PDF bm{Xm-hn-hc-W-§-fnse kmwkvIm-cnIhnh-£-IÄ - University of Calicut

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bm{Xm-hn-hc-W-§-fnse kmwkvIm-cnIhnh-£-IÄ

s]msä-¡m-«n-sâbpw k¡-dn-b-bp-sSbpw

B{^n-¡³ bm{X-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n Hcp Xmc-Xay ]T\w

Imen-¡äv kÀh-I-em-im-e-bnÂ

tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntem-k^n _ncp-Z-¯n-\p-th−n kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ {]_Ôw

A_vZpÂ l¡ow F.-sI.

ae-bmf-hn-`mKw

Kh. BÀSvkv & kb³kv tImtfPv tImgn-t¡mSv

2019

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A STUDY THE CU TURA I P ICATI S I TRAVE GUES BASED THE AFRICA UR EYS F

S P TTE ATT A D ACHARIA

Thesis submitted to the

University of Calicut for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

In the faculty of

Malayalam Language and Literature

ABDUL HAKKIM A.K.

DEPARTMENT OF MALAYALAM GOVT. ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE

KOZHIKODE 2019

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tUm. Fw.-kn. A_vZpÄ \mkÀ

Akn-Ìâv s{]m^-kÀ ae-bmfhn`mKw

Kh. BÀSvkv & kb³kv tImtfPv tImgn-t¡mSv

km£y-]{Xw

Imen-¡äv kÀh-I-em-im-e-bnÂ ^m¡Âän Hm^v emwtKzPv & enä-td-¨- dnÂ ]n.-F-¨v.Un. _ncp-Z-¯n-\mbn kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§-fnse kmwkvIm-cnIhnh-£-IÄþs]msä-¡m-«n-sâbpw k¡-dn-b-bp-sSbpw B{^n-

¡³ bm{X-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n Hcp Xmc-Xay]T\w F¶ {]_Ôw {io. A_vZpÂ l¡ow F.-sI. Fsâ amÀ¤\nÀt±-i-a-\p-k-cn¨v \nÀh-ln¨ Kth- j-W-¯nsâ tcJ-bm-sW¶v CXn-\mÂ km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

tImgn-t¡m-Sv, tUm. Fw.-kn. A_vZpÄ \mkÀ

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ABDUL HAKKIM A.K. “A STUDY ON THE CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS IN TRAVELOGUES BASED ON THE AFRICAN JOURNEYS OF S. K. POTTEKKATT AND ZACHARIA.” THESIS.

DEPARTMENT OF MALAYALAM, GOVT. ARTS & SCIENCE

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A_vZpÂ l¡ow F.-sI.

A¼-ew-I−n hoSv ht«mfn _kmÀ ]n.-H.

_mep-tÈ-cn, tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃ.

kXy{]kvXm-h\

"bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§-fnse kmwkvIm-cnIhnh-£-IÄþs]msä-¡m-«n- sâbpw k¡-dn-b-bp-sSbpw B{^n-¡³ bm{X-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n Hcp Xmc-Xay]T\w' F¶ Cu {]_Ôw tImgn-t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS

^m¡Âän Hm^v emwtKzPv & enä-td-¨-dnÂ, ]n.-F-¨v.-Un. _ncp-Z-¯n-\p-th-−n, tUm. Fw.-kn. A_vZpÄ \mk-dnsâ (A-kn. s{]m^-kÀ, ae-bmfhn`m-Kw, Kh.

BÀSvkv & kb³kv tImtf-Pv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv) \nÀt±-im-\p-k-cWw Rm³ \S-

¯nb Kth-j-W-¯nsâ tcJ-bm-Wv. GsX-¦nepw kÀh-I-em-im-etbm AXp- t]m-epÅ Øm]-\tam \ÂIp¶ _ncp-Z-¯nt\m AwKo-Im-c-¯nt\m Cu {]_Ôw B[m-c-am-¡n-bn-«n-sÃ¶v CXn-\mÂ kXy-{]-kvXm-h\ \S-¯p-¶p.

tImgn-t¡m-Sv,

15.06.2019. A_vZpÂ l¡ow. F.-sI.

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IrX-ÚX

Cu {]_-Ô-c-N-\bv¡v F\n¡v amÀK-\nÀt±iw \ÂIn-bXv tImgn-t¡mSv Kh. BÀSvkv Bâv kb³kv tImf-Pnse ae-bmfhn`mKw Akn-Ìâv s{]m^- kÀ tUm. Fw.-kn. A_vZpÄ \mk-dm-Wv. ]T-\-§Ä¡pw {]_Ô]qÀ¯o-I-c- W-¯n\pw At±-l-¯nsâ klm-b-§fpw \nÀt±-i-§fpw hne-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.

At±-l-¯n-t\m-SpÅ IrX-ÚX BZyta tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

\mev hÀj-t¯mfw Fsâ Kth-j-W-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp¶ tImgn-t¡mSv ae- _mÀ {InkvXy³ tImf-Pnse {]n³kn-¸Â, ae-bm-f-hn-`m-K-¯nse A[ym-]-IÀ, sse{_dn Poh-\-¡mÀ, Hm^o-knse DtZym-K-ØÀ F¶n-h-tcmSpw {]_-Ô-c-N-\- bpsS Ah-km-\-Imew Fsâ Kth-jWtI{µ-am-bn-cp¶ tImgn-t¡mSv BÀSvkv Bâv kb³kv tImf-Pnse {]n³kn-¸Â, ae-bmfhn`mKw A[ym-]-IÀ, Hm^okv DtZym-K-ØÀ, sse{_dn Poh-\-¡mÀ F¶nhtcmSpapÅ \µn Gsd-bm- Wv. ]T-\-¯nsâ `mK-am-bpÅ Z¯-ti-J-c-W-¯n\v klm-b-§Ä sNbvXp-X¶

tImgn-t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-ime sse{_-dn, tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan sse{_-dn, tIcf kÀÆ-I-em-ime sse{_-dn, XriqÀ A¸³ X¼p-cm³ kvamcI sse{_- dn, h©n-bqÀ {io Nn¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ sse{_-dn F¶n-h-bnse DtZym-K-Ø-tcm- SpÅ IS-¸mSpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Kth-j-Wm-h-iy-§-fnÂ klm-bn¨

Xm³km-\n-b-bnse ZmÀ F kemw bqWn-th-gvkn-än-tbm-SpÅ IS-¸mSpw ChnsS tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-s«.

Kth-j-W-¯nsâ Hmtcm L«-¯nepw klm-b-hpw t{]mÕm-l-\hpw

\ÂIn IqsS-\n¶ kl-{]hÀ¯IÀ, kplr-¯p-¡Ä, kl-K-th-j-IÀ F¶nhtcmSpw Rm³ IS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Kth-j-Wm-h-iy-¯n-\mbn B{^n-¡³ cmPy-§Ä kµÀin-¡m-\pÅ A\p-a-Xn-¡mbn klm-bn¨ Fkv.-F-kv.-F. tÌäv s{]mPIvSv Ub-d-IvSÀ tUm. F.-]n. Ip«n-Ir-jvW³ kmdn-t\m-SpÅ \µnbpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. A¨-Sn-tPm-en-IÄ sNbvXp-X-¶ _n\ Un.-Sn.-]n.-skâ-dnse Poh-\-¡mÀ¡pw {]q^v hmb-\-bnÂ klm-bn¨ ]n. blvb F¶n-hÀ¡pw \µn.

F.-sI. A_vZpÂ l¡ow

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DÅ-S¡w

t]Pv \¼À

BapJw 1 þ 16

A[ymbw 1 bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fnse t\m¡p-]-£-§Ä 17 þ 67

Is−-gp-¯nsâ ]£-§Ä 25

bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fnse hnj-bhpw hnj-bnbpw 28 amdp¶ ImgvN-Ifpw amdp¶ tZi-kz-Xzhpw 49 Øehpw Imehpw k©m-c-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fnÂ 51 A[ymbw 2 Is−-gp-¯nse hnj-bnbpw hnj-bhpw 68 þ 116 A[n-\n-th-i-¯nse hnj-b-hn-`m-h-\-§Ä 75 A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-W-¯nse hnj-bn-IÄ 86 hnj-bm-´-cn-I-X-bn-te-¡pÅ k©mc§Ä 100 A[ymbw 3 B{^n¡: ]mT-§fpw kao-]-\-§fpw 117 þ 164

k©m-c-¯nsâ Zni-IÄ 119

c−p Imew, c−p ]mT-§Ä 126

ae-bm-f-¯nse c−v B{^n-¡³Ncn-{X-§Ä 145 A[ymbw 4 Is−-gp-¯nsâ cmjv{So-b-`m-c-§Ä 165 þ 206

B¬t\m-«-¯nsâ hnZq-c-X-IÄ 172

t\m«-§-fp-sSbpw Xnc-sª-Sp-¸p-I-fp-sSbpw ]£-§Ä 182 km¶n-[y-§-fp-sSbpw Akm-¶n-[y-§-fp-sSbpw adp-]pdw 188

D]-kw-lmcw 207 þ 216

{KÙ-kqNn 217 þ 228

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BapJw

k©m-c-km-lnXyw A]-csc X§-fnÂ\n¶v thÀXn-cn¨v ImWm-\pÅ {ia-amWv. thsdmcp hn[-¯nÂ ]d-ªmÂ X§-fnÂ\n¶v A]-c-cn-te-¡pÅ Zqc-am-WXv AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb hnh-c-§-fp- sSbpw kw`-h-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw IYm-]m-{X-Nn-{X-§-fp-sSbpw kw`m-j-W-§-fp- sSbpw tNcp-h-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv k©m-c-km-lnXyw khn-ti-jXbmÀPn-¡p-¶-Xv.¹ Cu khn-tijcq]-§Ä hnj-b-þhn-jbocq]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-_-Ô-

§Ä¡p-Ån-emWv kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-IÀ¯m-hnse hnj-bn-bn- te¡v kmaq-ln-I-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn IqSp-XÂ {i²-tbmsS Xncnªp\nÂ¡m³ khn-tij A\p-io-e\w F¶ \ne-bnÂ k©mckm-ln-Xy-¯n-\p-Ånse Nne Du¶-ep-IÄ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v.

k©m-c-km-ln-Xys¯ ]e AS-cp-I-fmbn, Ne-\m-ß-I-amb DÅ-S-¡-§- fpsS k©n-X-cq-]-ambn hni-I-e\w sN¿m-\m-hpw. BZy-Ime k©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-¸p-I-sfÃmw kmaq-ln-I-im-kv{X-hn-i-I-e-\-¯n\v henb coXn-bnÂ D]-tbm- K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. AXm-bXv A\p-io-e-\hpw BJym-\-]-²-Xnbpw GsX-¦n-ep- samcp hni-I-e\-]-²-Xn-bpsS am{Xw hnj-b-a-Ã. hnj-bn-bpsS XmÂ¸-cy-§Ä amdp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v hnj-b-¯nsâ AXn-cp-IÄ AsÃ-¦nÂ Xncn¨pw ]c-kv]-c- ]q-c-I-ambn amdn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. FÃm A\p-io-e-\-§Ä¡pw C¯cw khn- ti-j-X-Ifps−-¦nepw Hcp {]Øm\w F¶ \nebv¡v k©m-c-km-ln-Xyw Imes¯bpw Øe-s¯bpw kzmwio-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv Gsd hyXy-kvXamb Nne Xe-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Øe-s¯bpw Ime-s¯bpw Fgp-Xp¶ aäv BJym\

amXr-I-I-fnÂ\n¶v k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯n\pÅ hyXn-cn-àX-IÄ Gsd {it²- bamWv.

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Ime-s¯bpw tZi-s¯bpw Fgp-Xp¶ BJym-\-§-fpsS Ncn-{X-Po-hn-Xw - a-\p-jy-cpsS kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ cq]m-´-c-§ÄIqSn-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-¸n-

¡p-¶-Xv. GtXXv cq]-§Ä¡v Hmtcm Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-¯nÂ hnhn[ kaq-l-§Ä Du¶-ep-IÄ sImSp-¡p-¶p F¶Xv {]tXyIw {i²n-t¡-−-Xp-−v.

CubÀY¯nÂ `uXn-I-Np-äp-]m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw Øe-Im-e-_-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw kmaq-ln-I-{]-{In-b-I-fp-sSbpw BI¯pI-bmbn BJym-\-§sf ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-

−n-h-cpw. k©m-c-km-lnXyw C¯cw Du¶-ep-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw Ncn-{X-km-l-N-cy-

§-fnÂ\n¶mWv DuÀPw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

temI-k-©m-cs¯ km[y-am-¡p-¶Xv tkmjy-en-Ìm-\-´c CS-s¯-¡p- dn¨v cq]-s¸-Sp¶ Nn{X-§-fmsW¶pw CXmWv bm{X-bpsS ssk²m-´n-I-amb ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-sX¶pw dmUnw lm³UnIv bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-

§-fpsS kn²m-´-§sf hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm−v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-−v. ka- Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Bi-b-§-fpsS NphSp]nSn-¨mWv hyXykvX `q-hn-`m-K-§- fnse kaq-l-§-fn-te¡v I¨-h-S-¯n\pw Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-§Ä¡pw aäpw aäp- ambn bm{XXncn-¡m-\pÅ XrjvW cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Øm]-\-cq- ]-§sf kzmwio-I-cn-¡p¶Xnt\m ]p\{I-ao-I-cn-¡p¶Xnt\m ]p\Àhn-`m-h\w sN¿p¶-Xnt\m DÅ {ia-¯nsâ `mK-am-bpÅ bm{X-I-fmWv "Is−-¯- epI'fpsSbpw I¨h-S-¯n-sâbpw hn`-h-k-am-l-c-W-¯n-sâbpw aX-{]-Nm-c-W-§- fpsSbpw CXc k©m-c-`m-h-\-I-fp-sSbpw DÄs¸m-cp-fmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.² ]¨- bmb a\p-jys\ ImWm-\pw ]Tn-¡m-\p-amWv Xm³ B{^n-¡-bn-te¡v t]mIp-¶- sX¶v Fkv.-sI. s]msä-¡m«v B{^n-¡³bm{X-bpsS Bap-J-¡p-dn-¸nÂ Fgp- Xp-¶p-−v.-³. Cu Ipdn-¸ns\ km[y-am-¡p¶ hn[-¯nÂ temI-amsI aX,- tZ-i,

`mj, hÀW, kzXz-§sf {]Xy-£-¯nÂ Xpey-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn- X-amb Úm\-]-cn-k-chpw cmjv{So-b-km-l-N-cyhpw Ds−-¶pX-s¶-bm-WÀYw.

kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw cmjv{So-b-ambpw hnhn[ kaq-l-§Ä kzmwio-I-c-

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W¯n\pw cq]m-´-co-I-c-W-¯n\pw ]pXnb amXr-I-IÄ Bcm-ªp-sIm-−n- cp¶ kmaq-ln-I-k-µÀ`-¯n-emWv k©m-cn-Ifpw k©m-c-¡p-dn-¸p-Ifpw ]pd- s¸«p XpS-§p-¶-Xv.

hyàn-bnÂ\n¶v hyàn-bn-te¡pw kµÀ`-§-fnÂ\n¶v kµÀ`-§-fn- te¡pw ka-b-¯nÂ\n¶v ka-b-¯n-te-¡papÅ bm{X-bmWv k©mckn²m-´-

¯nsâ ASn-¯-d F¶v FtUzÀUv skbvZv \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.⁴ hyàn-IÄ, kmwkvIm-cnIkµÀ`-hpw ka-b-hpw CShpw hn«v asäm-¶n-te¡v t]mhp-t¼mÄ Gsd k¦oÀWamb Bi-bm-henhyXn-bm-\-§-fmWv kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. bm{Xn- I-cpsS ImgvNbpw Xnc-sª-Sp-¸p-Ifpw A`n-cpNn-Ifpw cq]s¸-Sp¶ Ncn-{X-km-l- N-cy-§-fpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ thWw Cu k©m-c-§-fpsS Zqchpw hym]vXnbpw a\-Ên-em-¡m³. k©m-c-§-fpsS Zqchpw Znibpw XmcXay§fpw tImf-Wo-I-cW¯nsâ cmjv{So-bm-´-co-£-¯n-em-Wv cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw {]Øm-\- h-Â¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw. C´y-bnÂ\n¶v bqtdm-¸n-te¡pw B{^n-¡-bn-te-¡p- apÅ Zqc-hpw hwio-b-X-bpw hÀWhpw hn`m-h\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw tImf-Wo- IcW¯nsâ hnjb]cn-k-c-¯m-Wv.

kmln-Xy-cq]w F¶ \ne-bnÂ IY-bp-sStbm t\mh--en-sâtbm Ihn-X-bp- sStbm hnj-b-L-S-\bv¡p shfn-bn-emWv k©m-c-km-lnXyw \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.

AXv Øe-Im-e-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ hnj-bn kzmwio-I-cn-¡p¶ temI-t_m-[hpw kwth-Z-\-io-e-§-fp-saÃmw k¦oÀWambn t{iWo-I-cn-¡p¶ ]²XnIqSnbm-Wv.

C´y-bpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ DÅ-S¡w ]¦p-h-bv¡p¶

cN-\-I-fpsS _lp-eX ImWp-hm-\m-Ipw. _p²-aXIme-L-«-¯nÂ k©m-c-§Ä kmÀh-{XnIambn-cp-¶-Xmbn ]men-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶p {Kln-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p-

−v. shdpw ck-¯n-\p-th−n bm{X \S-¯n-bn-cp¶hsc-¸-änbpw _u²-km-ln- Xy-¯nÂ {]kvXm-h-\-bp-−v. hgn-bnse kml-kn-I-IÀ½-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp¶p

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AXnsâ {]Xn-^ew F¶v k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ F¶ IrXn-bnÂ s{]m^. hn. cta-jvN-{µ³ Fgp-Xp-¶p-−v.⁵ aX-¯n-sâbpw I¨-h-S-¯n-sâbpw cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw hym]\w k©m-c-s¯bpw k©m-c-km-ln-Xy- s¯bpw ]e hn[-¯nÂ cq]m-´-c-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−m-h-Ww. k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-

¯nsâ kz`mhw ]¦p-h-bv¡p¶ IrXn-I-fpsS DÅ-S¡w \ÂIp¶ kqN-\-IÄ km¼-¯n-I-hn`hm[n-Im-c§fpsS hn\n-a-b-cq-]-§sf ap¶p-]m-[n-sb¶ \ne- bnÂ ]cn-K-W-\-bn-se-Sp-¡m³ ]Tn-Xm-¡sf \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶p-−v.

hn`-h-k-am-l-c-Whpw hn\n-a-b-§fpw Gdp-¶-Xn-\\p-k-cn-¨mWv s]mXpsh k©m-c-kmlnXy-¯nepw ]pXp-cq-]-§Ä DS-se-Sp-¡p-Ibpw {]N-cn-

¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xv. ssP\-cpsS k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-kz-`mhw ]¦p-h-bv¡p¶

IrXn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v cta-jvN-{µ³ ]d-bp-¶Xv {i²n-¡p-I:

""ssP\-aXw apJy-ambpw hym]m-cnIfpsS aX-am-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ ssP\-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ hym]m-c-kw-_-Ô-amb hÀW-\-IÄ D−m- hpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-W-tÃm. ssP-\-`n-£p-¡Ä s]mXpsh k©m-c- {]n-bcp-am-bn-cp-¶p. I®-S-¨n-«m-bn-cp¶p B temI-k-©mcw.

FhnsSs¨¶mepw AhÀ Ahn-Ss¯ `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw kmaq- ln-I-hp-amb ]cn-Øn-Xn-IÄ a\-Ên-em-¡pw. AXXv `mjbnÂ D]- tZiw sImSp-¡m³ AhÀ Hmtcm `mjbpw ]Tn-¨p-h-¶p.''⁶

k©m-c-¯nsâbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-km-¦cy-¯n-sâbpw k¦Â¸§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ hyXy-kvX-Im-e-L-«-§-fnÂ hyXykvX [À½-§-fmWv Is−-gp-¯p-IÄ \nÀh- ln-¡p-¶Xv. BZy-Ime k©m-c-§-fp-sSbpw k©m-c-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-kz-

`mhw, Du¶-ep-IÄ⁷ F¶nh-bnÂ\n¶v Gsd AI¶ kmaq-lnIþkmwkvIm cnImh-iy-§-fpsS \nÀ½n-Xn-bmWv ka-Im-en-I-k-µÀ`-¯nse k©m-c-km-ln- Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ. ""Akm-[m-cW A\p-`-h-§Ä ck-I-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ

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kaÀYy-amWv k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-c\p-−m-tI-−-Xv'' F¶v k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ F¶ IrXn-bnÂ s{]m^. hn. ctajv N{µ³ Ipdn-¡p-¶p−v.⁸ Hcp A\p-`hw Akm-[m-c-W-ambn k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-cN-bn-Xmhn\p tXm¶p-

¶Xv Ft¸m-gmWv, Cu Akm-[m-c-W-X-bpsS am\-ZÞw F´mWv, Hcp A\p-

`hw ck-I-c-am-Ip-¶Xv Ft¸m-gmWv F¶n-XymZn tNmZy-§Ä A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-

¡msX IrXn-bnÂ kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ DÅ-S-¡-¯n-te¡p IS-¡m-\m-hn-Ã.

Hcp A\p-`hw Akm-[m-c-W-am-Ip-¶Xv F§-s\s-b-¶-dn-b-W-sa-¦nÂ Hcp kw`hw D−m-Ip-¶Xv F§s\ F¶p hni-Zo-I-cn-t¡-−n-h-cpw. FÃm kw`-h-

§Ä¡pw D× e`n-¡p-¶Xv khn-ti-j-Im-e-¯nepw CS-¯n-ep-am-Wv. Øe-Im- e-\n-c-t]-£-amb BJym\w km[y-aÃ F¶p Npcp-¡w. kw`-hs¯ "Ime-

¯nsâ Øeo-I-c-W-am-bn-«mWv Ncn-{X-Nn-´-I-\mb BÀ.-Pn. tImfnwKvhpUv IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv.⁹ AXm-bXv, Hcp kw`hw Akm-[m-c-W-amhp¶Xv khn-tij Øe-Imehyh-lm-c-§fpsS \nb-am-h-en-IÄ¡p-Ån-em-Wv. Hcp {]tXyI Ncn-{X- km-aq-ln-I-k-µÀ`-¯nÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Bibmhen-I-fmWv Hcp kw`-hs¯

\nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv F¶ÀYw. Hcp {]tXy-I- N-cn-{X-km-aq-ln-I-k-µÀ`-¯nÂ \ne-

\nÂ¡p¶ Bi-bm-h-en-I-fpsS LS-\-bpw DÅ-S-¡-hp-amWv Hcp kw`-hs¯

km[m-c-Wo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw Akm-[m-cWam¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-IÀ¯m-hnsâ hnj-bo-t_m-[-¯n-\p-Ån-emWv CubÀY-

¯nÂ kw`-h-§-fpsS aqeyw \nÀW-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-IÀ¯m- hnsâ hnjb þ hn-jbn temI-{I-a-¯n-\p-Ån-emWv kw`hw cq]-s¸-Sp¶-Xv.

hkvXp, KpWw, Imew F¶n-h-bpsS kwtbm-K-amWv kw`hw F¶v Inw tKKvh³ F¶ kmaq-ln-I-Nn-´-I³ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p-−v. khn-ti-j-amb kw`-hs¯ c−p \nb-am-h-en-IfpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv \nÀh-Nn-¡m-\m-hpI F¶mWv Inw tKKvh³ Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶-Xv. AXn-sem¶v \ne-\n-Â¸nsâ Ah-

(13)

Ø-bmWv. c−m-a-t¯Xv Ah-Ø-bpsS Xn·bpw. kw`-hs¯ kz`m-h-h-Â¡- cn¡m\pÅ {ia-¯nsâ `mK-ambn At±lw kw`-h-¯nsâ \mep khn-ti-j-X- Isf¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p. (1) BhÀ¯-\-an-Ãm-¯, amä-an-Ãm¯ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ (2) AÀ[-þ-Xm-Â¡m-en-I-Øm\w (Semi-temporal location), (3) \nÀ½n-X-Kp-W-

§Ä hyXn-cn-à-amb kw`-h-§sf \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p, (4) kw`-h-§-fpsS CS-bnÂ Hcp hyXn-cnà kw`-h-¯n\v AXn-tâ-Xmb KpW-§sf ]nSn-¨p-h-bv¡m-\pw hyXn-cn-à-ambn kqNn-¸n-¡m-\papÅ tijn F¶n-h-bm-WXv.¹⁰

sltdm-tUm-«kv "A]-c-sc-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Fgp¯v' F¶v k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-

¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡s¯ ap³\nÀ¯n kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. A¶v ]t£ A]-cs¯

henb hnS-hp-I-fn-emWv Øm\-s¸-Sp-¯n-t¸m-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. Cu hnS-hp-IfmWv k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-c-N-bn-Xm-¡-fpsS hnj-b-þ-hn-j-bo-tem-Is¯ BZy-Im-e-§- fnÂ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-«p-ÅXpw. tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯n-\p -ap³]v k©m-c-km-ln- Xy-¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡-¯nÂ tNÀ¯p\nÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-hp¶ ktµ-i-Im-hy-

§-f-S-¡-apÅ bm{Xm-I-mhy§Ä ]Xn-\mdmwiXIw apXÂ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ hyXykvX cq]-`m-h-§-fnÂ cNn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v.¹¹

""18-þmw iXIw apXÂ B\p-Im-enI{]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnepw {KÙ-cq-]-§- fn-ep-ambn \mÂ¸-Xn-e-[nIw bm{Xm-Im-hy-§Ä cNn-¡-s¸-«p. ]Xn-\©mw iX-I-

¯nsâ D¯-cmÀ[w apXÂ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ kzX-{´hpw ià-hp-amb Hcp ]Zy-

`mj \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p.''¹² ]Zy-`m-j-bn-epÅ Cu k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf ]n´-Ån-s¡m-−mWv ]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam-I-¯-\m-cpsS hÀ¯-am-\-¸p-kvX- Is¯ {]Y-a- k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. tImtfm-Wn-bÂ B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bpsSbpw {]mam-Wn-I-X-bp-sSbpw amXr-I-bmbn KZyw hcp¶tXmsS-bmWv C¯-c-¯nÂ KZyam-Xr-I-IÄ {]Y-a-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-

¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse k©m-ckm-ln-Xy-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw C¡mcywIqSn kqNn-

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¸n-¡p-¶p. ae-bm-f-km-ln-XyN-cn-{X-¯nÂ ]Zy-am-Xr-I-IÄ ]mÀiz-hÂ¡cn-¡s¸- Sp¶ Ah-Ø-bmWv ]n¶o-Sp-−m-hp-¶-Xv.

""ae-bm-f-K-Zy-¯nsâ hnIm-k-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv k©m-c-km- lnXyw \thm-t·jw ssIh-cn-¨-Xv. A¨-Sn-bpsS {]Nmcw, hnZym- e-b-§-fpsS hym]-\w, anj-Wdn{]hÀ¯\w, hnÚm-\-XrjvW F¶n-h-bnÂ ae-bm-f-K-Zy-¯n\v A`q-X-]qÀh-amb A`n-hr²n D−m-bn. A{]-Imcw KZy-¯nÂ BZy-ambn ]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam- I-¯-\m-cpsS hÀ¯-am-\-¸p-kvXIw cNn-¡-s¸«p (1785). `mc-X-

¯nse Xs¶ {]Y-a- k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-ambpw AXv ]cn-K-Wn-¡- s¸-Sp-¶p. ]Xn-s\«mwiX-I-¯nsâ D¯-cmÀ[-¯nÂ sshZn-I-cmb ]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam-¡-¯-\mcpw Icn-bm-änÂ Hutk-¸p- aÂ¸m\pw IqSn ISÂamÀKw t]mÀ¯p-KÂ hgn tdmanÂ sN¶v t]m¸ns\ I−p aS-§p¶ bm{X-bpsS A\p-`-h-§Ä Cu {K-Ù-

¯nÂ kam-l-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.''¹³

kmln-Xy-{]-Øm\w F¶ \ne-bnÂ KZy-¯nse k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn- IÄ tImf-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ Bi-bm-henamXr-I-IÄ¡p-Ån-emWv ]cn-K-Wn-¡- s¸-«p-h-cp-¶Xv.

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ IY, t\mhÂ, Poh-N-cn-{Xw, Bß-IY XpS§nb kmln- Xy-K-W-§-fpsS IqsS sImtfm-Wn-bÂ kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nn-I-fpsS `mhp-I-Xz-¯n-

\p-Ån-emWv k©m-c-km-ln-Xyhpw cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw hym]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶- Xv.¹⁴ 1950- I-fnÂ Fkv.-sI. s]msä-¡m«v \S-¯p¶ B{^n-¡³bm{X-Ifpw ]n¶oSv k¡-dnb \S-¯p¶ B{^n-¡³bm{Xbpw Ac-\q-äm-−n-e-[nIw hcp¶

CS-th-f-bnÂ kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. s]msä-¡m«v sImtfm-Wn-bÂ hmgvN-bpsS

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Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-¯n-emWv bm{X\S-¯p-¶-Xv. s]msä-¡m-«nsâ Is−-gp-¯nsâ kz`m-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v s{]m^-. hn. cta-jvN-{µ³ Ipdn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¡p-I:

""ss\Â UbdnbnÂ lZÄ lÂhm XSm-I-Xo-c¯pw ss\Â¡c- bnepw h\y-ar-K-§sf AI-äm³ XoIq«n \r¯wsN¿p¶ \á-Un- wI-I-sf-bpw ss\Â\-Zn-bnse t_m«p-sP-«n-bnÂ ASnapXÂ apSn- hsc Idp¸pw shfp¸pw IeÀ¶ ]SpXm-¸p-Sh sIm−v aqSnb bqtdm-]y³ I\ym-kv{Xo-Isf I¸-enÂ Ib-äm³ ssIbnÂ em´- dp-am-bn AI-¼Sn tkhn-¡p¶ ZnKw-_-c-cmb sjfq-¡-I-sfbpw P\-s¸-cp-¸hpw ]cn-jvIm-c-hp-apÅ "Pqº'bnse \ne-b-¦n-¡p-¸m- bhpw kq«pw -sXm-¸nbpw [cn¨p \S-¡p¶ am\y·mcpsS a[y-

¯nÂ hnd-Ip-sIm-Ån-t]mse ]qÀW\á-cmbn sIm¯p]-Wn-bn- teÀs¸«ncn-¡p¶ UnwII-sfbpw kpUm-\nÂ s]cp-¨m-gn-I-sftbm Xh-f-I-sftbm thhn¨v Iq«p-I-dn-bp-−m-¡p¶ At¨mfnhÀK- s¯bpw sI\y-bnse Dd¡w ]c-¯p¶ sSÕn Cu¨-I-sfbpw At±lw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.''¹⁵

B{^n-¡³P\-X-sbbpw kaq-l-s¯bpw Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnIX·-sbbpw tI{µo-I-cn-¡p¶ kµÀ`-§-fn-te¡mWv k©m-c-km-lnXyNcn-{X-Im-c\pw s]msä-¡m«pw ZrjvSn]mbn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXm-bXv bqtdm-¸nsâ t\m«-¸mSp-I-fpsS t{iWo-I-cW Bi-bm-h-en-I-fn-emWv s]msä-¡m«pw At±-l-¯nsâ k©m-c- km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf ]Tn-¡p¶ - s{]m^. hn. cta-jvN-{µ\pw \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-

¶Xv F¶p kmcw. s]msä-¡m-«nsâbpw k¡-dnb-bp-sSbpw k©m-c-km-ln-Xy- Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Ah-bpsS ]T-\-§-fnepw GXp ]£-¯mWv AhÀ \nÂ¡p-¶- sX¶pw B \ne-]mSn\v B[m-c-amb Bi-bm-h-en-I-fpsS kz`m-h-sa-s´¶pw ChnsS hyà-amhp-¶p-−v.

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A]tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nsâbpw tImfWo-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw hnaÀi\k Ôn-bn-te¡mWv k¡-dnb s]msä-¡m«n\v Ac\qäm-−n-\p-tijw B{^n-¡³ Is−-gp-¯p-IÄ \S-¯p-¶-Xv. tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nsâ A[o-i-Xz-hn-\n-a-b-§- fpsS cmjv{Sobhnh-£-IÄ Agn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ \S-¯p¶ hym]-I-amb {ia-§- fpsS Hcp apJ-hpc k¡-dnb Xsâ Is−-gp-¯p-I-fpsS XpS-¡-¯nÂ Fgp-Xn- t¨À¡p-¶p-−v. s]msä-¡m-«nÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn B{^n¡ "Ccp−'Xmhp-

¶-Xnsâ cmjv{Sobhnh-£-Isf {]iv\-h-Â¡-cn-t¡-−-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ BIp- e-X-bm-WXv. F¶mÂ C¯cw BIp-e-X-Isf s]mdp-¸n-¡m³ th− k¦-Â¸-

§fpw coXn-im-kv{X-kw-_-Ôn-bmb kzbw{]Xn-^-e-\m-ß-I-Xbpw k¡-dn-b- bpsS Is−-gp-¯n-s\bpw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ]cym-]vX-am-¡p-¶nÃ F¶p ImWm-hp-

¶-Xm-Wv. CXv tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw A]-tIm-f-Wo-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw hnj-b-X-e-¯nse k¦oÀWamb {]iv\-]-cn-k-c-§-fn-te¡mWv hncÂNq−p-¶- Xv. t\mh-tem Bß-I-Y-tbm Poh-N-cn-{Xtam t]mepÅ BJym-\-§-fnÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn, k©m-c-km-lnXyw tZiþkmaq-ln-Im-´-c-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp¶

amXr-Ibv¡v Gsd hyXym-k-ap-−v.

k©m-c-km-lnXyw Imes¯ kzmwio-I-cn-¡p¶Xv Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS coXn-im-kv{X-]-²-Xn-tbmSv ASp-¯p-\n-Â¡p¶ k¦-Â¸-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n-bm- Wv. am{X-hp-aÃ, Ime-s¯bpw `qan-im-kv{X-s¯bpw kaq-l-s¯bpw aäpw Ncn- {X-c-N-\m-]-²-Xn-¡-¸pdw adn-I-S-¡pIbpw sN¿p-¶p-−v. {]mtZ-in-I-N-cn-{X-c-N-\- bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-§-fp-sSbpw k¦-Â¸§fpw cmjv{So-b-hn-h-£-Ifpw k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ hnj-b-hn-h-£-IÄ a\-Ên-em-¡m\pw hni-Zo-I-cn-

¡m\pw DX-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv. khn-ti-j-k-aq-l-¯n-\p-Ånse Pohn-X-¯nsâ _mlyþB´-cnIaÞ-e-§sfbpw `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-§-sfbpw \ne-\nÂv¡p¶

kmln-Xym`n-cp-Nn-I-fpsS N«-¡q-Sn-\p-Ån-te¡v kmwkvIm-cnI`mhp-I-Xz-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ ap³K-W-\-{Iaw Zo£n-¨p-sIm−v DÄt¨À¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn \S-

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¯p¶ Xnc-sª-Sp-¸p-I-fmWv k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\p-Ånse kw`-h-§-fmbn BJym-\-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. AXm-bXv k©m-c-¯n\v Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p¶ tZiw, aäp

`uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-§Ä, kmaq-ln-Im-hØ F¶n-h-sbÃmw \ne-\n-Â¡p¶

kmwkvIm-cnIþhyh-km-b-a-Þ-e-¯nÂ F{X-t¯mfw aqey-apÅ hnj-b-amWv F¶-Xnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv AXXv hnj-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« kw`-h-

§Ä k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ BJym-\-N-«-¡qSn-\p-Ån-te¡v B\-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-

¶Xv F¶v kmcw.¹⁶

s]msä¡m«n-sâbpw k¡-dn-b-bp-sSbpw B{^n-¡³ bm-{X-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶Xv Ac\qäm-−nsâ CS-th-f-I-fn-embn k©-cn-¡m\pw AtX-

¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xm-\p-ambn B{^n-¡sb Xnc-sª-Sp¯ c−p ae-bmfn¹⁷ hnjbnIÄ F¶ \ne-bn-em-Wv. kmt¦-XnI-ambn A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-L-«-¯n-emWv s]msä-¡m«v bm{XXncn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nepw tImtfm-Wn-bÂ hnj-bn-bpsS N«-¡qSn-\p-Ån-em-Wv At±lw Xsâ kao-]-\-§Ä hmÀs¯-Sp-

¯n-«p-Å-Xv. k¡-dnb Xsâ hnj-bn-bnÂ\n¶v IpSªpIf-bm³ {ian-¡p-

¶Xpw tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nsâ A[o-i-Xz-þhn-t[b k¦Â¸-\-¯n-\p-Ånse hnj-bm-h-t_m-[-am-Wv. s]msä-¡m-«n-sâbpw k¡-dnb-bp-sSbpw kao-]-\-

¯nse Cu hnjbn/hnjb \nÀ½n-Xn-sb- Cu {]_-Ô-¯nÂ {]iv\-h-Xv¡-cn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p−v.

]T\¯nsâ ]cnIev]\IÄ

1. s]mä¡mSnsâ bm{XmhnhcW¡pdn¸pIÄ bqtdmtI{µnX t_m[¯n tâbpw tIcfobm[p\nIXbptSbpw temIt_m[¯nemWv FgpX s¸Sp¶Xv.

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2. bm{XmhnhcW¡pdn¸pIÄ¡v IÂ¸n¨psImSp¡p¶ Is−gp¯nsâ B[nImcnIX ImgvNbpsS B[nImcnIXbÃ, ImgvN¸mSpIfpsS A[n\n thiw IqSnbmWv.

3. ]mT§fnÂ\n¶v kmwk-vImcnIIÀXrXz§sf hnt{ImUoIcn¨v a\Ênem

¡p¶Xv khntij kao]\§sf Ncn{X]cambn a\Ênem¡m³ klmbIamWv.

4. `n¶Ncn{XkµÀ`¯nse kmwk-vImcnIIÀXrXzw `n¶hnjb§tfbpw DÅS¡§tfbpw \nÀ½n¡p¶Xnsâ Zrãm´§fmWv k¡dnbbptSbpw s]mä¡mSntâbpw bm{XmhnhcW Ipdn¸pIÄ

]T\e£yhpw {]kànbpw

bm{XmhnhcW§Ä t]mepÅ BJym\cq]§fpsS B[nImcnIXbpw Ah kwhln¡p¶ k¦oÀ®Wamb kmwk-vImcnI_Ô§fpw hnaÀi\mß Iambn ]cntim[n¡pIbmWv {]_Ô¯nsâ {][m\s¸« e£yw.

\ne\nÂ¡p¶ kmwk-vImcnI D¨\oNXz§fpsS cm{ãobhnh£IÄ Agns¨Sp¡p¶XneqsS kmwk-vImcnIaÞe¯nÂ khntijamb ss\XnIt_m[hpw Pm{KXbpw \nÀ½n s¨Sp¡m\mhWsa¶ e£yhpw Cu {]_ÔcN\¡v ]n¶nep−v. Ac\qäm−nsâ CSthfbnemWv Fkv.sI.

s]mä¡mSpw k¡dnbbpw B{^n¡sb¸än bm{XmIpdn¸pIÄ FgpXp¶Xv.

kao]\¯nepw DÅS¡¯nepw Ncn{X]cambn henb hnShpIÄ Cu c−pt]cptSbpw bm{XmhnhcW]mT§fnÂ Is−¯m\mhpw. ImgvN¸mSnepw kao]\¯nepapÅ Cu hyXncnàXIÄ c−v hyXykvX Ncn{XL«§fpsS kmaqlnI_Ô§fpsS \nÀ½nXnbmWv. kmlnXy]mT§fneqsS AhbnÂ {]Xn^ en¡p¶ kmwk-vImcnIIÀXrXz§fnte¡pw kmaqlnI_Ô§fn te¡pw Zrãn ]mbn¡p¶ DZyaamWnXv. Cu aÞe¯nÂ KthjW

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cq]¯nÂ \S¡p¶ {]Ya]T\w F¶ \nebnepÅ {]kàn ‘bm{XmhnhcW

§fnse kmwkmImcnIhnh£IÄ s]mä¡mSntâbpw k¡dnbbptSbpw B{^n¡³bm{XIsf ap³\nÀ¯n Hcp XmcXay]T\w' AÀln¡p¶p−v.

{]_Ô¯nsâ hym]vXn

Fkv. sI. s]mä¡mSnsâ Im¸ncnIfpsS \m«nÂ, knwl`qan, ss\Â Ubdn, sIbvtdmI¯pIÄ F¶o IrXnIfpw k¡dnbbpsS Hcp B{^n¡³ bm{X F¶ bm{XmhnhcWhpamWv Cu {]_Ô¯nÂ hniZ]T\¯n\v hnt[bam¡p¶Xv.

{]_Ô kwhn[m\w

‘bm{XmhnhcW§fnse kmwk-vImcnIhnh£IÄ s]mä¡mSntâbpw k¡dnbbptSbpw B{^n¡³ bm{XIsf ap³\nÀ¯n Hcp XmcXay]T\w’ F¶ Cu {]_Ôw- BapJhpw D]kwlmchpw IqSmsX \mev A[ymb

§fmbn kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn¡p¶p.

BapJ¯nÂ kmwk-vImcnIIÀXrXzhpw kmwk-vImcnIhnjbhpw

\nÀ½n¡s¸Sp¶Xntâbpw hyXykvX Ncn{XkµÀ`§fnÂ Ah hyXncnà amhp¶Xntâbpw cm{ãob]£§Ä kmam\yambn kqNn¸n¡p¶p. H¶m a[ymb¯nte¡pÅ {]thiIw F¶ \nebnemWv BapJw kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv.

‘bm{Xsbgp¯pIfnse t\m¡p]£§Ä’ F¶ H¶ma²ymb¯nÂ A--

\p`htI{µ¯nÂ \nÂ¡p¶ hnjbntbbpw hnjbt¯bpw hniIe\w sN¿p¶p. ImgvNtI{µnXamb temIt_m[¯nÂ am{Xw HXp§n \nÂ

¡p¶XÃ bm{XbpsS t\m«w F¶XmWv Cu A[ymb¯nÂ hniZoIcn¡m³

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{ian¡p¶ {][m\ hmZw. bm{XbpsS, A\p`h¯nsâ Ne\mßI AhØ¡v ImcWambn \nÂ¡p¶ Úm\aÞe§sf¡qSn ]cnKWn¨psIm−mWv bm{Xsbgp¯nsâ ]£§sf¡pdn¨pÅ hniIe\w \nÀÆln¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

sImtfmWnbÂt_m[¯nsâ hnNmcamXrI¡pÅnÂ tImfWnIÄ¡pÅnepw tImfWnIÄ X½nÂ X½nepw t{iWoIcn¡p¶Xnsâ bpàn C´ybpw B{^n¡bpw X½nepÅ AIe§sf F§s\bmWv \nÀ½n¡p¶Xv F¶v Cu A[ymbw ]cntim[n¡p¶p.

‘Is−gp¯nse hnjbhpw hnjbnbpw’ F¶ c−ma[ymb¯nÂ C´y³ hnjbnsb cq]oIcn¨ sImtfmWnbÂ Úm\]²XnIÄ ]cntim[n

¡p¶p. hnjbcq]oIcW¯nÂ B{^n¡ C´y¡mÀ¡v khntij XmÂ]cy apWÀ¯p¶ CSambn amdp¶Xnsâ cm{ãobhpw ChnsS ]cntim[n ¡p¶p−v.

hyXykvXambXnt\mSpÅ AklnjvWpX sImtfmWnbÂ B[p\nIXbpsS apJykz`mhambncp¶p. Cu AklnjvWpXbpsS bpàn s]mä¡mSnsâ B{^n¡³t\m«§fnÂ A´Àeo\ambncn¡p¶Xv F§s\bmsW¶v Cu A[ymb¯nÂ hniIe\w sN¿p¶p. A]tImf\oIcWw amän¯oÀ¯

hnjbnbnÂ \nÂ¡m³ {ian¡pt¼mgpw tImf\oIcW¯nsâ kmwkvIm cnIamb _rlZv t{iWoIcW§Ä k¡dnbbpsS Fgp¯nÂ hn`mh\w sN¿s¸Sp¶sX§s\ F¶ At\zjWhpw Cu A[ymb¯nsâ `mKamWv.

‘B{^n¡ ]mT§fpw kao]\§fpw’ F¶XmWv aq¶ma[ymb¯nsâ ioÀjIw. B{^n¡³ bm{XmhnhcW§fnÂ \ne\nÂ¡p¶ Ncn{X]cXsb ap³\nÀ¯n Ncn{X cN\mcoXnimkv{X§fpsS BJym\kz`mhw s]mä¡mSn sâbpw k¡dnbbpsSbpw k©mc¡pdn¸pIfnÂ {]hÀ¯n¡p¶sX§s\

F¶ At\zjWamWv Cu A[ymb¯nepÅXv. kw`h§sf kµÀ`

\njvTam¡pI hgn A¡mZanIv Ncn{X ]²Xnsb Nne Xe§fnÂ

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adnIS¡m³ k©mckmlnXy¯n\v km[n¡p¶p−v. s]mä¡mSntâbpw k¡dnbbptSbpw cN\Isf ap³\nÀ¯n C¡mcyw kaÀ°n¡m³ IqSn Cu A[ymb¯nÂ {ian¡p¶p−v.

‘Is−gp¯nsâ cm{ãob`mc§Ä’ F¶ \mema[ymb¯nÂ s]mä¡mSv, k¡dnb F¶nhcpsS BJym\¯nse t\m«§Ä, Xncsª Sp¸pIÄ, Hgnhm¡epIÄ F¶nhbpsS cm{ãobw ]cntim[n¡p¶p.

B{^n¡³temIw \S¯nb sshÚm\nIamb At\zjW§tfm Is−

¯epItfm CcphcptSbpw Ipdn¸pIfnÂ Øm\w]nSn¡msX t]mIp¶p−v.

AhcpsS XncsªSp¸nsâ ap³KW\IÄ¡v ]n¶nepÅ cm{ãob hnjbn Xzhpw ChnsS hniIe\w sN¿p¶p.

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Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

1. Post Colonial - europe.eu Radim Hantich (A Theory's travelogue post- colonial Theory in Post Socialist space, 19, March 2013.

2. Ibid.

3. Fkv.-sI. s]msä-¡m«v. k©m-c-km-lnXyw, `mKw H¶v, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm«-bw, 2010, t]Pv 1062.

4. Edward Said Travelling Theory In: The World the text and the crtics, Cambridge, M.A. Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 226 – 27.

5. s{]m^. hn. ctajvN{µ³, k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ, tIcf

`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 1989, t]Pv, 21.

6. AtX ]pkvX-Iw, t]Pv 28.

7. aäp ]e kmlnXyimJ-I-sf-¡mfpw {]mNo-\-amWv k©m-c-km-lnXyw.

ssk\n-Icpw \b-X-{´-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw \mhn-Icpw ]pXnb `q`m-K-§Ä Is−-¯n-b-hcpw imkv{X-Ú-cpw XoÀYm-S-Icpw

\ÂInb kw`m-h-\-sIm−v At\IiX-I-§-fn-eqsS k©m-c-km-lnXyw hfÀ¶n-«p-−v. AtX ]pkvX-Iw, t]Pv, 27.

8. AtX ]pkvX-Iw, t]Pv, 28.

9. R.G. Collingwood, The idea of History, OUP. New Deli, 2000, p. 364.

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10. Kim Gaegwon, Supervenance and Mind, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 37.

11. [À½-cm-Pm-hnsâ cmta-iz-c-bm{X (1778 þ 1786) Icn-bmänÂ sa{Xmsâ ]m«v, ssh¡¯v ]m¨p-aq-¯-Xnsâ (1854) Imin-bm-{Xm-hÀW\w XpS§n

\nc-h[n cN-\-IÄ k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ ]cn-[n-bnÂ hcp¶hbm-bp-

−v. s{]m^. hn. ctajvN{µ³, k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ, tIc-f-

`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 1989, t]Pv, 32 þ 40).

12. tUm. Pn. am[-h³Ip«n, k©m-c-km-lnXyw (F-Un. ]·\ cma-N-{µ³

\mbÀ, k¼qÀW ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw), Idâv _pIvkv, XriqÀ, 2008, t]Pv, 825.

13. AtX teJ-\w, t]Pv 827.

14. s{]m^. hn. ctajvN{µ³, k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ, tIc-f-

`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 1989, t]Pv, 257.

15. AtX ]pkvXIw, t]Pv, 258.

16. ChnsS tZiw F¶v hnh-£n-¡p-¶Xv AXn-\p-Ånse `qan-im-kv{Xhpw kmaq-ln-Im-h-Ø-Ifpw Poh-im-kv{X-k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw BsI-bm-Wv.

17. ChnsS ae-bmfw F¶p ]d-ª-Xv `mjsb ap³\nÀ¯n-b-Ã, tZiw, A[o-i-Xzw, enwK-]-Z-hn, PmXn XpS-§nb kmaq-ln-I-k-¦Â¸-\-§sf ASn-Øm-\s¸Sp¯n-s¡m-−m-Wv.

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ABDUL HAKKIM A.K. “A STUDY ON THE CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS IN TRAVELOGUES BASED ON THE AFRICAN JOURNEYS OF S. K. POTTEKKATT AND ZACHARIA.” THESIS.

DEPARTMENT OF MALAYALAM, GOVT. ARTS & SCIENCE

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A[ymbw 1

bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fnse t\m¡p]-£-§Ä

bm{X-IÄ kmaq-lnIhn\n-a-b-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-cq-]-am-Wv. a\p-jysc kw_Ôn¨v kmaq-ln-Im-h-iy-§-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ bm{X-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-h-£-IÄ amdp-¶p-−v. \mtSm-Sn-¯-¯nÂ\n¶v khn-tij CS-

¯nÂ Ønc-hm-kn-bm-hp-¶-tXm-sS-bmhmw bm{X-IÄ {]tXy-I -{i-²-bÀln-

¡p¶ {]hr-¯n-bmbn ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ amdp-¶-Xv. bm{X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-apÅ ]cym-tem-N-\-I-fnÂ CSw (Space) F¶

k¦Â¸w ap³K-W-\-tbmsS ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. a\p-jysc kw_-Ôn¨v GsX-¦nepw Xe-¯n-epÅ Hcp kw`-hw¹ (Event) cq]oI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xnsâ ap³\n-e--bmWv CSw. FÃm-X-c-¯n-epÅ Ne-\-§fpw a\p-jy³ Xs¶ Bbn-cn-

¡p-¶-Xnsâ, Bbn-¯o-cp¶ {]{In-b-bpsS ap³\n-e--Iq-Sn-bmWv CSw.

bm{Xbpw Fgp¯pw khn-ti-j-amb kw`-h-§-fm-b-Xn-\m-emWv "CS-'s¯-

¡p-dn¨pw "kw`-h'-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-apÅ KnÂ sZep-kn-sâbpw s^enIvkv Kp¯m- cn-bp-sSbpw ]cn-I-ev]-\-I-fnse Nne \nco-£-W-§Ä Cu {]_-Ô-¯nsâ hni- I-e-\-¯nÂ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.¹ \mtSm-Sn-¯-¯nsâ hnj-bn-bnÂ\n¶v Ønc-hm- kn-bpsS hnj-bn-bnte¡pw hnj-b-¯n-te¡p-apÅ ]cn-Wm-a-§-fpsS tI{µhpw CSw Xs¶-bm-Wv. \mtSm-Sn-¯-¯nsâ \nc-´-c-bm-{X-I-Ä Ønc-hm-kn-bpsS kmµÀ`n-I-tam bmZr-Ñn-Itam Bb bm{X-I-fn-te¡v ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Ncn- {X-k-Ôn-Isf Cu {]_-Ô-¯nsâ k¦-Â¸-\-¯n-te¡v Iq«n-t¨Àt¡-−-Xp-−v.

bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fnÂ bm{Xsb ImgvNm-tI-{µ-¯n-te¡pw IÀXr-Øm-\- t¯¡pw tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. "ImgvN' ChnsS Hcp cmjv{So-b-hr-

¯n-bm-Wv. \ncp-]-{Z-h-I-c-tam, \nÀtZm-j-I-ctam Bb \nÀaahr-¯n-b-Ã-Xv.

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ImgvNsb-¡p-dn¨v antjÂ ^qt¡m-bpsS \nco-£Ww A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ DÂ¸m- Z\þ-hn-X-c-Ws¯¡pdn-¨pÅ {it²-b-amb kqN-\-I-fn-tebv¡v \s½ £Wn-

¡p¶p. ^qt¡m ]d-bp-¶Xv HcmÄ ImgvNaÞ-e-¯n\vv hnj-bo`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ A[n-Im-cs¯ ssI¸n-Sn-bn-sem-Xp-¡m-\pÅ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw AbmÄ kzmb-¯- am-¡p-I-bm-Wv F¶mWv. AXm-bXv hnj-b-¯n\pw hnj-bn-¡p-an-S-bnÂ kzbw A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-ambn Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡m-\pÅ \nc-´-c-hym-bm-a-amWv ImgvN-s¸-S- en-\p-ÅnÂ \S-¡p-¶-sX-¶ÀYw.² ChnsS k©m-cn B kmaq-lnIþkmwkvIm- cnIhr¯n-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p¶ \nÀh-l-W-ti-jn-bpÅ IÀXr-Xz-ambn amdm³ Imc-Ww, khn-ti-jm-[n-Imcw Xs¶-bm-sW¶v ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. At¸mÄ bm{Xbv¡pw bm{X-sb-gp-¯n\pw ap¶nepw ]n¶n-ep-ambn khn-ti-j-hr-¯n-bn- te¡v {]th-in-¡p¶ IÀXr-Xz-Øm-\-¯n\p e`n-¡p¶ kmaq-lnIþkmwkvIm- cnI aqe-[-\-§Ä A[n-Imcw Xs¶-bm-sW¶v {]tXyIw {i²n-t¡-−-Xp-−v.

ImgvN-sb-¡p-dn¨pw IÀXr-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-apÅ Cu kqN\I-Ä ap³\nÀ¯n- Iq- Sn-bm-hWw bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Isf ]cn-K-Wnt¡−-Xv.

ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-IÄ Imhy-cq-]-¯n-emWv cNn-

¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-IÄ am{X-aÃ, C´y-bnse {]mNo\ hc-sam-gn-I- fpsS s]mXp-kz-`mhw ]Zy-am-Xr-I-I-fm-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯nse bm{Xm-Im-hy-§Ä Hcp ]T\w F¶ tjÀen Ipcysâ Kth-jW {]_Ôw bm{Xm-Im-hy-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ At\z-j-W-am-Wv.³ KWn-X-im-kv{Xw, sshZy-im-kv{Xw, X¨p- im-kv{Xw, tPymXn-Èmkv{Xw, cmjv{S-X-{´w, hymI-c-Ww, Imhy-ao-amwk XpS§n C´y-bnÂ hnc-Nn-X-amb Úm\-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-I-sfÃmw ]Zy-am-Xr-I-I-fn-em-Wv.

ae-bmf bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-IfpsS BZy-Ime Du¶-ep-IÄ XoÀ°m-S-\-

¯nepw hnt\m-Z-¯nepw tI{µo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xm-bn-«pÅ kqN-\-IÄ taÂkq- Nn-¸n¨ {]_-Ô-¯nÂ tjÀen- Ip-cy³ ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶p-−v.

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""aäv GsXmcp kmln-Xy-¯nepw F¶-Xp-t]mse ae-bmfkmln- Xy-¯nepw KZy-s¯-¡mÄ ap³]v ]Zy-am-WtÃm {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw t\Sn-b-Xv. XZ-\p-tcm-t[\ KZy-k-©m-c-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡v ]qÀhambn ]Zym-ßI k©m-c-Ir-Xn-IÄ cNn-¡-s¸-«p. sh¬aWn{]Øm-\- Im-e-L-«-¯n-\p-ap³]v cNn-¡-s¸-« bm{Xm-Im-hy-§-sf-bmWv Cu hn`m-K-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah-bnÂ {]mNo\Xa- amb bm{Xm-Imhyw [À½-cm-Pm-hnsâ cmta-izcwbm{X-bm-Wv. Icn- bmänÂ sa{Xmsâ ]m«v, ssh¡¯v ]m¨p-aq-¯-Xnsâ Imin-bm- {Xmhn-h-cWw, Ip«n¡p-ªp-X-¦-¨n-bpsS KwKm-kv\m\w XpÅÂ¸m«,v tkXp-kv\m\w Xncp-hm-Xn-c-¸m«v F¶n-hbpw `mjm- bm-{Xm-Im-hy-§-fm-Wv.''⁴

BZy-Ime bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fpsS amXr-I-IÄ GXv Bi-bm-hen hyXn- bm\ amXr-I-IÄ¡p-ÅnemWv (Paradigm) Øm\-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv F¶v taep-²- cn¨ `mK-¯nÂ\n¶v hyà-am-Ip-¶p-−v. ChnsS c−p-Im-cy-§-fmWv BZyIme bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Isf kw_-Ôn¨ hni-I-e-\-¯n-s\-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ {i²n-t¡-−Xv.

AXn-sem¶v ]Zy-am-Xr-I-bm-Wv. c−m-a-Xmbn BNm-c-hn-izm-k-§-fpsS `mK-am- bpÅ kmaq-ln-I-hr-¯n¡v sImSp-¡p¶ {]m[m-\y-am-Wv. CXv khn-ti-j-amb Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-¯nÂ Fgp-X-s¸« IrXnsb kmaq-ln-I-]m-T-ambn kzoI-cn-¨p- sIm−v, tIc-fo-bkaq-l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-t_m-[hpw kmaq-ln-I-{Iahpw ap³K-W-

\m-{Ia-§fpw, kmwkvIm-cnIhn`m-h-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ kqNnIIfmhp-¶-sX-

§s\sb¶p kqNn-¸n¡p¶p-−v.

"[À½-cm-Pm-hnsâ cmta-iz-c-bm-{X-'sb-¡p-dn¨v tI«p-tIÄhn-bnÂ \ns¶-gp- Xnb bm{Xm-Im-hy-amWv "cmta-iz-c-bm{X'.⁵ bm{X-sb-gp-¯nsâ hnZq-c-amb km¦- Â¸n-I-]-£-sa¶v thW-sa-¦nÂ ]d-bmw. AXm-bXv ChnsS "bm{X' Hcp hnj-

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b-ambn ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶ hnh-£- am-{X-amWv "bm{Xm-Imhy'sa¶

{]tbm-K-¯n-\p-ÅXv F¶p kmcw. tIs«-gp-¯nsâ ]£-¯n-emWv hnjbn ]mT-¯nÂ k¶n-th-in-¡p-¶-Xn-hnsS. adn¨v, A\p-`-h-tI-{µ-¯nÂ \nÂ¡p¶

hnj-bn-sbbpw hnj-b-s¯-bp-amWv Cu {]_-Ô-¯nÂ bm{X-sb-gp-¯nsâ hmNymÀY-ambn hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-«p-Å-Xv. ImgvN-tI-{µn-X-amb temI-t_m- [hpw Úm\hn`m-h-\-§-fpw hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-am-bn-cn-¡m-\pÅ {i²sb \ne-

\nÀ¯n-s¡m−pXs¶ Ne-\m-ß-I-amb hkvXphh-t_m-[hpw hntI-{µo-Ir-X- amb Úm\k¦-Â¸-§fpw bm{X-sb-gp-¯nsâ ASnØm\k¦-Â¸-§sf hnI- kn-¸n-¡m-\p-X-Ip-sa-¶-Xn-\mÂ, Cu {]_-Ô-¯nsâ k¦-Â¸-\-¯nÂ Ahsb kzmwio-I-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p-−v. AXm-bXv "Is−-gp-¯nsâ' ]£w F¶mÂ ImgvN-tI-{µn-X-amb hn`m-h-\-aÃ F¶ÀYw. A\p-`-h-¯nsâ Ne-\m-ß-Im-h-Ø tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m³ kaÀY-amb Úm\mÀP\ hyql-§-sf-bmsI Cu H¶nÂ I−p-sIm-−mWv Is−-gp-¯nsâ ]£-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v, AsÃ-¦nÂ bm{X-sb-gp-

¯nsâ ]£-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hni-I-e-\-§-fpsS cq]-tcJ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-

«p-Å-Xv.

t\m«-¯n-eqsS \mam-bn-cn-¡p¶ Ah-Ø-bnÂ temI-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-

¡p-Ibpw \s½-¯s¶ {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-I-bp-amWv sN¿p-¶Xv F¶v Úm\-im- kv{X-Im-c-\mb saÀtem t]m−n \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w Hmtcm hkvXphpw aäpÅ A]-c-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw I®m-Sn-bm-sW¶pw At±lw Iq«n- t¨À¡p-¶p-−v.⁶ saÀtem t]m−n-bpsS Cu \nco-£-W-§Ä ImgvN-tI-{µn-X- amb Úm\-hn-`m-h-\-§Äs¡-Xn-cmb hmZ-ap-J-§-fmWp \nc-¯p-¶-Xv. bm{X- sb-gp-¯p-Isf Is−-gp-¯p-I-fmbn Npcp¡n hni-I-e-\-¯n-s\-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v FXn-cm-bpÅ Gsd {]k-à-amb hmZwXs¶-bm-Wn-Xv. AXm-bXv bm{X¡p-dn-¸p- IÄ¡v B[m-c-amb A\p-`-h-a-Þ-e-§sf ImgvN-tI-{µn-X-amb hyh-lm-c-a-Þ- e-§-fnÂ\n¶v tamNn-¸n-t¡-−-Xnsâ A\n-hm-cy-X-bn-te-bv¡m-Wn-hnsS

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hncÂNq−p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm−v [À½-cm-Pm-hnsâ cmta-izc bm{X-sb-¡p-dn¨v {_mÒ-W-cnÂ\n¶v hr¯m´w {Kln¨v tIs«-gp-Xnb bm{Xm-Im-hy-§Ä, bm{X-

\-S-¯nb cmPmthm A\p-N-c-hrµ-tam Is−-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ B[n-Im-cn-I- tam, kzoIm-cytam Bhm-sa-¶pÅ km[yX XÅn-¡-f-bm-\m-hn-Ã. AXp- sIm−pXs¶ bm{X-sb-gp¯v ImgvN-tI-{µn-X-amb teJ-\-]-²-Xn-bm-bn-«Ã Cu {]_-Ô-¯nÂ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.

bm{X-sb-gp-¯n\v Hcp \nÀh-N\w \ÂIpI F¶Xv A{X efn-X-ambn ]cn-l-cn-¡m-\m-hp¶ {]iv\-a-Ã. bm{X tI{µ-{]-ta-b-ambn hcp¶ BJym-\-

§sf s]mXpsh bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fm-bn s{]m^. ctajv N{µ-\pw⁷ tjÀen Ipcy\pw ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p-−v. bm{Xn-IcpsS A\p-`-h-§-fpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv bm{Xm-km-lnXyw/k©m-c-km-lnXyw (Travelogue) F¶ kmam-\y-amb \nÀh- N\hpw kzoI-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. tUm. kpIp-amÀ Agot¡m-Sv, ""bm{Xbv¡v kmln-Xy-cq]w \ÂIm³ Ign-hp-Å-bmÄ bm{X sN¿p-t¼mÄ bm{Xm-km-lnXyw D−m-hp¶p''⁸ F¶ \nÀh-N\w \ÂIp-¶p. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ bm{Xn-I-cpsS t\cn-

«pÅ A\p-`-h-§Ä ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bpÅ \nÀh-N-\-§Äs¡-Xnsc Db-cm- hp¶ hmZw ap³]v kqNn-¸n¨ ImgvN-tI-{µn-X-amb temIt_m[s¯ icn-h- bv¡p-Ibpw \oXo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-bmWv F¶-Xm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ BZy-Im-e-bm-{Xm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ\n¶v KZy-am-Xr-I-I-fn- te¡p ]cn-W-an-¡p¶ bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-IÄ amdn-h¶ kmaq-lnI_Ô-§fpsS kz`m-h-§-sf-bmWv Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-\n-th-i-¯nsâ `mK- ambn C´y-bn-emsI \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ k{¼-Zm-bnI Úmt\mÂ¸m-Z\þhnX-c-W- irw-J-e-IÄ¡v hym]-I-ambn amäw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p-−v. tImf-\oI-c-W-¯nsâ

`mK-ambn \ne-hnÂh¶ Øm]-\-§-fpsS XmÂ¸cy-§Ä¡-\p-kr-X-ambn A[n-

\n-th-in-XÀ Ah-cpsS hn\n-a-b-am-Xr-I-IÄ tImf-Wn-IÄ¡p-taÂ ASn-t¨-Â¸n-

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¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p-−v. tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-hn-en-cp¶ hn\n-abamXr-I-bmb ]Zy-cq- ]-§Ä¡v tase KZy-am-Xr-I-IÄ Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw B[n-Im-cn-I-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv cW-Pn¯v Kpl- {]iv\-h-Â¡-cn-¡p-¶p-−v.

"`qJ-Þ-§sf _emÂ¡mcw sN¿p-Ibpw kwkvIm-c-§sf ASn-¨- aÀ¯p-Ibpw A´-co-£s¯ hnj-en-]vX-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-−mWv D¶- X-\mb a\p-jy³ temI-N-cn-{Xs¯ hmÀs¯-Sp-¯Xv' F¶v cW-Pn¯v Kpl temI-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ ]cn-anXn F¶ {KÙ-¯nsâ Bap-J-¡p-dn-¸nÂ ]d-bp-¶p-

−v.⁹ am{X-aÃ, CXmWv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-\n-th-i-I-cpsS "D¶-X-amb [mÀ½n-IX' F¶p IqSn cW-Pn¯v Kpl Iq«n-hm-bn-¡p-¶p-. "Ncn-{X-an-Ãm¯

P\X' F¶v slKÂ¹⁰ C´y-¡m-sc-¡p-dn¨v ]d-ª-Xnsâ ASn-th-cp-Ift\z- jn¨pt]m-Ip-t¼mÄ cW-Pn¯v Kpl \nco-£n-¡p¶ Gähpw {][m\ Imcyw cmPyhpw Ncn-{Xhpw CÃm-¯-h-sc¶v (No state, No history) slKÂ ]d-bp-¶- Xnsâ bpàn-bm-Wv. cmjv{Shpw KZyhpw temI-Ncn{X¯nsâ ]Z-hn-bn-te¡v {]th-in-¡m³ th− ASn-Øm\tbmKyXIfm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Kpl ]d-bp-¶p.

Imhy-cq-]-¯n-se-gp-X-s¸« KWn-X-im-kv{Xhpw sshZy-im-kv{X-hpw tPymXn-Èm-kv{Xhpw hymI-c-Whpw cmjv{S-X-{´-hp-sams¡ F´p-sIm−v temI- N-cn-{X-¯nÂ am{X-a-Ã, Ncn-{X¯nÂ¯s¶ s]SmsXt]mbn F¶-Xnsâ bpàn- bmWv Kpl-bn-hnsS ]¦ph-bv¡p¶Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse bm{Xm-Im-hy-§Ä khn- ti-j-amb AÀY-¯nÂ Xt±i Úm\-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-I-sf-bmWv ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ A[n-\n-th-i-I-cm-h-s«, kmaq-ln-I-hy-Xn-cn-à-X-Isf B AÀY-¯nÂ DÄs¡m-Åm-\pÅ `qan-I-IÄ AS-¨p-I-f-bp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Imhy-am-Xr-I-Isf ap³hn-[n-tbmsS kao-]n-¨p-sIm−v bqtdm-]yÀ C´y-bnse Úm\-hn-\n-a-b-§sf hn`-Pn-¡p-¶Xv t\m¡p-I. ""C´y¡v {]mIv aX-{K-Ù-§- fnÃ. Imhy-§Ä [mcm-f-ap−v, F¶mÂ {]mNo\ \nb-a-]p-kvX-I-§Ä CtÃ-

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bnÃ. CXp-hsc ChnsS bmsXmcp Ncn-{X-hp-an-Ã''¹² F¶mWv Ah-cpsS ]£w.

Ncn-{X-an-Ãm-bva-bpsS ImcWw ChnsS hyà-am-Wv. Imhy-§Ä am{X-apÅ P\- Xbv¡v F§s\ temI-N-cn-{X-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¡m-\mhpw F¶ tNmZy-am-Wn- hnsS DbÀ¶p-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ CXc kmaq-lnIhn\n-a-b-§-sf-t¸mse bm{Xbpw {][m-\- hn-j-b-ambn BZy-Ime kmln-Xobcq]-§-fnÂ CSw]nSn-¡p-¶p-−v. kmaq-ln-I- _-Ô-§-fp-sS Bghpw hym]vXnbpw {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p¶ kmwkvIm-cnIkµÀ`-

§-sf-bm-Wnh Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXn-lm-k-§fpw ]pcm-W-§fpw bm{X-mhn-h-c-W-

§Ä¡v sImSp-¡p¶ Du¶Â kmaq-lnIhn\n-a-b-§-fpsS khn-ti-j- t{iWocq]-§sf a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v Gsd klm-b-I--am-Wv. hcm-l-]p-cmWw, cLp-hw-iw, imIp-´-fw, _p²-a-X-{K-Ù-§Ä, IuSneysâ AÀY-imkv{Xw XpS-

§nb IrXn-IÄ kmaq-lnIcq]o-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw sImÅ-s¡m-Sp-¡-ep-I-fp- sSbpw hnhn-[- am-\-§-fn-te¡pÅ Znim-kq-N-I-§-fm-hp-¶Xv bm{XmkqN-\-Isf DÄh-ln-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ IqSn-bm-Wv.

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-IÄ hym]-I-am-hp-¶Xv 18-þmw \qäm-−nsâ Ah-km\Zi-I-§-fn-em-Wv. bm{X F¶ ]Z-¯n\v i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bnÂ {ioI- WvtT-izcw Pn. -]-ß-\m-`-]nÅ sImSp-¡p¶ AÀYw, Hcp Øe-¯p-\n¶v asämcp Øe-t¯¡p t]mIÂ, ]pd-¸m-Sv, k©m-cw, XoÀ°-bm-{X, IqSmsX hgn, D]-Po- h-\w Fs¶m-s¡-bm-Wv.¹³ k©m-c-¯n\v \S-¸v, tZim-S-\w, {]bm-kw, hgn, kw{I-a-Ww, Aip²n XpS-§nb AÀY-§fpw \ÂIn-¡m-Wp-¶p.¹⁴ "bm{X' ]e- X-e-§-fnepw am\p-jnItNmZ-\-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-Xbmbn IW-

¡m-t¡-−-Xp-−v. CÑ(Desire)Isf Ipdn-¨pÅ hni-I-e-\-§-fnÂ CÑ- Isf¡pdn¨v am{X-a-Ã, FÃm bmYmÀYy-§-sf-¡pdn¨papÅ am[y-an-I-Nn-´m-]-²- X-nI-fpsS Øm]-I-\mb \mKmÀPp-\bpw s^U-dnIv \osjbpw KnÂ sZepkpw

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s^enIvkv Kp¯m-cnbpw apt¶m«phbv¡p¶ k¦-Â¸-§sf¡p-dn¨v, sNanMv bmMv (Che-Ming-Yang) kzcq-]n-¡p¶ Bibw {]k-à-am-Wv. AXnÀcm-ln- Xy-¯n-te¡pw {Ia-cm-ln-Xy-¯n-te-¡p-apÅ Ne-\-ambn«mWv CÑ/XrjvWsb At±lw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.¹⁵ AXp-am-{X-aÃ, a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-Xs¶

CubÀY-¯n-epÅ AXnÀc-ln-Xhpwþ{Ia-c-ln-X-hpamb Ne-\-am-bn-«mWv hn`m- h\w sN¿-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. F Xukâv ¹mäyqkv (A Thousand Plateus) F¶

IrXn-bnÂ, sZeqkpw Kp¯m-cnbpw hnj-bnbpw hnj-bhpw X½n-epÅ AXn- cpIfpw, {]Ir-Xn-bnse hr¯n-I-fp-sSbpw Ne-\-¯nsâbpw XpS-¡hpw HSp-

¡hpw amªp-t]m-hp-¶-Xn-s\¡pdn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v.¹⁶ AXm-bXv Ne-\m- ß-I-X, bm{X a\p-jy-cpsS {]IrXn Xs¶-bm-Wv F¶p Npcp-¡w.

a\p-jysc \nb-{´n-¡p¶, Ne-\m-ß-I-am-¡p¶ kmaq-lnIþcmjv{Sob Npäp-]m-Sp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS k½À±-§fpw Xo{h-X-I-fp-amWv Ne-\-Zn-im-kqNn-I- fmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fnÂ Fgp-¯p-Im-cn¡pw/Fgp-¯p-Im- c\pw hmb-\-¡mÀ¡pw CS-bnÂ \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ kmµÀ`n-I-_-Ô-§-fpsS kz`mhw bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Isf hni-Ie\w sNbvXp-sIm−v {UmK\m atkm-hnIv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p−v. bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Imcn-bpsS Øehpw AhÀ bm{Xbv¡v Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p¶ Øehpw X½n-epÅ AI-ew, Ahn-S§fnse hkvXp-tem- Ihpw P\-Xbpw, bm{Xbv¡v Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p¶ CS-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]qÀh-[m-c- W-I-fp-sSbpw ap³hn-[n-I-fp-sSbpw `mc-§Ä, AtXm-sSm¸w bm{Xn-I-bpsS PohnXNpäp-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn BÀPn-s¨-Sp¯ Bi-bm-h-en-Ifpw

\ne-hmckqNn-I-Ifpw, hyàn-Xz-cq-]o-I-c-Ws¯ km[y-am-¡nb apJy-L-S-\-bp- saÃmw \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ \nb-am-h-en-IÄ¡p-Ån-em-Wv bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Imcpw hmb-\-¡m-cpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-§Ä cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX¶v {UmK\m atkm-hnIv \nco-£n-¡p¶p−v.¹⁷ CXv bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Im-cn-bpsS IÀXrXzw

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hnj-bs¯ \nÀW-bn-¡p¶ hnhn[ Xe-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ NÀ¨-I-fn-te-s¡mcp {]th-iIw IqSn-bmWv.

ImgvN-bv¡p-th−n, bm{X-bv¡p-th−n Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p¶ Øe-§-fpsS kz`mhw bm{X-¡m-cn-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIXmÂ¸]-cy-§-sfbpw ap³K-W-\-I- sfbpw {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. bm{Xn-I-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnIIÀXr-Xzw, enwK]- Zhn, bm{X-m]-cn-N-bw, cmjv{So-b-t_m-[w, PmXnþaX-þhÀKþ`mjm-`n-cp-Nn-IÄ XpS§n \nc-h[n LS-I-§Ä bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fpsS kao-]-\-§sf \nÀW-bn-

¡p-¶p.

Is−-gp-¯nsâ ]£-§Ä

km{¼-Zm-bnI hyh-lm-c-a-Þ-e-¯n-\-I¯v Hcp tZis¯¡pdn¨v, Ahn-S-

§-fnse P\-Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v, an¯p-I-sfbpw kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw Ipdn¨v e`y-amb hnh-c-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv khn-tij CSw bm{X-sb-gp-¯p- Im-cnÂ XmÂ¸cyw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp CS-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnIaqe-[\w hfsc {][m-\-s¸-«-XmWv. Is−-gp-¯p-Im-cnÂ XmÂ¸cyw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv khn- tij CS-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihyh-lm-c-¯n-\p-Ånse \nÀ½n-Xn-I- fpsS kmwkvIm-cnIaq-ey-§-fm-Wv. hnhn[ kmaq-lnIØm]-\-§-fpsS \nÀ½n- Xn-I-fmWv, Hcp {]tXyI CS-¯n\v hymh-lm-cnIaqeyw \ÂIp¶Xv. CSw Hcp kmaq-ln-I-\nÀ½n-Xn-bm-Wv. Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn P\-X-IÄ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS Øm]-\-h-Â¡-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ kmwkvIm-cn-I-k-¯-bmWv CS-¯n-\p-Å-Xv. CS-

¯nsâ k¯ kp\n-Ýn-X-a-Ã. Hmtcm kmaq-lnI{]tbm-K-¯n-eq-sSbpw cmjv{So- bm-i-b-¯n-eq-sSbpw \nc-´cw ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p¶ Ne-\m-ß- I-k-¯-bmWv CS-¯n-\p-f-f-Xv. At´mWn KnU³kv kaq-l-¯nsâ `c-W-L- S\ F¶ IrXn-bnÂ Imew, Øew, kµÀ`w F¶o k¦-Â]-§sf kmaq- lnI{]I-c-W-¯nÂ Øm\-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶Xv CS-¯nsâ Ne-\m-ß-I-X

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a\-Ên-em-¡m³ klm-b-I-am-Wv. a§n-b-I-ep¶ Ime-¯n-sâbpw ad-bv¡-s¸- Sp¶ CS-¯n-sâ-bpw km¶n-[yhpw A`m-hhpw ]c-kv]cw hntÑ-Zn¡s¸-Sp-¶-Xn- eq-sS-bmWv FÃm kmaq-lnIPohn-Xhpw kw`-hn-¡p-¶-sX-¶v KnU³kv ]d-bp-

¶p.¹⁸ Øe-Im-e-§-fn-te¡v ssZ\wZn\-Po-hnXw hnt£-]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Cu hn[-¯n-em-sW¶v KnU³kv Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p-−v.

kmaq-ln-I-im-kv{X-Ú-\mb KnU³knsâ taÂkq-Nn-¸n¨ \nco-£Ww sl³dn se^vs_-sd, FtUzÀUv tkmP, tUhnkv lmÀsh¹⁹ XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS CS -\nÀ½n-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Bi-bm-h-en-I-fpsS hnh-£-Isf Gsd {]k-à-am-

¡p-¶p-−v. aXw, PmXn, hÀKw, hÀWw, enwK-]-Zhn XpS-§nb km{¼-Zm-bnI kmaq-lnI k¦-Â¸-§Ä t]mse, CS-¯nÂ a®v, acw, hmbp, Pew, Poh-Pm-e-

§Ä, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ, Imem-h-Ø, CS-¯n-t·-epÅ Ncn- {X-]-c-amb kmwkvIm-cnI\nÀ½n-XnI-fpÄs¸sS \ne-\n-Â¡p¶ FÃm hkvXp- tem-IhpwIqSn cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XmWv Hcp CS-¯nsâ kmwkvImcn-I-aq-eyhpw aqe-[-\-hpw. AXm-bXv bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Ifn-te¡p \bn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Bi-bm-h-en- I-fpsS cmjv{Sob]£-§-f-S-¡w C¯cw BJym-\-§-fpsS hni-I-e-\-§-fnÂ DbÀ¯n-s¡m-−p-h-tc-−-Xp-−v.

bm{Xtbm Ie-tbm hmb-\tbm Imbn-I-a-Õ-c-§tfm aX-cm-jv{So-bm-`n-\n- th-itam F´p-am-Is«, Hcp hyàn¡v khn-ti-j-a-Þe-§-tfmSv XmÂ¸cyw P\n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ bpàn GXv Xc-¯n-emWv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡-s¸-SpI F¶Xv {]tXyIw ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-−-Xm-Wv. \ne-\n-Â¸nsâ hyXn-cnàm-h-Ø-IÄ hyXykvX-amb A`n-cp-Nn-I-sf-bmWv DÂ¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX¶v A`n-cpNncq]o-I-c- W-§-fpsS kz`m-h-§-sfbpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-sfbpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm−v ]nbdn t_mÀZyp \nco-£n-¡p-¶p-−v.²⁰ {]tbm-K-§-fp-sSbpw Bi-bm-h-en-I-fp-sS- bpw aÞehpw Du¶-ep-Ifpw amdp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v A`n-cp-Nn-Ifpw \nc-´-c-am-ä-

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§Ä¡p hnt[-b-am-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. A`n-cp-Nn-IÄ AsÃ-¦nÂ s]cp-am-ä-co- Xn-IÄ LS-\-bpsS LS-\m-hÂ¡-cWw am{Xa-Ã, AXv {]tbm-K-§-sf-bpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-sfbpw kwLmS\w sN¿p-¶p. AXv kmaq-ln-I-hÀK-§-fpsS hn`-P-

\-§sf hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶p-s−¶v t_mÀZyq Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p-−n-hn-sS.²¹ AXm-bXv ChnsS bm{X khn-tij A`n-cp-Nn-bmbn cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Ncn-{X- k-µÀ`-hpw aX-]-chpw km¼-¯n-Ihpw aäp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¶ Bh-iy-§fpw XmÂ¸cy-§fpw bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Isf kw_-Ôn¨v Gsd {]k-à-am-Wv.

enwK-]-Z-hn, hÀKw, {]mbw, sXmgnÂ, hnZym-`ym-kw XpS§n \nc-h-[n- bmb Imc-W-§Ä bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fpsS LS-\-sbbpw kz`m-h-s¯bpw \nÀW- bn-¡p-¶p-. Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-Im-\p-`hw F¶ \ne-bnÂ bm{Xsb hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xn-tebv¡v taÂ kqNn-¸n¨ LS-I-§-sfms¡ Gdnbpw Ipdªpw km£m-Â¡cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v.

bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-IfpsS ]£-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ \mtSm- Sn¯ hyh-Ø-bnÂ\n¶v Ønc-hm-kn-bn-te¡v amdp-Ibpw Ahn-sS-\n¶v hnhn[

`uXn-Im-h-iy-§Ä, {]tXy-In¨v `£-Ww, Pew XpS§n hn`-h-§Ä tXSn bm{XsN¿p-Ibpw am{X-aÃ D−m-bn-«p-ÅXv F¶p -Im-Wmw. BNm-c-hn-izm-k-

§fpw aX-{]-N-mc-W-§fpw hyXykvX CS-§-fn-te¡v P\-X-Isf \bn¨ kµÀ`-

§fpw Hs¡ DÄs¸-Sp¶ sImSp-¡Âhm§-ep-IÄ¡pth−n \S-¯nb bm{X-I- fp-sS-sbÃmw ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-emWv bm{X-I-fpsS s]mXp-[mc InS-¡p-¶-Xv.

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-\n-th-i-i-àn-IÄ \S-¯n-bn-«pÅ IS-¶p-I-b-ä-§-fpsS hnj-b-þ-hn-jbn cq]o-I-c-W-t¯m-f-apÅ ae-bmf`mj-bnse bm{X-Ifpw bm{X- sb-gp-¯p-Ifpw GI-tc-Jo-b-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI km[y-a-Ã. atä-sXmcp kmwkvIm-cnIhr¯n-sb-bpw-t]mse hfsc k¦oÀW-am-b hnh-£-I-fpÅ hyh- lm-c-cq-]-amWv bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Ifpw.

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bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fnse hnj-bhpw hnj-bnbpw

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ 18-þmw \qäm-−p-ap-XÂ iàn{]m]n-¡p¶ bm{X-IÄ, 17-þmw

\qäm-−p-h-sc-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ bm{X-I-fnÂ\n¶v DÅ-S-¡-¯nepw kao-]-\-¯nepw hyXn-cn-à-am-bn-cp¶p. hgnbpw s]mcpfpw 18-þmw \qäm-−nÂ amdp-¶p-−v. hmWn- Pym-h-iy-§Ä¡pw AXn-ep-]cn BNm-c-hn-izm-k-§-fpsS `mK-ambpw sNdnb tXmXnÂ hnhn[ aÞ-e-§-fn-embn Úm\mÀP-\-§-fpsS `mK-ambpw \S-¯n-bn- cp¶ Pe, Ic-amÀK bm{X-I-fm-bn-cp¶p 18-þmw \qäm-−p-hsc \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv.

hmWn-Pyhpw AtXm-sSm¸w h¶ \nc-h[n Úm\-cq-]§fpw aX-§-fp-sams¡

tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI`qan-im-kv{Xs¯ ]p\À\nÀh-Nn-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn-«p-

−v.

¡p¶ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-sb-¡p-dn¨v tIcfw Adp-\qdpsImÃw ap¼v F¶ IrXn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ kqNn-¸n-¡p-

¶p−v.

""{Ko¡p-Imcpw tdma-¡m-cp-amWv BZy-ambn tIc-f-¯nÂ h¶

¡mw. H³]XpapXÂ ]Xn-\-©p-h-sc-bpÅ \qäm-−p-I-fnÂ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§Ä Fgp-Xn-bn-«pÅ hntZ-in-IÄ A[n-Ihpw apÉo-§-fm-Wv. ]n¶o-SmWv t]mÀ¨p-Ko-kp-Imcpw U¨p-Imcpw aäpw Fgp-Xn-¯p-S-§p-¶-Xv. Cu Imew BIp-t¼m-tg¡pw AZv`p- X-§fpw AXyp-àn-Ifpw k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶p ]n³hm-

§p-¶p. hnÚm-\-hn-Im-k-¯n-tâ-Xmb Hcp imkv{Xobho£Ww

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¯n\p ImcWw.''²²

k©m-c-km-lnXyw F¶ hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw k©m-c-km-ln-Xy- Imsc¶ hnj-bn-Isf-¡p-dn¨pw Ahbv¡v c−n\pw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ]cn-Wmaw kw`-hn-¡p¶ hn[-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-amWv Cfw-Ipfw Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bnÂ Du¶n-¸- d-bp-¶-Xv. CXn-te¡phcp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v, Cfw-Ipfw Cu IrXn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv asämcp Imcyw kqNn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−m-Wv. At±lw ]d-bp¶p:

""temI-¯nsâ Hs«-Ãm -tIm-Wp-I-fnÂ\n¶pw Ht«sd k©m-cn-IÄ ]g-b-Imew apXÂt¡ tIcfw kµÀin-¨n-«p-−v. Ah-cnÂ ]ecpw Cu \m«nÂ I− Imcy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambpw AÃm-sXbpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-h-¨n-«p-−v. tIcfw ImWmsXXs¶

tIc-f-s¯-¸än Fgp-Xn-b-hcpw Ipd-h-Ã.''²³

Cfw-Ipfw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-hn-[-¯n-epÅ "hnÚm-\-hn-Im-k-¯n-tâ-Xmb Hcp imkv{Xo-b-ho-£W¯nte¡p hnI-kn-¡p-¶' Is−-gp-¯p-Im-cp-sSbpw tIs«-gp-¯p-Im-cp-sSbpw ]£-§Ä A{X efn-X-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-¨p-t]m-Im--hp-¶- h-b-Ã. Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-¯-s¶, hnjbw, hnj-bn-bpsS IÀXr-Xz-cq-]o-I-c-W-{]-{In- b-sbbpw adn¨pw ]c-kv]-cm-{in-X-ambn \nÀWbn-¡p¶Xm-Wv. Hcp khn-tij Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-¯nÂ amdn-h-cp¶ k©m-cn-I-fpsS IÀXr-]-£s¯ DÄt¨À¯p- sIm-−pÅ A`n-{]m-b-amWv Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ kzcq-]n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp- am-{X-aÃ, k©m-cn-I-fpsS hnh-c-W-§-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Cfw- Ipfw {]kvXm-h-\-IÄ \S-¯p¶p-−v. AXv ImgvNtI-{µn-X-amb Úm\-hn-\n-a- b-§-fpsS km{¼-Zm-bnI ]£-¯nÂ\n-¶p-sIm-−pÅ hni-Zo-I-c-W-§-fm-Wv.

¸p-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p-−n-hn-sS. CXc BJym-\-§sf Ihnªp\nÂ-¡p¶

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B[n-Im-cn-IX bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-IÄ¡pw Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-§Ä¡pw \ÂIp-¶

kao-]-\-aÃ Cu {]_-Ô-¯nÂ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Úm\-¯nsâ ]pcm-h-kvXp- imkv{Xw F¶ IrXn-bnÂ antjÂ ^qt¡m, imkv{Xo-b-Úm\w F¯-c-¯n- emWv d±m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX¶v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. X¯z-im-kv{X-k-¦Â¸-§Ä DbÀ¶p-h-cp¶tXmsS-bmWv imkv{X-Úm\w tNmZywsN¿-s¸«p XpS-§p-¶- sX¶pw Bi-b-§fpw \nb-a-§fpw {]iv\-§fpw hnj-b-§-fp-sams¡ X¯z- imkv{XaÞ-e-¯n-te¡v kzmwio-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-tXmsS imkv{Xo-bhpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-§Ä ]pXp-cq-]-amÀPn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw ^qt¡m \nco-

£n-¡p-¶p-−v.²⁴ kmaq-lnIhyh-Ø-Ifpw s]cp-am-ä-io-e-§fpw kmt¦-Xn-I- Xbpw Bh-iy-I-X-Ifpw {]tbm-K-§-fp-saÃmw kmaq-lnI Øm]-\-§-tfm-sSm-¸- amWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-sX¶v ^qt¡m ]d-bp-¶p.²⁵ AXm-bXv k©m-c-km-lnXyw Hcp hnj-b-ambn DbÀ¶p-h-cp-Ibpw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS B[n-Im- cn-I-Xsb kw_-Ôn¨ NÀ¨-IÄ hym]-I-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-§- fpsS ]Ým-¯ew hni-I-e\w sNt¿-−-Xp-s−-¶ÀYw.

bm{X-Itfm bm{X-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Bi-b-§tfm bm{X-¡p-dn-¸p-I-tfm bm{X-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fnse hnj-b-§-fpsS ap³K-W-\-{I-a-§tfm bmZr-Ñn-I-am-bn-«Ã

\nÀW-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. hnhn[ kmaq-lnIØm]-\-§-fpsS, cmjv{SobXmÂ¸cy-

§-fpsS LS\ Hmtcm hnj-b-¯nepwþhnj-bn-bnepw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶v kmcw. hnj-bn-sbbpw hnj-b-s¯bpw kwLm-S\w sN¿p-¶Xpw ]p\À\nÀ½n-

¡p-¶Xpw khn-tij hyh-lm-c-§Ä¡p-Ånse \nb-am-h-en-I-fm-Wv.

tImfW-o-I-c-W-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-¯n-te¡v IS-¡p-t¼m-gmWv AXp- hsc \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Xt±-iob kmaq-lnIØm]-\-§-fpsS LS-\bv¡pw kz`m- h-¯n\pw ImX-emb amä-§Ä hcp-¶-Xv. AXp-h-sc-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ bm{X-bpsS A\p-`-h-§-sfbpw kmaq-lnIþkmwkvIm-cnI \nb-am-h-en-I-sfbpw tImf-Wo-I-

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cWw ]p\À\nÀh-Nn-¡p-¶p-−v. sdbnÂth, tdmUp-IÄ, hmWn-Py-Øm-]-\-§Ä, ssk\n-I-Øm-]-\-§Ä, Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ, kvIqfp-IÄ, ^mIvS-dn-IÄ, `£-W-im- e-IÄ, kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-Ô-§Ä, aXwþPmXn F¶nhsbÃmw {]Xy-£-ambn bm{X-Isf ]e- X-e-§-fnÂ B{i-bn¨v \ne\nÂ¡p¶ Øm]-\-§-fm-Wv. AXm- bXv tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nsâ kµÀ`-t¯m-Sp-IqSn krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ]pXnb hnj-bn-þ-hn-jb_Ô-§sf ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ bm{X-IÄ¡v henb ]¦m- Wp-ÅXv F¶ÀYw. AXp-am-{X-aÃ, taÂkqNn-¸n¨ Øm]-\-§-fpsS Ncn{Xw bm{X-I-fpsS Ncn{XwIqSn DÄh-ln-¡p-¶p−v F¶Xv {]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-

−-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm−v tImf-Wo-I-cW kmaq-lnI kµÀ`w, bm{X-I-fpsS hyh-lm-cn-I-k-µÀ`-¯n-emWv km[y-am-Ip¶-Xv. tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nsâ A[n-

\n-thi kz`m-h-§-fpsSbpw kmwkvIm-cnIamb sImÅ-s¡m-Sp-¡-ep-I-fp-sSbpw Ne-\m-ß-Im-´-co£w bm{Xm-tI-{µnX-ambn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-t¡-−-Xp-−v.

18-þmw \qäm-−p-ap-X-en-t§m-«pÅ tIc-f-¯nse kmaq-lnINe-\-§-fpsS {]`-h-tI{µwXs¶ bm{X-Ifmbn-cp-¶p. amdp-a-d-bv¡Â, A¨n-¸p-S-h, ap¡p¯n XpS§n hnÃph−nka-caS-¡-apÅ ImX-emb {]t£m-`-§Ä bm{Xm-Øm-]-\-

§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«mWv InS-¡p-¶-Xv. Ch-sbms¡ {]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£- ambpw ]d-bp-¶Xv bm{XIsf¡p-dn¨pXs¶-bm-Wv.

FÃm hgn-Ifpw FÃm bm{X-Ifpw bqtdm-¸n-tet¡m {_n«-\n-tet¡m sNs¶-¯p¶ GI-Zn-im-N-e-\-§ÄsIm−v CX-c-P-\-X-IÄ¡p taÂ AXp-h-sc- bp-−m-bn-cp¶ tI{µ-§sf \njv{]-`-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nÂ kw`- hn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]Sn-ªm-dn-te-¡pÅ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp Ne-\-Zni cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n- sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw AXns\ DZm-¯-h-Â¡-cn¡pIbpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv Ing¡pw ]Sn-ªm-dp-sams¡ Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. 1905-þÂ almßmKmÔn- lnµvkzcm-PnÂ sdbnÂthbv¡pw Cw¥ojv `mjbv¡pw tImS-Xn-IÄ¡pw

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FXnsc D¶-bn-¡p¶ hmZ-§Ä bqtdm-¸n-te-¡pÅ ]mX-IÄ AS-¨p-I-f-bm-

\pÅ Blzm-\-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡mw. FÃm bm{X-Ifpw kaq-ls¯ kw_- Ôn¨v KpW-]-c-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶nÃ. IS-¶-pI-b-ä-§-fp-sSbpw cmjv{So-bm-[n-\n- th-i-§-fp-sSbpw ]mX-IÄ Ne-\m-ß-I-§-sf-¦nepw Ah-bnÂ Gsdbpw lnwkm-ß-I§fp-am-Wv.

tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nsâ ]mX-IÄ kmaq-lnIþkmwkvIm-cn-Im-[n-\n-th-i-

¯nsâ lnwkm-ß-I-]m-T-§Ä DÂ¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nse hnj-bnbpw hnj-bhpw Gsd k¦oÀW-amb kmwkvIm-cnI`qan-I-bn-emWv cq]s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. Iogm-f-]-T-\-§-fpsS Bap-J-te-J-\-¯nÂ cWPn¯v Kpl sImtfm-Wn-bÂ C´y-bnse Ncn-{X-c-N-\m- co-Xn-im-kv{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v XpS-§p-

¶Xv C§-s\-bm-Wv:

“C´y³ tZio-b-X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v ZoÀL-Imew {]N-cn-¨n- cp¶ Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-imkv{Xw \ap¡v kw`m-h\ sNbvXXv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[o-i-Xzhpw _qÀjzm tZio-bm-[o-i-Xz-hp-amWv.

Ch c−nsâbpw Bi-b-]-c-amb {]`-h-tI{µw cq]o-I-cn-¨n-«p-ÅXv C´y-bnse {_n«ojv `c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv.”²⁶

C´y F¶ kmwkvIm-cnIhnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-t¼mÄ km{¼-Zm-bnIhyhlm-c-§-fnÂ \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXpw hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-Sp-

¶Xpw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[oim-[n-Im-cn-IÄ \nÀ½n¨Xpamb C´y³Nn{X-amWv

\ap¡v ap¼n-ep-Å-Xv. C´y-sb-¡p-dn¨v am{X-aÃ, FÃm tImfWncmPy-§-sf-¡p- dn-¨p-apÅ km{¼-Zm-bn-Im-Jym-\-§-fnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶Xv Cu A[o-iXzkao- ]\wXs¶-bm-Wv.

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C´y-sb-¡p-dn¨pw B{^n-¡-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-apÅ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ BJym-\-

§-fnÂ kw`-hn-¡p¶ t{iWo-I-c-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Atâm-\nän _À«³ \S-¯nb ]T-\-§Ä {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. {_u¬ HmhÀ »m¡v F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ "Idp-

¸n\ptaÂ X-hn«n's\ t{iWo-I-cn-¨Xv {_n«ojv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw \chwiim- kv{X-Ú-cp-am-sW¶v _À«³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p-−v.²⁷ P\-Xsb hÀW-¯n-sâbpw aX-¯n-sâbpw BNm-c-hn-izm-k-§-fp-sSbpw tZi-¯n-sâbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ t{iWo-I-cn-¡p¶ Ncn{Xhn`m-h-\-I-fpsS krjvSn-IÄIqSn-bmWv sImtfm-Wn- bÂ A[n-\n-th-i-IÀ. A[n-\n-th-i-¯n-sâbpw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-\n-th-i-I- cpsS Úm\-{]-am-W-§-fp-sSbpw ss\Xn-I-Xsb ]p\ÀhnNm-c-Wbv¡v hnt[-b- am-t¡-−-Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te-¡mWv _À«³ hncÂNq−p-¶-Xv.

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-Im-cn-IÄ \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp¯ hnj-b-§-sf-bmWv _À«-s\-t¸m-epÅ kmaq-lnIimkv{X-Ú-À hni-I-e-\-¯n-s\-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. \ne-

\nÂ¡p¶ Úm\-im-kv{X-§-fp-sS- hnjbk¦-Â¸-§Ä tNmZywsN¿-s¸-tS-−- Xp-−v. tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nsâ \oXoI-c-W-ambn {_n«ojv A[n-\n-th-i-Icpw aäpw Gjy³ cmPy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw B{^n-¡³, Atd-_y³ cmPy-§-sf-¡p- dn¨pw \nÀ½n¨ an¯p-IÄ FtUzUv skbvZn-s\-t¸m-epÅhÀ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-

¡n-bn-«p−v. ]uc-kvXy-hmZw "]uckvXy'¯nsâ taÂ B[n-Im-cn-IX Øm]n-

¡p-¶-Xn\pw A[o-iXzw sNep-¯p-¶-Xn\pw ]p\{I-ao-I-cn¡p¶-Xn-\p-ap-ff ]mÝmXy]²-Xn-bm-bn-«mWv skbvZv hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv.²⁸

"]uc-kvXy's¯¡p-dn¨v FtUzUv skbvZv hmZn-¡p-¶-Xn-t\-¡m-tfsd k¦oÀWamb Ah-Ø-bmWv B{^n-¡-bpsS taepÅ bqtdm-¸nsâ A[n-\n-th- i-]-²-Xn-IÄ sNbvXp-Iq-«n-b-Xv. 19-þmw \qäm-−nsâ HSp-hn-temfw C´y-bnsetbm CuPn-]vXn-setbm P\-Xbv¡v {_n«ojv tImf-Wn-Ifpw Cw¥o-jp-Im-cpsS ]Z- hnbpw A{X AI-e-¯n-em-sW¶v tXm¶Â D−m-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw ]n¶oSv

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C´y-sb-¡p-dn¨pw CuPn-]vXn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-apÅ A¡m-Z-anIÚm\w cq]-s¸- Sp¶ kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-Ø-bn-emWv "]mÝmXy'¯n\pw Ah-bpsS tImf-Wn- IÄ¡pw CS-bnÂ AIew hÀ[n-¨p-h-cp-¶-sX¶pw skbvZv Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p-

−v.²⁹ bqtdm¸v, {]tXy-In¨v {_n«o-jp-ImÀ \nÀ½n¨ kmaq-lnIþkmwkvIm-cn-Im- h-tem-I-\-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n Gjy-bp-sSbpw B{^n-¡-bp-sSbpw Atd-_y-bp- sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-c-N\ \nÀh-ln¨ A¡m-Z-anIkaq-l-¯nsâ bptdm- tI-{µn-X-hm-Z-§Ä tNmZywsN¿-s¸«p XpS-§n-bn-«p-−v.

sshZy-im-kv{X-¯n-sâbpw X¯z-Nn-´-bp-sSbpw {Ko¡v "ss]Xr-I'-

§fpsS Dd-hnSw CuPn-]vXn-tâXmbncp¶p-sh-¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-IÄ DbÀ¶p-h-cp-

¶p-−v. tUm. tPmÀPv {Km³hnÂ tamtWm sPbnwkv cNn¨ tamjvSn-¡-s¸«

ss]XrIw (Stolen legacy) F¶ IrXnsb ap³\nÀ¯n tUm. Bcn^v Aen sImf-s¯-¡m«v B{^n-¡-sb-¡p-dn¨v \nco-£n-¡p-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. ]pcm-X\

CuPn-]vXp-Im-cnÂ\n¶v IS-¸m-sSm¶pw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯msX {Ko¡p-ImÀ ssI¡- em-¡nb Bi-b-§-fp-sSbpw k¦Â¸-§-fp-sSbpw ASn¯dbn-emWv {Ko¡v X¯z-Nn´ DbÀ¶p-h-¶-sX¶v At±lw kaÀYn-¨p. {Ko¡v X¯z-Nn-´-bpsS bYmÀY cN-bn-Xm-¡Ä {Ko¡p-Im-c-sÃ¶pw adn¨v, AXv hSt¡ B{^n-¡-bnse P\-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS k¼¯pw ss]Xr-I-hp-am-sW¶pw F{Xtbm \qäm-−p-I- fmbn hSt¡ B{^n-¡-¡mÀ¡-h-Im-i-s¸« _lp-a-Xnbpw AwKo-Im-chpw sXämbn {Ko¡p-ImÀ¡v \ÂI-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wp-−m-b-sX¶pw At±lw Ipä-s¸-Sp-

¯p¶p. H¸w Cu sXämb temIm-`n-{]m-b-¯nsâ `mK-ambn B{^n-¡-¡mÀ a\p- jy-kw-kvIr-Xns¡mcp kw`m-h-\bpw sNbvXn-«n-sÃ¶pw AhÀ kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-

¯s¶ ]n¶m¡w \nÂ¡p-¶-h-cm-sW-¶p-apÅ [mc-W-bpsS s]mÅ-¯-cs¯

Xpd-¶p-Im-«m\pw {ian-¨p.³⁰ bqtdm¸nsâ sshÚm-\nINcn-{X-¯nÂ\n¶v B{^n-¡-sbbpw CX-c-cm-Py-§-sf-bpw kaÀY-ambn ]mÀiz-hÂ¡-cn-¡m³ \S-

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¯p¶ {ia-§-fpsS hnP-b-amWv bYmÀY-¯nÂ "Ccp− `qJ-Þ-'sa¶ B{^n-

¡-bpsS hnfn-t¸-cv.

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-\n-th-i-¯nsâ hnhn-[-X-e-§-fnÂ Gähpw {][m-\- s¸« H¶mbn A¡m-Z-anIØm]-\-§Ä amdp-¶-Xnsâ ZrjvSm´§ÄIq-Sn-bmWv B{^n-¡bv¡ptaÂ sI«n-h-bv¡p¶ "Ccp«v'. CuPn-]vXnsâ KWn-X- imkv{XþtPymXn-Èm-kv{X-]m-c-¼-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ {]kvXm-h-\- IÄ FSp-¯p-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm−v tUm. sXtbm-^nse Hms_³Ky kqNn-¸n-¡p-

¶Xv t\m¡p-I: ""A§s\ KWn-X-]-c-amb imkv{X-§Ä (Proton) BZy-ambn CuPn-]vXnÂ DÛ-hn-¨p.'' At±-l-¯nsâ Hm¬ Z sl-h³knÂ Acn-tÌm-«nÂ ]d-bp-¶Xv tPymXn-Èm-kv{X-¯nsâ Øm]-IÀ CuPn-]vXp-Imcpw _m_n-tem-Wn- b--cp-am-sW-¶m-Wv. AXp-sIm−v Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ ""KWn-X-im- kv{X-I-e-Ifpw tPymXn-Èm-kv{Xhpw cq]wsIm−Xpw hn]p-eo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«Xpw asäm-cn-S-¯p-aÃ, CuPn-]vXnÂ Xs¶-bmWv''.³¹ ChnsS {Kokn-\p-taÂ bqtdm¸v

\nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ sshÚm-\n-Im-´-co£w bqtdm-¸nsâ ap¼n-epÅ B{^n-

¡sb hnI-e-am-¡n-s¡m-−mWv Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. C´ybpw Gdnbpw Ipdªpw Cu bqtdm-tI-{µn-X-k-ao-]-\s¯ kzmwio-I-cn-¨p-sIm−v B{^n-

¡sb ]mÀiz-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ZrjvSm-´-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. CXm-hs«, tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw tImf-Wn-bm-\´c cmjv{So-b-k-ao-]-\-§-fp-sSbpw

`mK-ambn Cý-bnÂ hym]-I-am-Ip-¶-Xm-sW¶v Atâm-Wnän _À«³ Nq−n-¡m- Wn-¡p-¶p-−v. tImf-Wn, tImf-Wn-bm-\ć cmjv{So-bm-´-co-£-¯nÂ\n¶v Cý¡v e`n-¡p¶ hÀW-Nn-´-IÄ Cý-¡msc Xhn-«p-\n-d-¡mcpw B{^n-¡-

¡msc Idp-¯-\n-d-ap-Å-h-cp-sa¶v hn`-Pn-¡p-Ibpw Xhn«pw Idp¸pw X½nÂ Iq«n- ap-«msX kam-´-c-ambn k©-cn-¡p-¶Xpw \ne-\n-Â¡p-¶-Xp-amb `n¶-K-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. CXm-hs«, {_n«sâ hwiobk¦Â¸§-fp-sSbpw

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AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ hn`-P-\-¯nsâbpw bpànbpw D]-I-c-W-§fpw C´y kzmwio-I-cn-¡p¶ Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-¯nsâ \nÀ½n-Xn-bmbn _À«³ kqNn-¸n-

¡p-¶p-−v.³²

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ kmwkvIm-cn-Im-[n-\n-th-i-¯nsâ Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ, tImf-Wn-IÄ¡p-Ån-epw tImf-Wn-IÄ X-½nÂ¯½nepw t{iWo-I-cn-¡p-¶- Xnsâ bqtdm-]y³ bpàn-bmWv C´ybpw B{^n-¡bpw X½n-epÅ AI-e-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. B{^n-¡-bp-sSbpw C´y-bp-sSbpw X¯z-§sf \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-

¡p¶ bqtdm-]y³ A[o-iXzw tIc-f-¯nse bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-Im-cnepw Ncn-{X- IÀ¯m-¡-fnepw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-sX-§-s\-sb¶p IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Bap-J-am-bn-«mWv ChnsS Cu Imcyw kqNn-¸n-¨-Xv. Adnhv BcmWv DÂ¸m-Zn-

¸n-¡p-¶Xv F¶-Xnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ t\m¡p-t¼mÄ hyàn-tb-¡m-tfsd AXv ]£-]m-X-]-c-am-sW¶v FtUzUv skbvZv ASn-h-c-bn«p ]d-bp-¶p-−v.

AXp-am-{X-aÃ Hcp Úm\-¯n\pw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn cmjv{So-b-\n-c-t]-£-am-Im-

\m-hn-sÃ¶pw skbvZv Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p.³³

hn]p-e-amb sshhn-[y-§-fpÅ tKm{X-§-fpw tZi-§fpw `mjm-hn-`m-K-

§-fp-ambn thdn«pInS-¡p¶ cmjv{S-§sf tNÀ¯v "B{^n¡' F¶v s]mXp-

\m-a-I-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ ]n¶n-epÅ e£yw, B{^n-¡³ X¯z-Nn-´-sb-¡p- dn-¨pÅ {]_-Ô-¯nÂ {_qkv _n. P³kv (Bruce B Janz) tNmZywsN¿p-¶p-

−v. hÀW-¯nsâ ASn-Ø-m\-¯n-emWv hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-§sf B{^n-¡-

¡m-cmbn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv F¶ bmYmÀYy-¯n-te-¡m-WnXv hncÂNq−p-

¶-Xv. aäpÅ X·Isf ]mÀiz-hÂ¡-cn-¨p-sIm−v s]mXp-hy-h-lm-c-§-fn-seÃmw hÀWs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ B{^n-¡³ "X·sb' hym]-I-ambn \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-

¡p-Ibpw Øm\-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ hÀWtI{µn-X-k-ao-]-\-am-Wn-Xv.

tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw F¶ IrXn-bnÂ C.-hn. -cm-a-Ir-jvW³ B[p-\n-I-

(45)

X-bpsS {]I-SnXkz`m-h-ambn hwio-b-Xm-hy-h-lm-c-§sf \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. kao- ]-ImeNcn-{X-sa-Sp¯p t\m¡n-bmÂ hwina (Ethnicity)IfpsS AXn-cp-IÄ cmjv{S-¯n-\-Sn-bnÂ `qI¼tcJ-I-sf-t¸mse ad-ªp-In-S-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

\ymb-amb ]ucm-h-Im-i-§fpw cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c-§fpw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ C¯cw kzXz-§Ä IqSp-XÂ {]k-à-amhpw. cmjv{Sw F¶ Iq«m-bvasbXs¶

tNmZywsN¿m³ X¡-h®w C¯cw kzXz-§Ä iàn-bmÀPn-¡p-t¼mÄ tZi-þ- cm-jv{S-¯n-\-[o-\-ambn hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶ D]-tZ-io-b-X-IÄ AXnsâ \ymbw

\oXoI-cn-¡p¶ bpànsb Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-¶p.³⁴ B{^n-¡-¡mÀ hÀW-X-·-bn- te¡v kwhn-[m\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xnsâ Bi-bm-h-en-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨m-Wn-hnsS kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

C´y-¡mÀ B{^n-¡³tZi-s¯bpw kaql-§-sfbpw kwkvIm-c- s¯bpw kao-]n-¡p-¶Xv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-\n-th-im-[p-\n-IX cq]o-I-cn¨

ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. A[n-\n-th-im-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS amXr-Im-am-ä-§Ä¡p- Ån-em-Wv (]m-c-Un-an-\p-Ån-em-Wv) tZi-X-·-IÄ cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw kzmwio- I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw. P\-X-bpsS \ndw hf-sc {][m-\-s¸« KW-hn-`-P-\-¯nsâ am\-Z-Þ-am-Ip-¶-Xv B[p-\nINcn{X hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv.

B[p-\nI]qÀh hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS hnh-c-W-§-fnepw tcJ-I-fnepw hÀWw khn- ti-j-ambn ]cmaÀin-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶v sImfw-_kv 1492-þÂ \ÂIp¶ Ata-cn-

¡³hnh-c-W-§sf hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm−v eqbnkv tKmÀU³ (Lewis R Gordon) Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶q-−v.³⁵ AXm-bXv tImf-Wo-I-c-W-t¯m-S-\p-_- Ôn¨v cq]o-IrXamb B[p-\n-I-Xm-Øm-]-\-§-fmWv s]mXp-hyhlmc-§- fnte¡v C¯cw bqtdm-tI-{µnX hnj-b-§sf {]t£-]n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv F¶-ÀYw.

CXmWv s]mXpsh kzmwio-I-cn-¡s¸Sp¶Xpw.

(46)

tSmWn tamdnksâ "Idp-¯-hsc§s\ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-s¸-Sp¶p' F¶ Hcp

\nco-£Ww C.-hn.- cm-a-IrjvW³ D²-cn-¡p-¶Xv t\m¡p-I. Ata-cn-¡³ hyh- lm-c-§Ä Idp-¯-hÀK-¡m-csâ kzXzw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXXv IcpXn¡q-«n- bpÅ _ln-jvI-c-W-§-fn-eq-sSbpw sR«n-¡p¶ sshcp-[y-§-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv.

Ata-cn-¡³ hnaÀi\ hyh-lm-c-§-fnÂ B{^n-¡³kzXzw hen-sbmcp Akm-

¶n[y-am-Wv. Ata-cn-¡³ IrXn-I-fnÂ BhÀ¯n¨p hcp¶ B{^n-¡³ A\p-`- h-§sf Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ aSn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Adn-hns\¯s¶ {]tXyI coXn-bnÂ kwhn-[m\w sN¿m³ shfp¯hÀK-¡m-c\p Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.³⁶ tSmWn tamdn- ksâ hnaÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw Xncn-¨-dn-hn-sâbpw hgn-t]mse Ht«sd hgn-IÄ CX- c-k-aq-l-§-sf-¡mfpw tZi-s¯-¡mfpw B{^n-¡³P\X HcÀY-¯nepw Xmsg-b- sÃ¶pw adn¨v ]e-bÀY-§-fnepw Hcp]Sn tase\nÂ¡p¶ Úm\]mc-¼-cy-

¯nsâ Ddh B{^n-¡-bnÂ DZn-¨p-WÀ¶n-cp-¶psh¶pw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p-−v. Cu Xncn-¨-dnhv aäp ]e kaq-l-§Ä¡pw amXr-I-bm-hp-¶p-−v.

sI\n-b³ ]cn-Øn-Xn{]hÀ¯-I-bmb hwKmcn amXmbv (1940-þ2011) bqtdm¸v B{^n-¡bv¡ptaÂ Ibänh¨ A[n-\n-th-i-¯nsâ `mcw hni-Zo-I-cn-

¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¡p-I:

""]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm-−nsâ Ah-km-\-Im-e¯v sI\n-b- bnse¯nb bqtdm-]y³ aX-{]-Nm-c-IÀ ssZhw sI\nb ]ÀÆ-X-

¯n-e-Ã, taL-§Ä¡p apI-fn-epÅ kzÀK-¯n-emWv hkn-¡p-¶- sX¶v In¡p-bp-Isf Xncp¯n. ssZhs¯ Bcm-[n-¡m³ A\p- tbm-Py-amb CSw Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnÂ ]Ån-I-fm-Wv. In¡p-bp- IÄ¡v XnI¨pw AÚm-X-amb Bi-b-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.

F¦nepw an¡-hcpw aX-{]-Nm-c-I-cpsS temI-k-¦Â¸w kzoI-cn-

¡p-Ibpw c−p \qäm-−n-\p-ÅnÂ kz´w BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä

(47)

ssIsh-Sn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. aX-{]-Nm-c-Isc ]n´p-SÀ¶p-h¶ I¨- h-S-¡mcpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw B{^n-¡-bpsS kar-²-amb {]IrXnhn`-h-§Ä NqjWwsN¿m³ ]p¯³coXn-IÄ Is−-

¯n. acwsh«Â, ImSp-\-in-¸n-¡Â, Cd-¡p-aXnsNbvX ac-§- fpsS tXm«-§-fp-−m-¡Â, Im«p-ar-K-§sf th«-bm-SÂ, hymh-km- bn-Im-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ IrjnsN¿Â F¶n-§s\. CtXmsS hnip-

²-h-\-§-fnÂ Xosb-cn-ªp. FÃm-än-t\bpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS e£-W-ambn¡− \m«p-ImÀ ]cn-ØnXn\mis¯ \nÊw-K-X- tbmsS t\m¡n\n¶p.''³⁷

tImf-Wo-I-cWw B{^n-¡-bpsS kmaq-lnIþkm¼-¯nIþ]mcn-Øn- XnIþkmwkvImcnIaÞ-e-§sf F§-s\-bmWv ]p\{I-ao-I-cn-¨Xv F¶p a\- Ên-em-¡m³ klm-b-I--amb DZm-l-c-W-amWn-Xv. am{X-hp-a-Ã, hwKmcn amXm-sb- t¸m-ep-Å-hÀ tImf-Wo-I-c-W-¯nsâ A[n-\n-th-ikz`m-h-§sf Xncn-¨-dn-bp¶

kao-]-\-§-fp-sS DÄ¡mgvN ka-Im-eo\ B{^n-¡³ {]Xn-tcm-[-¯nsâ apJ- s¯-bmWv Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv.

B{^n-¡-bpsSbpw C´y-bp-sSbpw {]tXy-In¨v tIc-f-¯n-sâbpw kmaq- lnIþkmwkvIm-cnI A\p-`-h-tem-I-¯p-\n-¶mWv Cu c−p tZi-§Ä¡n-S-bn- eqsS Hcp hyàn¡v bm{X km[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv. bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fpsS IÀXr- Øm\w hym]-I-ambn ]pcp-j-]-£-¯n-te¡v tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ kmaq- lnIþkmwkvIm-cnI kml-Ncyw hfsc {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-

¯nsâ hnj-b-\nÀ½n-Xn-bnÂ bqtdm-tI-{µn-X-]-£-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \S-¯p¶

hnaÀi-\-§Ä ]pcp-j-tI-{µnX]£-t¯¡v, Nne Xe-§-fn-se-¦nepw þ {]tXy- In¨v ImgvNbpsS A[n-Imcn Bcv F¶ tNmZys¯ ap³\nÀ¯n-sb-¦nepw D¶- bn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv ImgvNbpsS enwK-]-ZhnØm\w, bm{X-bpsS Ncn-

(48)

{X-]-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-_-Ô-§Ä, sXmgnÂ, IpSpw-_-L-S-\, -aXw, kZm- Nmck¦Â¸-§Ä F¶n-h-bnse-Ãmw. s]mäs-¡m-«nsâbpw k¡-dn-b-bp-sSbpw t\m¡p-]£w ]pcp-j-]-£-t¯¡v tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v. kv{XoI-fpsS enwK-]- Zhn hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS tIc-fob]Ým-¯-ehpw ]cn-Wm-a-km-[y-X-I-fpw IÀXr- Øm-\hpw henb Akm-¶n-[y-ambn bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-¯nÂ \ne-

\nÂ¡p-¶p-−v F¶ hkvXpX Gsd {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶XmWv.

Ac-\q-äm-−nsâ CS-th-f-bnÂ Fkv.-sI.- s]ms-ä-¡m«pw k¡-dn-bbpw \S-

¯nb B{^n-¡³ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§Ä ImgvNbnepw kao-]-\-¯nepw henb hyXn-bm-\-§-Ä D-Å-S-§p-¶-Xm-Wv. B hyXn-bm-\-§sf ]n´p-S-c-W-sa-¦nÂ Fkv.-sI.- s]ms-ä-¡m-«n-s\bpw k¡-dn-b-sbbpw hmÀs¯-Sp¯ kmaq- lnI_Ô-§-fp-sS kz`m-h-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw ap³K-W-\-{I-a-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw a\-Ên- em-t¡-−-Xp-−v. c−p-t]-cp-sSbpw kmaq-lnIIÀXrXzw, kmwkvIm-cnI\ne-]m- Sp-IÄ, Ah-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn-te¡v Ah-sc-sb-¯n-¡p¶ Ncn-{X-þcm- jv{Sobkao-]-\-§Ä F¶n-h-sbms¡ kq£va-hn-i-I-e-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-t¡-

−-Xp-−v.

Ac\qäm-−n-\n-S-bnse tIc-fs¯bpw tIc-fob kaq-l-_-Ô-§sfbpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-XnÂ h¶n-«pÅ kao-]-\-§-fnse hntO-Z-§Ä, B{^n-¡-sb-

¡p-dn¨pw C´y-sb-¡p-dn¨pw tImf-Wo-I-c-W-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v DÂ¸m-Zn-¸n-¡- s¸« Úm\-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS kz`m-hw, tImf-Wn-bm-\-´c kmaq-ln-Im-h-Ø- Isf hni-I-e\w sN¿m-\pÅ k¦-Â¸-t\m-]-I-c-W-§-fpsS km¶n[yw F¶nhsbms¡ Fkv.-sI. -s]m-sä-¡m«n-sâbpw k¡-dn-b-bp-sSbpw bm{X-sb-gp-

¯p-I-fn-te¡v hgnsXfn-¨p-X-cm³ sIÂ¸p-Å-h-bm-Wv. B{^n-¡-bp-sSbpw C´y- bp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI]cn-Wm-a-§-fpsS Ncn-{X-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-−p-thWw bm{X-sb-gp-¯p-I-fnse hmZ-§-fpsSbpw hnh-c-W-§-fpsSbpw Im¼p-w I-g¼pw