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The reported numerical/mathematical models are not suitable for predicting the working fluid transition time and the variation of heat transfer characteristics along the length of the evacuated U-tube solar collector. Furthermore, an experimental setup of an evacuated U-tube solar collector system was designed and fabricated to test the performance of the system.

CONTENTS

107 4.15 Influence of mass flow rate on the pressure drop in the U – tube 108 4.16 Validation of numerical model with the developed empirical correlation for. 152 6.10 Variation of the solution concentration along the height of the packed tower 153 6.11 Influence of Le on the enthalpies of working fluid and specific humidity of.

LIST OF TABLES

144 6.2 Comparison of predicted results with experimental data 144 6.3 Constant operating parameters for dehumidification and regeneration.

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

Desiccant air-conditioning systems

1.5, Liquid desiccant dehumidification system (Jain and Bansal Comparison of solar powered liquid and solid desiccant based ACSs. ​​Characteristics Liquid desiccant ACSs Solid desiccant ACSs Materials Liquid desiccant material Solid desiccant material Regeneration.

Fig. 1.2 illustrates the classification of desiccant materials.
Fig. 1.2 illustrates the classification of desiccant materials.

Motivation of present work

Structure of the thesis

Next, the effect of air supply and desiccant parameters on the efficiency of regenerator input of liquid desiccant is presented. In addition, key findings from the dissipation theory of the entransy liquid desiccant regeneration system are presented in detail.

CHAPTER – 2 STATE OF ART

  • Design of Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification/Regeneration System
    • Low Flow liquid desiccant systems
    • U-shaped spray tower
  • Thermal Models Reported on Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification/Regeneration System
  • Exergy and Entransy Analyses of a Liquid Desiccant Regenerator
  • Application of Solar Energy as Low-Grade Energy
  • Literature closure
    • Liquid desiccant dehumidification/regeneration system
    • Evacuated U – tube solar collector system
    • Objectives of the present work

Experimental Energy Efficiency Experimental investigation was conducted on the performance of the evacuated U-tube solar collector using Al2O3 nanofluid as the working fluid. Perform energy and exergy analyzes of the liquid desiccant dehumidification/regeneration system and the evacuated U-tube solar collector system.

Fig. 2.1, Schematic of evacuated U – tube solar collector a) Cross section and b) Longitudinal section
Fig. 2.1, Schematic of evacuated U – tube solar collector a) Cross section and b) Longitudinal section

CHAPTER – 3

NUMERICAL STUDIES

Liquid desiccant dehumidification/regeneration system

In this study, heat and mass interactions between the air and the desiccant solution of a packed tower are analyzed. The schematic representation for heat and mass transfer processes occurring between the desiccant solution and the ambient air in a counterflow packed tower is shown in Fig. Mass flux along the packed tower for desiccant solution and air is constant (Naik and Muthukumar, 2017) .

Heat and mass balance across the interface for the desiccant solution side is written as, .

Fig. 3.1, Energy and mass balance across a packed tower (a) counter-flow dehumidifier and  (b) counter – flow regenerator
Fig. 3.1, Energy and mass balance across a packed tower (a) counter-flow dehumidifier and (b) counter – flow regenerator

Evacuated U – tube solar collector system

The front, back and bottom of the evacuated U-tube collector are adiabatic (see Figs. 2.1 and 3.8). This occurs due to the difference in working fluid and the inner wall surface of the U-tube from 0 to approximately 1.6 m. Subsequently, the convective heat transfer between the inner wall surface of the U-tube and the working fluid decreases.

This shows that for all U-tube materials investigated, water is a better working fluid than air.

Table 3.4a, Grid size and number of mesh elements for evacuated U–tube models.
Table 3.4a, Grid size and number of mesh elements for evacuated U–tube models.

Summary

It is also observed that with the normalized heat gain [(Tm – Tamb)/ζ], the graphite filler yields and 15.3% higher efficiency than the magnesium oxide filler, the alumina filler and the no filler case ( air-filled space). 3.18, it is concluded that the use of filler material will improve the heat transfer from the inner surface of the glass tube to the U-tube and improve the performance of the evacuated U-tube. In this chapter, experimental studies on fabricated liquid desiccant dehumidification/regeneration system and U-tube evacuated solar collector system are presented.

Experimental studies on liquid desiccant dehumidification/regeneration system .1 Details of experimental setup and test procedure

The total energy exchange between the air and the desiccant solution along the liquid desiccant dehumidification/regeneration system is estimated as. This is due to the fact that with an increase in relative humidity, the vapor pressure in the surrounding air increases. This happens because as relative humidity increases, the vapor pressure difference between the air and the desiccant solution in the dehumidifier increases and decreases in the regenerator.

This happens because as the relative humidity increases, the amount of water vapor in the outside air increases.

Table 4.1, Components, dimensions and specifications of the liquid desiccant  dehumidification/regeneration system
Table 4.1, Components, dimensions and specifications of the liquid desiccant dehumidification/regeneration system

Evacuated U – tube solar collector system

As a consequence, there will be higher convective heat transfer rate between the U-tube and the working fluid. 4.12, Comparison of empirical correlation with experimental data for the transition time of the working fluid (λt) in a U-tube evacuated solar collector. b) Case study. This is due to the reduction of the temperature difference between the surface of the U-tube and the entering working fluid.

The transit time of the working fluid decreases with increasing fluid flow rate, as shown in fig.

Fig. 4.6, Evacuated U – tube solar collector system.
Fig. 4.6, Evacuated U – tube solar collector system.

Summary

CHAPTER – 5

ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSES

Energy and exergy analysis of liquid desiccant regenerator .1 Energy analysis model

The desorption/energy efficiency of the liquid desiccant regenerator is defined as the ratio of energy exchanged between the desiccant solution and the air to the energy input and is given by The experimental data reported by Fumo and Goswami (2002) are chosen for energy and exergy analyzes of the liquid desiccant regenerator. 5.4, ​​Variation of air and solution temperatures and specific humidity along the tower height.

5.6, Influence of air and desiccant parameters on energy efficiency and energetics of liquid regenerator desiccant: (a) Air flow rate, (b) air humidity ratio, (c) Air temperature, (d) desiccant flow rate, (e) concentration desiccant flow rate, and (f) desiccant temperature.

Fig. 5.1, Energy balance along the liquid desiccant regenerator  Differentiating Eq. 5.4;
Fig. 5.1, Energy balance along the liquid desiccant regenerator Differentiating Eq. 5.4;

Energy and exergy analysis of evacuated U – tube solar collector .1 Energy efficiency analysis of an evacuated U – tube solar collector

The correlation for the energy efficiency of the evacuated U-tube solar collector is expressed as. The correlation for the exergy efficiency of the evacuated U-tube solar collector can be expressed as. The statistical indices in Table 5.4 show that the developed correlation is suitable for analyzing the exergy efficiency of the evacuated U-tube solar collector.

5.8, Comparison of empirical correlation with experimental data for exergy efficiency of U-tube evacuated solar collector.

Table 5.3, Coefficients of the energy efficiency correlation.
Table 5.3, Coefficients of the energy efficiency correlation.

Energy and exergy analysis of evacuated U – tube solar collector system

Energy and exergy analyzes have been performed to analyze the performance of the liquid desiccant regeneration system. With the simplified expressions formulated in this work, the energy required for the regeneration of the liquid desiccant and exergy destroyed with respect to the reference state are quantified. Energy exchange and exergy loss along the height of the liquid desiccant regenerator are quantified during coupled heat and mass transfer processes.

The energy and exergy efficiency analyzes were carried out for the individual evacuated U-tube solar collector and for the entire solar collector system.

CHAPTER – 6

Preface

In addition, the Lewis number is formulated in terms of thermal and moisture efficiency, and the influence of the Lewis number on the operation and performance parameters of the packed tower is studied.

Thermodynamic model

The change in humidity ratio along the length of the packed tower is given by (Yimo et al. 2014). Variation of air temperature along the length of the packed tower is given by (Yimo et al. 2014). Since the specific humidity varies in both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the packed tower, the overall change in the specific humidity for the packed tower can be written as.

With the input parameters known, the overall heat and mass transfer coefficients for the packed tower (h & m) can be calculated using Eqs.

Finite difference model

In the present study, the recursive algorithm serves as a tool for solving the governing equations in each grid by iterating over the computational domain. The input parameters chosen for the simulation procedure are the air and desiccant enthalpies (ℎ𝑎𝑖 & ℎ𝑠𝑖), air specific humidity (𝜔𝑎𝑖), desiccant concentration (Xsi), moisture effectiveness (ξm), thermal effectiveness (ξT), mass flux of air and desiccant solution ( Ga & Gs) and the specifications of the packed tower. The obtained exhaust parameters of grille (i, j) are equal to the air inlet parameters of grille (i+1, j) and desiccant inlet parameters of grille (i, j+1), respectively.

The predicted outlet parameters for the packed tower can be taken as the average of their respective values ​​along the outlet of the computational domain, i.e. the average values ​​of desiccant parameters at x = 1 to L & y = H and the average values ​​of air parameters at x = L &.

Fig. 6.2, Heat and mass transfer processes along the packed tower.
Fig. 6.2, Heat and mass transfer processes along the packed tower.

Validation of the developed model

6.5, Contour plots of air and desiccant parameters for the regenerator (a) desiccant concentration (b) air specific humidity, (c) desiccant enthalpy, and (d) air enthalpy. This happens because in the left corner of the regenerator (L = 0 m) the air temperature and humidity are low compared to the right corner (L = 0.4 m). This is because the air at the top of the dehumidifier (H=0) is in contact with the cold and concentrated solution.

So the potential for heat and moisture transfer from the air to the desiccant is high at the top compared to the bottom of the dehumidifier (H = 0.55 m).

Fig. 6.4, Contour plots for air and desiccant parameters of the dehumidifier (a) desiccant  concentration (b) air specific humidity, (c) desiccant enthalpy and (d) air enthalpy
Fig. 6.4, Contour plots for air and desiccant parameters of the dehumidifier (a) desiccant concentration (b) air specific humidity, (c) desiccant enthalpy and (d) air enthalpy

With increase in height, desiccant concentration decreases in the dehumidifier and increases in the regenerator (Fig. For a particular Le (Le =1), with increase in length of the packed tower from 0 to 0.4 m, the enthalpy increases from the air down by 36% in the dehumidifier and increased by 168% in the regenerator This happens because with increase in length, amount of moisture that is desorbed/absorbed from the air/desiccant in the dehumidifier/regenerator increases.

It has been found that Le has a significant effect on the condensation and evaporation of water vapor occurring in the dehumidifier and regenerator, respectively.

Table 6.3, Constant operating parameters for the dehumidification and regeneration  processes
Table 6.3, Constant operating parameters for the dehumidification and regeneration processes

Summary

It should be noted that most of the researchers simulated the performance of the dehumidifier and the regenerator, assuming Le as unity (Le = 1) (Jain et al. First time in this thesis, Le was varied from 0.5 to 1.5 for investigating the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the liquid desiccant dehumidifier and regenerator.

CHAPTER – 7

ENTRANSY ANALYSIS

Entransy analysis model

To estimate the general distribution of entrainment during the associated heat and mass transfer processes between the liquid desiccant and the ambient air, this graph Qen – h is used. For analyzing the temporal distribution of moist air and desiccant solution flowing along the liquid desiccant regenerator, Eq. The overall entrainment distribution during the joint heat and mass transfer processes between the liquid desiccant and the ambient air is defined as (see Fig. 7.1b).

The ratio of the overall inlet distribution to the hot fluid inlet distribution within a system is called the inlet efficiency (Gu and Gan, 2014).

Fig. 7.1, Entransy dissipation process along the liquid desiccant regenerator.
Fig. 7.1, Entransy dissipation process along the liquid desiccant regenerator.

Entransy analysis of the liquid desiccant regenerator

10 and 6 from table – 7.1a are taken as inlet condition – I and inlet condition – II for entransy analysis at the height of the liquid desiccant regenerator. The overall sensible and latent entransy dissipations along the height of the liquid desiccant regenerator for inlet conditions I & II are shown in Fig. 7.2, it is concluded that by increasing the desiccant temperature and decreasing the regenerator specific humidity, entransy dissipation along liquid desiccant regenerator will increase.

7.3 – Influence of air and desiccant parameters on the efficiency of liquid desiccant entering the regenerator: (a) air flow rate, (b) air humidity ratio, (c) air temperature, (d) desiccant flow rate, (e) desiccant concentration agent and (f) the temperature of the desiccant.

Table 7.1a, Entransy analysis of liquid desiccant regenerator (Fumo and Goswami, 2002)
Table 7.1a, Entransy analysis of liquid desiccant regenerator (Fumo and Goswami, 2002)

Summary

Therefore, the sensible and latent heat transfer capabilities between the ambient air and the desiccant solution increase and this results in increased inlet efficiency. As the air humidity ratio decreases and the air and dryer temperatures increase, the entrans efficiency increases (Fig. 7.3a – 7.3c, 7.3f) and Table 7.2). It can be explained by the fact that when the humidity ratio decreases and the air and dryer temperatures increase, the sensible and latent heat dissipation capabilities existing in the regeneration system increase, thus increasing the regenerator input efficiency.

The influence of air and desiccant temperatures, air and desiccant flow rates, humidity conditions and desiccant concentration on the throughput efficiency of the liquid desiccant regenerator is also investigated.

CHAPTER – 8

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

Liquid desiccant dehumidification/regeneration system .1 Numerical studies

Figure

Table 1.3, Characteristics of liquid desiccant materials (Gershon et al. 1981, A. Gasperalla, 2005 & Sanjeev et al
Fig. 1.5, Liquid desiccant dehumidification system (Jain and Bansal, 2007)  1.3 Comparison of solar driven liquid and solid desiccant based ACSs
Fig. 3.1, Energy and mass balance across a packed tower (a) counter-flow dehumidifier and  (b) counter – flow regenerator
Fig. 3.4, Comparison of model predictions with the experimental results reported by  Langroudi et al
+7

References

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