Organizational Level At the organizational level of analysis, organizational behavior includes the study of topics such as organizational culture, organizational structure, cultural diversity, interorganizational cooperation and conflict, change, technology, and external environmental forces. How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge (1981) is an example of organizational behavior conducted at the organizational level of analysis.
MARTIAL STATUS: The scientific studies undercover that married people are more responsible, persistent in nature and undergo less absence and turnover and are more satisfied
The main factors that influence an individual's attitude in both personal and social life are: Meaning: The word personality is derived from the Greek word 'persona', which means 'to speak through'. It is the combination of individual thoughts, characteristics, behaviors, attitudes, ideas and habits.
Introvert Personality
This type tends to live mostly outside the kind of living with others. They enjoy being with people and like to be in the company of large groups.
Ambivert Personality
Ogburn and Nimkoff define it as the totality of an individual's emotions, attitudes, ideas, habits, skills and behaviour.
Agreeable Personality
Conscientious Personality
Cautious Personality
Self-Conscious Personality
Adventurous Personality
Be positive in outlook and attitude 4. More reading and interest building 5. Give respect if you want respect 9. Heredity: Human behavior is partially influenced by heredity. The qualities of the parents are passed on to the children through the molecular structure of genes located in. vi) The parents' level of education and geographical location. c) Social: Socialization is a process by which an infant acquires habitual and acceptable behaviour. Social life has a significant influence on the behavior of the individual. A man is known by the company he keeps. Social groups influence the behavior of individuals. d) Situational: Situational factors also play a very important role in determining a person's personality. Life is a collection of experiences. Some of the events and experiences may serve as important determinants of his personality. TRAITS THEORY: The traditional approach to understanding personality was to identify and describe personality in terms of traits. In other words, it saw personality as revolving around attempts to identify and label permanent characteristics that describe an individual's behavior. Popular characteristics or traits include shyness, aggressiveness, submissiveness, laziness, ambition, loyalty, and timidity. This distinctive feature, when exhibited in a large number of situations, is called a personality trait. The more consistent the characteristic is and the more frequently it occurs in different situations, the more important this characteristic is in describing the individual. FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality has been primarily based on his concept of the unconscious nature of personality. It is based on the notion that man is motivated more by invisible forces than by conscious and rational thoughts. Freud noted that his patient's behavior could not always be explained consciously. It was a clinical finding that led him to conclude that the greatest force that motivates a person is his unconscious frame. This framework includes three conflicting psychoanalytic concepts: Id, ego and super ego. Their brief description is as follows:. i) ID: ID is the basis of the unconscious behavior and is the basis of libido drive. In simple words, the Id is the sources of psychic energy and seeks immediate gratification of biological or instinctual needs. These needs include sexual pleasure and other biological pleasures. The id has animal instincts of aggression, power and dominance. It demands instant gratification, no matter the cost. As an individual matures, he learns to control the id, but even then it remains a driving force throughout life and an important source of thinking and behavior. ii) The EGO: The ego is connected with the realities of life. Like the ID, it is the unconscious part of the human personality. Ego is the conscious and logical part because it is concerned with the realities of the external environment. A person's ego keeps the id in check when it demands instant gratification. With its logic and intellect, the ego controls the Id so that the pleasures unconsciously demanded by humans are granted at an appropriate time and place and in an appropriate manner. iii) Super EGO: Super Ego is the higher level power to limit the Id and is described as a person's consciousness. It is the process of interpreting something that we see or hear in our mind and using it later to judge and make a judgment about a situation, person, group, etc. It is the initial stage where a person collects all the information and receives the information through the sense organs.
Perceptual stability which is the tendency to stabilize perception so that contextual changes do not affect them.
Size : Bigger size attracts the attention of the perceiver
Finally, we have the process of interpretation which means that we form an idea about a specific object depending on the need or interest. Interpretation means that the information we have sensed and organized is finally given meaning by transforming it into something that can be categorized.
Intensity : A loud sound, strong odor or bright light is noticed more as compared to a soft sound, weak odour or dimlight
Novelty and Familiarity : A novel or a familiar external situation can serve as attention getter
This will affect how the culture is in the company, how people see the work situation will change their behavior. Organizational commitment: The extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and its goals and wants to maintain membership in the organization. Attitudes have a cognitive function in the sense that they help to understand things correctly for the sake of rapid adaptation.
A personal value system affects how a leader views other individuals and groups of individuals in the organization.
Terminal Values
An extensive study by noted psychologist Milton Rokeach identifies two basic types of values. The combination of terminal and instrumental values an individual has creates an enduring cluster of values which is his value system. According to this study, our values and value system are thus primarily determinants of who and what we are as individuals.
The ideal aesthetic man values artistic and aesthetic experiences in life, although he may not be creative himself.
Family Factor
Social Factors
Personal Factors
Cultural Factors
Religious Factors
Life Experiences
Role Demands
Halo Effect
For example, if a person is kind, he will also be perceived as good, capable, helpful, cheerful, nice and intelligent and so on. On the other hand, if a person is abrasive, he will also be perceived as bad, terrible, unfriendly, aggressive, harmful and evil. Learning is defined as "a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of previous experience".
Learning is defined as “any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice and experience.”
Classical Conditioning
Ringing by itself, without the presentation of the meat, was not associated with any response. But by ringing the bell at the same time as the meat was presented, Pavlov established a relationship between the two stimuli—the bell and the meat—in the dogs' minds. But when the bell was paired with the meat (an unconditioned stimulus), it eventually produced a response.
After conditioning, the dog began to salivate just by ringing the bell.
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Learning
Cognitive learning is achieved by thinking about the perceived connection between events and individual goals and expectations. Cognitive theory of learning assumes that the organism learns the meaning of various objects and events, and learned responses depend on the meaning assigned to the stimuli.
Social Learning
Individuals will be motivated to perform the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided. Behavior that is positively reinforced receives more attention, is better learned and performed more often. A group can be defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve certain objectives.
Companionship
Identity
Information
Security
Esteem
Sense of Belongingness
Outlet for Frustrations
Perpetuation of Cultural Values
Generation of New Ideas
Self Evaluation
Job Satisfaction
Lightening of Responsibility
Filling the Gaps
Restraining the Authority
Proper and Careful Planning
Standing committee is a permanent committee in an organization to deal with some specific types of problems that may arise more or less on a regular basis. Examples of standing
Equal mindset
Communication
Trust
Motivational elements
Better cooperation
If it is a group of members who share similar interest and attraction compared to each other, then it is quite clear that all the things that can be accomplished with the help of bringing group cohesion can definitely produce better cooperation between team and their members. . Therefore, due to the cohesive behavior of the group, the group can embrace better cooperation with other team members.
Time saving
Improves communication
Low level of productivity
Moreover, it is a fast-moving generation and therefore it is necessary to understand the low level of productivity among the team members.
Lack of creativity
Lack of innovation
Domination
It is somewhat difficult to categorize stressors into objective lists of those that cause eustress and those that cause distress, because different people will have different reactions to specific situations. Be active regularly - being active also helps your body fight stress more easily because it is fit. It is also defined as the ability to influence a group towards the realization of a goal.
It is also important to listen to employees about their complaints and problems.
Setting Goals: A leader is expected to perform creative function of laying out goals and policies to persuade the subordinates to work with zeal and confidence
This synchronization can be achieved through proper and effective coordination, which should be the primary motive of a leader.
Organizing: The second function of a leader is to create and shape the organization on scientific lines by assigning roles appropriate to individual abilities with the view to
Direction and Motivation: It is the primary function of a leader to guide and direct his group and motivate people to do their best in the achievement of desired goals, he
Link between Management and Workers: A leader works as a necessary link between the management and the workers. He interprets the policies and programmes of
Autocratic Leadership
Democratic Leadership
Laissez-faire Leadership
Although politics is generally seen as negative and undesirable, politics can be both sometimes good for the organization. Organizational politics can be a positive practice when the larger interest of the company is affected. Resisting indiscipline: Indiscipline on the part of employees can be resisted with the help of organizational politics.
Influence of employees: In the presence of political influence, employees can be convinced of the organization's plans and goals.
Decrease in overall productivity
Motivating Employees: The presence of organizational politics can motivate employees in the hope that their interest will not be hampered. Increased Productivity: To increase the level of productivity, employees can be involved in organizational politics. Successful Negotiation: Successful negotiation can take place in the presence of organizational politics and democratic system.
Selection of suitable leader: If the organizational policy works well, suitable candidates and leaders can be selected and the organization can work well.
Affects Concentration
Common observation says that people who play politics in the workplace pay less attention to their work. As a result of workplace politics, employees do not reach targets within the set time frame.
Spoils the Ambience
Changes the Attitude of employees
Demotivated employees
Employees feel demotivated when they are not rewarded properly or someone who did not work hard gets the benefits due to mere politics.
Increases Stress
Wrong Information
The potential ability to influence behavior, to change the course of events, to overcome
Influence by individuals may serve personal interests without regard to their
Power is necessary in an organization because it helps managers fulfill their
Office politics creates morality among the employees with the increased delegation of