˝$Á≥yÊ˛$ô˲$Ö®.

128. {Á≥ôÛ˛≈Mʸ A–˲Á‹∆>À$ MʸÕWØ˲ Ì≥ÀœÀMʸ$, {–Èô˲Ø˛OÁ≥#◊˝≈Ö

›Î´ßÊ˛Ø˲M¯Á‹Ö C® A–˲Á‹∆ÊˇÖ

(1) BÃZ^˲Ø˲ÀÃZ –ÈÁ‹¢—Mʸô˲

(2) {Á≥°M>ô˲√Mʸ øÍÁŸØ˲$ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲yÊ˛Ö

(3) Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲ Á≥ßÊ˛gÍÀ {Á≥ƒÒ˝*VʸÖ

(4) ^˲MʸP∞ ^Û˛Ü{–Èô˲

129. øÍÁŸÃZ ∞∆ÊˇÖô˲∆Êˇ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ Á‹–˲${Vʸ –˲$*ÃÍ≈ÖMʸØË˛Ö H®

؈MϸP ^˛¥ÎµÕ?

(1) Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲ Á≥ßÊ˛gÍÀÖ

(2) {Á≥◊Í„Mʸ Á≥∞ (Pro ject work) (3) Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲ E^Èe∆Êˇ◊˝

(4) ——´ßÊ˛ Á‹ÖßÊ˛∆>¬ÀÃZ øÍÁŸØ˲$ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲$MˆØÛ˛

›Î–˲$∆Êˇ¶≈Ö

130. ∫Áfl˝$‚Ê˝ øÍ⁄Î —´ßÈØ˲Ö

(1) øÍ⁄Î ªZ´ßÊ˛Ø˲ÃZ BrÖMʸÖ

(2) øÍ⁄Î –˲Ø˲∆Êˇ$ÀMʸ$ {Á≥–˲*ßÊ˛Ö

(3) øÍÁŸØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲yÊ˛ÖÃZ JMʸ –˲$$Q≈–˛$OØ˲ –˲Ø˲∆Êˇ$

(4) øÍÁŸØ˲$ ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲yÊ˛ÖÃZ Á‹–˲$Á‹≈ Á‹ñÌŸtÁ‹$¢Ö®

131. øÍÁŸMʸ$ VʸÀ {¥Î£Ê˛—$Mʸ ∆Êˇ*Á≥Ö

(1) Á‹ÖMÛ¸ô˲øÍÁŸ

(2) –È≈Mʸ∆Êˇ◊˝Ö

(3) –Û˛ƒÊ˝$Ø˲ ^{(Writ ten)} øÍÁŸ

(4) –˲òSMʸ øÍÁŸ

132. {¥Î£Ê˛—$Mʸ ›Î¶∆ˇ$$ÃZ ªZ´®Ö^Û˛ Mʸ£Ê˛À$, Á≥ßÈ≈ÀÃZ H AÖ‘È∞≤ Aô˲≈Öô˲ {¥Î–˲$$Q≈–˛$OØ˲®V> “$∆Êˇ$

Á≥«Vʸ◊Ï˝›Î¢∆Êˇ$?

(1) A— —À$–˲ B´ßÈ«ô˲ÖV> EÖyÈÕ.

(2) Á≥ßÈ≈À$, Mʸ£Ê˛ÀÃZ Á≥ßÊ˛gÍÀÖ VˆÁ≥µV> EÖyÈÕ.

(3) –˲$$Q≈–˛$OØ˲ AØÛ˛Mʸ ı≥∆ÊˇœØ˲$, Á‹ÖßÊ˛∆>¬ÀØ˲$

Á≥#Ø˲∆>–˲ñôË˛Ö ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö.

(4) –˲$$Q≈–˛$OØ˲ ∆Êˇ^˲∆ˇ$$ô˲À Á≥ßÈ≈À$, Mʸ£Ê˛À$.

133. øÍÁŸÃZ –È≈Mʸ∆Êˇ◊Í∞≤ ªZ´®Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö, ©∞∞

–˛$∆Êˇ$Vʸ$Á≥∆Êˇ^˲$M¯–˲yÈ∞Mϸ Á‹‡ƒÊ˝$Á≥yÊ˛$ô˲$Ö®

(1) Q_aô˲ô˲”Ö

(2) Á≥sÏ˝–˲$

(3) Á‹ÖRÍ≈gÍqØ˲Ö

(4) AÑʸ∆>Á‹≈ô˲

134. ∆Êˇ^˲Ø˲À$ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$yÈ∞Mϸ f«ı≥ Á‹Ö{Á≥ßÈƒÊ˝$ÖÃZ C®

EÖr$Ö®

(1) Mʸ£Èô˲√Mʸ BÃZ^˲Ø˲À$

(2) F‡ô˲√Mʸ

(3) Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲ —∆>–˲$Ö

(4) –˲$Ö_ Á≥ßÊ˛gÍÀÖ

135. øÍÁŸÃZ –˲$*ÃÍ≈ÖMʸØ˲ÃZ {Á≥´ßÈØ˲ ÀÑʸ¸≈Ö

(1) AøÍ≈Á‹Mʸ$ÀÃZ ÃZ¥ÎÀ$ Vʸ$«¢Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö

(2) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À {Á≥ßÊ˛∆ÊˇÿØ˲Ø˲$ Á≥«÷ÕÖ_ EØ˲≤ô˲ ›Î¶∆ˇ$$Mϸ

Á≥ÖÌ≥Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö

(3) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ›Î´®Ö_Ø˲ —fƒÊ˝*ÀØ˲$ ∞∆>Æ«Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö

(4) ØÛ˛∆Êˇ$aM¯–˲yÊ˛ÖÃZ AÖô˲∆>ÀØ˲$ —‘Û˝œÌŸÖ^˲yÈ∞Mϸ, Á≥«ÁŸP«Ö^˲yÈ∞Mϸ

Á‹*^˲Ø˲À$ : D {MϸÖßÊ˛ C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲ AÖ‘È∞≤ ^˲®— ¹³⁶ Ø˲$Ö_

143 –˲∆ÊˇMʸ$ –˲#Ø˲≤ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀMʸ$ Á‹∆ˇOØ˲ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$ ∆>ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛ : –˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝*∞≤ –˲ñ®Æ ¥˜Ö®Ö^Û˛ ßÊ˛ñÌŸtô¯ M>Mʸ°ƒÊ˝$ ∆>kÀ$ {Á≥ôÛ˛≈Mʸ

Á‹ÖßÊ˛∆>¬ÀÃZ {V>–˲*ÀØ˲$ B {V>–˲$Á‹$¶ÀMÛ¸ Á≥Ø˲$≤ÃÙ˝Mʸ$ÖyÈ C^Û˛aı‹–È∆Êˇ$. VʸÖyÏ˛M¯r –˲$$«MϸØÈyÊ˛$À ¥ÎÀMʸ$yÊ˛∆ˇ$$Ø˲ VˆÖMʸƒÊ˝$∆ˇyÏ˛z VʸÖyÏ˛M¯r {V>–˲*∞≤ {V>–˲$Á‹$¶ÀMʸ$ Á≥Ø˲$≤ °ı‹Ì‹ C^ÈayÊ˛$.

Á≥ÖyÛ˛ Á≥ÖrÕ≤ ∫sÏ˝t øÊ˝*–˲$$À$ –˛$rtÁ≥Àœ–˲$$À$V> —øÊ˝hÖÁ≥∫yÛ˛—.

^˛∆Êˇ$–˲#À$, Ø˲*ô˲$À$, M>À$–˲À {MϸÖßÊ˛ ±sÏ˝ ›ÎVʸ$ AƒÙ˝$— Á≥ÀœÁ≥#

øÊ˝*–˲$$À$. ´ßÈØ˲≈Ö ^˛∆ÊˇMʸ$ –˛$$ßÊ˛ÃÒ˝OØ˲— B øÊ˝*–˲$$ÀÃZ Á≥ÖyÊ˛$ôÈ∆ˇ$$. Gô˲$¢Ø˲ EÖyÏ˛ –˲∆>¤´ßÈ∆ÊˇÖV> Á≥ÖyÛ˛ øÊ˝*–˲$$ÀØ˲$

–˛Õ^Û˛Ø˲$, –˛Õ¥˜À–˲$$ AÖsÍ∆Êˇ$. “∞ØÛ˛ CÁ≥öyÊ˛$ –˛$rt øÊ˝*–˲$$ÀÖr$ØÈ≤∆Êˇ$. Á≥Ü¢, Ø˲$–˲#”À$, Á≥Á≥ö´ßÈØÈ≈À$ –˛$$ßÊ˛ÃÒ˝OØ˲

Á≥ÖrÀ$ D øÊ˝*–˲$$ÀÃZ –Û˛›Î¢∆Êˇ$. BMʸ$ ô¯rÀ$, ¥˘Mʸ ô¯rÀ$, Mˆ∫æ« ô¯rÀ$ –˛$$ßÊ˛ÃÒ˝OØ˲ –È∞Mϸ ±∆Êˇ$ÖyÈÕ. JMʸ Á≥#sÏ˝t ´ßÈØ˲≈Ö

—ô˲¢–˲ÀÌ‹Ø˲ øÊ˝*—$∞ ƒÒ˝$∆ÊˇMʸÀ∆ˇ$$ôÛ˛ ""Á≥#sÏ˝t'' AØÛ˛ "QÖyÏ˛Mʸ' Ì≥Õ^Û˛–È∆Êˇ$. –˲«›ÎVʸ$ øÊ˝*—$ A∆ˇ$$ôÛ˛ ""–˲*∆Êˇ*¢∆Êˇ$'' AØÛ˛–È∆Êˇ$.

B∆Êˇ–˲ —{Mʸ–˲*®ô˲$≈∞ ›Î–˲$Öô˲$y˛OØ˲ ªÙ˝ô˲∆>k ^˛∆Êˇ$–˲# ±∆Êˇ$

C_aØ˲ÖßÊ˛$Mʸ$ ±sÏ˝ Á≥Ø˲$≤Ø˲$ ∞∆>Æ∆Êˇ◊˝ ^Û˛Ì‹Ø˲r$œ Á≥’a–˲$ ^È‚Ê˝$Mʸ$≈À M>iı≥sÒ˝ ‘ÈÁ‹ØË˛Ö ∫sÏ˝t ô˛À$Á‹$¢Ö®. ©∞{Á≥M>∆ÊˇÖ JMʸ«Mϸ JMʸ

MʸÖyÊ˛$Vʸ ´ßÈØ˲≈ÖMˆÀô˲ C–È”Õ. ±∆Êˇ$ô¯yÊ˛$ ƒÊ˝$Ö{ôÈ∞Mϸ Á≥®MʸÀ$VʸÀ$

C–È”Õ.

–˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝$ÖÃZ –˲_aØ˲ D Ú≥∆Êˇ$Vʸ$ßÊ˛ÀÃZ øÍVʸÖV> ƒÊ˝$À–˲$Ö_Õ

∆>f∆ˇ$$Ø˲ –˲$*yÊ˛–˲ Eı≥Ö{ßÊ˛$∞ B›Î¶Ø˲Mʸ— –˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝$ ‘ÈÁ‹àÖ

∆>‘ÈyÊ˛$. C® Á≥ßÈ≈ÀÃZ EÖ®. ©∞ÃZ –˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝$ßÈ∆Êˇ$∞Mϸ

–˲∆>¤À$, –È∞ {¥Î–˲$$Q≈Ö, –Û˛∆Ûˇ”∆Êˇ$ ô˲∆Êˇ‡À øÊ˝*–˲$$À ›ÎVʸ$ÃZ –È∞ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*VʸÖ, ——´ßÊ˛ ∫$$ô˲$–˲#ÀÃZ –Û˛ƒÊ˝$–˲ÀÌ‹Ø˲ Á≥ÖrÀ$, –È∞ ¥˘ÁŸ◊˝ Á≥ßÊ˛Æô˲$À$ –˛$$ßÊ˛ÃÒ˝OØ˲ –È∞∞ Vʸ$«Ö_

Á‹*^˲Ø˲À$ØÈ≤∆ˇ$$.

13–˲ ‘Ë˝ôÈ∫ÆÖ {Á≥£Ê˛–˲*∆ÊˇÆÖÃZ ƒÊ˝*ßÊ˛–˲ Ì‹ÖVʸØ˲ M>ÀÖØÈsÏ˝

AØ˲Öô˲Á≥#∆ÊˇÖ hÃÍœÃZ –˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝$ßÈ∆Êˇ$À Á‹ÖÁú$Ö Vʸ$«Ö_Ø˲

Á‹–˲*^È∆ÊˇÖ ³ ∆>ÜÁ≥ÀMʸÕ≤ ∫sÏ˝t ô˛À$Á‹$¢Ö®. B Á‹ÖÁú$Ö ı≥∆Êˇ$

""_{ô˲–Û˛$Õ'' (–Û˛$Õ&ØÈVʸÕ) C® ›Î¶∞Mʸ ∆ˇOô˲$À$ H∆Êˇµ∆Êˇ$^˲$MˆØ˲≤

Á‹ÖÁú$Ö. AØ˲Öô˲Á≥#∆ÊˇÖ hÃÍœÃZœ –˲∆Êˇ¤¥ÎôË˛Ö ∫Áfl˝$ ô˲Mʸ$P–˲.

AØÈ–Ë˛ñÌŸt. Mʸ∆Êˇ$–˲#À$ A´®MʸÖ. “sÏ˝∞ ô˲r$tMˆ∞ ∞À∫yÛ˛rÖßÊ˛$Mʸ$

∆ˇOô˲$À$ Mˆ∞≤ {Á≥ßÛ˛‘ÈÀÃZ Á‹—$ÌŸtV> Á≥∞^Û˛ı‹ Á≥ßÊ˛Æô˲$À$

∆Êˇ*¥˜Ö®Ö^˲$Mˆ∞ EÖyˆ^˲$a. D ""_{ô˲–Û˛$Õ'' Ar$–˲ÖsÏ˝

–È∞ÃZ JMʸr∆ˇ$$ EÖyÊ˛–˲^˲$a.

–˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝$Ö —Á‹¢«Ö_ AØÛ˛Mʸ ∆ÊˇM>À Á≥ÖrÀ$ Á≥#ÁŸPÀÖV>

EÖyÊ˛yÈ∞≤ –˲Á‹$¢–˲#V> °Á‹$Mˆ∞ Á‹ÖÁ‹P≠ñô˲ÖÃZ {–ÈÌ‹Ø˲

∞∆¯ÁŸx¸≈M>–˲≈Ö JMʸ Áfl˝Ø˲$–˲$MˆÖyÊ˛ ‘ÈÁ‹ØÈÀÃZ À¿Ö_Ö®. ∆ˇÖyÊ˛–˲

{Á≥ôÈÁ≥∆Êˇ${ßÊ˛$∞ (1291-1323) M>ÀÖ ØÈsÏ˝ B∆Êˇ–˲

Ø˲∆ÊˇÌ‹ÖÁfl˝$yÊ˛$ ©∞∞ {–ÈÌ‹Ø˲r$œ Mˆ∞≤ B´ßÈ∆>ÀØ˲$ ∫sÏ˝t ô˛À$Á‹$¢Ö®.

–˲$◊˝$Àô¯ ∞ÖyÏ˛Ø˲ –Û˛$∆Êˇ$ Á≥∆Êˇ”ô˲Á≥# ›ÎØ˲$–˲#ÀØ˲$ ô˲ÀÌ≥ÖÁ≥ ^Û˛Á‹*¢

∫ÖV>∆Êˇ$ ∆ÊˇÖVʸ$ŒØ˲$ ‘ÈÕ¥˜ÃÍÀô¯ BÖ{´ßÊ˛{Á≥ßÛ˛‘Ë˝Ö ∞ÖyÏ˛

EØ˲≤ßÊ˛Ör* D ∞∆¯ÁŸx¸≈M>–˲≈Ö {¥Î∆ÊˇÖøÊ˝–˲$–˲#ô˲$Ö®. {Á≥ƒÊ˝$∆äˇ gZ∆>zØ˛ã‹ (1323-1330) ô˲Ø˲ ""–˲ÖyÊ˛∆äˇfi Bãú ® Dã‹t''ÃZ ô˛À$Vʸ$ßÛ˛‘Ë˝Ö Vʸ$«Ö_ CÃÍ {–È‘È∆Êˇ$ ""ÜÕœÖVä¸ ∆>f≈ÖÃZ ´ßÈØ˲≈Ö,

^˲M¸P∆Êˇ, –˛$OØ˲Ö, ôÛ˛Ø˛ Á≥Á≥öÀ$, Vʸ$yÊ˛$œ Vˆ{∆ˇÀ$, VÛ¸ß˛À$, ¥ÎÀ$, –˛Ø˲≤, AØÛ˛Mʸ ∆ÊˇM>À Ø˲*Ø˛À$, Gد≤ ∆Êˇ$_Mʸ∆Êˇ–˛$OØ˲ Á≥ÖyÊ˛$œ CÖyÓ˛ã‹ÃZ –˲$∆ˇMʸPyÈ ÃÙ˝Ø˲Öô˲V> EØÈ≤∆ˇ$$''.

BØÈsÏ˝ ’Ñ> Á‹√≠ñÜ∞ Vʸ–˲$∞ı‹¢ ∆>kÀ*, –È« ›Î–˲$Öô˲$À*

–˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝*∞Mϸ_aØ˲ {¥Î–˲$$Q≈Ö A∆Êˇ¶Ö A–˲#ô˲$Ö®. ""—$ôÈÑʸ«''∞

""—gÍqØÛ˛‘Ë˝”∆ÊˇÖ'' ı≥∆Êˇ$ô¯ MÛ¸ô˲Ø˲ ô˛À$Vʸ$ÃZMϸ AØ˲$–˲®Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö –˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝*∞Mϸ ^˛∆Êˇ$Á≥#MʸÕWı‹¢ —´®Ö^Û˛ ’ÑʸÀØ˲$ ßÈ∞ÃZ ı≥∆ˆPØÈ≤yÊ˛$. ∫$®ÆÁ≥N∆Êˇ”MʸÖV> –˲$∆ˆMʸ« ¥˜ÀÖÃZMϸ Xß˛Ø˲$ ô¯ÕôÛ˛

ØÈÀ$V¯–˲Öô˲$, B–˲#Ø˲$ ô¯ÕôÛ˛ G∞—$߯–˲Öô˲$, –Û˛$MʸØ˲$ ô¯ÕôÛ˛

Á≥ßÊ˛‡∆¯–˲Öô˲$ f«–˲*ØÈ –˛ƒÊ˝*≈ÀÖr$Ö®. ""—$ôÈÑʸ«''

^Û˛À^˲$r*t Gô˲$¢V>, Jô˲$¢V> M¯∆ÊˇyÏ˛ –˛$$MʸPÀ$ ¥Îô˲–˲$∞ —´®Á‹*¢, B M¯∆ÊˇyÏ˛∞ ßÈsÏ˝ –˲_aØ˲ Á≥‘Ë˝$–˲#ÃÙ˝≤ ߈«µØ˲ Ú≥rt–˲$Ör$Ö®.

øÊ˝*—$ ƒÊ˝$f–˲*∞Mϸ ¥ÎÃÙ˝∆ÊˇœMʸ* –˲$´ßÊ˛≈ ∞ƒÊ˝$–˲$ ∞∫Ö´ßÊ˛Ø˲ÀØ˲$

AÜ{Mʸ—$Ö^˲yÈ∞≤ ’Ñ>∆Êˇ·ÖV> D {VÊ¸Ö£Ê˛Ö ı≥∆ˆPÖr$Ö®. HyÈ®

–˲$´ßÊ˛≈ÃZ ¥ÎÃÙ˝∆Êˇ$ Á≥∞–˲*ØÛ˛ı‹¢ °Á‹$Mʸ$Ø˲≤ ∫lØÈØ˲$ Ü«W C^Û˛aƒÊ˝*Õ. ƒÊ˝*f–˲*∞ –˲$´ßÊ˛≈ÃZ –˲*∞Ì≥Ö^Û˛ı‹¢ ^Û˛Ì‹Ø˲ ∆¯kÀMϸ

iôË˛Ö C^Û˛aƒÊ˝*Õ. ^Û˛Á‹$Mϸ CÖsÏ˝Mϸ, F∆Êˇ$Mϸ, V>ß˛ÀMʸ$, V¯øÊ˝*—$Mϸ

∞Á≥ö Ú≥sÏ˝tØ˲–È«∞ ^˲ÖÚ≥ƒÊ˝*≈À∞ D {VÊ¸Ö£Ê˛Ö ^˛∫$ô˲$Ö®.

136. AØ˲Öô˲Á≥#∆ÊˇÖ hÃÍœÃZ∞ –˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝$ßÈ∆Êˇ$À Á‹ÖÁú$Ö H®?

(1) _{ô˲–Û˛$Õ

(2) –˲≈–˲›ÎƒÊ˝$ Á‹ÖÁú$Ö

(3) {V>–˲$i–˲Øå˛

(4) Á‹∆Êˇ”ßÛ˛÷ƒÊ˝$ Á‹Áfl˝{Á‹ô˛ÕMϸ

137. B∆Êˇ–˲ Ø˲∆ÊˇÌ‹ÖÁfl˝$yÊ˛$ ∆>Ì‹Ø˲ M>–˲≈Ö

(1) —gÍqØÛ˛‘Ë˝”∆ÊˇÖ

(2) —$ôÈÑʸ«

(3) ∞∆¯ÁŸx¸≈ M>–˲≈Ö

(4) ßÊ˛‘Ë˝Mʸ$–˲*∆Êˇ ^˲«{ô˲

138. ""–˲ÖyÊ˛∆äˇfi Bãú ® Dã‹t''ÃZ ô˛À$Vʸ$ßÛ˛‘Ë˝Ö Vʸ$«Ö_

{Á≥›Î¢—Ö_Ø˲ß˛–˲∆Êˇ$?

(1) Ì‹.Ì≥. {ªoØå˛

(2) MÛ¸ô˲Ø˲

(3) {Á≥ƒÊ˝$∆äˇ gZ∆>zØ˛ã‹

(4) B∆äˇ.GØå˛. ^ÈVä¸fi

139. ""—$ôÈÑʸ«''∞ MÛ¸ô˲Ø˲ H ı≥∆Êˇ$ô¯ ô˛À$Vʸ$ÃZMϸ

AØ˲$–˲®Ö^ÈyÊ˛$?

(1) —gÍqØÛ˛‘Ë˝”∆ÊˇÖ

(2) —gÍqØ˲ Á‹∆Êˇ”Á‹”Ö

(3) —gÍqØ˲ øÍ∆ÊˇÜ

(4) gÍØ˲Á≥ßÊ˛ Á‹ÖÁ‹P≠ñÜ

140. –˲«›ÎVʸ$ ^Û˛ı‹ øÊ˝*—$∞ H–˲$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$?

(1) –˛$rtøÊ˝*—$

(2) –˲*∆Êˇ*¢∆Êˇ$

(3) –˲*V>◊Ï˝

(4) ^˛ÀMʸ

141. VʸÖyÏ˛M¯r {V>–˲*∞≤ Á≥Ø˲$≤ °ı‹Ì‹ {V>–˲$Á‹$¶ÀMʸ$

C_aØ˲–ÈyÊ˛$

(1) VˆÖMʸƒÊ˝$∆ˇyÏ˛z

(2) MÛ¸‘Ë˝–˲∆ˇyÏ˛z

(3) ‘Ë˝ÖMʸ∆Êˇ∆ˇyÏ˛z

(4) G–˲∆Êˇ$ M>ßÊ˛$

142. Gô˲$¢Ø˲ EÖyÏ˛ Á≥ÖyÛ˛ øÊ˝*–˲$$ÀØ˲$ H–˲$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$?

(1) –˛Õ^Û˛Ø˲$, Ú≥Õ¥˜À–˲$$ AÖsÍ∆Êˇ$

(2) ßÊ˛‘Ë˝∫ÖßÊ˛ DØÈ–Ë˛$$

(3) ∫Öf∆Êˇ$øÊ˝*—$

(4) –˛$rtøÊ˝*—$

143. B∆Êˇ–˲ —{Mʸ–˲*®ô˲$≈∞ ›Î–˲$Öô˲∆>k G–˲∆Êˇ$?

(1) Ø˲∆ÊˇÌ‹ÖÁfl˝∆>ƒÊ˝$À$

(2) ªÙ˝ô˲∆>k

(3) {Á≥ôÈÁ≥∆Êˇ${ßÊ˛$yÊ˛$

(4) VˆÖMʸƒÊ˝$∆ˇyÏ˛z

Á‹*^˲Ø˲À$ : Cn`w∫$ {dH$ÎnH$mo M`Z Jar Vb {XBEH$m

‡ÌZhÍ$H$mo (‡ÌZ gß0 ^144–150) CŒma

{XZwhmog≤ü :

144. –˲*Ø˲–˲#yÊ˛$ øÍÁŸØ˲$ E^˲e«Ö^Û˛rÁ≥öyÊ˛$

–˲$$QƒÊ˝$Ö{ô˲ÖÃZ∞ A–˲ƒÊ˝$–ÈÀ MʸßÊ˛ÕMʸÀ$ H —´ßÊ˛ÖV>

EÖsÍƒÊ˝$∞ Á≥«÷ÕÖ^Û˛ ´ßÊ˛”∞‘ÈÁ‹à ‘ÈQØ˲$ H–˲$ÖsÍ∆Êˇ$?

(1) E^Èe∆Êˇ◊Íô˲√Mʸ ´ßÊ˛”∞ ‘ÈÁ‹àÖ (Articulatory Pho net ics)

(2) {‘Ë˝–˲◊Íô˲√Mʸ ´ßÊ˛”∞ ‘ÈÁ‹àÖ (Au di tory Pho net ics)

(3) ´ßÊ˛”∞ ‘ÈÁ‹àÖ (Pho net ics) (4) Logo Syl labic Script

145. øÍ⁄Î ‘ÈÁ‹à–Û˛ô˲¢À$ ÕÌ≥∞ D —´ßÊ˛ÖV> —øÊ˝hÖ^È∆Êˇ$

(1) Á≥ßÊ˛ ÕÌ≥ (Logographic Script) (2) AÑʸ∆Êˇ ÕÌ≥ (Syl labic Script) (3) ´ßÊ˛”∞ ÕÌ≥ (Al pha betic Script) (4) Ú≥O –˲$*yÊ˛$

146. Ì‹. ØÈ∆>ƒÊ˝$◊˝∆ˇyÏ˛z ∆>Ì‹Ø˲ H M>–È≈∞Mϸ gÍqØ˲Ô≥uÊˇ Á≥#∆Êˇ›ÎP∆ÊˇÖ –˲_aÖ®?

(1) –˲$ÖrÀ –˲*Ø˲–˲#yÊ˛$

(2) —‘Ë˝”ÖøÊ˝∆Êˇ

(3) –˲$´ßÊ˛≈ô˲∆ÊˇVÊ¸Ü –˲$ÖßÊ˛‡Á‹Ö

(4) Vʸ®ÃZ Á‹–˲$${ßÊ˛Ö

147. ""Úfl˝OMʸ*'' AØÛ˛ {Á≥{MϸƒÊ˝$Ø˲$ Á‹ñÌŸtÖ_Ø˲ß˛–˲∆Êˇ$?

(1) ∫⁄˘

(2) B^È∆Êˇ≈ GØå˛. V¯Ì≥

(3) Ì‹. Ì≥. {ªoØå˛

(4) AÃÒ˝Øå˛ y˛ÖyÊ˛ã‹

148. "ßÊ˛ñÁŸt ÃÙ˝QØ˲' AØ˲V>

(1) E¥Î´ßÈ≈ƒÊ˝$$yÊ˛$ Á≥ßÈÀØ˲$ Á≥À$Mʸ$ô˲$ÖsÙ˝

—ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ∆>ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

(2) —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶À$ ^˲*_∆>ô˲ ∆>ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

(3) E¥Î´ßÈ≈ƒÊ˝$$yÊ˛$ ªZ∆Êˇ$z “$ßÊ˛ ∆>ı‹ßÈ∞∞ ^˲*Á‹*¢

EÖyÊ˛yÊ˛Ö

(4) E¥Î´ßÈ≈ƒÊ˝$$yÊ˛$ ªZ´®Ö_Ø˲ ¥Îu>≈Ö‘È∞≤

^˲*yÊ˛Mʸ$ÖyÊ˛ ∆>ƒÊ˝$yÊ˛Ö

149. "{Á≥‘Z≤ô˲¢∆Êˇ Á≥ßÊ˛ÆÜ' ßÈ”∆> —ßÈ≈∆Êˇ$¶ÀÃZ C®

Ú≥∆Êˇ$Vʸ$ô˲$Ö®

(1) {‘Ë˝–˲◊˝, øÍÁŸ◊˝, —ÁŸƒÊ˝${VʸÁfl˝◊˝ ‘Ë˝Mϸ¢

(2) Á≥ßÊ˛∞´ßÊ˛$À$ Ú≥Ö^˲$MˆØÛ˛ ‘Ë˝Mϸ¢

(3) Á‹Ö´® ¥ÎsÏ˝Á‹*¢ ^˲®–Û˛ ‘Ë˝Mϸ¢

(4) Á≥ßÈ≈∞≤ VÛ¸ƒÊ˝*∞≤ ô˲WØ˲ F∞Mʸô¯, ô˲WØ˲ —∆>–˲$

_Áfl˝≤Àô¯ ^˲®–Û˛ ‘Ë˝Mϸ¢

150. "ÃÙ˝QØ˲ Ø˛OÁ≥#◊˝≈Ö' D {Mϸ֮ ßÈ∞ –˲Àœ –˲ñ®Æ

^˛ÖßÊ˛$ô˲$Ö®

(1) EMʸ¢ÃÙ˝QØ˲Ö

(2) ßÊ˛ñÁŸtÃÙ˝QØ˲Ö

(3) Ô‹”ƒÊ˝$ÃÙ˝QØ˲Ö

(4) Ú≥O–˲∞≤ƒÊ˝$$

SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK

SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK

{Mϸ֮ Á‹*^˲Ø˲ÀØ˲$ gÍ{Vʸô˲¢V> ^˲ßÊ˛–˲ÖyÏ˛ :

1.

——´ßÊ˛ {Á≥‘Ë˝≤ÀMʸ$ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$ GÃÍ ∆>ƒÊ˝*ÀØÛ˛® “$Mʸ$ C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲ ∫$Mä¸ÃÒ˝så˝ÃZ —–˲«Ö^˲rÖ f«WÖ®. Á‹–˲*´ßÈØÈÀ$

∆>ƒÊ˝$sÍ∞Mϸ –˲$$ÖßÊ˛$ gÍ{Vʸô˲¢V> ^˲®— ∆>ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛.

2.

{Á≥Ü {Á≥‘Ë˝≤Mʸ$ ØÈÀ$Vʸ$ f–È∫$À$ C–˲”yÊ˛–˛$OØ˲®. AÖßÊ˛$ÃZ Á‹«ƒÒ˝$OØ˲ f–È∫$Ø˲$ GØ˲$≤Mˆ∞

f–È∫$ Á≥{ô˲–˲$ÖßÊ˛Õ ı≥i &

ÃZ VʸÀ –˲ñôÈ¢ÀÃZ JMʸßÈ∞∞ –˲*{ô˲–Û˛$ Ø˲À$Á≥#/±Õ ªÍÃå &Ú≥Ø˲$≤ô¯ ∞ÖÁ≥ÖyÏ˛. JMʸ›Î« f–È∫$Ø˲$ GØ˲$≤Mˆ∞

–˲ñô˲¢ÖÃZ ∞ÖÌ≥Ø˲^¯ ßÈ∞∞ –˲*∆Êˇ$arMʸ$ “À$ÖyÊ˛ßÊ˛$.

3.

Á≥»Ñ>«¶ f–È∫$ Á≥{ôÈÀØ˲$ –˲$yÊ˛ô˲ Ú≥r$trM>∞, H Cô˲∆Êˇ Vʸ$∆Êˇ$¢À$ Ú≥r$tr M>∞ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$∆>ßÊ˛$. Á≥»Ñ>«¶ ô˲Ø˲ {Mʸ–˲$ Á‹ÖQ≈Ø˲$

MÛ¸sÍ∆ˇ$$Ö_Ø˲ ›Î¶Ø˲ÖÃZ –˲*{ô˲–Û˛$ ∆>ƒÊ˝*Õ. CÖMʸ GMʸPyÈ ∆>ƒÊ˝$Mʸ*yÊ˛ßÊ˛$.

4.

Á≥»Ñ> Á≥#Á‹¢MÊ¸Ö –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ f–È∫$ Á≥{ôÈÀØ˲$ ô˲Vʸ$ gÍ{Vʸô˲¢V> EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲ÖyÏ˛. GÖßÊ˛$MʸÖsÙ˝ GsÏ˝t Á≥«Ì‹¶ô˲$ÀÃZØ˲$ (Á≥»Ñ>

Á≥#Á‹¢MÊ¸Ö –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ f–È∫$ Á≥{ô˲ÖÃZ VʸÀ Á‹ÖQ≈ ÃÙ˝ßÈ Á‹ÖMÛ¸ô˲ÖÃZ ôÛ˛yÈ EÖsÙ˝ ô˲Á≥µ) CÖM¯›Î« –˲*«a C–˲”∫yÊ˛ßÊ˛$.

5.

‡f» Á≥{ô˲–˲$$ÃZ VʸÀ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ Á≥»Ñ> Á≥#Á‹¢MʸÖ/f–È∫$ Á≥{ôÈÀÃZ C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲ Á‹ÖMÛ¸ôË˛Ö (M¯yä˛) –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ Á‹ÖQ≈ÀØ˲$

Á‹«^˲*Á‹$Mˆ∞ ô˲Á≥ö ÃÙ˝Mʸ$ÖyÈ ∆>ƒÊ˝$ÖyÏ˛.

6.

K G–å˛$ B∆äˇ Á‹–˲*´ßÈØ˲ Á≥{ô˲ÖÃZ∞ M¯y˛yä˛ Á‹–˲*^È∆>∞≤ JMʸ ƒÊ˝$Ö{ôË˛Ö Á≥«÷ÕÁ‹$¢Ö®. AÖßÊ˛$–˲Àœ H Á‹–˲*^È∆>∞≤

AÁ‹–˲${VʸÖV> –˲®Õ –Û˛ƒÊ˝$–˲ßÊ˛$™. AÃÍVÛ¸ B Á‹–˲*^È∆ÊˇÖ AyÏ˛√så˝ M>∆Êˇ$zÃZ C–˲”∫yÏ˛Ø˲ Á‹–˲*^È∆>∞Mϸ ¿Ø˲≤ÖV>

–˲#ÖyÊ˛Mʸ*yÊ˛ßÊ˛$.

7.

Á≥»Ñ>«¶ Á≥»Ñʸ f∆Êˇ$Vʸ$ ‡À$ ÃÙ˝Mʸ Vʸ®ÃZ∞Mϸ, {Á≥–Û˛‘Ë˝ Á≥{ô˲–˲$$ ô˲Á≥µ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ H Cô˲∆Êˇ ¥Îu>≈Ö‘ÈÀMʸ$ Á‹Ö∫Ö´®Ö_Ø˲

–˲$${®ô˲ ÃÙ˝ßÈ ^Û˛Ü{–Èô˲ô¯ Mʸ*yÏ˛Ø˲ M>WôÈÀ$, M>Wô˲Á≥# –˲$$MʸPÀ$ ôÛ˛∆>ßÊ˛$. ı≥f∆äˇ, –˛$$ªÒ˝OÃå˝ ∏˘Ø˲$ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ ›ÎÖMÛ¸ÜMʸ

Á≥∆Êˇ–˛$OØ˲ H –˲Á‹$¢–˲#Ø˲* °Á‹$Mˆ∞ –˛‚Ê˝$ÂrMʸ$ –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲$rMʸ$ AØ˲$–˲$Ü ÃÙ˝ßÊ˛$.

8.

Á≥»Ñʸ ‡À$/Vʸ®ÀÃZMϸ ∞ıŸ´®Ö^˲∫yÏ˛Ø˲ –˛$$ªÒ˝OÃå˝ ∏˘Ø˲$œ, –˛O∆äˇÃÒ˝ã‹ Á‹–˲*^È∆Êˇ Á≥«Mʸ∆>À$ (A— Ì‹”^å˛&Bãú ^Û˛Ì‹ØÈ Mʸ*yÈ)

°Á‹$Mˆ∞ ∆>Mʸ*yÊ˛ßÊ˛$. ©∞≤ AÜ{Mʸ—$Ö^˲rÖ AØÛ˛® Á≥»ÑʸÃZ A{Mʸ–˲*∞Mϸ ¥ÎÀµyÊ˛rÖV> Á≥«Vʸ◊Ï˝Ö^˲∫yÊ˛$ô˲$Ö®. AÖßÊ˛$Mʸ$

ô˲WØ˲ ^˲∆Êˇ≈ °Á‹$MˆØ˲≤∫yÊ˛$ô˲$Ö®. B ^˲∆Êˇ≈ Á≥»Ñʸ ∆ÊˇßÊ˛$™ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$rÖ Mʸ*yÈ M>–˲^˲$a.

9.

Vʸ® Á≥»Ñ> Á≥∆Êˇ≈–Û˛ÑʸMʸ$yÊ˛$, AØ˲$–˲$Ü {Á≥–Û˛‘Ë˝Á≥{ôÈ∞≤ ^˲*Á≥–˲$Ø˲≤Á≥#yÊ˛$ Á≥»Ñ>«¶ ô˲Á≥µMʸ ^˲*Ì≥Ö^ÈÕ.

10.

MÛ¸Ö{ßÊ˛ Á≥»Ñ>´ßÈM>« ÃÙ˝ßÈ Á≥»Ñ> Á≥∆Êˇ≈–Û˛ÑʸMʸ$∞ {Á≥ôÛ˛≈Mʸ AØ˲$–˲$Ü ÃÙ˝∞ßÛ˛ Á≥»Ñ>«¶, ô˲Ø˲$ Mʸ*∆Êˇ$aØ˲≤ ^¯r$ Ø˲$ÖyÏ˛

MʸßÊ˛ÀMʸ*yÊ˛ßÊ˛$.

11.

Á≥»Ñ>«¶ f–È∫$ Á≥{ôÈ∞≤ Á≥N«¢^Û˛Ì‹ Vʸ® Á≥»Ñ> Á≥∆Êˇ≈–Û˛ÑʸMʸ$∞Mϸ C_a, ∆ˇÖyÊ˛–˲›Î« ‡f∆Êˇ$ Á≥sÓ˝tÃZ Á‹Öô˲MÊ¸Ö ^Û˛Ì‹Ø˲

ô˲∆Êˇ$–Èô˲ØÛ˛, Á≥»Ñ> Vʸ®∞ —yÏ˛_ –˛‚ÍÂÕ. ∆ˇÖyÊ˛–˲›Î« ‡f∆Êˇ$ Á≥sÓ˝tÃZ Á‹Öô˲MÊ¸Ö ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$Mʸ$ÖyÈ –˛„ÂØ˲, Aô˲yÊ˛$ f–È∫$

Á≥{ôÈ∞≤ C–˲”Ø˲r$œV> øÍ—Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö f∆Êˇ$Vʸ$ô˲$Ö®. ÃÙ˝ßÈ Aô˲yÊ˛$ AØ˲$_ô˲ Á≥ßÊ˛ÆÜÃZ {Á≥–˲«¢Ö_Ø˲r$œV> øÍ—Ö^˲yÊ˛Ö f∆Êˇ$Vʸ$ô˲$Ö®.

12.

GÀ{M>t∞Mä¸/^Û˛Üô¯ EÁ≥ƒÒ˝*WÖ^˲$ M>ÕMʸ$≈ÃÙ˝r∆äˇØ˲$ –ÈyÊ˛$r ∞ıŸ´ßÊ˛Ö.

13.

ªZ∆Êˇ$z —´®Ö_Ø˲ ∞ƒÊ˝$–˲$ ∞∫Ö´ßÊ˛Ø˲ÀMʸ$ AØ˲$–˲#V> Á≥»Ñ>«¶ Á≥»Ñ> Vʸ®ÃZ –˛$ÀVʸ–˲ÀÌ‹ EÖr$Ö®. AØ˲$_ô˲ÖV> –˲«¢Ö_Ø˲

–È«∞ ’ÑϸÖ^˲$ A´®M>∆ÊˇÖ ªZ∆Êˇ$z ∞ƒÊ˝$–˲$ ∞∫Ö´ßÊ˛Ø˲ÀMʸ$ AØ˲$Vʸ$◊˝ÖV> EÖyÊ˛$Ø˲$.

14.

Á≥»Ñ> Á≥#Á‹¢MÊ¸Ö –˲$«ƒÊ˝$$ f–È∫$ Á≥{ôÈÀÃZ∞ VʸÀ H øÍV>±≤ GsÏ˝t Á≥«Ì‹¶ô˲$ÀÃZØ˲* –Û˛∆Êˇ$ ^Û˛ƒÊ˝$Mʸ*yÊ˛ßÊ˛$.

15.

Á≥»Ñ>«¶ Á≥»Ñʸ Á≥N∆Êˇ¢∆ˇ$$Ø˲ ô˲∆Êˇ$–Èô˲, Vʸ®∞ —yÏ˛_ –˛‚Ê˝$ÂrMʸ$ Á≥N∆Êˇ”Ö f–È∫$ Á≥{ôÈ∞≤ ‡À$/Vʸ® Á≥»Ñ> ∞»Ñʸ◊Í´®M>«Mϸ

ô˲Á≥µMʸ C–È”Õ. Á≥»Ñ>«¶ ô˲Ø˲ô¯ ¥Îr$ D Á≥»Ñ> Á≥#Á‹¢M>∞≤ °Á‹$Mˆ∞ –˛‚Ê˝Â–Ë˛^˲$aØ˲$.