m-hn-tijw: kn.-hn. {iocmasâ IY-I-fn - University of Calicut

BJym-\-I-e-bpsS LS-\m-hn-tijw:

kn.-hn. {iocm-asâ IY-I-fnÂ

Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnse ae-bm-f-þ-tI-cf]T-\-hn-`m-K-¯n tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntem-k^n _ncp-Z-¯n-\mbn

kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ -{]-_Ôw

jw\ F³.-Fw.

ae-bm-f-þ-tI-cf]T-\-hn-`m-Kw Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-

2019

THE ART OF NARRATION AND IT'S STRUCTURAL FEATURES IN SHORT STORIES OF

C.V. SREERAMAN

Thesis submitted to the

Department of Malayalam and Kerala Studies, University of Calicut for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

SHAMNA N.M.

DEPARTMENT OF MALAYALAM AND KERALA STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

kXy-{]-kvXm-h\

Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntem-k^n _ncp-Z-¯n-

\mbn kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ ‘BJym-\-I-e-bpsS LS-\m-hn-ti-jw- : -kn-.hn. {iocm- asâ IY-I-fnÂ’ F¶ Cu Kth-j-W-{]-_Ôw CXn-\p-ap³]v GsX-¦nepw ]co-£t¡m Atkm-kntb-ävjn-¸nt\m s^tem-jn-¸nt\m atä-sX-¦nepw AwKo-Im-c-¯nt\m th−n Fgp-X-s¸-«-X-söv CXn-\m kXy-ambn t_m[n-¸n-

¡p-¶p.

Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime

Xn¿Xn: jw\ -F³.Fw.

tUm.- sI.-hn. tXmakv

ae-bmf hn`m-Kw

skâv tPmk^vkv tImtfPv tZh-Kncn, tImgn-t¡mSv þ 673 008

km£y-]{Xw

Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e ae-bmfþtI-c-f-]-T-\-hn-`mK¯n ]nF-¨v.Un _ncp-Z-¯n\v kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ ‘BJym-\-I-e-bpsS LS-\m-hn-ti-jw-:- kn-.hn.

{iocm-asâ IY-I-fnÂ’ F¶ Cu -{]-_Ôw jw\ F³.Fw. Fsâ amÀK-

\nÀt±-i-a-\p-k-cn¨v \nÀh-ln¨ Kth-j-W-¯nsâ tcJ-bm-sW¶v CXn-\m km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime

Xn¿Xn: tUm.- sI.-hn. tXmakv

\µn

Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntem-k^n _ncp-Z-¯n-

\mbn X¿m-dm-¡nb Cu {]_-Ô-¯nsâ c-N-\bv¡v Bh-iy-amb amÀ¤-\nÀt±-i-

§Ä \ÂIn-b-Xn-t\m-sSm¸w Kth-jW hgn-I-fn BZy´w kzX-{´-amb At\z-j-W-§Ä¡pw Is−-¯-ep-IÄ¡pw A\p-aXn \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvX Fsâ Kth-j-W-amÀ¤-ZÀinbpw {]nb Kpcp-\m-Y\pamb sI.-hn. tXmakv amjn-\v

\nÊo-a-amb \µnbpw IS¸mSpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ]c-s¶m-gp-In-t]mb Kth-j- Ws¯ IrXy-am-sbmcp Zni-bn-te¡v HXp-¡n¯¶ ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw ap³ta- [mhn DaÀ Xd-ta amjnt\mSpw {]_Ôw ]cn-tim-[n¨v Bh-iy-amb Xncp-¯- ep-IÄ \nÀt±in¨ kn.-sP. tPmÀÖv amjnt\mSpw {]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-§Ä sIm−p apS-§n-t]m-tI-−n-bn-cp¶ Kth-j-Ws¯ ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-hm³ ssI¯m§v \ÂInb hÅ-t¯mÄ amjnt\mSpw Aiz-tLmjv kmdnt\mSpapÅ \µn hm¡p-IÄ¡-Xo-X-am-Wv. Kth-j-W-L-«-¯n Ahiyw th−p¶ \nÀt±-i-§fpw aäp klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-§fpw ]e-t¸m-gmbn \ÂInb Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-em ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw ta[mhn tUm. FÂ. tXma-kp-Ip-«n, tUm. BÀ.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c³, tUm. tkma-\m-Y³ ]n, F¶o A²ym]-IÀ¡pw Kpcp F¶ ]Z-¯n\v kvt\lw, Icp-X F¶o AÀ°§Ä IqsSbps−¶v kz{]-hÀ¯n-bn-eqsS sXfn-bn¨p X¶ tIc-f-kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnse iin-am-jn-

\pw Cu Ah-k-c-¯n Fsâ IS-¸mSv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

Z¯-ti-J-c-W-¯n-\mbn kuI-cy-§Ä sNbvXp-X¶ Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I- em-ime ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw sse{_dn, kn.-F¨v apl-½-ZvtImb sse{_dn, tImgn- t¡mSv sk³{S sse{_-dn, tIcf kÀÆ-I-em-ime ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw sse{_-dn, I®qÀ kÀÆ-I-em-ime ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw sse{_dn F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse Poh-\-

¡mÀ¡pw ka-b-_-Ôn-X-ambn {]_Ôw Un.-Sn.-]n. sNbvXp-X¶ _n\ t^mt«m- Ìm-änse Poh-\-¡mÀ¡pw \µn kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶p.

jw\ F³.-Fw.

DÅ-S¡w

BapJw 1 – 4

A[ymbw 1 BJym-\-Ie : LS-\bpw kn²m-´hpw 5 – 58

1.1 BJym\w 5

1.2 BJym-\-imkv{X¯nsâ {]mKvcq]w 6 1.3 BJym-\-imkv{Xw þ Hcm-apJw 13 1.4 djy³ t^mÀa-en-khpw LS-\m-hm-Zhpw 15

1.5 BJym-\-imkv{Xw 19

1.6 BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ssk²m-´nIm

Nm-cy³amÀ ²⁰

1.7 BJym-\-e-£W-§Ä 28

1.8 BJym-\-I-ebpw LS-\m-hn-ti-jhpw 35

1.9 BJym-\-coXn 39

1.10 BJym-\-X{´w 40

1.11 ]m{X-krjvSn 41

1.12 `mjbpw ssienbpw 44

1.13 ssieohnÚm-\obw 47

1.14 BJym-\-]-T\w þ ]pXnb \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ 51 A[ymbw 2 kn.-hn.-{io-cm-asâ IYm-temIw 59 – 120

2.1 ae-bm-f-sNdpI-Y-bpsS BJym-\-h-gn-IÄ 60 2.2 kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³ þ kam-\-X-I-fn-Ãm¯

ImYnI-{]-Xn` ⁶³

2.3 {]ta-b-ssh-hn[yw 65

2.4 cq]-L-S-\bpw ssieo-hn-ti-jhpw 100

2.5 `mjm-ssh-Nn{Xyw 100

2.6 BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-Xbpw sshcp-²y-§fpw 109

2.7 BJym-\-X{´sshhn[yw 111 2.8 BJym\-¯nsâ kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä 114 2.9 kam-\-{]-ta-b-¯nsâ hyXykvX BJym-\-

km-[yX-IÄ ¹¹⁵

A[ymbw 3 BJym-\-Ie þ khn-tij km[y-X-IÄ 121 – 246

3.1 Ccn-¡-¸nÞw 121

3.2 hmkvXp-lmc 138

3.3 NnZw-_cw 170

3.4 s]m´³amS 188

3.5 -kpJw tamjvSn-¡p-¶-hÀ 209

3.6. -sX-t¡m-t«¡pÅ bm{X-bv¡n-S-bn 225 A[ymbw 4 BJym-\-I-e-bpsS hn`n-¶-ap-J-§Ä 247 – 334

4.1 -aoi 247

4.2 NnÃ-IÄ 259

4.3 h¡o ^okv kzÀ®-ambn 277

4.4 Zpc-hØ ]ns¶bpw h¶-t¸mÄ 285

4.5 tase Xma-kn-¡p-¶-hÀ 309

4.6 -I-ó aq¸³ 316

D]-kw-lmcw 335 – 341

XpSÀ]-T\ km²y-X-IÄ 341 - 342

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä 343 – 355

BapJw

sshhn[y]qÀ®amb a\pjym\p`h§fpsS khntijamb BhnjvImc

¯neqsS aebmf kmlnXy¯n XtâXmb HcnSw t\SnsbSp¯ ImYnI

\mWv, kn.hn. {iocma³. Imev]\nIþbYmXY ]mc¼cyhpw B[p\nI XmhmZhpw ap³t]m«v sh¨ `mhpIXz ]cnkc§sf adnIS¶v aebmf sNdpIY B[p\ntIm¯cXbn F¯n \n¡pt¼mÄ CXnsem¶pw IrXyamb ASbmfs¸Sp¯Â km[yaÃm¯ Fgp¯pImc\mbn kn.hn.

{iocma³ amdn\n¡p¶XmbmWv ImWm\mhpI. {iocmasâ IrXnIÄ Gsdbpw BZna[ym´s¸mcp¯apÅ "IY'bpsS km¶n[ywsIm−pw kt¦X

¯n\v th−nbpÅ kt¦X{]tbmK¯nsâ \ncmkwsIm−pw kaIme cN\Ifn \n¶v thdn«p\n¶ncp¶p F¶Xv sIm−pXs¶ Ahsb B[p\n IXbpsS Imes¯ bYmXY IrXnIÄ F¶ \nebnemWv hmb\¡mcpw

\ncq]Icpw t\m¡n¡−Xv. F¦nepw EPphpw efnXhpw bYmXYhpsa¶v tXm¶n¸n¡p¶ _mlyXe¯n\v A¸pdw Gsd¡psd B[p\nIhpw Nnet¸mÄ B[p\ntIm¯csa¶v t]mepw hyhtÑZn¡mhp¶ Aht_m[

s¯bpw kwLÀjmßIhpw k¦oÀ®hpamb Ht«sd Xe§sfbpw B´cnILS\bn Im¯p kq£n¡p¶hbmWv {]kvXpX IYIsf¶v ImWmw. C¯c¯nepÅ kn.hn. {iocmasâ IYIfpsS BJym\ hniIe\

¯neqsS At±l¯nsâ BJym\IebpsS _mlyhpw B´cnI hpamb khntijXIsf Is−¯m\mWv "BJym\IebpsS LS\mhntijw -þ kn.hn. {iocmasâ IYIfnÂ' F¶ Cu {]_Ô¯neqsS {ian¡p¶Xv.

]T\e£yw

{]tabsshhn[y¯mepw BhnjvIcW¯nse BÀÖh¯mepw {it²bamb Ht«sd IYIÄ cNn¨psIm−v A\phmNI{i² t\SnsbSp¯

Hcp Fgp¯pImc\mWv kn.hn. {iocma³. At±l¯nsâ IYIfpsS BJym\

hniIe\w \S¯n AXneqsS BJym\IebpsS khntijXIsf Is−

¯pI F¶XmWv Cu {]_Ô¯nsâ e£yw.

]T\{]kàn

kn.hn. {iocmasâ IYIsf¡pdn¨v kmam\yamb ]T\§Ä Gsd

\S¶n«p−v. F¶m At±l¯nsâ IYIfpsS BJym\]T\¯neqsS

BJym\IebpsS khntijXIsf \nÀ²mcWw sNbvsXSp¡p¶ Xc¯n epÅ ]T\§Ä H¶pw CXphsc \S¶n«nÃ. At±l¯nsâ IYmtemI

¯nsâ kmam\yhtemI\¯neqsSbpw XncsªSp¯ IYIfpsS BJym\

hniIe\¯neqsSbpw BJym\Iesb Is−¯phm³ {ian¡p¶p F¶Xm Wv Cu {]_Ô¯nsâ {]kàn.

]T\coXn

kn.hn. {iocmasâ IYIsf {][m\ambpw BJym\imkv{X¯nse kn²m´§sf D]bpàam¡ns¡m−mWv A]{KY\w sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv.

ssieohnÚm\¯nse k¦ev]\§sfbpw kmµÀ`nIambn D]tbmK s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.

D]mZm\§Ä

kn.hn. {iocmasâ IYIfn \n¶pw XncsªSp¯ ]{´−v IYIfmb

"Ccn¡¸nÞw', "hmkvXplmc', "aoi', "NnZw_cw', "NnÃIÄ', "s]m´³amS',

"kpJw tamjvSn¡p¶hÀ', "ZpchØ ]ns¶bpw h¶t¸mÄ', "sXt¡mt«¡pÅ bm{Xbv¡nSbnÂ', "h¡o ^okv kzÀ®ambn', "tase Xmakn¡p¶hÀ',

"Ióaq¸³' F¶nhsbbmWv Cu ]T\¯n apJy D]Zm\§fmbn kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. AtXmsSm¸w {iocmasâ CXc IYIfpw teJ\§fpw A`napJ§fpw kmµÀ`nIambn D]bpàam¡nbncn¡p¶p.

]qÀÆ ]T\§Ä

kn.hn. {iocmasâ IYIsf¡pdn¨v Ht«sd \ncq]W]T\§Ä {]kn²o Icn¨ph¶n«p−v. Chbn NneXns\ kamlcn¨psIm−pw {iocmas\

]änbpÅ CXc Fgp¯pImcpsS kvacWIsf DÄs¸Sp¯ns¡m−pw ]n.

keowcmPv FUnäv sNbvXv tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZan ]pd¯nd¡nb NnZw_c§Ä, sI.hn. kpawKe cNn¨v ssIcfn _pIvkv {]kn²oIcn¨ enwK _Ô§fpsS BJym\imkv{Xwþkn.hn. {iocmasâ IYIfn F¶nhbmWv CXphsc ]pd¯ph¶n«pÅ {][m\ ]T\§Ä. hÕe³ hmXptÈcn cNn¨v Unkn _pIvkv {]kn²oIcn¨ IY-bpsS \yq¢nbkv F¶ teJ\

kamlmc¯nse "sNdpIYbpsS CXnlmkw' (hmkvXplmc F¶

IYsb¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\w), C.hn. cmPtKm]m cNn¨v tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v {]kn²oIcn¨ BJym\¯nsâ PohnXw F¶ teJ\

bpsS tIcf Ncn{X¯neqsS F¶ teJ\ kamlmc¯nse "hmkvXplmc þ Øe§fpsS Øew', t_m_n tXmakv FUnäv sNbvXv ssk³_pIvkv ]pd¯nd¡nb ZfnXv ]mXIÄ F¶ teJ\kamlmc¯nse {]Zo]³ ]m¼ncn¡p¶v cNn¨ PmXn Xs¶ {]Xn F¶o teJ\§fn {iocmasâ IYIfpsS BJym\]camb {]tXyIXIsf¡pdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿phm³ {ian

¨n«p−v F¶Xv {it²bamWv. Chbn \n¶pw hyXykvXambn {iocmasâ IYIsf kmam\yambpw Nne IYIsf thÀXncns¨Sp¯v kq£vaambpw hniIe\w sNbvXv At±l¯nsâ BJym\IemkhntijXIsf Is−¯p hm\mWv Cu ]T\¯n {ian¡p¶Xv.

{]_Ô kzcq]w

BapJhpw D]kwlmchpw IqSmsX \mev A[ymb§fmbmWv Cu {]_Ôw {IaoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

H¶mas¯ A[ymbw "BJym\Ie : LS\bpw kn²m´hpw' F¶

XmWv. BJym\w F¶ ]ZwsIm−v Dt±in¡p¶sXs´¶v hyàam¡nb tijw BJym\Iesb AXnsâ khntij LS\tbbpw {]tXyIXIsfbpw ap³\nÀ¯n BJym\imkv{X kn²m´§fpsS klmbt¯msS A]{KYn

¡phm\mWv Cu A[ymb¯n {ian¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ]uckvXyhpw ]mÝmXy hpamb kmlnXyaoamwkIsf DÄs¡mÅp¶ BJym\hnÚm\ob¯nsâ {]mKvcq]s¯¡pdn¨v hyàam¡nbtijw BJym\imkv{Xs¯¡pdn¨pw ssk²m´nImNmcy·mcpsS kw`mh\Isf¡pdn¨pw hniZambn {]Xn]mZn

¡p¶p. CXn sPdmÀUv sP\äv cq]oIcn¨ BJym\ kn²m´§Ä¡pw

\nco£W§Ä¡pw IqSpX {]m[m\yw \ÂInbn«p−v. BJymXmhv, BJym\¯n kzoIcn¡p¶ X{´§fpsS sshhn[yhpw ^e{]m]vXnbpamWv BJym\Iesb \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xv F¶Xn\m BJym\X{´w, BJym\

]T\¯n {KÙImc\pÅ {]m[m\yw F¶nhsb¡pdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿p¶p.

AtXmsSm¸w BJymXmhnsâ `mjmssiensb hniIe\ hnt[bam¡m

\mbn ssieohnÚm\ob k¦ev]§sfbpw ]cmaÀin¡p¶p−v. XpSÀ¶v BJym\]T\¯nse ]pXnb \ne]mSpIsfbpw A\p_Ô]T\taJe Isfbpw Ipdn¨v kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

c−mas¯ A[ymbw "{iocmasâ IYmtemIw' F¶XmWv. Cu A[ymb¯n aebmf sNdpIYbpsS BJym\hgnIsf¡pdn¨v Hcp

kmam\ymhtemI\w \S¯nbtijw kn.hn. {iocma³ F¶ Fgp¯pImcsâ aebmfIYmkmlnXy¯nte¡pÅ IS¶phchns\¡pdn¨pw cN\m\ne]mSp Isf¡pdn¨pw hniZam¡p¶p. XpSÀ¶v {]kvXpX IYIfnse {]tab sshhn[ys¯ IYmImcsâ A\p`htemIhpambn tNÀ¯psh¨v hmbn¡p hm³ {ian¡p¶p. {]tab]cambpw LS\m]cambpw _mlyXe¯n kmPmXy§Ä ImWmsa¦nepw B´cnILS\bn ]ehnXm\§fnembn kq£vahyXnbm\§Ä ]peÀ¯p¶hbmWv {iocmasâ IYIÄ F¶Xp sIm−v sXcsªSp¯ GXm\pw IYIfpsS am{Xw hniIe\w B BJym\IebpsS khntijXIsf ASbmfs¸Sp¯phm³ ]cym]vXamhpI bnà F¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw. AXpsIm−v Xs¶ IYIfnse {]tab sshhn[yw, cq]LS\, ssieohntijw, `mjmsshNn{Xyw, BJym\X{´

sshhn[yw, CXc kz`mh khntijXIÄ F¶nhsb¡pdn¨v kmam\y amsbmcp AhtemI\w \S¯phm\pw Cu A[ymb¯n {ian¨n«p−v.

aq¶mw A[ymbw "BJym\Ie þ khntij km[yXIÄ' F¶XmWv.

Cu A[ymb¯n "Ccn¡¸nÞw', "hmkvXplmc', "NnZw_cw',

"s]m´³amS', "sXt¡mt«¡pÅ bm{Xbv¡nSbnÂ', "kpJw tamjvSn¡p¶hÀ' F¶o IYIsf ho£WØm\w, ØeþIme hn\ymkw, ]m{XmhnjvImcw, khntijamb BJym\X{´w, `mjbpw ssienbpw F¶nhbpsS ASnØm\

¯n hniIe\w sNbvXv {iocmasâ BJym\IebpsS khntijXIsf Is−¯p¶p.

\memw A[ymbw "BJym\IebpsS hn`n¶ apJ§Ä' F¶XmWv. Cu A[ymb¯n "aoi', "NnÃIÄ', "ZpchØ ]ns¶bpw h¶t¸mÄ', "h¡oÂ

^okv kzÀ®ambn', "tase Xmakn¡p¶hÀ', "Ióaq¸³' F¶o IYIsf ho£WØm\w, Øe-þImehn\ymkw, ]m{XmhnjvImcw, khntijamb BJym\X{´w, `mjbpw ssienbpw F¶nhbpsS ASnØm\¯n hniIe\w sNbvXv {iocmasâ BJym\IebpsS KpWhntij§Äs¡m¸w hyXncnàXIsfbpw Is−¯phm³ {ian¡p¶p.

Cu ]T-\-¯n Dcp-¯n-cn-ªp-h-¶n-«pÅ \nK-a-\-§Ä D]-kw-lm-c-

¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

A[ymbw 1

BJym-\-Ie: LS-\bpw kn²m-´hpw

IY-]-d-bm\pw {ihn-¡p-hm-\p-apÅ Xmev]cyw a\p-jy-hw-i-¯nsâ apJ-ap- {Z-bm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\m Ah ]d-bp¶ coXn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Nn´ {]mNo-\-Im-e-¯p-Xs¶ Bcw-`n-¨n-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ BJym-\- s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T\w Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L«¯ntem {]tZ-i-¯ntem am{X- ambn HXp-§p-¶n-Ã. IY-bpsS hmsamgn ]mc-¼-cy-¯n\pw CXn \nÀWm-b-I- amb Øm\-ap-−v. IY-]-d-¨n-ense X{´-§-sf-¸-än-bpÅ At\z-j-W-§fpw cq]m-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]co-£-W-§fpw ]uc-kvXy-þ]m-Ým-Xy-\m-Sp-I-fn \nc-´cw

\S-¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶v Xs¶-bmWv ]pcm-X-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

"BJym\w' F¶ ]Zw sIm−v Dt±-in-¡p-¶-sX-s´¶v hyà-am-¡n-b- tijw BJym-\-I-esb AXnsâ khn-ti-j-L-S-\-tbbpw {]tXy-I-X-I-sfbpw ap³\nÀ¯n BJym-\-im-kv{X kn²m-´-§-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS A]-{K-Yn-¡m-

\mWv BJym-\-I-e-þ-L-S-\bpw kn²m-´hpw F¶ Cu A²ym-b-¯n {ian-

¡p-¶-Xv. AtXm-sSm¸w ssieo-hn-Úm-\obXXz-§-sfbpw {]kvXpX ]T-\]qc- W-¯n-\mbn D]-bp-à-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v.

1.1 BJym\w

kmam-\y-ambn IY ]d-bp-I-sb-¶ {]hr-¯nsb Ipdn-¡m-\mWv BJym\w (narrating) F¶ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nepw IY ]d-¨n-en-eqsS P·-sa-Sp-¡p¶ `mjm-cq-]-t¯bpw BJym\w (narration) F¶p ]d-bmw. "IY-]- d-¨n-se¶' {]hr-¯nsb ap³\nÀ¯n ]{X-hmÀ¯bpw Ncn-{X-{]-Xn-]m-Z-\-hp- sams¡ "BJym\'sa¶ \ne-bn hyh-l-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kao-]-Im-e¯v {]kvXpX ]Z-¯nsâ AÀ°-hym]vXn hfsc hep-Xm-bn-s¡m−n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

F¦nepw "IYm-Jym\'sa¶ ]cn-\n-jvTn-XmÀ°-¯n-emWv BJym-\-sa¶

]Zs¯ Cu {]_-Ô-¯n kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

AXp-t]mse LS\ (structure) F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ BÀ°n-I-]-cn-[n- tbbpw ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-−-Xp-−v. LS-\-sb-¸-än-bpÅ [mcW ]e-t¸mgpw A]qÀ®-am-bn-cn-¡pw. AX-§s\ Ffp-¸-¯n hymJym-\-¯n\v hg-§p¶ H¶-

Ã. `mj-bpsS LS\ F¶p-]-d-ªm `mj kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw a\-Ên-em-¡p- Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v B[m-c-amb hyXy-kvX-`m-jm-X-Xz-§-fpsS B´-cn-I-_-Ô- amsW¶p ]d-bmw. CXv LS-\m-hm-Z-¯n \n¶v kn²n-¡p¶ LS-\m-k-¦-ev]- am-Wv. kzcq-]-¯nsâ ZrjvSn-bn AaqÀ¯ambXpw tNÀ¨-bp-sSbpw sshcp-²y-

¯n-sâbpw [Àas¯ hln-¡p-¶Xpw AÀ°-Øm-]-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-b-Xp-amb _Ô-§-fpsS X{´-s¯-bmWv "LS\'¹ F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-t]mse BJym-\-I-esb cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ hn`n-¶-L-S-I-§-fp-sSbpw _mlyhpw B´-cn- I-hp-amb Xe-§-fp-sSbpw kwtbm-P-\-¯n-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-¶ _Ô-X-{´-§- fpsS aqÀ¯-cq]w F¶ AÀY-¯n-emWv {]_-Ô-¯n "LS\' F¶ ]Zs¯

{]tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

1.2 BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯nsâ {]mKvcq]w

{]mNo-\-Im-ew -sXmt« IY-]-d-¨n a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ `mK-ambn ImWmw. `mj-bn-eqsS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn BÀÖn¨ P\-k-aqlw kz´-am- sbmcp IYm-k-©bw cq]-s¸-Sp¯n Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS ]IÀ¶p-sh¶pthWw Icp-Xm³. hnt\m-tZm-]m-[n-sb¶ \ne-bnepw A\p-`-h-Nn-{XWsa¶ \ne-bnepw hwi-N-cn{X kqNn-I-I-sf¶ \ne-bnepw Ime-L-«-¯n-eqsS ssIam-dn-h-¶ IY- IÄ, `mj-IÄ¡v en]n-cq]w kn²-am-b-tXmsS sNdp-I-Y-sb¶pw t\mh-se-¶p- sams¡ ]e hI-t`-Z-§Ä kzoI-cn¨v iàn-bmÀÖn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. GXp {]mb-¯nepw a\p-jy³ Bkz-Zn-¡p¶ H¶mWv IY. "IY ]d-ªp-Xcq'F¶v ]d-ªp -sIm©p¶ Ipªn a\p-jy-Ip-es¯ sam¯w ZÀin-¡m-\m-hpw. kaq- l-tN-X-\-bn cqV-ambn InS-¡p-¶ IYm-tam-l-amWv AXnsâ hyXy-kvX-amb BJym-\-h-gn-I-fn-te¡v a\p-jysc \bn-¨-Xv. A\p-`-h-§sf Aev]-kzev]w `mh-

\ tNÀ¯v sI«n-sbm-cp-¡n-¸-d-bp-¶-XnÂ\n¶pw km[y-am-Ip-¶ Bß-\nÀhr- Xnbpw AXn\v {ian-¡p¶ A]-c\v e`y-am-Ip¶ B\-µhpw BI-Ww, IYm-Jym-

\-¯n-te¡v P\-k-aq-ls¯ BIÀjn¨Xv. "BJym\w' F¶ ]Zw "-sNm-Ãp-I',

"]d-bpI' F¶o AÀ°-§-fpÅ "Jym' F¶ [mXp-hnÂ\n-¶mWv cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n- bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. IYm-I-Y-\-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Im-e-t¯mfw \o§p-¶- Xmbn ImWmw. thZ-§-fnepw IY-bpsS km¶n[yw Is−-¯m-hp¶XmWv.

EtKzZw H¶mw AjvSIw H¶mw A[ymbw H¶mw aÞew H¶mw A\p- hmIw H¶mw kqàw kvXpXn-bpsS cq]-¯n Aán-bpsS alXzw Bhn-jvI- cn-¡p¶ IY-bp-am-bmWv EtKzZw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-sX¶v A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À {]kvXm-

"Hmw kvXpXn¸q Rm³ bÚ ]ptcm-lnX \mam-án-tZ-hs\

EXzn-¡m-Inb tlmXm-sh, ÊpXcmw cXv\-[m-cnsb kvXpXy-\án ]pcm-WÀjn-amÀ¡pw ]pXn-b-hÀ¡pta;

tZh-hr-µ-s¯-bn-hn-sS-bv¡m-h-ln-¡s« t\À¡-h³.

Aán-sb-s¡m−p t\Sp¶q \mÄtXmdpw s]cp-Ip-¶-Xmbv ]pI-gvNbpw hoc-P-\-¸-c¸pw tNÀ¶Xmw [\w

Atá, bmsXmcp bÚ-¯n\p Npäpw tahp¶p \osf \o XoÀ¨-bmb [zc-aXp sN¶p tNcp¶p tZh-cnÂ!'

AXp-t]mse hwi-]-c-amb sFXn-ly-I-Y-IÄ, arK-I-Y-IÄ, {]iv\-I-Y-IÄ, kmtcm-]-tZ-i-I-Y-IÄ F¶n-§s\ ]e-hn-[-¯n-epapÅ IY-\-am-Xr-I-IÄ thZ-

§-fn ImWp-¶p-−v. "{_mÒ-W-§fn'se KmYm-þ-\m-cm-iwko `mK-§-fn lcnivN-{µ-IY (sF-X-tcb {_mÒ-Ww), BZn-{]-f-b-a-Õy-I-Y, iIp-´-fm-I-Y, P\-tIm-]m-Jym-\w, hn{I-tamÀÆ-io-b-IY (i-X-]-Y-{_m-Ò-Ww) XpS-§nb IY- Isf DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp-¡mw. ({_m-Ò-Ww, Bc-Wy-Iw, D]-\n-j-¯v, CXn-lm- kw, ]pcm-Ww, Iev]w, KmY, \mcm-iwkn F¶n-§s\ F«pcq]-§-sfbpw {_mÒ-W-sa¶v s]mXp-hmbn hnfn-¡p-¶p-−v).

ss__nÄ ]g-b-\n-baw Dev]-¯n-]p-kvX-Ihpw hnip-²-JpÀ-Bsâ BZy- an-d-§nb A[ym-bhpw kam-\-ambn a\p-jy-I-Ysb ]cm-aÀin-¨p-sIm-−mWv Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-sX-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. IYm-I-Y-\-¯nsâ sshhn-[y-¯n Du¶n- s¡m-−mWv BJym-\-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-sX¶v CXv hyà-am-¡p-

¶p. tkma-tZ-hsâ "IYm-k-cnXv kmK-chpw', t]Àjy³ IY-bmb "Bbn-c- s¯m¶p cmhp-Ifpw'(A-en^v sseem hnþ-sse-em) IY-bpsS BZn-am-Xr-I-bmbn

\ne-sIm-Åp-¶-tXm-sSm¸w IYsb (B-Jym-\-s¯)Ipdn-¨pÅ Nne {][m\

hkvXp-X-IÄ ap³t]m-«p-sh-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p−v.

"]´-b-¯n tXmäv kwkvIr-Xhpw {]mIr-Xhpw tZi-`m-j-I-fp-sam¶pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\m-hm-Xmbn Im«n au\-{h-X\mbn X]-Ên apgp-Inb KpWm- Vy³ ss]im-Nn--`m-j-bn Fgp-Xnb _rlXv IY-bnÂ\n¶p XpS-§p-¶p, C´y³ IYm-Jym-\-¯nsâ BZn-ssi-ihw'³

F¶v \ncq-]-I-\mb cmP-ti-J-c³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. ]mÀÆ-Xn-bpsS {]W-b-]q-P-I-fn kw{]o-X-\mb inh³ tZhnbv¡v Hcp IY ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p- Ibpw AXv Hfn-ªp-tI« `rXy-\mb ]pjv]-Z-´³ AXv Xsâ `mcy Pbsb ]dªv tIĸn-¡p-I-bp-ap-−m-bn. Pb AXv ]mÀÆ-Xn-tbmSp ]d-ªp. X§-fpsS

{]W-b-k-am-K-as¯ Hfn-ªp-t\m-¡nb ]pjv]Z´t\bpw kplr-¯mb amey- hm-t\bpw ]mÀÆXn `qan-bn a\p-jy-cmbn ]nd-¡m³ i]n-¡p-Ibpw ]pjv]-Z-

´³ hc-cp-Nn-bmbpw amey-hm³ KpWm-Uy-\mbpw `qan-bn ]nd-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnÔym-h-\-¯nÂsh¨v ]pjv]-Z-´³ im]-{K-kvX-\mb ImW-`q-Xn- sb¶ b£s\ I−p-ap-«p-Ibpw Abm-tfmSv inh-IY ]d-ª-tXmsS ]pjv]-Z-

´\v im]-tam£w In«p-Ibpw ImW`q-Xn-bnÂ\n¶v B IY-IÄ tI« KpWm- Vy³ _rl-XvIY cNn-¡p-Ibpw D−m-bn. AXp tIĸn-¡m³ sN¶ kmX-hm- l-\-cm-Pm-hn-\m Xnc-kvI-cn-¡-s¸« KpWm-Vy³ Xsâ ]pkvXIw Xo¡p-Þ- sam-cp¡n Zln-¸n-¡m-s\m-cp-§sh, am\-km-´cw h¶v HmSn-sb-¯nb cmPmhv Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶ Hcp e£w tÇmI-§-fpÅ Ggmw-`mKw kwc-£n-¡p-Ibpw AXv tkma-tZ-h³ "IYm-k-cnXv kmK-c'-am¡n amän-sb-¶p-amWv sFXn-lyw.

AXp-t]mse "^kmÀ A^vkm\' (B-bncw ]pcm-W-I-Y-IÄ) F¶

t]Àjy³ IrXn-bnÂ\n¶v A\-h[n IY-IÄ H¶p-tNÀ¶v cq]-sa-Sp¯ "Bbn-c- s¯m-¶p-cm-hp-IÄ,' C´ybv¡pw ssN\bv¡pw CS-bn-epÅ Hcp {]tZ-is¯

cmPm-hmb jml-cymÀ BZy-`m-cy-bpsS h©-\sb XpSÀ¶v I\y-I-amsc hnhm- lw-sNbvXv ]ntä¶v Ahsc h[n-¡m-\m-cw-`n-¨-t¸mÄ a{´n-]p-{Xn-bmb jlvd- kmZv cmP-]-Xv\o-]Zw Gsä-Sp-¯v cmPm-hn DXvIWvT P\n-¸n-¡pwhn[w ]d- ªp-t]mb IY-IfpsS kam-lm-c-amWv F¶p-Im-Wmw. cm{Xn-bn Bcw-`n-¡p¶

IY-]-d-¨n ]pe-cn-¡p-apt¼ DtZz-K-P-\-I-amb Hcp _nµp-hn \nÀ¯n-sh-bv¡p- Ibpw ASp-¯-Zn-hkw cm{Xn XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvX jlvd-km-Zv, IYm-´y-¯nsâ

\o«n-h-bv¡-epI-fn-eqsS Xtâbpw cmPys¯ At\Iw I\y-I-am-cp-tSbpw PohnXw c£n-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. hmb-\-¡m-cn BImw£ P\n-¸n-¨p- sIm−v kmcmw-i-{K-l-W-¯n\v hnLv\w-h-cp¯n \S-¯p¶ \o«n-sh-¸p-I-fmWv IY-bpsS aÀ½w F¶ hkvXp-Xsb ASn-h-c-bn«p {]Jym-]n¨ "Bbn-c-s¯m-¶p- cm-hp-IÄ' BJym-\-¯nsâ A\-h[n LS-I-§sf shfn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ ]cym-]vX- am-sbmcp IYm-k-ap-¨-b-am-bn-cp-¶p. C¯-c-¯n hmsam-gn-bn-eqsS [mcmfw IY- IÄ {]N-cn-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS ssIamäw sNbvXp-h¶ hnÚm-\- t{i-Wn-I-fn IYbpw AXnsâ Bhn-jvIm-c-km-[y-X-Ifpw D−m-bn-cp-¶p.

_p²-a-X-ZÀi-\-§sf B[m-c-am¡n ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-IÄ IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn hcp¶ ]©-X{´w IY-Isf t]mep-Åh IY-bpsS Iq«n-t¨À¡-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw (s{^-bnw-tÌm-dn) kzbw kqNn-X-Xz-¯n-tâbpw ]c-kv]c _Ôn-Xm-h-Ø-bpsS ZmÀVy-¯n-sâbpw sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ BJym-\-L-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw amXr-I-Isf

ImâÀs_-dn IY-IÄ, sU¡m-a-d¬ IY-IÄ XpS-§n-bh sshNn-{Xy-]qÀ®-amb IY-\-co-Xn-Isf ]n´p-SÀ¶v BJym-\s¯ ]pjvSn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. -`m-c-Xo-tb- Xn-lm-k-§-fmb cmam-b-Whpw alm-`m-c-X-hpw {ZmhnU kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS CuSp- sh¸p-I-fmbn. kwL-Im-e-km-ln-Xy-¯nse AIw Ihn-X-I-fpw ]pdw Ihn-X- Ifpsams¡ Cu t{iWn-bnse aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmbn thWw IW-¡m-

¡m³.

At\Iw kw`-h-§Ä tNÀ¯p-sh-¨m AXv Hcm-Jym-\-am-hp-I-bn-Ã.

kw`-h-§sf Ah-bpsS Ime-{I-a-¯n DNn-X-am-b- X-c-¯n hn\y-kn-¡p-t¼m- gmWv AXv Hcp BJym-\-ambn¯ocp-¶-Xv.

"Ime-\n-_-Ô-ambn tImÀ¯n-W-¡-s¸-Sp¶ bYmÀYtam Iev]n-Xtam Bb kw`-h-§-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[m-\-amWv BJym\w'⁴

F¶v BJym-\-im-kv{X-Ú-\mb sPdmÄUv {]n³kv ]d-bp-¶p. CXp- t]mse kw`h-§-fpsS bYm-{I-a-apÅ hnX-c-W-co-Xn-bmbpw BJysb BJym-\- t¯mSv _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ {Inb-bmbpw kw`-h-§fpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpw {Inbbpw AS-§p¶ ]Zy-¯ntem KZy-¯ntem DÅ hnh-c-W-ambpw BZn-a-[ym-´-cq-]-§- tfmSv IqSnb Pohn-X-¯nsâ {]hmlw Xs¶-bmbpw BJym-\s¯ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡- s¸-«n-«p−v. Hcp kw`-h-¯n-sâtbm kw`-h-irw-J-e-bp-sStbm hmNn-Itam Fgp-X- s¸-«tXm Bb hyh-lm-c-am-bmWv sPdmÄUv sP\äv⁴ BJym-\s¯ ImWp-¶- sX-¦n ]d-b-s¸-«tXm enJn-X-am-btXm Bb ]mT-sa¶ hyh-lm-c-¯nsâ hàmthm Fgp-¯p-Im-ct\m Bb hyàn-bpsS krjvSn-{]-{In-b-bmbmWv dn½Â tIm\¬⁵ AXns\ ImWp-¶-Xv. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ ]mTs¯ Bkv]-Z- am¡n BJym-Xmhv \S-¯p¶ `mjm-]-c-amb Hcp {]Xn-`m-ktam `mj-W-{In- btbm Bbpw BJym\w \nÀh-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v.<sup>6</sup> {InbI-fp-sSbpw kw`-h-§-fp- sSbpw {Iao-Ir-X-cq-]-amWv IY-sb-¦n IY-bpsS IY\w AYhm BJym\w Hcp hyh-lm-c-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv "IYm-I-Y\w' kw`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ am{X-am-sW¶

tPm\m-Y³ IpÅdpsS⁷ {]kvXm-h-\bpw ChnsS {]k-à-am-Wv. Ch-bnÂ, "{Iao- Ir-Xhpw ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-X-hp-am-bn-«pÅ kw`-h-§-fpsS tKmN-c-amb t{iWn' F¶ "sdmfm-Mv_À¯n'sâ \nÀh-N\w<sup>8</sup> khn-tij {i² AÀln-¡p-¶p. kw`-h-

§-fp-sSbpw Ahbv¡v Bkv]-Z-am-bn-«pÅ {Inb-I-fp-sSbpw {Iao-Ir-X-cq-]-amWv

"BJym\w' F¶p-h-cp-¶p. AXn-\m kw`-h-§sfbpw kµÀ`-§-sfbpw kml- N-cy-§-sf-bpw Ah-bpsS Imcy-Im-c-W-_-Ô-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n Øew, Imew, IYm-]m-{X-§Ä, `mj XpS-§nb BJym-\mw-i-§-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS

BIÀj-I-amw-hn[w Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\pÅ Hsc-gp-¯p-Im-csâ Ign-hmWv BJym-

\s¯ khn-ti-j-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶Xv F¶p-]-d-bmw.

BJym-\s¯ A]-{K-Yn-¡m-\pÅ [mcmfw {ia-§Ä ]mÝm-Xy-ambpw ]uc-kvXy-ambpw \S-¶n-«p-−v. AXnsâ ]cn-W-X-^-e-am-bn-«mWv BJym-\- imkv{Xw (narratology) DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. "BJym\'s¯ hf-c-tbsd IrXy-X- tbm-Sp-IqSn \nÀh-Nn-¡m\pw AXn DÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p¶ LS-I-§sf thÀXn- cn¨v hni-I-e\w sN¿m\pw BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n\v Ign-ªp. AXp-sIm-−p- Xs¶ {]kvXp-X-imkv{X taJe cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\p ap³]v AXnsâ \nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-b-I-ambn¯oÀ¶ kml-N-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw kn²m-´-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Adn-tb-−-Xp-−v.

{Ko¡v Nn´-I-\mb t¹täm "Z dn¸-»nIv' F¶ {KÙ-¯n BJym-\- s¯-¡p-dn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. "X\n BJym-\-I-hpw', "cwKm-\p-I-c-Whpw' F¶ \ne-bn t¹täm IY-]-d-¨n-ens\ c−mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p. X\n BJym-

\-I-¯n Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ kzbw BJym-Xm-hm-sW-¦n atä-Xn Abm-fpsS kw`m-j-Ws¯ thsdmcp hyàn-bp-tS-Xp-t]mse Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AXp- t]mse t¹täm-bpsS injy\pw XXz-Nn-´-I-\p-amb Acn-tÌm-«n "Z s]mb- änIvkv' F¶ IrXn-bn aq¶p-X-e-¯n \n¶p-sIm-−pÅ A\p-I-c-W-s¯-¡p- dn¨v ]d-bp-¶p-−v. Nn{X-sa-gp-¯v, `mj CXymZn am[y-a-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ A\p-I-c- Ww, a\p-jy\v A\p-I-cWw km[y-am-¡p¶ hkvXp, kw`-htam {Inbtbm A\p-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-§s\ F¶v kv]jvS-am-¡p¶ A\p-I-c-W-amÀ¤w XpS-

§n-b-h-bm-W-h. CXn-eqsS Acn-tÌm-«n BJym-\-¯nsâ c−p {][m\ k¦- ev]-§sf At_m-[m-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Ata-cn-¡³ ssk²m-´n-I-\mb tUhnUv t{_msUz Is−-¯p-¶p-−v.⁹ IYm-Im-c³ {]Xy-

£-¯n kwkm-cn-¡p¶ hn[hpw IYm-]m-{X-§Ä kzbw IY\w \S-¯p¶

hn[-hp-am-Wn-Xv. BJym-\-¯n hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bpsS hnX-c-W-co-Xn-bpsS {]map- Jys¯ Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ A\p-I-c-W-kn-²m´w tZymXn-¸n-¡p-¶p-s−-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse Zpc-´-\m-SI NÀ¨-bnepw Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ BJym-

\-]-cm-aÀiw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-−v.

"Kuc-h-]qÀ®hpw kzbw ]qÀ¯o-I-cWw t\Sn-bXpw \nÝnX ssZÀLy- ap-Å-Xp-amb Hcp {Inb-bpsS A\p-I-c-W-amWv Zpc-´-\m-SIw; \mS-I-¯nsâ FÃm `mK-§fpw hyXy-kvX-X-c-¯n khn-ti-j-amb Ae-¦m-c-§-fm Na-XvI-

Ww, BJym-\-cq-]-¯n-em-I-cp-Xv. Icp-W-¯n-eq-sSbpw `b-¯n-eq-sSbpw C¯-c-

¯n-epÅ hnIm-c-§-fpsS IYmÀknkv km[y-am-¡-Ww'¹⁰

\mS-Im-hn-jvImcw "BJym-\-cq-]-¯n-em-I-cpXv' F¶ Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ Blzm\w F´mWv "BJym\w' AYhm "BJym-\-cq]w' F¶ tNmZy-¯n- te¡v hgn-sX-fn-bn-¡p-¶p. Zpc-´-\m-S-I-§-fnse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« LS-I-

§Ä, CXn-hr¯w (plot), IYm-]m{Xw (character), Imhym-ß-I-amb kw`m- jWw (diction), Nn´bpw hnNm-chpw(thought), t{]£-IÀ (spectacle), Km\w (song) XpS§n Bsd-®-am-sW¶v Is−-¯nb Acn-tÌm-«n Ahsb kkq£vaw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p. Ch-bn ]eXpw "BJym-\-¯nepw' {]k- à-am-Wv. \mSIw kw`-h-§-fpsS t\cn-«pÅ Ah-X-c-W-am-sW-¦n IYbv¡pw hmb-\-¡m-c-\p-an-S-bn "Hcm-Jym-Xm-hnsâ' Øm\w kZm-k-¶n-ln-X-am-Wv.

{]kvXpX hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \ncq-]-I-\mb tkma-\m-Ysâ A`n-{]mbw ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

IYbv¡pw hmb-\-¡m-c\pw CS-bn Ihn-sb¶ Hcm-sf-¦nepw AhnsS kZm k¶n-ln-X-\m-bp-−v AYhm BJym-\-ap−.v A¯-c-samcp a[y-Ø-\n-Ãm-¯-Xp- sIm−v \mSIw Pohn-XamsW¶v sXän-²-cn-¨p-t]m-I-cp-Xv. bYmÀY Pohn-X-aà Pohn-X-¯nsâ ]p\-c-h-X-c-W-amWv F¶v At±lw FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶Xv shdp- sX-b-Ã. Pohn-X-I-Ym-hn-jvIm-c-§-fmb \mS-I-s¯bpw Imhym-Zn-I-fmb aäm-hn- jvIm-c-§-sfbpw thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv BJym-\-sa¶ a[y-Ø-X-bpsS km¶n- [ytam A`m-htam BsW¶v Acn-tÌm-«n-ensâ Ime-¯p-Xs¶ t_m[y-s¸-«n- cp¶p F¶-Xm-Wv ChnsS {]k-à-amb Imcyw. At±lw hnh-cn¨ CXn-hr-¯- sa¶ k¦-ev]\w BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-k-¦Â¸-\-§Ä¡p- IqSn CW-§p-¶-XmWv F¶v B aÞ-e-¯n-ep-−mb ]n¡m-e-NÀ¨-IÄ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.⁸

]uc-kvXy-Im-hy-im-kv{X-¯nepw BJym-\-t¯mSv _Ô-s¸« NÀ¨-IÄ D−m-bn-«p-−v. [z\ym-tem-I-¯nsâ aq¶mw DtZym-X-¯n B\-µ-hÀ²-\³

"hàm-`n-{]m-bky hywKy-tXz\/A`yq-l-K-amXv XXv {]Im-ti\

i_vZm\mw enwKXz tathXn/XtZ-XXv'

(h-àm-hnsâ hnh-£nXw hywK-amÀ¤-ambn [cn-¡-bm AXv shfn-hm-Ip-¶Xv enwKXzw sIm−p-X-s¶-bm-Wv)⁹ F¶p XpS-§p¶ tÇmI-¯n-eqsS A\p-ta-bw, {]Xn-]mZyw F¶o i_vZ-hn-j-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-Ibpw hàm-hnsâ km¶n-

[y-¯nse ØnXn-hn-ti-j-§sf AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p AXp t]mse t£ta-{µsâ "HuNn-Xy-hn-Nmc NÀ¨-'bnse tZi-Im-eu-NnXy \nÀt±-i-

§fpw BJym-\-¯n {]k-à-am-Wv. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS thjhpw `mj-W-co- Xnbpw BNm-tcm-]-Nm-c-§-fp-saÃmw tZi-¯n\pw (Ø-e-¯n\pw) Ime-¯n\pw A\p-tbm-Py-am-hp-t¼m-gmWv Hcp IY-bpsS BJym\w ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv.

ZÞn-bpsS KpW-coXn hnth-N-\s¯ ASn-Øm-\-ambn \nÀ½n¨ hma-\sâ

"coXn-kn-²m´'hpw ]Xn-s\m¶mw iX-I-¯n Ip´-I³ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨

"ht{Imàn kn²m-´-'hp-saÃmw B[p-\n-I-ssieohnÚm-\-¯n-tâbpw LS-\m- hm-Z-¯n-tâbpw kn²m-´-§-fpsS k¯sb ap³Iq«n DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-hbpw AXn-\m¯s¶ {]kvXpX kn²m-´-§-fp-ambn At`-Zy-amb Xc-¯n _Ô- s¸-«p-In-S-¡p¶ BJym-\-]-T-\-¯nsâ {]mKvcq]-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-h-bp-am-Wv.

Imhys¯ {][m-\-ambpw Zriy-Im-hyw, {ihy-Imhyw F¶o c−p hn`m-K-

§-fm-bm-Wv, `mc-Xo-b-Im-hym-e-¦m-cn-I-·mÀ Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. I−p-c-kn-t¡-−- Xmb cq]-I-§fpw D]-cq-]-I-§fpw Zriy-Im-hy-§-fmbpw tI«v ckn-t¡-−-Xmb alm-Im-hym-Zn-Isf {ihy-Im-hy-§-fm-bp-amWv hn`-Pn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ChnsS Acn- tÌm-«n-ensâ BJym-\m-ß-I-a-Ãm-¯Xpw BJym-\m-ß-I-ambpw F¶ Xc-¯n- epÅ hn`-P-\-¯nsâ Omb ImWmw. `mc-Xo-bm-e-¦m-cn-IÀ CXn-hr-¯-¯n\v kÀtÆm-¶-X -{]m-[m\yw \ÂIn-bn-sÃ-¦nepw ]©-k-Ôn-bm ka-\zbw t\Sp-

¶-Xm-IWw \mS-tI-Xn-hr¯w F¶ ]uckvXy aXw BJym-\-]-T-\-¯nepw {]k-à-amWv F¶p hcp-¶p. apJw, {]Xn-ap-Jw, KÀ`w, hnaÀiw, \nÀÆ-lWw F¶o ]©-k-Ôn-I-fpsS coXn-bn t\mh-ensâ CXn-hr-¯s¯ Bap-Jw, DtZz- Kw, {]Xo-£, hntam-N-\w, \nÀh-lWw F¶n-§s\ Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ hn`-Pn-¨n-cn-

¡p-¶Xv ImWmw.

"t\mh-epw \mS-Ihpw X½n-epÅ {][m\ kmayw IYm-L-S-\-bn-em-b-Xn-\mÂ

\mS-I-¯n-epÅ ]©-k-Ôn-IÄt]mse¯s¶ t\mh-enepw A©p Ah-b-h-

§Ä \ap¡v thÀXn-cn¡mw'¹⁰

F¶-XmWv At±-l-¯nsâ \ne-]m-Sv.

Hcp IY-bv¡p-Ånse kw`-h-§sf ]c-kv]cw LSn-¸n¨v IYsb IY- bm¡n¯oÀ¡p-¶-XmWv kÔn. \mS-I-¯nsâ Bcw-`-amWv apJ-k-Ôn. kw`-h-

§-fpsS XpS¡w Chn-sS-bm-Wv. ctkm-ev]m-Z-\hpw CXn-emWv Bcw-`n-¡p-I.

¡p¶ Imcyw hfÀ¨ {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw F¶m KÀ`-k-Ôn-bn Chsb A{]- Xy-£o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hnaÀi-\-k-Ôn-bn-em-I-s«, ^e-kn-²n-bn hnLv\-§Ä h¶p-tNÀ¶v IYm´yw \o«n-sh-bv¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw HSp-hn \nÀÆ-l- W-k-Ôn-bn Chbv¡v kwtbm-P\w kw`-hn¨v ^e-{]m]vXn-bn-se-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hcp \mS-I-¯nse IYm-hkvXp ^e-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-¯m³ A©p AÀY-{]-Ir-Xn-Ifpw (_o-Pw, _nµp, ]Xm-I, {]I-cn, Imcyw XpS-§n-b-h) Imcy-

¯n-se-¯m³ A©-h-Ø-Ifpw (Bcw-`w, bXv\w, {]m]vXym-i, \nb-Xm-]vXn,

^emKaw) D−m-bn-cn-¡pw. _oPhpw Bcw-`hpw btYm-NnXw tNÀ¶-XmWv

"apJ-kÔn'. _nµphpw bXv\hpw tNcp-t¼mÄ "{]Xn-apJ'ambn. ]Xm-Ibpw {]m]vXym-ibpw tNÀ¶v "KÀ`'hpw {]I-cn, \nb-Xm]vXn F¶nh tNÀ¶v

"hnaÀi'hpw D−m-Ip-¶p. Imcyhpw ^em-K-ahpw IqSn-t¨-cp-t¼mÄ \nÀÆ-l-W (D-]-kw-hr-Xn)hpw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p.^-11

t`mPsâ "irwKm-c-{]-Imi'¯n hnhn-[-Xcw BJym-\-am-Xr-I-I-sf-¡p- dn¨v ]d-bp-¶-Xmbpw AXn cmPm-¡-·m-cp-sSbpw aäp {]Jym-X-hy-àn-I-fp- tSbpw IY ]d-bp-¶-Xn\v sshZn-I-Imew apX BJym\-sa¶v ]d-ªp-h-¶n-cp-

¶-Xmbpw"BJym\w' ]Zy-sa¶ AÀY-¯nepw "BJym-bnI' KZy-sa¶ AÀY-

¯n-epamWv hyh-l-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-sX-¶p-apÅ kqN-\-I-fp-Å-Xmbn A¿-¸-¸-Wn-

¡À Nq−n¡mWn¨n-«p-ÅXv ChnsS {]k-à-am-Wv.¹² ]uc-kvXym-e-¦m-cn- I·mcn "BJym\'s¯¡p-dn¨v Nne Bi-b-¡p-g-¸-§Ä \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶p F¶ hkvXp-X-bmWv ChnsS shfn-hm-Ip-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm−v Xs¶-bm-h-Ww, BJym-\-t`-Z-§-fp-tSbpw LS-\-bp-tSbpw kq£vamw-i-¯n-epÅ ]T-\-¯n-te¡v ]uc-kvXycpsS {i² Xncn-bm-Xn-cp-¶Xpw Imhym-Zn-I-fpsS taJ-e-bn \S¶-Xp- t]m-se-bpÅ A]-{K-Y-\m-ß-I-am-sbmcp kao-]\w "BJym\'cwK¯v e`y-am- ImsX t]mb-Xpw.

1.3 BJym-\-im-kv{Xw-þ-H-cm-apJw

B-Jym-\-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-sfbpw BJym-\-L-S-I-§-fpsS khn-ti- j-amb hn\ym-k-co-Xn-I-sfbpw Agn-s¨-Sp¯v ]cn-tim-[n¨v B-Jym-\-X-{´-sa- s´¶v Is−-¯p¶ ]T-\-ta-J-e-sb-bmWv BJym-\-imkv{Xw F¶p-]-d-bp-¶- Xv. NnÓ-im-kv{Xw, `mjm-im-kv{Xw, djy³ t^mÀa-en-kw, LS-\m-hmZw F¶n-h- bpsS ssk²m-´n-I-X-e-t¯mSv _Ô-s¸-«p-sIm-−mWv BJym-\-imkv{Xw cq]- saSp-¯n--cn-¡p-¶-Xv. FÃm-hn-[-¯n-epÅ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-§fpw NnÓ-§-fmWv F¶-Xp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ {][m\ Bi-b-hn-\n-tam-]m-[n-bmb `mj-tbbpw Hcp

NnÓ-hy-h-Ø-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡mw. hmNn-Ihpw hmNn-tI-X-c-hp-amb NnÓ-hy-h- lm-c-§sf hni-I-e\w-sN-¿p¶ NnÓ-im-kv{X-¯nsâ Hcp D]-K-W-am-bn«mWv s^ÀUn-\âvþUn. skmÊyq-À `mjm-im-kv{Xs¯ I−n-cp-¶-Xv. kqN-\-I-fn-te¡v

\bn-¡m³ {]m]vXhpw aqÀ¯-hp-amb GsXmcp AS-bm-f-s¯bpw NnÓ-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-hp-¶-Xn-\m FÃm hnÚm-\-im-J-I-fp-sSbpw {]mY-an-I-amb hni- I-e\w NnÓ-§-fn A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. At\Iw NnÓ-hy-h-Ø-I-fp-Å-Xn kmÀÆ-eu-In-I-X-sIm−pw kwL-S-\m-ssh-`hwsIm−pw k¦oÀ®-kz-`mhw sIm−pw ap³\n-c-bn \n¡p-¶Xv `mj-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-−p-X-s¶-bmWv NnÓ-hn-Úm-\-]-c-amb {]iv\-§sf \nÀ²m-cWw sN¿m-\mbn skmÊyqÀ

`mjsb ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-b-Xv.

`mjm-Nn-Ó-§sf hni-I-e\w sN¿m\mWv skmÊyqÀ NnÓ-hn-Úm-\- sa¶ k¦-ev]-\s¯ ap³t]m«p hbv¡p-¶-Xv. kqNIw (signifier), kqNnXw (signified) F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ c−p LS-I-§-fpsS ka-\z-b-amWv NnÓ-§Ä F¶v At±lw Is−-¯n. C{µn-bm-\p-`q-Xn-bp-−m-¡p¶ i_vZ-_nw-_-am-Wv, kqN-Iw; kqNnXw, Ah-bnÂ\n¶v e`y-am-Ip¶ Bi-b-_nw-_-hpw. i_vZm-\p-Ir- X-]-Z-§sf Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw kqN-I-þ-kq-NnX _Ôw tkzÑm-]-c-am- sW-¶mWv skmÊyq-dnsâ ImgvN-¸mSv. Hcp `mj-W-k-aq-l-¯n \ne-

\n¡p¶ [mc-W-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv kqN-Ihpw kqNn-Xhpw X½n- epÅ BÀ°n-I-_Ôw \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. NnÓw, `mjm-hy-h-Ø-bpsS `mK- ambn \n¶p-sIm−v aqeyw ssIh-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ahbv¡v aäv Awi-§-fpambpÅ _Ôw ap³\nÀ¯n \nÀÆ-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bp-amWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Hcp NnÓw `mjm- hy-h-Ø-bn {]hÀ¯-\-£-a-am-hp-¶Xv aäp NnÓ-§-tfmSv {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶

hymhÀ¯-\-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-sW¶v skmÊyqÀ hne-bn-cp-¯n.

kqNIw/ kqNnXw F¶ k¦-ev]-\-t¯m-sSm¸w GI-Imew/_lp-Im- enIw (synchronic/ diachronic), `mj/ `mjWw (langue/Parole), ew_-Xew/

Xnc-Ýo-\-Xew (paradigmatic/ syntagmatic) F¶o \ne-I-fnepw At±lw

`mjsb A]-{K-Yn-¡p-hm³ {ian-¨n-«p-−v. Ch-bn Ncn-{Xm-[n-jvTn-X-amb _lp- Im-enI ]T-\-co-Xn-tb-¡mÄ GI-Im-en-I-amb (Hcp `mj-bpsS Hcp \nÝn-X-Im-e-

¯n-epÅ LS-\m-kz-`m-h-§sf hni-I-e-\-h-t[-b-am-¡p-¶p) ]T-\-ta-J-e-bn- te¡v `mjm-imkv{Xw {i²-bq-t¶-−p-¶-Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨mWv

NnÓ-¯nsâ aqeys¯ \nÀ®bn-¡m³ AXv ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-X-ambn {]hÀ¯-\-£-a-am-Ip¶ LS-\sb ]T-\-h-kvXp-hmbn kzoI-cn-¡Ww F¶ ]cn- I-ev]-\-bmWv skmÊyq-dn-b LS-\m-hm-Z-¯n-te-¡pÅ {]mcw-`-Iw.

"NnÓw LS-I-§-fpsS ka-hm-b-am-sW¶pw AXv \nÀÆ-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv NnÓ-§Ä X½n-epÅ _Ô-§sf ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bm-sW-¶p-apÅ ho£- W-amWv LS-\m-hmZw kmam-\y-ambn {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv'

F¶v kn.-sP.-tPmÀÖv NnÓ-im-kv{Xhpw LS-\m-hm-Zhpw X½n-epÅ At`-Zy-_-Ôs¯¸än hni-Zo-I-cn-¨p-sIm−v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v.¹³

1.4 djy³t^mÀa-en-khpw LS-\m-hm-Zhpw

LS-\m-hm-Z-¯n-sâbpw BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n-sâbpw ssk²m-´n-Im-Sn-

¯d cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn djy³ t^mÀa-en-k-¯n\v kp{]-[m-\-amb ]¦m-Wp- Å-Xv. 1910-þ\pw 1930-þ\pw CS-bn-em-Wv, djy³ t^mÀa-en-k-sa¶ hni-I-e-\-]-

²Xn {]Nmcw t\Sp-¶-Xv. djy³ `mjmimkv{XÚ\mb ^nen¸v s^U-tdm- hn¨v (Fortunatov, Filipp Fedorovich) Øm]n¨v tdma³ bmt¡m_vk¶nsâ (Russian-American Linquist) t]mepÅ ssk²m-´n-IÀ DÄs¸« tamkvtIm- enw-Kzn-ÌnIv kÀ¡nfpw (1915) FbvJÂ_mw, hnIvSÀ jvt¢mhvkvIn, bqdnSnt\ym- t\mhv XpS-§nb kmln-Xy-Nn-´-I-·m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n DS-se-Sp¯

"]otägvkv _ÀKnÂ' Imhy-`m-jm-]-T-\-¯n-\m-bpÅ skmsskän AYhm Ht]- Pkpw (OPAJAS-1916) ap³t]m«psh¨ Bi-b-§Ä H¶p-tNÀ¶mWv "djy³ t^mÀa-enkw' F¶v hyh-l-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. kmln-Xys¯ AXnsâ kmaq- lnI ]cn-k-c-¯nÂ\n¶pw Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ ZmÀi-\n-I-`m-c-§-fnÂ\n¶pw tamNn-¸n¨v cq]-]-c-ambn A]-{K-Yn-¡m-\mWv t^mÀa-en-Ìp-IÄ {ian-¨-Xv. kmln- Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS DÅn-te¡v {i² tI{µo-I-cn-¨p-sIm−v AXnsâ cq]-L-S-\sb km[y-am-¡nb D]m-[n-Isf hni-I-e\w sN¿m-\mWv AhÀ {ian-¨-Xv.Cu cwK¯v hvfmZn-anÀ t{]m¸pw hnIvSÀ jvt¢mhvkvInbpw sdmfm-Mv_mÀ¯pw

\ÂInb hne-s¸« kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n\v ssk²m-´n-I- amb ASn-¯d \nÀ½n-¨-Xv. \qdv djy³ \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y-Isf hni-I-e-\w-sNbvXv t{]m¸v \S-¯nb DZy-as¯ BJym-\-]-T-\-¯nsâ BZn-am-Xr-I-bm-bmWv Icp-Xp-

¶-Xv ; djy³ t^mÀa-en-k-¯nsâ Gähpw henb kw`m-h-\-bm-bpw.

1917-þ Fgp-Xnb "BÀSv Bkv F sSIv\nIv'F¶ {]_-Ô-cq-]-¯n-eq-sS- bmWv Xsâ cq]m-[n-jvTn-X-amb kmln-Xy-]-T-\-§sf hnIvSÀ jvt¢mhvkvIn ap³t]m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Ie-bpsS \nÀ½m-W-X-Xz-§sf AXn-kq-£va-ambn hni- I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm−v AXnsâ kuµ-cy-¯n\pw Bkzm-Zy-Xbv¡pw {][m\

Imc-W-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv "A]-cn-Nn-XXzw' (defamiliarization) F¶ k¦-ev]-\-am- sW¶v At±lw Is−-¯p-¶p. ]cn-Nn-X-Xzw-sIm−v ]pXp-abpw BIÀj-Whpw

\jvS-s¸-«-hsb A§-s\-b-Ãm-Xm¡n amäp-¶-Xv {]kvXpX k¦-ev]-\-¯n-eq-sS- bm-Wv. Ie-bpsS Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-¡sf AXnsâ kzm`m-hn-I-]-cn-k-c-§- fnÂ\n¶v thÀs]-Sp-¯p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ kt¦-X-§ÄsIm−v sshNn{Xyw hcp¯n Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xns\ "A]-cn-Nn-X-h-Xv¡-cWw'F¶p ]d-bmw.¹⁵ CXn-eqsS Ie-bpsS \nÀ½m-W-X-{´-§sf A]-{K-Yn-t¡-−p-¶-Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-te¡v kmln-Xy-]-Tn-Xm-¡-fpsS {i²-Xn-cn-¡m³ hnIvSÀ jvt¢m- hvkvInbv¡v Ign-ªp. AXp-t]mse DÅ-S-¡s¯ cq]-¯nsâ Hcw-iw-am-{X-ambn Npcp-¡n-¡-fª ]qÀÆ-t^mÀa-enÌv \ncq-]-Ws¯ ]n´-Åm³ At±-l-¯n\v hfsc s]s«-¶p-Xs¶ km[n-¡p-I-bp-ap-−m-bn. Iem-Nn-Ó-¯nsâ \m\m-hn-[- amb BÀ°n-I-ta-J-e-Isf A]-{K-Y-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡m³ {ian¨ {]mKvkvIq-fp-Im- cpsS t^mÀa-enÌv kao-]\w At±-l-¯n\v {]kvXp-X-hn-j-b-¯n {]tNm-Z-\- ambn amdn.

Imhym-ß-I-[À½w \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶, `mjm-Sn-Øn-X-amb Hcp NnÓ-hy-h- Ø-bmWv kmlnXyw F¶ ImgvN¸m-SmWv {]mKvkvIq-fp-ImÀ ap³t]m-«p-sh-¨- Xv. 1928-þ tdma³ bmt¡m-_vkWpw bqdn-Sn-\ym-t\mhpw tNÀs¶-gp-Xnb

"t¹m»wkv C³ Zn käUn Hm^v emwtKzPv Bâv enä-td-¨À' F¶ {]_-Ôw, (LS-\m-hm-Z-¯nsâ am\n-s^-tÌm Bbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p) IrXn-bpsS Bkzm-Zy- Xbpw ss\kÀ¤n-I-Xbpw AXnsâ B´-cn-I-\n-b-a-§-fnÂ\n¶v km[y-am-Ip-

¶Xpw Ah _mly-L-S-I-§tfmSv At`-Zy-ambhn[-¯n _Ô-s¸-«p-In-S-¡p-¶- Xm-sW-¶p-apÅ Bi-bs¯ ap³t]m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p-−v. {]mKvkvIq-fnse {]apJ AwK-amb apI-tdm-hvkvInbpw BZy-Im-e¯v t^mÀa-enÌv ho£Ww sh¨p ]peÀ¯nb ssk²m-´n-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v kw`-hn-¨Xv LS-\m-hm-Z-¯n-te-

¡pÅ kpi-à-amb Nph-Sp-sh-bv]m-Wv.

s^ÀUn\mâv Un skmÊyqÀ Xsâ A[ym-]-\-Im-e¯v X¿m-dm-¡nb t\m«p-IÄ At±-l-¯nsâ injy-·m-cmb BÂ_À«v sksj, NmÄkv _men

¨-tXm-sS-bmWv LS-\m-hm-Z-sa¶ hnNm-c-]-²-Xn¡v {]Nmcw kn²n-¡p-¶-Xv.

AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ LS-\m-hm-Z-¯nsâ t{]mZvLm-S-I-\m-bmWv At±lw Adn-b- s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. NnÓ-hy-h-Ø-bpsS \nb-a-§fpw km[y-X-Ifpw Is−-¯m-sa-¶-Xp- t]mse kmln-Xy-¯nepw BIm-sa¶ ImgvN-¸m-SmWv LS-\m-hm-Z-¯n\v P·w

\ÂIn-b-Xv. kÀÆhpw `mjm-\nÀ½n-X-am-sW¶ Bi-bs¯ ap³t]m-«p-sh¨

LS-\m-hm-Zw, `mj-bn cq]w-sIm− kmln-Xy-t¯m-sSm¸w \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, a\-Èm-kv{Xw, t^mIvtemÀ ]T\w F¶o taJ-e-I-sfbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I- bp-−m-bn. IÀXr-Xz-{]m-[m-\ys¯ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶v Hgn-hm-¡p-Ibpw hyXy- kvX-L-S-I-§-fm cq]o-Ir-X-am-bXpw kzbw-]-cym-]vX-am-b-Xp-amb Hcp hyh-Ø- bpsS B´-cn-I-L-S-\-bnÂ\n-¶mWv AÀt°m-ev]m-Z\w km[y-am-Ip-¶-sX¶v Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS LS-\m-hmZw BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n\v ssk²m-

´n-I-am-sbmcp ASn-¯d \nÀ½n-¨p-\ÂIp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. t^mÀa-en-ks¯ LS-

\m-hm-Z-t¯mSv ka-\z-bn-¸n-¡m³ {ian¨ tdma³ bmt¡m-_vk-Wpw \c-hw-i-im- kv{X-cw-K¯v LS-\m-]-{K-Y\w km[y-am-¡nb t¢mUv sehn-kvt{Smkpw ({^©v

\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Ú³) tNÀ¶v \S-¯nb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä FSp¯p ]d-tb-−- h-bm-Wv.

`mjm-]-{K-Y-\-¯n skmÊyqÀ ap³-t]m-«p-sh¨ "hn\ymkm-ß-I-þ-km-Zr- iym-ßI'_Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ k¦-ev]\w LS-\m-hm-Z-¯n\v ià-amb ASn-¸- S-shm-cp-¡nb H¶-mWv. an¯p-IÄ, IY-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS LS-\m-]-{K-Y-\-

¯n hmIy-L-S-\-bpsS N«¡q-Sns\ amXr-I-bm-sb-Sp¯v Ah-bnse B´-cn-I- L-S-I-§Ä X½n-epÅ hn\y-k-\m-ß-Ihpw kmZr-iym-ß-I-hp-amb _Ôs¯

hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-s¡m−v LS-\sb Is−-¯m\pw A]-{K-Yn-¡m-\p-amWv LS-\m-hm-Zn-IÄ {ian-¨-Xv.

"skmÊyqdn'sâ ASn-Øm-\-]-cn-I-ev]-\-Isf N«-¡q-Smbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p- sIm−v FÃm kmwkvIm-cnI hyh-lm-c-§-sfbpw `mj-sb-t¶mWw A]-{K-Yn¨v Ah-bnse A´Àeo-\-\n-b-a-§sf Is−-¯m-\pÅ Hcp- _r-l-¯mb At\z-j- W-{]-{In-b-bv¡mWv skmÊyq-dn\v tij-apÅ LS-\m-hm-Zn-IÄ XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-Xv F¶v "skmÊyqÀ-þ-L-S-\m-hm-Z-¯nsâ BNm-cy³' F¶ IrXn-bn kn.-cm-tP- {µ³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv ChnsS {]k-à-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.¹⁶

AXp-t]mse `mjsb emMv/]tcmÄ F¶o hncp-²-Zz-µ-§-fmbn hn`-Pn-¨- Xnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv djy³t^mÀa-en-Êp-IÄ IYsb ^m_pe (fabula)/ kpsj (suzhet) F¶v c−mbn Xncn-¨-Xv. IY-bpsS emMv/]tcmÄ

F¶ \ne-bn¯-s¶-bmWv Ch hyh-l-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. FÃm-X-c-¯n-epÅ ]mT- t`-Z-§-sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åm³ ]mI-¯n-epÅ IY-bpsS Hc-Sn-¸-S-hm-bmWv

^m_p-esb (I-Ym-P-\-Iw) ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv. FÃm-hn[ `mjm-t`-Z-§-sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Hcp ]cn-I-ev]-\-bmWv emMv F¶-Xp-t]mse ^m_p-e-bnÂ\n¶v cq]-s¸-Sm-hp-¶Xpw aqÀ¯-am-b-Xp-amb Hmtcm IY-sbbpw kpsj (I-Ym-P-\n-Xw) F¶p-]-d-bmw. djy³ t^mÀa-en-Ìmb tXma-tk-hvkvIn-bmWv IYsb BZy- ambn ^m_pse/kpsj F¶v AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- hmb (kw-`-h-§-fpsS tIh-e-k-ap-¨bw) ^m_p-e-bn BJym-\-L-S-I-§Ä (B-Jym-Xm-hnsâ ho£-W-Øm-\w, `mj-bpsS kzc-L-S-\, {Iaw, Øe-Im-e-]- Ým-¯ew XpS-§n-b-h) DNn-Xm-\p-]m-X-¯n {Iao-I-cn¨v \nÀ½n-X-am-Ip¶

kpsj-sbbpw tNÀ¶-XmWv "IY' F¶ Is−-¯Â Xs¶ BJym-\-]-T-\-cw-K- t¯-¡pÅ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp Nph-Sp-sh-bv]m-bn-cp-¶p.

hmIy-hn-i-I-e-\-¯nÂ, t\mwtNmwkvIn ap³t]m-«p-sh¨ tImw]n-ä³kv- þs]Àt^m-a³kv F¶ ]cn-I-ev]-\-bn-eq-sSbpw "LS\'sb¶ k¦-ev]-\s¯

A]-{K-Yn-¡m-sa¶v LS-\m-hm-Zn-IÄ Is−-¯n-bn-«p-−v. skmÊyq-dnsâ emMn\v tImw]o-ä³kp-ambpw ]tcm-fn\v s]Àt^m-a³kp-ambpw _Ô-an-Ãm-Xn-Ã. {^©v LS-\m-hm-Zs¯ Bwt¥m-þ-A-ta-cn-¡³ hnaÀi-\-t¯mSv _Ôn-¸n-¨p-sIm−v LS-\m-hm-Zn-bmb sPm\m-Y³ IpÅÀ \S-¯nb {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw hne-s¸-«-Xm- Wv. Iem-kr-jvSn-bpsS AÀY-{K-l-W-¯n Du¶nb IpÅÀ, ]mT-¯n A´ÀK-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ tIh-e-L-S-\sb {i²n-¡m-sX,hmb-\-¡m-c³ ]mTs¯

hymJym-\n-¡p-I-sb¶ {]hr-¯n-bn-eqsS Dcp-¯n-cn-bp¶ khn-ti-j-L-S-\bv¡pw AXnsâ hymJym-\-¯n\pw kn²m-´o-I-c-W-¯n-\p-amWv {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-b-Xv.

IrXn-bpsS kmln-Xy-]-c-X, cq]w, LS-\-IÄ F¶n-h-bn Du¶p¶ LS-\m- hmZw BJym-\-hn-i-I-e-\-¯n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp D]m-[n-bm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Hcp Iem-krjvSn DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Ncn-{X-þ-km-aq-ln-I-kmw-kvIm-cnI am\-§fpw AXn\v ImX-te-Ip¶ IÀ¯m-hnsâ ZmÀi-\nIkao-]-\hpw Xnc-kvI-cn-¡-s¸-«- tXm-sS, `mj-sIm−v \nÀ½n-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶, Agn-s¨-Sp-¡m-hp¶ LS-\-I-fpsS Hcp kwbpàw am{X--ambn kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-IÄ amdp-Ibpw AXnsâ am\-hn-I- ap-Jhpw Bkzm-Z-\-e-£yhpw Xnc-kvI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bp-ap-−mb kml-N-cy-¯n- emWv IpÅ-dpsS \ne-]mSv {]k-à-ambn amdp-¶-Xv.

1.5 BJym-\-imkv{Xw (Narratology)

BJym-\-imkv{Xw F¶ AÀ°-¯n "Narratologie'F¶ {^©p-]Zw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv, {^©pssk²m-´n-I-\mb tkzZm³ tXmZ-tdm-hm- Wv. "Grammar du Dacuamaron' F¶-t]-cn Cäm-en-b³ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mb s_m¡m-¨n-tbm-bpsS "sU¡m-a-tdm¬' F¶ IrXnsb A]-{K-Yn-¨p-sIm−v, 1969-þ ]pd-¯n-d-§nb hnaÀi-\-{K-Ù-¯n-em-Wv, AXp-hsc \ne-hn h¶n-«n- Ãm¯ "BJym-\-¯nsâ imkv{Xs¯' {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-XmWv {]kvXp-X-Ir-Xn- sb¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.¹⁶ ^m_pse/kpsj F¶n-h-bv¡p-]- Icw {^©p-]-Z-§-fmb lntÌ-mbnÀ (histoire)/UnkvtImgvkv (discourse) F¶n- hsb ap³t]m-«p-sh-¨Xpw At±-lw-X-s¶-bm-Wv. skbvaqÀ Nmävam³ CXns\

IY (story)/ hyh-lmcw (discourse) F¶mWv thÀXn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Nmävam³

"tÌmdn' F¶-Xp-sIm−v Dt±-in-¡p-¶Xv kw`-h-§-sf-bm-Wv. kw`-h-§sf khn- ti-j-ambn {Iao-I-cn¨v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv "UnkvtImgvkv'. AXns\ kzX- kn-²-amb ssien-bn hymJym-\n-¨mWv "tÌmdn'bnse-¯p-¶-Xv. Hcp IYbv¡v A\-h[n "UnkvtIm-gvkp-IÄ' km[y-am-sW-¶m-Wv Nmävamsâ Is−-¯Â.¹⁷ PdmÄUv P\-äv, IY (story) IrXn (narrative) BJym\w (narration) F¶n- hbv¡v lntÌm-bnÀ (historie) sdknäv (recit), \td-änwKv (narrating) F¶o t]cp-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.¹⁸ dn½ÂtI-\³ Chsb bYm-{Iaw IY (story) IrXn (text) BJym\w (narration) F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶p.¹⁹

ssaIv-þ-_mÂ, BJym-\s¯ ]mTw (text), IY (story), IYm-P-\Iw (narrative text) F¶n-§-s\-bmWv hn`-Pn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A\p-hm-N-I\v I¿n In«p¶ `mjm-kr-jvSn-bmWv ]mTw F¶p kmcw. Hcp ]mTw BJym-\m-ßIamI- W-sa-¦n AXn-\-I¯v BJym-\s¯ _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Hcp a[y-س (G- Pâv) AsÃ-¦n Hfntªm sXfntªm DÅ "IY-]-d-¨n-ep-Im-c³' D−m-bn-cn-¡- Ww. Hcp IY, `mj, _nw_-I-ev]-\, i_vZw, \nÀ½m-W-I-e, sshZKvZyw XpS-

§n-b-h-bm {]tXy-I-co-Xn-bn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ ^m_p-e-bm-Wv.

^m_p-e, bpàn-]-c-ambpw Ime-{I-a-¯mepw ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶

Nne kw`-h-§-fpsS ]c-¼-c-bm-Wv. B kw`-h-§Ä Hcp \mb-I³ AsÃ-¦n A`n-t\-Xmhv kzbw A`n-\-bn-¨tXm B hyàn \nan¯w kw`-hn-¨tXm Bbn- cn-¡-Ww.²⁰

{][m\ IYm-]m-{X-hp-ambn _Ô-an-Ãm¯ H«-\-h[n kw`-h-§Ä D−m- Im-sa-¦nepw IY-bpsS ^m_p-e-bn Ahsb DÄs¸-Sp-¯m-dn-Ã. kw`-h-§-fpsS Xnc-sª-Sp¸v {]k-à-am-hp-¶Xv Chn-sS-bm-Wv. `mjm-[n-jvTn-X-ambn \ne-

\n¡p¶ H¶-Ã, ^m_p-e. AXn BJym-\-¯nsâ Bhn-jvIm-c-am-[y-a- s¯bpw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-p-¶n-Ã. F¶m IY-bp-sSbpw BJym-\-]m-T-¯n-sâ-bpw AhØ CXnÂ\n¶v hn`n-¶amWv. hmb-\-¡m-c³ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ hkvXp-hm-Wv ]mTw. AXnsâ LS-\sb A]-{K-Yn¨v F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-XmWv IYbpw BJym-\- ]m-T-hpw. IY kam-\-am-sW-¦nepw hmb-\-¡m-csâ {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä¡v A\p-k- cn¨v BJym-\]mTw hyXy-kvX-ambn amdmw. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hÀ¤o-I-c-W-§Ä ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ Bi-b-¡p-g-¸-§Ä¡pw CS-sh-¨n-«p-−v. djy³`m-j-bnse

^m_p-ebpw {^©p-`m-j-bnse lntÌm-bndpw Cw¥o-jnse tÌmdnbpw ae-bm-f-

¯nse IY-bp-sams¡ XpeymÀ°-¯n {]tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶XÃ. UnkvtImgv kpw BJym-\-]m-Thpw kpsj-bp-sams¡ Bi-b-]-c-ambn Aev]-kzÂ]w hyXn- bm-\-§Ä DÅ-h-bm-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy-¯n IY-sbbpw UnkvtIm-gvkn- s\bpw hncp-²-Zz-µ-§-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw kpsjbpw BJym-\-]m-Thpw DÄs¸« aqÀ¯-amb Hcp `mjm-Nn-Óm-\p-`-h-ambn "UnkvtImgvkn's\ ]cn-K-Wn-

¡p-Ibpw AXnÂ\n¶v LS-\m-]-c-amb A]-{K-Y-\-¯n-eqsS F¯n-t¨-cm-hp¶

^m_p-e-bpsS kwbp-à-ambn "IY'sb ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-I-bp-amWv DNn-Xw.

1.6 BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ssk²m-´n-Im-Nm-cy-·mÀ

BJym-\-im-kv{X-ta-J-e-bnse {][m-\-s¸« ssk²m-´n-IÀ FÃmw-Xs¶

BZy-Im-e-§-fn cq]-hm-Zn-Ifpw LS\m-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS {]kvXp- X-cw-Ks¯ ]T-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv, BJym-\-imkv{Xw Hcp kmln-Xy-]-T-\-ta-J- e-bmbn cq]m-´-c-s¸-«-Xpw. Ch-bn {]mY-an-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-hp¶ ssk²m-

´n-Im-Nm-cy-\mW,v djy³ t^mÀa-en-Ìmb hvfmUn-anÀ t{]m¸v. LS-\m-hm-Zm-Nm- cy-·m-cmb t¢mUv sehn-kvt{Sm-kn-s\bpw sdmfmMv _mÀ¯n-s\bpw ià-ambn kzm[o-\n-¡m³ t{]m¸nsâ \mtSm-Sn-¡Ymhni-I-e-\-¯n\v Ign-bp-Ibpw AXv BJym-\-]-T-\-¯n\v kpi-à-amb ASn-¯-d-]m-Inb Hcp A]-{K-Y\kc-Wn- bv¡v hgn-sX-fn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ^o\njv hnaÀi-I-\mb B{ân-þ-B¬

(Antri-Arne) 1910-þ IYm-cq-]s¯ ssS-¸p-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡p-Ibpw b£n-¡-Y- Isf \membn Xcw-Xncn¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p−v F¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. F¶m CXv tIhew hnj-b-\n-_-Ô-amb Hcp hÀ¤o-I-cWw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. U»yq-þ-

IÄ, b£n-¡-Y-IÄ, P´p-I-Y-IÄ, D¸-¯n-¡-Y-IÄ, \À½-I-Y-IÄ, sI«p-I-Y- I-Ä, KpW-]m-T-I-Y-IÄ F¶n-§s\ temIs¯ GXp-I-Y-tbbpw Cu Ggv hn`m-K-¯n-\p-Ån DÄs¸-Sp-¯m-sa¶v Is−-¯n. BÀ.-Fw.-shm-fvt¡mhv IY- Isf hnj-bm-kv]-Z-am¡n Bdm-bmWv hn`-Pn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \njvI-f-¦À ]oV-\-a-

\p-`-hn-¡p¶ kw`-h-§sf Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bpÅ IY-IÄ, aS-b-\mb \mb-I-s\-

¡p-dn-¨pÅ IY-IÄ, aq¶p ktlm-Z-c-·mcpsS IY-IÄ, \mK-§-fp-ambn Gäp-ap-«p-

¶-h-cpsS IYIÄ, h[p-hns\ A-t\z-jn-¨-e-bp-¶-h-cpsS IY-IÄ, hn\-bm-\zn-X- bmb s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS IY F¶n-h-bmWv Ah. F¶m t{]m¸v Ch-cnÂ\n¶v XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp \ne-]m-SmWv ssIs¡m-−Xv F¶p ImWmw.

1.6.1 hvfmUn-anÀ t{]m¸nsâ \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ

IYm-hÀ¤o-I-c-W-¯nse hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX kao-]-\s¯ hnaÀin-¨p-sIm-

−mWv t{]m¸v \mtSm-Sn-¡-Ym-hn-i-I-e-\-¯n-te¡v h¶p-tNÀ¶-Xv. {]kvXp-X-k- ao-]\w Ie-bpsS B´-cn-I-L-S-\-bnse kmPm-Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy-§sf AS-bm-f-s¸- Sp-¯mt\m Ncn-{X-]-chpw Øe-]-c-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sn \n¶p-sIm−v P\-k-aq- l-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-Isf thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡mt\m km[n-¡p-¶-h-b-söpw At±-lw Nq−n-¡m-«n. 1928-þ t{]m¸v \S¯nb \mtSm- Sn-¡-Ym-]-T\w (d-jy³ `mj-bnÂ) 1958- tamÀt^mfPn Hm^v Zn t^mIvsS-bn F¶ t]cn Cw¥o-jn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«p. IY-bpsS hntÇ-j-W-cw- K-t¯-¡pÅ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Nph-Sp-sh-¸m-bn-cp¶p CXv. djy-bnse b£n-¡- Y-I-sf-bmWv At±lw Cu {KÙ-¯n A]-{K-Y-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-b-Xv. IY-I- fn BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ Awi-§sf kpØn-cmw-K-§Ä (constants) F¶pw BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-Sm¯ Awi-§sf AØn-cmcw-K-§Ä (variables) F¶pw At±lw thÀXn-cn-¨p. Hcp IY-bpsS kz`m-h-hpw LS-\bpw ImWn-¨p-X-cp¶

ASn-Øm-\-L-S-I-amWv [À½w (function). Hcp IY-bnse {Inb-Ifpw AXnsâ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-bp-amWv IY-bpsS ]m{X-[À½w hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. \qän-¸-Xn-

\©v \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y-I-fnÂ\n¶v ap¸-¯n-sbm¶v [À½-§sf t{]m¸v thÀXn-cn-s¨- Sp-¯p.²¹ Cu [À½-§Ä Ønc-am-sW¶pw Bb-Xn-\m IYm-L-S-\-bn Ah ho−pw ho−pw BhÀ¯n-¡p-sa¶pw At±lw Is−-¯n. [À½-§-fpsS A\p- {I-a-amb Øm]-\-amWv, IY-bpsS LS-\sb ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶ \nK-a-\-

¯n F¯n-t¨À¶ t{]m¸v, Nne [À½-§Ä Ft¸mgpw tPmUn-bm-bmWv \ne- sIm-Åp-¶-sX¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn. (DZm: hne¡pw (prohibition)

AXnsâ ewL-\hpw (violation). {]tabXe-¯n Xnc-sª-Sp¯ Hcp Iq«w b£n-¡-Y-Isf ]cn-tim-[n¨v t{]m¸v F¯n-t¨À¶Xv cq]m-[n-jvTnX \nK-a-\-§- fn am{X-amWv F¶Xv {]kvXp-X-hn-i-I-e-\-¯nsâ Hcp t]mcm-bva-bm-bn-cp-s¶-

¦nepw LS-\m-]-c-amb kao-]-\-¯nsâ BZy-]-cn-{i-a-§-fn-sem¶v F¶ \ne- bnepw BJym-\-]-T-\-¯nse {it²-b-amb {]mcw-`-IÀ½w F¶ \ne-bnepw t{]m¸nsâ kw`m-h\ {]kàn AÀln-¡p¶p F¶p]d-bmw.

1.6.2 tXmatkhvkvInbpw t¢mUv s{_a−pw

IY-tbbpw CXn-hr-¯-t¯bpw {]ta-b-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶ kao-]-

\-amWv tXmatkhvkvIn (Boris Thomashevsky) ]peÀ¯nbXv. Xow, tam«n^v F¶o LS-I-§sf Agn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv At±-lw \S-¯nb ]T-\-§- fn ImWm-\m-hp-I. IY-bnse hmNn-I-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS GIo-Ir-X-amb Gähpw Npcp§nb Awi-s¯-bmWv "Xow' F¶-Xp-sIm−v AÀY-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp Xow sNdnb Xoam-änIv Awi-§-fpsS Iq«-am-Wv. Ch-bn Npcp-¡m³ Ign-bm¯

Xoam-änIv Awi-amWv tam«n-^v. ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-bmb tam«n-^p-IfpsS ka-{K-cq-]- amWv "IY'sb¶v tXma-tkhvkvIn Is−-¯p-¶p. hSt¡ Ata-cn-¡³ \mtSm-Sn-

¡-Y-Isf A]-{K-Yn¨v "Ae³U³kkv' F¶ ssk²m-´n-I-\mWv "tam«n^v' F¶ k¦-ev]-\s¯ BZy-ambn ap³t]m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. A`mhw (lack), Im]Syw (deceit), h©\ (deception), A`m-h-]-cn-lmcw (lack iquidated) F¶n-

§-s\-bpÅ [À½-§-fn-te¡v \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y-bpsS LS-\sb At±lw Npcp-¡n- sb-Sp¯v A]-{K-Yn-¨n-«p-−v.

t{]m¸nsâ BJym-\m-]-{K-Y-\s¯ tNmZyw sNbvX \ncq-]-I-\mWv t¢mUv s{_a-−v. GsXmcp BJym-\-¯n\pw aq¶p Xe-§-fp-−m-Imw F¶- t±lw Is−-¯p-¶p. (1) Hcp km[y-Xsb kqNn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−pÅ Hcp kml- Ncyw (2) Hcp km[y-X-bpsS km£m-XvIm-ctam km£m-XvIm-c-an-Ãm-bvatbm (3) t\«tam AYhm t\«-an-Ãm-bva-tbm- F¶n-§s\ C-h-tbm-sSm¸w [À½-{X-bhpw (\o-N-Xzw, \mb-Isâ CS-s]-SÂ, hnP-bw) tNÀ¶mWv BJym\w cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶ \nK-a-\-¯n-emWv s{_a−v F¯n-t¨À¶-Xv.

1.6.3 t¢mUv sehn-kvt{Smkpw an¯p-I-fpsS A]-{K-Y-\hpw

t{]m¸nsâ ]mX ]n´p-S-cp-Ibpw F¶m \qX-\-am-sbmcp kao-]-\-co-

BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n\v hne-tb-dnb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂInb \c-hw-i-im-kv{X- Ú-\m-Wv, t¢mUv se-hn-kvt{Sm-kv. 1955-þÂ, At±lw Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ "Z kv{SIvN- d ÌUn Hm^v an¯v' F¶ {]_Ôw BJym-\-]-T-\-¯n\v Hcp ]pXnb Znim- t_m[w \ÂIn. kmÀh-eu-In-I-amb an¯p-Isf ]T-\-¯n-\mbn Ah-ew-_n¨

sehn-kvt{Sm-kv, Ah-bn BhÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp¶ {][m\ kw`-h-§-sfbpw khn- tij e£-W-§-sfbpw thÀXn-cn¨v Hcp ]«n-I-bn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp¯n A]-{K- Y\w \S-¯p-IbmWv sNbvX-Xv. BJym-\m-]-{K-Y-\-¯n\v {ian-¡p-¶-hÀ _mly- X-e-¯n\v A¸pdw Kl-\-X-e-¯n ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ Hcp B´-cn-I-L-S\

Is−-t¯-−-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v sehn-kvt{Smkv Ak-¶n-Kv[-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bp-

−m-bn. IY-bpsS kw`-h-{I-a-¯n\v A¸pdw BhÀ¯-\-§-fpsS bpàn-bnepw AÀY-¯nepw {i²-sN-ep-¯nb sehn-kvt{Smkv {]Xy-£mw-i-§-fpsS (gross constituents) thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡eneqsS AÀY-X-es¯ IqsS ]cn-K-Wn-¡m³ {ian-¨p. F¦nepw ]pcm-hr-¯m-Jym-\-¯n-e-Ã, ]pcm-hr¯Nn´-bn-emWv sehn- kvt{Smkv {i²-bq-¶n-bn-cp-¶Xv F¶-Xp-sIm−vXs¶ BJym-\-]-T-\-¯nsâ hkvXp-\n-jvT-am-sbmcp IrXy-Xbpw sshcp-²y-cm-ln-Xyhpw sehn-kvt{Sm-knsâ kn²m-´-¯n Is−-¯m³ Ign-bn-Ã. BJym-\-¯nse kw`-h-§-fpsS kwhn- [m-\hpw ]pcm-hr-¯-§-fpsS AÀYhpw ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. ]pcm-hr¯

hntÇ-j-W-¯n-eqsS kwhn-[m\m-]-{K-Y\w \S-¯nbpw, sshcp-²y-§-tfmSv A\p- c-Ú\w km[y-am-¡nbpw Is−-t¯-−-XmWv AXnsâ LS-\bpw AÀY-hp-sa-

¶v "CuUn-¸kv' F¶ an¯ns\ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv sehn-kvt{Smkv hyà-am-

¡p-¶p-−v.

1.6.4 tkzZ³ tXmZ-tdm-hnsâ BJym-\-hym-I-cWw

hymI-cWbpànsb B[m-c-am¡n BJym-\-L-S-\sb hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m- sa¶v {^©p-ssk-²m-´n-I-\mb tkzZ³ tXmZ-tdmhv Is−-¯n. aq¶p am\-§- fn BJym-\s¯ hni-I-e\w sN¿m-sa¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.

1. BJym-\-am-{X-Isf _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶-hsb kw_-Ôn-¨Xv

2. BJym-\-¯nse temIhpw BJym\w {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶ temIhpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw tI{µo-I-cn-¨-Xv.

3. hmIy-§Ä tNÀ¶v ]mT-am-Ip¶ `mjm-]-c-am-bXv

AtXm-sSm¸w kw`-h-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ BJym-\-{]-kvXm-h-\-Isfbpw Ah tNÀ¶v cq]-s¸-Sp¶ t{iWnsbbpw eLp BJym-\-§-sf¶pw {]kvXpX

BJym-\-§-fpsS kwbp-às¯ _rl-Zm-Jym-\-§Ä F¶pw hnfn-¡m-sa¶v tXmZ-tdmhv A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä, KpW-§Ä, {Inb-IÄ F¶n-h- bmWv BJym-\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-L-S-I-§Ä F¶v At±lw hne-bn-cp-¯n.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v kl-P-Kp-W-§-fn-Ãm-¯-Xn-\m Ah [À½-§-fp-ambpw Ah- Ø-I-fp-ambpw (DZm:kpJw, ZpxJw) cq]-§-fp-ambpw (DZm: B¬, s]¬) KpW-

§-fp-ambpw (DZm: \·, Xn·) _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bpw.

BJym-\-¯nsâ hmIy-L-S-\sb (syntax) A]-{K-Yn-¨p-sIm-−pÅ hni-I-e-\- coXn kzoI-cn¨ tXmZ-tdmhv `mjbpw BJym-\hpw X½n kam-\-X-bp-s−¶v Is−-¯p-Ibpw hymI-c-W-hy-h-Øsb kzmwio-I-cn¨v IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \ma- ambpw Ah-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\s¯ {Inb-bmbpw ]cn-K-Wn¨v A]-{K-Yn-¡m³ {ian-¨p. AXp-t]mse BJym-\-{]-iv\-§sf BJym-\-Im-en-IX (tense) BJym-

\-]-cn-t{]£yw (aspect) BJym\_lp-eIw (mode) F¶n-§s\ aq¶p-X-e-§- fn-embn Xncn-¨n-«p-−v F¶p-ÅXpw {it²-b-am-Wv. tXmZ-tdm-hnsâ BJym-\-hym- I-cW k¦-ev]\w, s_mt¡m-¨n-tbm-bpsS Nne IY-I-fn {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-sÃ-

¦nepw `mj hymI-c-W-co-Xn-bn BJym-\-¯n\pw Hcp hymI-cWw km[y-am- sW¶ Is−-¯Â BJym-\-im-kv{Xs¯ ]pXnb hnIm-k-ta-J-e-I-fn-te¡v

\bn-¡m³ ]cym-]vX-amb H¶m-bn-cp¶p F¶nS¯mWv tXmZ-tdm-hnsâ {]k- àn.

1.6.5 F.-sP. sKbvamkpw BJym-\¯nsâ hyhØm-X-e-§fpw

t{]m¸nsâ BJym\ A]-{K-Y-\-co-Xn-I-fn BIr-jvS-\m-bmWv s{Kbvamkv LS-\m-hn-i-I-e-\-cw-K-t¯¡v IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. 1986-þ ]pd-¯p-h¶

kv{SIvN-d skamânIvkv F¶-IrXn At±lw LS-\m-hm-Z-¯n\v \ÂInb anI¨ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. `mjm-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hmIys¯ i_vZ-X-ew, [z\n-kz- cq-]-X-ew, hymI-c-W-X-ew, kmµÀ`n-I-Xew F¶n-§s\ A]-{K-Yn-¡m-hp-¶-Xp- t]mse BJym-\-s¯bpw C§s\ hyh-Øm-X-e-§-fn thÀXn-cn¨v ]Tn-¡m- hp-¶-Xm-sW¶v tam¸-km-Mnsâ IYsb A]-{K-Y\ hnt[-b-am-¡n-s¡m−v At±lw kaÀYn-¨p. kam-\-aq-ey-apÅ ]Z-§sf GtIm-]n-¸n¨v D¶-X-X-e-¯n- epÅ Hcp hyh-lmcw \nÀ½n-¡p-t¼mÄ Htc Xe-¯n-ep-Å-Xns\ hnX-c-Wm- XvaIw F¶pw DbÀ¶-X-e-¯n-te¡v Db-cp-¶-Xns\ "GtIm-]-\m-ßIw'F¶pw hnfn-¡mw. AXp-sIm−v Xs¶ BJym-\-I§-fpsS hnX-c-Wm-ß-I-þ-G-tIm-]-\m-

ß-I-X-e-¯n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ ]T-\-am-Wv, BJym-\-imkv{Xw F¶-Xm-bn- cp¶p²² s{Kbvam-knsâ \ne-]m-Sv.

1.6.6 _mÀ¯pw BJym-\-I§-fpsS LS-\m-hn-i-I-e-\hpw

BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n\v {it²-b-amb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂInb {^©v LS-\m-hm-Zn-bm-Wv, sdmfm-Mv_mÀ¯v. `mjmimkv{Xw, LS-\m-hm-Zw, \c-hw-i- imkv{Xw XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS ssk²m-´n-I-X-es¯ D]-bp-à-am¡ns¡m−mWv _mÀ¯v BJym-\-hn-tÇ-jWw \S-¯n-b-Xv. skmÊyq-dnsâ NnÓ-kn-²m´w (Theory of signification) BWv _mÀ¯ns\ BJym-\-im-kv{X-ta-J-e-bnse ]T-\-§-fn-te¡v \bn-¨-Xv. F¶m BJym-\s¯ `mjm-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn kao- ]n¨v bm{´n-Ihpw hnc-k-hp-am-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m\pw At±lw {i²n-¨n-«p-−v. sehn- kvt{Sm-kv, an¯p-I-fpsS hni-I-e-\-¯n-eqsS Ah-bpsS LS-\sb Agn-s¨-Sp-¡m-

\mWv {ian-¨-sX-¦n ]mT-§Ä¡p-Ånse kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb BÀ°n-I-X-e-

§sf thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\m-bn-cp-¶p _mÀ¯nsâ {iaw. BZy-Ir-Xn-bmb ssdänwKv Un{Kn kotdm (1953) CXn\v Hcp sXfn-hm-Wv. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-¯nsâ

`mK-am-bn-\n¶v bmYmÀYy-{]-XoXn P\n-¸n-¡p¶ anYym-ß-Im-Jym-\-§-sf-bmWv _mÀ¯v"an¯v' F¶p hnfn-¨-sX¶v 1957-þ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ant¯m-f-Pokv F¶ IrXn hyà-am-¡p-¶p. AtX-¯p-SÀ¶v 1966-þ ]pd-¯p-h¶ "BJym-\- I§-fpsS LS-\m-hn-i-I-e-\-¯n\v Hcp BapJw' F¶ {]_-Ô-¯n-eq-sS,

`mjm-im-kv{Xs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n BJym-\-hn-i-I-e-\-¯n\v ]cym-]vX-amb Hcp imkv{Xo-b-am-Xr-I-bv¡v _mÀ¯v cq]w \ÂIp-I-bp-−mbn. `mjbv¡v hymI-c-W-L-S-\-bp-Å-Xp-t]mse BJym-\-§Ä¡pw hntÇjWw km[y-amb Hcp B´-cnI LS\ D−m-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw ]Z-§Ä tNÀ¶v hmIyw cq]-s¸-Sp-

¶-Xn\v Xpey-ambn "^Mvj³kv' F¶p hnfn-¡p¶ ASn-Øm-\-L-S-I-§Ä IqSn- tNÀ¶v BJym\w cq]-sa-Sp-¡p--sa¶pw _mÀ¯v hni-Zo-I-cn-¨n-«p-f-f-Xnsâ ]nd- In t{]m¸v, tXmZ-tdm-hv, s{Kbvamkv XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS BJym-\-kn-²m-´-§- fpsS kzm[o-\-ap-s−¶v ImWmw. BJym\w AXnsâ \ntbm-P-I-L-S-I-§-fpsS kaRvP-k-amb kwtbm-K-¯nsâ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-am-sW¶v kn²m´n¨ _mÀ¯v Ah, [Àaw (functions) {Inb (action) BJym\w (narration) F¶n-h-bm-sW¶v Is−-¯n. CXn [À½-§fpw {Inbbpw IY-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p InS-¡p-¶p.

[À½-§Ä hnX-c-Wm-ß-I-am-Wv. (hn-hn[ kw`-h-§-sfbpw Bi-b-§-sfbpw Htc Xc-¯n hnX-cWw sN¿p¶p). Ah-bn DÄt¨À¶p-In-S-¡p¶ kqNn-I- IÄ (indices) BJym-\-¯nsâ AÀ°s¯ BJym-\-i-co-c-¯n-sem-¶msI

hym]n-¸n¨v GtIm-]-\m-ßI Xe-¯n-emWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. (I-Ym-]m-{X-

¯nsâ am\-kn-I-`m-hs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn IYm-Ir¯v \S-¯p¶ CS- s]-S-ep-I-fm-Wv, kqNn-I-IÄ). Hmtcm IYm-]m-{Xhpw IY-bn-en-S-s]-Sp-¶Xv {Inbm- [n-jvTn-X-am-bm-Wv. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä F´p sN¿p-¶p-sh-¶-XmWv {][m-\w.

"BJym\w' (narration) "IY\'hpam-bmWv _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶Xv; AXv hyàn-]-c-am- Imw, AÃm-Xn-cn-¡mw.

S/Z F¶ {]_-Ô-¯n _Âkm-¡nsâ "kcm-kn³' F¶ IrXnsb A©p khn-tij tImUp-I-fn-em¡n (slÀa-\yq-«nIv tImUv, t{]msbsdänIv tImUv, skamânIv tImUv, knwt_m-fnIv tImUv, d^-d³jyÂ/IĨ-d tImUv)²³ A]-{K-Yn¨v kt¦-Xm-[n-jvTn-Xm-]-{K-Ù-\-¯n\v Hcp ]pXp-am-XrI krjvSn¨p F¶Xv FSp¯p ]d-tb− hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

1.6.7 anJm-tb _màn\pw F^v.-sI.-Ìm³kepw

LS-\m-hmZkn²m´-§-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS BJym-\-]-T-\-§Ä \nÀÆ- ln¨ djy³ ssk²m-´n-I-\m-Wv, anJm-tb _màn³. t\mh F¶ kmln- Xy-cq-]-¯nsâ BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fn Du¶Â \ÂInb _màn³, hyh- lm-c-§-fpsS kt¦Xamb t\mh-ensâ ASn-Øm-\-L-S-I-amWv kw`m-j-W- sa¶pw AXv F§-s\-bmWv BJym-\-L-S-\-bpsS GI-Xm-\-kz-cs¯ XIÀ¯v _lp-kz-c-Xsb Øm]n-¡p-¶-sX¶pw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. `mjm-{]-tbm-K-§-fnse sshhn-[y-s¯bpw BJym-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n Ah hcp-¯p¶ ]pXp-a-I-sfbpw Ipdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿p¶tXmsSm¸w kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-bpsS B´-cn-I-L-S-\-bnse kmaq-lnI khn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw AXv Fgp-¯ns\ F§s\ _lp-kz-c-am-¡n-

¯oÀ¡p-¶p-sh¶pw Is−-¯p-¶p. LS-\m-hm-Z-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-I-þ-cm-jv{So-b-am-

\-§-fpsS A`m-hs¯ kzoI-cn-¡m-sX, {]kvXpX LS-I-§-fn Du¶n-s¡m−v Xs¶ LS-\m-hm-Z-¯nsâ DÄ¡m-gv¨-Isf D]-bp-à-am-¡n-s¡m−v BJym-\-]- T\w \nÀÆ-ln-¡m-\mWv _màn³ {ian-¨-sX¶v ImWmw.

Hmkv{Sn-b³ BJym-\-im-kv{X-Ú-\mb F^v.-sI.-Ìm³k ({^m³kv ImÄ Ìm³kÂ) s\td-äohv kntäz-j³ C³ Zn t\mh (1955) F¶ Xsâ {KÙ-¯n-eqsS {_n«ojvþA-ta-cn-¡³ t\mh-ep-Isf ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-s¡m-−v ]pcp-j³ (Person) ]cnt{]£yw (perspective) _lp-eIw (mode) F¶o aq¶p

(mediacy)

thÀXn-cn-hn\v B[mcw F¶v Is−-¯n. Hmtcm BJym-\-am-[y-ahpw AXnsâ BJym-\-L-S-\-bnepw \ne-bnepw hyà-amb A]-{K-Y\w Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p- sh¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

1.6.8 {]apJ ssk²m-´n-IÀ

skbvaqÀ Nmävam³, sPdmÄUv {]n³kv, sPdmÄUv sP\äv, an¡n _m XpS-§n-b-hÀ BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n\v I\¯ kw`m-h\IÄ \ÂInb BJym-\- ssk-²m-´n-Im-Nm-cy-·m-cm-Wv. "BJym-\-I-§-fpsS kz`mhw, cq]w, [À½w F¶n-hsb¡pdn-¨pÅ ]T-\-amWv BJym-\-imkv{Xw'²⁴ F¶v hfsc hyà- ambn \nÀh-Nn-¡m³ AhÀ¡v Ign-ªp. BJym-\m-]-{K-Y-\s¯ Ipdn-¨pÅ kuµ-cy-imkv{X Nn´-I-fmWv BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ]T-\-ta-Je F¶v Xncn-¨-dn-ª-Xn-t\m-sSm¸w BJym-\-]-T-\s¯ "BJym-\-hy-h-lmc']T\w IqSn- bm¡n amäp-Ibpw sNbvXp. "BJym-\n-¡pI' F¶ {]hr-¯n-sb-bmWv "BJym-

\-hy-h-lmcw' (narrative discourse) F¶ ]Zw-sIm−v AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

BJym-\s¯ BJym-\-am¡n ]cn-W-an-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnse \nb-a-§-sfbpw {]tbm-K-

§-sfbpw hyà-am-¡p¶ BJym-\-hym-I-cW]T\w F§s\ \nÀÆ-ln¡mw F¶-Xn-\m-bn Hcp ssk²m-´nIkao-]\w F Un-£-Wdn Hm^v s\tdtäm-fPn, F {KmaÀ Hm^v tÌmdokv F¶o {KÙ§-fn-eqsS sPdmÄUv {]n³Uv cq]-s¸-Sp-

¯n-sb-Sp-¯n-«p-ÅXv ChnsS {]tXyIw FSp-¯p-]-d-tb− hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

kwc-N\m \ntbm-P-I-L-SIw, bpàn-\njvT\ntbm-P-I-L-S-Iw, BJym\ \ntbm- P-I-L-S-Iw, Bhn-jvIm-c LSIw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ \ntbm-P-I-L-S-I-§-fpsS ]T-\-¯n-eqsS BJym-\-hym-I-c-W-]-T\w km[y-am-Ip-sa¶v At±lw kaÀ°n-

¡p-¶p.

{^©p kmlnXy ssk²m-´n-I-\mb sPdmÄUv sPs\äv {][m-\-ambpw tXmZtdm-hnsâ BJym-\-{]-iv\-§sf hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m-\mWv {ian-¨-Xv. sP\-änsâ

"s\td-äohv UnkvtImgvkv' F¶ {KÙw BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n\v e`n-¨n-«pÅ Gähpw henb apX¡q-«m-Wv. sP\äv, BJy-m\w, UnkvtIm-gvkv, IY F¶o Xe-§sf {Iaw (order), Ime-ssZÀLyw (duration), Bhr¯n (frequency) at\m-`mhw (mood) kzcw (voice) F¶n-§s\ A©mbn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. dkn- äv, IY-sb¶ \ne-bnepw UnkvtImgvkv hyh-lm-c-sa¶ \ne-bnepw DÅ k¦oÀ®hpw {it²-b-hp-amb ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôs¯ A]-{K-Yn-¡m³ {ian-¨- Xmbpw ImWmw. BJym-\m-ß-I-§-fmb ]mT-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-s¯-bmWv

BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯n-eqsS A]-{K-Yn-t¡-−-sX¶ kao-]\w ssIs¡m− U¨v ssk²m-´n-I-bmWv, ssaIv _mÂ. kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-¯n IqSp-X {i²-sN-ep-

¯nb ssaIv _mensâ s\td-äm-fPn þ C³s{Sm-U-£³ Sp Zn Xnbdn Hm^v s\td-äohv F¶ {KÙw BJym-\-im-kv{Xs¯ kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-sbmcp am\-

¯n-eq-sSbpw t\m¡n-Im-Wm³ {ian¨ IrXn-bm-Wv. C¯-c-¯n-epsÅmcp hmb\

XpSÀ¸-Xn-¸p-I-fn Iq«n-tNÀ¯n-«p-Å-Xm-sW¶Xv BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ssk²m-´n-I-]-cn-kcw t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ hfÀ¨-tbbpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. Ata-cn-

¡³ kn\n-a-þ-km-ln-Xy-hnaÀi-I-\mb skbväqÀNm-ävamsâ kvtämdn B³Uv UnkvtImgvkv'þs\td-äohv kv{SIv¨À C³ ^-n£³ B³Uv ^nenw F¶

{KÙhpw BJym-\s¯ kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-]-c-am-sbmcp ]cn-t{]-£y-¯n kao- ]n-¨-Xp-sIm−pw BJym-\-]-T-\s¯ kmln-Xy-¯n-\-¸p-ds¯ "^nenw' F¶

NnÓ-hy-h-Ø-bn-te¡v hym]n-¸n-¨-Xp-sIm−pw {]tXyIw ]cm-aÀin-t¡−

H¶m-Wv.

1.7 BJym-\-e-£-W-§Ä

BJym-\-]-T-\-¯n shfn-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp {][m\ hkvXp-X, BJym-\-

¯n\v auen-I-amb Nne e£-W-§Ä Ds−-¶-Xm-Wv. tIhe kw`-h-§-fpsS Iq«s¯ ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-Xhpw kpL-Sn-X-hp-amb Hcp t{iWn-bn {Iao-I-cn¨v BJym-\-am¡n amäp-¶-sX-§s\ F¶ tNmZy-¯n-\pÅ D¯-c-am-Wv Cu e£W-§-fpsS hymJym-\-¯n-eqsS kn²n-¡p-I. BJym-\-sa¶ \ne-bn Hcp IrXnsb ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡pI F¶-Xn-\À°w BJym-\-¯nsâ auen-I-e-£- W-§Ä IrXn-bn A-t\z-jn-¡pI F¶-p-X-s¶-bm-Wv. BJym-\X (narrativity) am[yaX (mediacy) Imen-IX (temporality) Øen-IX (spatiality) F¶n-

§s\ BJym-\-]-T-\-¯nse {][m\ Af-hp-tIm-ep-IsfsbÃmw Cu NXpÀe-

£-W-§-fn DÄs¸Sp¯m-\mIpw F¶Xv Cu hÀ¤o-I-c-W-¯nsâ {]k- ànsb FSp-¯p-Im-«p¶ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

1.7.1 BJym-\X (Narrativity)

BJym-\-¯n kÀÆmwKw hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p¶ H¶m-Wv, BJym-\-X.

BJym-\s¯ A\z-mJym-\-am-¡p-¶-XnÂ\n¶v hyh-tÑ-Zn-¨p-\nÀ¯p-¶, cq]-]- chpw kmµÀ`n-I-hp-amb khntijX-Isf FÃmw Iq«n-t¨À¯v "BJym-\X' F¶p hyh-l-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Iem-kr-jvSn-bpsS aÀ½-ambpw "BJym-\X'sb

amb Xe-§-fnÂt]mepw hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p¶ BJym-\-Xsb \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶- Xn A\p-hm-N-Isâ A\p-`-h-§Ä¡pw IYm-cq-]-k-¦-ev]-\-¯n-\p-sams¡

\nÀ®mbI kzm[o\w sNep-¯m-\m-Ipw. IY-bnse \ntbm-PI LS-I-§-fpsS ka-\z-b-¯m ]c-kv]cw s]mcp-¯-ap-Å-Xm-Ip¶ kw`-h-irw-J-e-sb, BJym-\-

¯n-eqsS IYm\nÀ½mW {]{In-b-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p¶ ØnXn-hn-ti-j-¯nsâ t_m[y-s¸-S-emWv BJym-\-X-bn hmb-\-¡m-c\v km[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv. AXn-\m AXv A\p-hm-N-I-krjvSn IqSn-bm-sW¶v ]d-bmw.

kw`-h-§Ä X½n-epÅ Imcy-Im-c-W-_-Ôw, BJym-\-¯nsâ irwJ-em- kz-`m-hw, ]mT-§-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_Ôw XpS-§nbhbn-eq-sS-bmWv "BJym-\X' krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶ ImgvN-¸m-SmWv skbvaqÀ Nmävams\ t]mse- bpÅhÀ sh¨p-]p-eÀ¯p-¶-Xv.²⁵ F¶m D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-]-cn-k-c-¯nÂ, kphy- à-amb BZn-a-[ym-´-s]m-cp-¯-apsÅmcp IY F¶ k¦ev]w A{]-Xy-£-am-bn- s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m Hcm-Jym-\-¯nse khn-ti-j-X-{´-§fpw aäp LS-I-

§fpw IqSn-t¨À¶v cq]-s¸-Sp¶ BJym-\-bp-àn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv BJym-\X km[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv. kw`-h-§sf inYn-e-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mgpw A\p-hm-N- Isâ bpàn-t_m-[s¯ ]qcn-X-am-¡m³ Hcp IrXn¡v km[n-¡p-¶p-s−-¦n AXn\v "BJym-\X' Ds−¶p ]dbmw. F¶n-cn-¡nepw BJym-\-co-Xn-I-sfbpw hmIy-hn-\ym-k-bp-àn-sbbpw B{i-bn-¡p-Ibpw \ntbm-PI LS-I§fpsS sshcp-²y-c-ln-X-amb Ah-Ø-bm cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip¶ BJym-\-X-bpsS bpànsb tNmZyw sN¿p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-−mWv ]pXnb BJym-\-]m-T-§Ä

\ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\m kw`-hykm[yXbpw Hcm-Jym-Xm-hnsâ km¶n- [yhpw am{X-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-Im-es¯ BJym-\-§sf BJym-\-am-¡p-

¶Xv F¶p hcp-¶p.

1.7.2 am[y-aX (Mediacy)

BJym-\-t¯bpw A\zm-Jym-\-t¯bpw X½n thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-sXt´m AXmWv "am[y-aX' F¶-XvsIm−v Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. Hmkv{Sn-b³ ssk²m-´n-I-

\mb F^v.-sI.-kväm³k-ensâ "s\tdäohv kntäz-j³kv C³ Zn t\mhÂ' (1955) F¶ IrXn-bn-emWv BZy-ambn "am[y-aX' F¶ k¦ev]w IS-¶p-h-cp-¶- Xv. "hnä _mÀ¡näv' F¶ PÀ½³ ]Z-¯n\v ]I-c-ambn Cw¥o-jn D]-tbm- Kn¨ ]Z-am-Wv, "aoUn-bkn'. Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw A\p-hm-N-I\pw CS-bn ØnXn-

sN-¿p¶ "a[y-Ø-s\'-bmWv CXv Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv. BJym-\-¯nsâ auen-I-Xsb kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv am[y-a-X-bmWv F¶p ]d-bmw.

IY-bnse ho£-W-tIm-Wnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv a[y-Øs\

AYhm BJym-Xm-hns\ Is−-¯m-\m-hp-I. BcmWv kw`-h-§sf/ImgvN-Isf sXc-sª-Sp¯v A\p-hm-N-I\p ap³]n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv F¶ tNmZy-¯n-

\pÅ D¯-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw B BJym-\-¯nse BJym-Xm-hnsâ Øm\s¯

\nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. Nne BJym-\-§-fn BJym-Xm-hns\ XnI¨pw {]Xy-£-

\mbn ImWmw. AXmWv {]Xy-£m-Jy-Xmhv (overt narrator). t_m[-]qÀÆ-amb Hcp IY ]d-¨n-en-em-Wv, BJym-Xm-hnsâ Øm\w hnhr-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-I.

F¶m aäp Nne BJym-\-§-fn BJym-Xmhv kZm k¶n-ln-X-\m-sW-¦nepw B km¶n[yw ]tcm-£-am-bn-cn¡pw (hm-b-\-¡m-c\v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Im¯ Xc-

¯nÂ) C¯-c-¯n-epÅ BJym-Xm-hns\ ]tcm-£m-Jym-Xmhv (covert narrator) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. ]e-t¸mgpw D¯-a-]p-cp-jsâ ho£-W-tIm-Wn \S-¡p¶

BJym-\-§-fn BJym-Xm-hnsâ km¶n[yw sXfnªp ImWn-Ã. AXp-t]mse {]kvXp-X-]p-cp-j-\n-epÅ BJym-Xmhv ]qÀ®-ambpw hniz-k-\o-b-\mbÃmsX amdm-dp-ap-−v. shbv³-þ-kn-þ-_q¯v, "A¬ dne-b-_nÄ s\tä-äÀ' Fs¶mcp k¦ev]w ap³t]m«p sh¨n-«p-ÅXv Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv.²⁶ BJym-Xm-hnsâ Ahn-izm-kyX IYm-h-km-\-¯n am{Xw hnhr-X-am¡n A\p-hm-N-Im-kzm-Z-

\s¯ kwLÀjm-ß-I-am¡n \ne \nÀ¯p¶ Hcp BJym-\-X{´w IqSn-bmbn C¯-c-¯n-epÅ BJym-Xm-hnsâ km¶n-[ys¯ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-−v. kmln-Xy- t¯-¡mÄ D]cn sSen-hn-j-\nepw kn\n-a-bn-ep-amWv C¯cw BJym-Xm-¡sf D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ kuIcyw F¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv. hneyw dn¤m¬ F¶ Ata- cn-¡³ ssk²m-´nI³ D¯-a-]p-cp-j-\n-epÅ "A¬dn-e-b-_nÄ s\td- äsd'¡pdn¨pw AXnsâ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hni-Z-ambn ]T\w

\S-¯n-bn-«p-−v.²⁷

{][m-\-ambpw aq¶p-X-c-¯n-epÅ hyàn-I-fmWv hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-\-Ãm¯

BJym-Xm-hmbn amdp-¶-Xv. 1. -]n-Imtdm (The Picaro): AXn-i-tbm-àn-¡m-c\pw s]m§¨-¡m-c-\p-amb BÄ. 2. {`m´³ (The Madman) am\-kn-I-ambn ]mI-¸n- g-IÄ DÅ-bmÄ 3. hnZq-j-I³ (The clawn) þ BJym-\s¯ AÀl-amb {]m[m-

\y-t¯msS ImWmsX t_m[-]qÀÆw hmb-\-¡m-cpsS {]Xo-£-I-sfbpw \m«p-\-