The two in-camp surveys were commissioned by Jordan's Department of Palestinian Affairs (DPA) with support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The field survey was commissioned by UNRWA Jordan Field with the support of the European Commission, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway.
Report content
Public health services are used by a higher proportion of Palestinian refugees than private services. However, outside the camp, refugees are generally more highly educated than inside the camp, and literacy is also higher outside the camps.
Data sources and methodology
In the second phase of the comprehensive survey, all building structures, dwellings and households within the camps were listed. Of the households interviewed, approximately 97.5 percent were Palestinian refugee households as defined by this study, i.e.
Citizenship and refugee status
Outside the camps, 86 percent of Palestinian refugees without Jordanian citizenship hold a two-year temporary passport. A larger proportion of Palestinian refugees within the camps are registered with UNRWA than outside the camps: 86 percent versus 68 percent.
Population structure
For women, the average age at first marriage within the camps is one year lower than outside the camps for four of the five youngest five-year age groups. Considering all married refugees, the average age at first marriage is five years higher for men than for women, both inside and outside the camps, and the average age inside camps is one year lower than outside camps for both sexes.
Household size, composition and dependency burden
The composition of refugee households outside the camp is very similar to the composition of non-refugee households in the three surveyed governorates. Of the female-headed refugee households outside the camp, more than a quarter (27 percent) are single-person households (mostly widowed or divorced), and about two-thirds (66 percent) are single mothers with children.
Type of housing, ownership and living space
As many as 29 percent of households outside the camp rented their homes, while only 16 percent of households in the camps did so. Only five, 13 and three percent of camping households report access to such areas.
Infrastructure and housing facilities
Regarding toilets, 14 percent of households outside the camp report that their toilet is not connected to the sewer network, compared to eight percent of households in the camp. This compares with 16 and 13 percent of camp households using filtered and bottled water as their main source of drinking water, respectively.
Quality of the dwelling
These conditions, in addition to the absence of thermal insulation materials, ensure that the homes are warm in summer and cold in winter, the authors emphasize. This finding suggests that the relatively better-off and poorer camp refugees coexist in the same hara and are subject to the same noise level. Within the camps, the situation is reversed: households in the Amman region score much worse than households in the Zarqa region and the Baqa camp.
Camp refugees in the North area are almost as bad as those in the Amman area.
Satisfaction with housing and need for improvement
In contrast to the situation outside camps, inside camps the highest rate of general dissatisfaction with housing conditions is found in the Amman area (35 percent). It is also much higher in the North (31 percent) than in the Zarqa area and Baqa'a camp (both 20 percent). However, households in the Amman area are not consistently more dissatisfied than households in other locations on all indicators.
What strikes the refugees in the Amman camps is that a higher proportion of households there need a complete reconstruction of their housing unit (29 percent) than in other locations (17 to 23 percent).
People’s area of residence
However, when considering security at home and in its immediate surroundings, 12 percent outside the camps and twice as many inside the camps think the situation has worsened. Here, eight and six percent outside the camps state that they are dissatisfied, while the figures for the camp population are 9 percent dissatisfaction with local schools and eight percent dissatisfaction with community health services. The level of people's dissatisfaction with schools and health services is on average higher inside than outside the camps.
Dissatisfaction with shops and commerce is lower than outside the camps (four versus nine percent) and almost non-existent in the refugee camps in the Amman area (one percent dissatisfied).
Health conditions
Among the oldest age group, men report better health than women: 73 percent of male IDPs aged 50 and over report good health compared to 64 percent of women in the same age group. As shown in Figure 4.4, and as already reported above, smokers are mainly men: 44 percent of male refugees living outside camps in Jordan smoke cigarettes daily, compared to only four percent of female refugees outside camps. A total of 3.5 percent of out-of-camp refugees surveyed in 2012 suffered from chronic health problems so severe that they impeded what could be considered normal activities.
Twice as many camp residents as refugees from outside the camps aged 30 to 49 reported a serious chronic problem and 28 percent of camp residents aged 50 and older experienced chronic health problems that interfered with normal activities, as opposed to 17 percent among camp residents from outside the camps. refugee camp.
Health insurance
Eleven percent of the refugees outside the camps have private health insurance. Note: Two percent have multiple insurance, so the total is more than 100 percent. 33 Of the holders of a two-year passport, older than six years, who lived in camps, only 11 percent were enrolled in health insurance.
Among two-year passport holders under the age of six inside the camps, 42 percent were reported to have health insurance.
Health service utilization
While only three percent of refugees in the highest-income households (top quintile) had seen a caregiver at a UNRWA clinic, nearly a quarter of people in the lowest-income households (bottom quintile) had done so. However, nearly 60 percent of camp refugees and ten percentage points more of refugees outside the camps would visit a public hospital. Just over one percent of the surveyed refugees outside the camps reported that they had suffered from an acute illness or injury in the four weeks prior to the interview.
In 1996, only three percent of refugees outside the camps who had used health care after acute health problems had visited a UNRWA clinic, compared to eleven percent sixteen years later.
Opinions about health services
Twenty-two percent had received care at a private clinic, while twelve percent had been at one of UNRWA's health centers. Only eight to 18 percent have the same confidence in UNRWA and government health centers. Three out of ten residents of the outer camp refused to answer the question, while only four percent of the camp refugees did so.
The most pressing issue to address is 'reduction of waiting time', a point pointed out by approximately 40 percent of respondents in the camp and outside the camps who had used UN-RWA health centers in the past five years.
Chapter annex: logistic regression for cigarette smoking
For example, while 14 percent of out-of-camp refugees between the ages of 45 and 49 have obtained a university degree, 30 percent, or twice as many, of those between the ages of 25 and 29 have achieved the same. And the functional literacy rate stands at 97 percent for outside camp refugees aged 15 to 24, but is three percentage points lower for young camp refugees in the same age group. For example, in the age group 20 to 24, seven percent of female and 11 percent of male IDPs who enrolled in school left before completing the basic cycle.
Within the camps, this was the situation for 16 percent of women and 20 percent of men in the same age group.
Educational attainment
In the age group 25 to 39, a significantly higher percentage of those who attended (mainly) UNRWA schools failed to complete basic schooling compared to those who attended public schools: 29 versus seven percent inside camps and 23 versus ten percent outside camps. Outside camps, the percentage of totally illiterate Palestinian refugees aged 15 and over dropped from 23 to five percent and inside camps from 18 to ten percent. Three percent of youth who have completed basic schooling are totally illiterate (one percent of women and five percent of men).
Two percent of young men and one percent of young women who have completed compulsory primary school still struggle with reading and/or writing.
Current enrolment
Gross and net enrollment in primary school is about three percent higher outside camps than inside camps, for both girls and boys. Girls' gross enrollment in primary school is slightly higher than boys' (96.8 versus 96.5 per cent). Today, the relative proportion of upper secondary school students enrolled in vocational education has halved and stands at ten percent outside camps and 13 percent inside camps.
Outside the camps, about 0.5 percent in the six to nine age group never enrolled in school.
Perception of educational services
Meanwhile, private schools are far more likely to be rated as "excellent" - 71 percent of parents rate them as excellent, while only 22 to 23 percent of parents and students rate government and UNRWA schools as excellent. Within the camps, 76 percent of the 690 youth in the sample who attended UNRWA themselves would like to attend an UNRWA school again. For example, all UNRWA schools operate on a 6-day week – compared to 5-day weeks in public and private schools – and 90 percent of UNRWA schools work in double shifts.
Within the camps, only 28 percent of parents with children in UNRWA school want them to continue, while 35 percent would prefer to attend a private school and 37 percent would prefer a public school.
Chapter annex: regression analysis for school enrolment
This chapter aims primarily to describe the labor force participation of Palestinian refugees residing outside Jordan's Palestinian refugee camps, but in doing so we will contrast it with the situation of camp refugees. Labor force statistics tend to be hotly debated, not least because of confusion about what they are and what they are not. The labor force consists of people who are employed or temporarily absent from work, and those who are unemployed but want to work, are actively looking for work, and would be able to take a job if offered.
The ILO framework was applied in the two sample surveys implemented outside and inside the refugee camps, while the questionnaire used in the comprehensive survey of the 13 refugee camps was much shorter and collected labor force data differently, by simply all household members over age of ten to be categorized according to their main activity last week.48 A distinction between the comprehensive.
Labour force participation
According to the most recent surveys, the labor force participation rate of the refugee population outside and inside the camps is similar. The labor force participation rate for women who have successfully completed higher education rises dramatically to 26 percent. However, married women work and constitute about 40 percent of the total female workforce (Table 6.4).
Six percent of economically inactive men outside the camps and more than three times as many economically inactive men inside the camps blame their exclusion from the labor force on health issues.
Employment
Eleven percent of camp women and 16 percent of women outside the camp have jobs in the service sector. Palestinian refugees are less often employed in the public sector than non-refugees, as they were in the 1990s. Furthermore, a higher proportion of Palestinian refugees than non-refugees may prefer private sector employment to government jobs.
Yet two-thirds (68 percent) of all Palestinian refugees outside the camp are gainfully employed in the private sector.
