B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]iv\-h¡-cWw:
taXn cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ cN-\-I-fpsS ]T\w
Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e- ae-bm-f-þtIcf]T\hn-`m-K-¯n tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntem-k^n _ncp-Z-¯n-\mbn
kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ Kth-jW {]_Ôw
A_vZp-k-aZv sI.-Sn.
ae-bmfþtIc-f--]-T\hn`mKw
Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
PROBLEMATIZATION OF MODERNISM
A STUDY ON THE WORKS OF MAYTHIL RADHAKRISHNAN
Thesis submitted under the
Department of Malayalam and Kerala Studies of Calicut University for the
Award of Doctor of Philosophy
ABDUSAMMED K.T.
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
DEPARTMENT OF MALAYALAM AND KERALA STUDIES 2019
kXyhmNIw
Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntem-k^n _ncpZ¯n\mbn kaÀ¸n¡p¶ "B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]iv\-h¡-cWw taXn cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ cN-\-I-fpsS ]T\w' F¶ Cu KthjW{]_Ôw CXn-\p- ap¼v GsX-¦nepw ]co-£bvt¡m Atkm-kn-tb-ävjn-¸n-t\m s^tem-jn-¸nt\m atä-sX¦nepw AwKo-Im-c-¯nt\m th−n Fgp-X-s¸-«Xsöv CXn\m t_m[n-
¸n-¡p-¶p.
Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
Xn¿Xn : A_vZp-k-aZv sI.-Sn.
tUm. DaÀ Xd-taÂ
s{]m^-kÀae-bmfþtI-c-f-]-T\ hn`mKw Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
km£y-]{Xw
Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn ae-bmfþtI-cf]T\ hn`m-K-¯n ]nF¨v.-Un. tbmKyXm ]co-£bv¡v kaÀ¸n-¡p¶ " B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]iv\- h¡-cWw taXn cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ cN-\-I-fpsS ]T\w ' F¶ Cu {]_Ôw A_vZp-k-aZv sI.Sn. Fsâ amÀ¤\nÀt±-i-a-\p-k-cn¨v \nÀh-ln¨
Kth-j-W-¯nsâ tcJ-bm-sW¶v CXn-\m km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
Xn¿Xn: tUm. DaÀ Xd-taÂ
\µn
Cu Kth-j-W-¯n\v amÀ¤-\nÀt±iw \ÂIn-bXv tUm. DaÀ Xd-ta-em-Wv.
Kth-jW hnj-b-¯n \nc-´cw CS-s]«v \nÀt±-i-§-fm Nn´sb \ho-I- cn¨ DaÀ amjn-t\m-SpÅ \µnbpw IS-¸mSpw hm¡p-IÄ¡-Xo-X-am-Wv. Un{Kn-¡m- es¯ "kqcy-hwiw' hmb-\-bn-sem-Xp-§nb taXn ]cn-N-bs¯ hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-
¯m\pw Kth-j-W-hn-j-b-am¡m\pw t{]c-Wbpw t{]mÕm-l-\hpw \ÂInb APn¯v amjv, ]e hgn-I-fn-te¡v ]c¶ hmb-\-sbbpw Fgp-¯n-s\bpw IrXy- amb AXn-cn-\p-Ån-em-¡nb kt´mjv amjv, \nÀt±-i-§fpw t{]mÕm-l-\hp- ambn IqsS-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ Ìmen³ amjv XpS§nb Fsâ {]nb-s¸« A[ym-]- Iscbpw \µn-]qÀÆw HmÀ¡p-¶p. Kth-j-W Pohn-X-¯n ]e-t¸m-gmbn Bh- iy-amb \nÀt±-i-§-fp-ambn klm-bn¨ ae-bm-f-þ-tI-c-f-]-T-\-hn-`m-K-¯nse tUm.
FÂ. tXma-kvIp-«n, -tUm. A\n hÅ-t¯mÄ, tUm. ]n. tkma-\m-Y³, tUm.
BÀ.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c³, tUm. sI.-Fw. A\nÂ, tUm. Fw.-_n. at\mPv F¶n-h- tcm-SpÅ IS-¸mSpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Kth-jW Pohn-X-¯n CS-dn-ho-gmsX Xm§m-bn \n¶ Hcp-]mSv kplr-¯p-¡-fpsS ]n´p-Wbpw t{]mÕm-l-\hpw sIm−mWv Cu {]_Ôw ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡m-\m-b-Xv. kn.-]n. cXojv Ipam-À, Fw.
Poth-jv, _m_p C.-F., Znhy IrjvW, aRvPp sI., kn. ^m¯n-a, inJ ]n.- sI., aRvPn-a, kp[o-jv, enPn¯v Zmkv, jnPp Nmen-bw, tUm. A^o^v Xd-h-«-
¯v, cmtPjv tam³Pn, j]vXm-Pv, hcp¬ BÀ.-F-kv., \nJn-e, cm[n-I, tUm.
sI.-Fw. \nj, Fkv. {ioIm-´v, ep¡vam³, hn.-]n. km\p, ]n.-sI. ap_-jnÀ, ]n.
hn\o-jv, ]n.-hn. A_vZpÄ hmln-Zv, Fw. ss_Pp, sI.-]n. at\m-Pv, kn.-]n.
keow, Fw. C{_m-lnw, sI. AJn XpS§n apgp-h³ {]nb-s¸-«-h-scbpw HmÀ¡p-¶p. Kth-j-W-¯n-\p-th− kuI-cy-§-sfÃmw Hcp-¡nb ae-bm-f-tI-c-f- ]-T-\-hn-`mKw Hm^okv Poh-\-¡mÀ, Bh-iy-amb ]pkvX-I-§Ä e`y-am¡n IqsS-\n¶ ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw sse{_-dn, sk³{S sse{_-dn, A¸³ X¼p-cm³ kvamcI sse{_-dn, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw ]»nIv sse{_dn F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse Poh-
\-¡mÀ, {]_Ôw `wKn-bmbn Un.-Sn.-]n. sNbvXv kwhn-[m-\n-¨p-X¶ sN\-¡Â _n\-bnse _mep-th«³, aäp Poh-\-¡mÀ F¶n-h-tcm-SpÅ \µnbpw Adn-bn-¡p-
¶p.
IpSpw-_-¯nsâ Dd¨ ]n´pW H¶p-sIm-−p-am-{X-amWv Rm\n-¶n-hnsS F¯n\n¡p-¶-Xv. D¸, D½, ktlm-Zcoktlm-Z-c-·mÀ, Kth-jW ]qÀ¯o-I-c- W-¯nsâ kz]v\-hp-ambn ]n´pW¨ \Ã-]m-Xn-bpsS D¸, D½, aäp IpSpw-_mw-K-
§Ä F¶n-h-scbpw HmÀ¡p-¶p. Kth-j-W-¯nsâ {]Xn-k-Ôn-L-«-§-fn th−{X Bß-hn-izmkanÃmsX \n¶-t¸m-sgÃmw ssItNÀ¯v ]n-Sn-¨p-\-S¶
\Ã-]mXn sI.-]n. jco-¡-¯nsâ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-kw-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu {]_-Ôw.
c−p-h-b-Ênsâ Npdp-Np-dp-¡n F\n-¡p-IqSn DuÀÖ-ta-Ip¶ R§- fpsS BZn, D¶-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw km[m-c-W-¡m-cn-tes¡¯n-¡m³ Poh³ _en-
\ÂInb Iq¯p-]-d¼v cà-km-£n-IÄ F¶n-hÀ¡v Rm³ Cu {]_Ôw kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶p.
A_vZp-k-aZv sI.-Sn.
DÅ-S¡w
t]Pv \¼À
BapJw 1 – 7
A[ymbw 1 B[p-\n-IXbpw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zhpw 8 – 51
1.1. B[p-\n-IX 8
1.1.1 B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw 9
1.1.2 B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `uXn-Im-kv]-Z-§Ä 12 1.1.2.1 imkv{X-¯nsâ IS-¶p-h-chv 12 1.1.2.2 X¯z-Nn-´-bnse amä-§Ä 14
1.1.2.3 tImf-\o-I-cWw 15
1.1.2.3.1 bqtdm-tI-{µo-I-cWw 15 1.1.2.4 tZi-cm-jv{S-§-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw 16 1.1.2.5 B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ {]Xy-b-imkv{X
]²Xn 17
1.1.2.5.1 AkvXn-Xzm-t\z-jWw 20
1.1.2.5.2 A\y-h¡-cWw 20
1.1.2.5.3 iq\y-Xm-t_m[w 21
1.1.2.5.4 hnjm-Z-a-t\m-`mhw 21
1.1.2.5.5 \ntj-[-Nn´ 21
1.1.2.5.6 GIm-´-Xbpw A\mY-Xzhpw 22
1.2 C´y³ B[p-\n-IX 24
1.2.1 ]Ým-¯ew 24
1.2.2 `uXn-Im-kv]-Z-§Ä 25
1.2.3 {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-cn-kcw 27
1.3 tIc-fo-b B-[p-\n-IX 31
1.3.1 tIc-fo-b- B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw 32 1.3.1.1 \thm-°m\ B[p-\n-IXmhmZw 32
1.3.1.2 D¨m-[p-\n-IXmhmZw 33
1.3.2 {]Xy-bim-kv{X-]-cn-kcw 35 1.3.3 B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zn-I-fpsS {]iv\-§Ä 40
1.3.4 temI-]-²-Xn-bp-am-bpÅ _Ôw 41 1.3.5 I½yq-WnÌv/]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-tfmSpw
Xncn¨papÅ kao-]\w 42
1.3.6 B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ temI-t_m[w 44 1.4 taXn cm[m-Ir-jvW\pw ]pXn-b `mhp-IXz]cn-k-chpw 45 A[ym-bw 2 Fgp-¯nsâ cq]-kw-hn-[m\w 52 – 83
2.1 LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ 52
2.1.1 NnÓ-§fpw Nn{X-§fpw 53
2.1.2 {]Xo-I-§fpw cq]-I--§fpw 58
2.2. BJym-\-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ 61
2.2.1. BJym-Xm-hnsâ ]cn-Wmaw 61
2.2.2 AJym-\-e-£-W-§Ä 62
2.2.2.1 BJym-\X 62
2.2.2.2 am[y-aX 63
2.2.2.3 Øen-IX 64
2.2.2.4 Imen-IX 64
2.2.3 BJym-\-¯nse Imew 64
2.2.3.1 Btµm-f-\-Imew 65
2.3 BJym-\-¯nse aäv khn-ti-j-X-IÄ 66
2.3.1 {_m¡-äp-I-fpsS {]mapJyw 66
2.3.2 ]mTw/]mT-t`Zw 70
2.4 taXn-ensâ `mj 71
2.4.1 ]pXp-{]-tbm-K-§Ä 71
2.4.1.1 Npcp-s¡-gp-¯p-IÄ ]pXp-hm-¡vkw-bp-à-
§Ä 72
2.4.2 {]Xn-`mj 75
2.4.3 KqV-`mj 76
A[ymbw 3 Fgp-¯nsâ cmjv{Sobw 84 – 128
3.1. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS s]mXp-cm-jv{Sob ]²Xn 84
3.2 taXn-ensâ cmjv{So-b-]-²Xn 88
3.2.1 taXn-ensâ a\p-jy-k-¦ev]w 88
3.2.2 B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ hnNm-c-]-²-Xnbpw
taXnepw 91
3.3 ka-Im-enIcmjv{Sobw taXn-en 100
3.4 ssPh-cm-jv{Sobw 104
3.4.1 ]mcn-Øn-XnI cmjv{Sobw 105
3.4.2 ]mcn-Øn-XnI cN-\-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n 106
3.4.3 ssPh-cm-jv{Sobw taXn-en 108
3.4.3.1 `ua-cm-jv{So-b-Xm¸-cy-§Ä H¶mw
L«-¯n 109
3.4.3.2 `ua-cm-jv{Sob Xm¸-cy-§Ä c−mw
L«-¯n 111
3.4.3.2.1 Ihn-X-bn 112
3.4.3.2.2 IY-bn 119
3.4.3.3 taXn-ense XncyKvÚm-\-ZÀi\w 121 A[ymbw 4 kmln-Xy-¯nse imkv{X-sa-gp¯v 129 – 151
4.1. taXnÂIr-Xn-I-fnse ip²-imkv{Xw 129
4.2 kmt¦-Xn-I-_-²-amb temI-t_m[w 133
4.3 ]cn-Øn-Xn-im-kv{X-{]-tbm-K-¯nsâ ka-{KX 136 4.4 P´pico-c-L-S-\m-im-kv{X-¯nsâ ]cn-Wm-a-§Ä 138
4.5 hn\n-abw 141
4.5.1 a\p-jyÀ X½n-epÅ hn\n-abw 141
4.5.2 a\p-jy\pw P´p-¡fpw X½n-epÅ hn\n-abw 144
4.5.3 sSen-¸Xn 145
4.5.4 P·-hm-k\ 147
A[ymbw 5 Fgp-¯nse ico-chpw enwKhpw 152 – 194 5.1 kv{Xo ]pcpj ico-c-§-fpsS Fgp-¯nse {]Xn-\n-[m\w 152 5.2 taXn IrXn-I-fnse kv{Xo ]pcpj _Ô-§Ä 162
5.2.1 {]W-bw, ssewKn-IX 163
5.2.2 I\y-ImXzw F¶ {]tbm-K-¯nsâ bpàn 167
5.2.3 thiy Fs¶mcp hn`m-K-anà 169
5.2.4 _emÂkwKw _e-{]-tbm-K-aà 174
5.3 sabvÂtjmh-\nÌv Awi-§Ä taXn-en 176
5.4 IpSpw-_-sa¶ A[oiXz hyhØ 187
D]-kw-lmcw
{KÙ-kqNn 195 – 203
204 – 215
BapJw
a[y-Im-e-¯nÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn ]Xn-\mdmw \qämt−msS kaq-l-
¯n kw`-hn¨ amä-§-sf-bmWv B[p-\n-IX F¶ ]Zw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
hyXykvX Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-§-fn hyXykvX AÀ°-am-Wv B[p-\n-IX F¶
]Z-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. hyXykvX ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-fmbn {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶
B[p-\n-I-Xsb ]Xn-s\«mw \qäm-t−msS thÀXn-cn¨v {]tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS-§n.
sI«n-Sw, hkv{Xw, s]cp-am-ä-io-e-§Ä XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fn h¶ amäs¯
kqNn-¸n¨v B[p-\o-I-cWw (modernisation), khn-ti-j-amb Ncn-{X-þ-km-aqly kµÀ`s¯ kqNn-¸n¨v B[p-\n-IX (modernity), Cu khn-ti-j-k-µÀ`-¯n DS-se-Sp¯ Iem-km-ln-Xy-{]-h-W-X-Isf kqNn-¸n-¡m³ B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw (modernism) F¶n-§s\ thÀXn-cn¨v AXXv kµÀ`-§-fn {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
]mÝmXykmln-Xy-¯nse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZIrXn-I-fpsS hmb-\-bn- eqsS AXnsâ A\p-I-c-W-sa¶ coXn-bn-emWv Bbn-c-¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n Adp-]-Xp-I-fn ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-sa-¯p-¶-Xv. ]pXnb `mjm- {I-ahpw kuµ-cy-ho-£-W-hp-ambn [mcmfw cN-\-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-−m-bn. ae- bm-f-¯n B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw IrXy-ambn CS-s]-«n-cp¶ Ime-¯mWv taXn cm[m-Ir-jvW³ "kqcy-hwiw' Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. ]s£ ka-Im-en-I-cp-ambn IrXy- amb Hcp AIew taXn ]men-¨p. LS-\m-]-chpw Bi-b-]-c-hp-amb ]co-£- W-§-fm \ndª taXnÂcN-\-IÄ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n khn-tij{i² BIÀjn-¨p.
]T-\-e£yw
B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯n-sâbpw D¯-cm-[p\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯n-sâbpw {]`-h-Im- e-§-fn Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Ah-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§-fnÂ\n¶v hn«p-\n-
¶mWv taXn cm[m-Ir-jvW³ cN-\-IÄ \S-¯n-b-Xv. LS-\m-]-chpw Bi-b-]- c-hp-amb ]co-£-W-§-fm taXn ae-bmfkmln-Xy-¯nsâ s]mXpB[p-\n- IXmhmZ-io-e-§-fnÂ\n¶pw F§s\ hgn-am-dn-\-S¶p F¶mWv ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-
¶-Xv. Cu AÀ°-¯n `mjm]-chpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-c-hp-ambn taXn ae-bm-f-
¯n-ep-−m-¡nb Ne-\-§-fpsS A]-{K-Y-\-amWv Cu ]T-\w.
]T\¯nsâ {]kàn
ae-bm-f-¯n AÀln-¡p¶ hn[-¯n taXn cm[m-Ir-jvW³ ]cn-K- Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm ]Tn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm sNbvXn-«n-Ã. ae-bm-f-¯nse B[p-
\nIXmhmZcN-\-I-sf- Ip-dn¨v s]mXp-hnepw Fgp-¯p-Imsc tI{µo-I-cn¨v {]tXy- In¨pw [mcmfw ]T-\-§-fp-−m-bn-«p-s−-¦nepw Ah-bn-sem¶pw taXnÂIrXn- IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸-«n-«n-Ã. ]cn-ØnXncmjv{So-bs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n ]pXnb ]T-
\-§Ä _joÀ apX ka-Im-enI Fgp-¯p-Imsc ap³\nÀ¯nhsc D−m-Ip- t¼mgpw XoÀ¯pw `uanI-ambn cN-\-IÄ \S-¯nb taXn IrXn-Isf Imcy- ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-«n-Ã. ZpÀ{K-l-X, ]mc-¼-cy-hn-cp-²w, Acm-jv{Sobw F¶n-§- s\-bpÅ te_-ep-IÄ NmÀ¯n \ncq-]-I-cn an¡-hcpw taXn-ens\ Hgn-ªp-\-S-
¡p-¶p. F¶m Cu ap³[m-c-W-I-sf-sbÃmw s]mfn-s¨-gp-Xm-\pÅ DÄ¡-cp¯v taXnÂIr-Xn-IÄ¡p-−v. taXn cN-\-Isf apgp-h-\mbn hyXy-kvX-co-Xn-I-fn- eqsS kao-]n¨v kmln-Xy-¯n At±lw \S-¯nb s]mfn-s¨-gp-¯p-Isf hni-Z- am-¡p¶p F¶-Xn-\m Cu ]T\w Imen-I-{]-k-à-am-Wv.
]T-\-ta-Je
hyXy-kvX-Im-e-§-fn-embn taXn \S-¯nb cN-\-I-sfÃmw Cu ]T-\-
¯n {]Y-am-I-c-ambn kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-−v. IY, Ihn-X, t\mh F¶n-h-sbÃmw CXn-epÄs¸-Sp-¶p. aq¶v L«-§-fm-bmWv taXn IrXn-IÄ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-
«n-«p-Å-Xv. "kqcy-hwi'¯n XpS§n "tcmaw'hsc-bpÅ IrXn-IÄ ]pd-¯p-h¶
Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnse H¶mw-L-«w, "`qan-sbbpw ac-W-s¯bpw Ipdn¨v' F¶ Ihn-Xm- k-am-lm-c-¯n XpS§n "kwKoXw Hcp ka-b-I-e-bmWv' F¶ IYm-k-am-lm-c-
¯n F¯nb sXm®q-dp-I-fnse c−mw-L-«w, 2013-þse "Pqsse þ HmK-Ìv-þ-sk- ]vXw-_À' F¶ IYbpw 2016----þ ]pd-¯p-h¶ "kqcy-a-Õys¯ hnh-cn-¡Â' F¶ t\mh-sseäpw AS-§nb aq¶mw-L«w F¶n-§-s\-bm-W-Xv. Cu IrXn-I- sf-sbÃmw taXnÂIrXn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn ]T-\-
¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.
]qÀÆ ]T-\-§Ä
"{]IrXnsbgp-¯v-þ-ta-Xn cm[m-IrjvWsâ Ihn-X-I-fnÂ' F¶ hnj-b-
¯n-t·Â DÅ Fw.-F. {]_Ôw äntPmtam³.sI.-C. 2011-þ Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I- em-im-e-bn kaÀ¸n-¨n-«p-−v. taXn Ihn-X-I-fnse ]cn-Øn--im-kv{X-hm-Z-¯n- eq-¶nb Cu {]_Ôw H.-F³.-hn, kpK-X-Ip-am-cn, A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À XpS-§n-b-h- cpsS kam-\-hn-j-b-¯n-epÅ Ihn-X-I-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\hpw \S-¯n-bn-«p-
−v. F¶m ]cn-K-W-\m-hn-jb-a-Ãm-¯-Xn-\m aäv hyXy-kvX-hn-j-b-§-fn- epÅ Ihn-X-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-¡m³ Cu ]T-\-¯n-\m-bn-«n-Ã. "]cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cyhpw kuµ-cy-¯nsâ ]cn-Øn-Xnbpw: taXn Ihn-X-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n- bpÅ hni-I-e\ ]T\w' F¶ hnj-b-¯n DÅ Fw.-^n {]_Ôw 2016-þ17  A\q]v hn.-F-kv. Xps©-s¯-gp-¯-ѳ ae-bmf kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn kÀ¸n-
¨n-«p-−v. Ihn-X-I-fnse ]mcn-Øn-Xn-Imw-i-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ Btem-N-\-
bmWv Cu {]_-Ô-hpw. aäv hf-sc-¡p-d¨v ]T-\-§Ä am{Xta taXn cN-\-I-fp- ambn _Ô-s¸«v h¶n-«p-Åq. "Xq§n¡nS-¡p¶ dnko-hÀ ]d-bp¶ Imcy-§Ä',
"A]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ DuÀÖ-{]-hmlw' F¶n-§s\ c−v teJ-\-§Ä sI.-]n.
A¸-tâ-Xm-bp-−v. "H¨p-I-fpsS ]tKmU' F¶ Xe-s¡-«n Bjm-ta-t\m\pw
"cq]-kw-{I-a-¯nsâ Zn\-§Ä' F¶ Xe-s¡-«n hn.-kn. {ioP\pw teJ-\-§Ä {]kn-²oI-cn¨n-«p-−v. "tZi-¯nsâ `mh-\m-`q-]-S-§Ä' F¶ {KÙ-¯n tUm.-D- aÀ Xd-taepw "B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ipä-k-½Xw' F¶ {KÙ-¯n tUm.-]n.-]-hn- {X\pw taXn-ensâ Hmtcm t\mh-ep-Isf ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v. "GXn- ebpw a[p-cn-¡p¶ ImSp-I-fnÂ', "hnl-cn-¡p-I-bmWv taXnÂ' F¶o Xe-s¡-«p- I-fn I¸ä \mcm-b-W\pw "hnc-ep-IÄ A©-h-b-h-§-fmbn Fs¶-t¶-¡p- ambn \jvS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p' F¶ t]cn Icp-Wm-I-c\pw "at\m-cm-Py-§-fnse cmjv{Sobw' F¶ Xe-s¡-«n kÀPphpw teJ-\-§Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«p−v.
ae-bm-f-\mSv tUm«vtIm-an hnPp \mb-c-§mSn "`qan F¶pw ac-W-¯n\v FXn- cm-bn-cp¶p' F¶ teJ\w {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«p-−v. taXn Ihn-X-I-fpsS kuµ- cymt\z-j-W-amWv Cu teJ-\w. "taXn C³ Z FÀ¯v' F¶ t]cn sI.
tKm]n-\m-Y³ Hcp tUmIyp-saâdn kn\na kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-«p-−v.
hyXykvX kml-N-cy-§-fn taXn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯nb Bi-b-§Ä Hcp
^n£\mbn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v khn-ti-j-co-Xn-bn kwhn-[m-\n¨ tUmIyp-saâ-dn- bm-Wn-Xv. taXn IrXn-I-fnse Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« Bi-b-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I- cn-¡mt\ Cu tUmIyp-saâ-dn-¡m-bn-«p-Åq. Sn.-sI. i¦-c-\mcm-b-W³, {ioPnXv s]cp-´-¨³, km_p j×p-Jw, jm\-hmkv Fw.-F, sI.-]n. djoZv F¶n-hÀ taXn cm[m-Ir-jvW-\p-ambn \S-¯nb A`n-ap-J-§-fnepw IrXn-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Btem-N-\-I-fp-−v. Ch-sbÃmw taXn-ensâ Ht¶m ct−m IrXn- Isf ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am¡n Ah-bpsS cN-\m-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-
¶tXm Bßmw-i-]-c-ambn taXn IrXn-I-fpsS hmb-\m-\p-`hw ]¦p-sh-¡p-
¶tXm Bb cN-\-I-fm-Wv.
]T-\-coXn
hnh-c-Wm-ß-I-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ]T-\-amWv Cu {]_-Ô-¯n \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-
¶-Xv. IrXn-bpsS {]tab {]Xn-]m-Z-\-X-e-§sf A]-{K-Yn¨v cN-\m-k-hn-tij-X- IÄ Is−-¯p-¶p. BJym-\-hn-Úm-\o-bw, kv{Xohm-Zw, ]cn-ØnXnimkv{Xw XpS-§nb hyXy-kvX sshÚm-\nI taJ-e-I-sfbpw ]T-\-ku-I-cymÀ°w D]- tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v.
{]_-Ô-L-S\
A©v A[ym-b-§fpw Bap-Jhpw D]kw-lmchpa-S-§p-¶-XmWv {]_- Ô-¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡w. "B[p-\n-I-Xbpw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zhp'sa¶ H¶mw A[ym-b-¯n B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS \nÀ½n-Xn-bnse {][m\ LS-I-§sf ]cn-tim- [n¨v ]n¶oSv B[p-\n-IX F¶ s]mXp-AÀ°-¯nÂ\n¶v amdn khn-ti-j-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS-§nb B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zs¯ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. B[p-
\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯nsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fn {][m-\-s¸« hnhn[
{]Øm-\-§-sfbpw ]cmaÀin-¨n-«p-−v. XpSÀ¶v C´y³- tI-c-fob B[p-\n-I-Xm- hm-Z-§sf ]cn-tim-[n¨v ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯n \n¶pÅ {]Xy-b- im-kv{X-]-c-amb hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. taXn cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ cN-\-Isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv H¶mw A[ymbw Ah-km-\n-
¡p-¶-Xv.
"Fgp-¯nsâ cq]-kw-hn-[m\w' F¶ c−mw A[ym-b-¯n LS-\, BJym-\w, `mj F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw taXn cm[m-Ir-jvW³ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨
]pXpa-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. NnÓ-§Ä, Nn{X-§Ä, {]Xo-I-§Ä, cq]-I-
§Ä F¶n-h-bpsS D]-tbm-K-¯m km[y-am-hp¶ \ne-\n¶ LS-\-bnÂ\n-
¶pÅ hntO-Zw, BJym-Xm-hnsâ ]cn-Wm-aw, {]Xn-`m-j, KqV-`mj F¶nh ]Tn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯n-sâbpw taXn-en-sâbpw s]mXp-cm-jv{So-b-]-²Xn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶ "Fgp-¯nsâ cmjv{Sobw' BWv aq¶mw A[ym-bw. B[p-\n-I- Xm-hm-Z-¯nsâ HutZym-Kn-I-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-tfmSv taXn cm[m-Ir-jvW³ AIew ]men-¨n-cp-¶-sX-§-s\-sb¶v ]Tn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ssPh-cm-jv{Sobw taXn-en F§s\ {]hÀ¯n¡p-s¶¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I-bmWv XpSÀ¶p-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. ]mcn- Øn-Xm-h-t_m-[s¯ IqSp-X-embn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ c−mwL«s¯ Ihn-X, IY F¶v thÀXn-cn¨v ]cn-tim-[n-¨n-«p-−v.
"kmln-Xy-¯nse imkv{X-sa-gp¯v' F¶ \memw A[ym-b-¯n imkv{X-¯nsâ c−v Ahm--´-c-hn-`m-K-§-fmb ip²-im-kv{Xw, kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy- bpsS hfÀ¨ F¶nh taXnÂIr-Xn-I-fn F§s\ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶p ]Tn-¡p-¶p. ]cn-Øn-Xn-im-kv{Xw, P´p-im-kv{Xw, kmt¦XnIim-kv{X-tem-I- t_m[w F¶nh ]cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. taXn IrXn-I-fn \nc-´cw IS-¶p-h- cp¶ hyXykvX hn\n-ab coXn-I-sfbpw hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v. a\p- jyÀ X½n-epÅ hn\n-a-bw, a\p-jy\pw P´p-¡fpw X½n-epÅ hn\n-a-bw, sSen-
¸-Xn, P·-hm-k\ F¶nh Cu L«-¯n ]cntim[n-¨n-«p-−v.
A©mw A[ym-b-amb "Fgp-¯nse ico-chpw enwKhpw' F¶ `mK-¯v, kv{Xo]p-cpj ico-c-§-fpsS Fgp-¯nse {]Xn-\n-[m\w ]Tn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. I\y- Im-Xzw, thiy, _emÂkwKw F¶n-h-bp-sS- AÀ°¯n taXn \S-¯p¶
s]mfn-s¨-gp-¯p-I-sfbpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p. sabnÂ--tjm-h-\nÌv Awi-§Ä taXn-en F§s\ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶pw ]Tn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
A©-[ym-b-§-fn-embn \S-¯nb ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fpsS shfn-¨-¯n F¯n-t¨À¶ \nco-£-W-§fpw \nK-a-\-§fpw D]-kw-lm-c-¯n tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-
¶p. ]T-\-¯n\v B[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn¨ ]pkvX-I-§-fp-sSbpw teJ-\-§-fp- sSbpw sh_vssk-äp-I-fp-sSbpw hnh-c-§Ä A\p-_-Ô-ambn tNÀ¯n-«p-−v.
A[ymbw 1
B[p-\n-I-Xbpw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zhpw
1.1 B[p-\n-IX
a[y-Im-e-¯n \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn ]Xn-\mdmw \qäm-t−msS kaq-l-
¯n kw`-hn¨ ]cn-Wm-a-§-sf-bmWv B[p-\n-IX F¶ ]Zw kqNn-¸n-¡p-
¶Xv. hyXy-kvX- N-cn-{X-k-µÀ`-§-fn hyXykvX AÀ°-amWv B[p-\nIX F¶ ]Z-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ka-Ime ]cn-jvIr-Xn, khn-ti-j-amb kmaq-ly- N-cn-{X-kw-`-hw, Iem-km-ln-Xy-]-c-amb {]h-W-X-IÄ F¶n-§s\ hyXykvX ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf B[p-\nIw F¶ ]Zw kqNn-¸n-¨p. ]Xn-s\«mw \qäm-t−msS Chsb thÀXn-cn¨v ImWp¶ {]tbm-K-§-fp-−m-bn. sI«n-Sw, hkv{Xw, s]cp-am-ä- io-e-§Ä XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fn h¶ amäs¯ kqNn-¸n-¨p-sIm−v B[p-\o-I- cWw (Modernisation), khn-ti-j-amb Ncn-{X-þ-km-aq-ly-k-µÀ`s¯ kqNn-¸n¨v B[p-\n-IX (Modernity), Cu khn-ti-j-k-µÀ`-¯n DS-se-Sp¯ Iem-km- ln-Xy-{]-h-W-X-Isf kqNn-¸n-¡m³ B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw (Modernism) F¶n-
§s\ AXXv kµÀ`-§-fn Ch {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.
tdma³ hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-\n \n¶pw {InkvXy³ hnizm-kn-bn-te-¡pÅ hyànhy-Xym-ks¯ Ipdn-¨n-cp¶ emän³]-Z-amb "samtU-Wkn' \n¶mWv
"tamtU¬' F¶ ]Zw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¯-Xv.1 kam-\-ambn ae-bm-f-¯n D]-tbm- Kn-¡p¶ "B[p-\n-IX' F¶ ]Zw kwkvIr-X-]-Z-amb "B[p\m' bn \n¶pw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¯-Xm-Wv.2 Hcp Ncn-{X-þ-km-aq-lnI kµÀ`s¯ \nÀW-bn-¡p¶
`uXn-Im-kv]-Z-§Ä, Ah-bnse A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§Ä, DÅn-e-S-§nb Bi-b-§Ä, Ah-bpsS A\p-`q-Xn-L-S-\-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ ]Z-ambn "B[p-
\n-IX' amdn. 1950þI-tfm-sS-bmWv C§s\ hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶
{]tbm-K-£-aX Cu ]Zw ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
imkv{X-¯nsâ IS-¶p-h-c-hv, X¯z-Nn-´-bn h¶ amä-§Ä, tImf-\o-I- c-Ww, tZi-cm-jv{S-§-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw XpS-§n-bh B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS \nÀ½n-Xn- bnse {][m\ LS-I-§-fm-Wv. ]Xn-\mdmw \qäm-−n Bcw-`n¨ ]cn-Wm-a-§sf Ch-sbÃmw kzm[o-\n¨v ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-−m-Ip-t¼m-tg¡v hn]p-e-amb coXn- bn-te¡v amän. hnÚm-\-a-Þ-e-¯n-emWv B[p-\n-IX {][m-\-ambpw amä§fp-
−m-¡n-b-Xv. hnÚm-\-a-Þ-es¯ imkv{X-hn-j-b-§Ä, am\-hnI hnj-b-§Ä F¶n-§s\ s]mXp-hmbn thÀXn-cn-¡p-Ibpw Chbv¡v hyXy-kvX-amb At\Iw imJ-Ifpw Hmtcm-¶n\pw hyXykvX DÅ-S-¡hpw coXn-im-kv{X-hp-saÃmw I¸n-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXXv B[p\n-I-X-bm-Wv. DÅ-S-¡w, coXn-imkv{Xw F¶o ASn- Øm-\-¯n {]mNo-\, a[y-Im-e-hn-Úm\§fn \n¶v B[p-\n-I-hn-Úm-\-
§Ä XoÀ¯pw hyXy-kvX-am-bmWv A\p-`-h-s¸-«-Xv. a\p-jys\ tI{µo-I-cn-¨p- ÅXpw `uXn-I-hm-Z-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bp-amWv Cu Adn-hp-IÄ cq]o-I-cn-
¡-s¸-«-Xv. Cu Adnhp-I-fn \n¶mWv Iem-km-ln-Xy-cw-K¯v khn-ti-j-{]-h- W-X-I-tfmsS B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv.
1.1.1 B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw
B[p-\nIw F¶ s]mXpAÀ°-¯n \n¶v ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-−nsâ Ah-km-\-t¯m-sS-bmWv khn-ti-j-{]-hW-X-I-sfbpw {]Øm-\-§-sfbpw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ H¶mbn B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw amdn-b-Xv. ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-
−nsâ Ah-km\ Zi-I-§-fn bqtdm-¸nepw XpSÀ¶v Gjy³-þ-em-än-\-ta-cn-¡³
\mSp-I-fnepw kmln-Xy-cw-K¯v cq]w-sIm− {]h-W-X-bmWv B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm- Zw. ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-−n bqtdm-]y³ Iem-km-ln-Xy-cw-K¯v \ne-\n-¶n- cp¶ bYm-X-Yy-{]-Øm\w (Realism), tcJob BJym\w (Linear narrativity)
XpS-§nb ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ¡pw kzc-{]-am-W-§Ä¡p-sa-Xn-cm-bmWv CXv IS-¶p-h-
¶-Xv. 1890-þ-I-fn Xs¶ amä-§Ä sNdnb coXn-bn Zriy-am-bn-¯p-S-§n-bn-cp- s¶-¦nepw H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n\v tij-amWv CXv kPo-h-am-b-Xv. D¨m- [p-\n-I-X (High modernism) bpsS Ime-ambn Adn-b-s¸« ka-b¯v FÃm taJ-e-bnepw ]pXnb Nn´-Icpw Nn´-Ifpw IS-¶p-h-¶p. ImÄ amÀIvkv, s{^U-dn-Iv \otj, knÜ−v t{^mbvUv, Pbnwkv sP t{^kÀ XpS-§nb \nc
"B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kphÀ®-imJ' F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p.3
Pbnwkv tPmbvknsâ "bpfn-\kv', Sn Fkv. Fen-b-änsâ "Z thÌvem³Uv', hnÀPo-\nb hqÄ^nsâ "tP¡_vkv dqw' XpS§n kmln-Xy-
¯n ]co-£W krjvSn-IÄ [mcm-f-ap-−m-bn. ssien-bnepw in¸-L-S-\- bnepw BJym-\-X-e-¯nepw henb amä-§Ä {]I-S-am-bn. IYm-]m-{X-kr-jvSn- bn ]c-¼-cm-K-X-h-gn-I-fn \n¶v amdn-\-S-¶v, \ne-hn-en-cp¶ [mc-W-I-sf- sbÃmw XInSw adn-¡p-Ibpw ]mc-¼-cy-hm-Iy-L-S-\sb ewLn¨v `mjm-hn-¹hw krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kmln-Xy-\nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS ]pXn-b-cq-]-§-fmbn "B´- cn-I-Po-hn-X-¯n {i² Du¶p¶ kmln-Xy-I-em-{]-Øm\w' (Expressionism),
"Ab-YmÀ°-hmZw' (Surrealism), Nn{X-þ-in¸ Iem-cw-K¯v "Iyq_nkw' (Cubism), "^yq¨-dnkw' (Futurism)F¶n-hbpw kwKo-X-¯n ]c-¼-cm-KX Xmfw, ebw F¶n-h-bn \n¶pÅ hgn-am-dn-\-S-¡-ep-IÄ XpS-§n-bn«pÅ amä-
§-fp-−m-bn. kaq-l-¯nse ]pXnb amä-§-sf¶ coXn-bn B[p-\n-IX (Modernity), kmlnXy-¯nse amä-§sf B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw (Modernism) F¶n§s\ hyXykvX AÀY-§-fn-emWv Cu {]_-Ô-¯n kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
\nb-X-amb e£-W-§-tfmSv IqSn Hcp {]Øm-\-sa-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ cq]-]- c-ambpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-c-ambpw Nne kam-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw
F¶m At\ym\w hntbm-Pn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXmWv Hcp {]Øm-\-sa¶ coXn- bn B[p-\n-IXmhmZw {]Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv. ""]c-¼-cm-K-X-am-b-hbv¡v FXn-cmbn, {]tXy-In¨v Ie, kmln-Xyw, aXw F¶n-h-bn cq]-s¸-Sp¶ B[p-\nI Bi-b-
§fpw coXn-Ifpw; Cw¥ojv kmln-Xys¯ kw_-Ôn¨v F{km-]u-−v, Sn.-F-kv.
Fen-b-äv, shÀPo-\nb hqÄ^v, tPmb-kv, tIm¬dmUv XpS-§nb Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ Bcw-`-¯n krjvSn¨ {]h-W-X-Isf "B[p-\n-IX' F¶ ]Zw Ipdn-¡p-¶p. ChÀ cN-\m-ssi-en-bnepw aäpw Gsd hyXy-kvX-IÄ ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw kmln-Xy-¯nsâ ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb LS-\sb {]Xn- tcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw "t_m[-[mc' t]mepÅ \qX-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä¡p XpS¡w Ipdn-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn\p kam-´-c-amb {]h-W-X-IÄ Nn{X-I-e-bnepw aäpw {]I-S-am-bn-«p-−v''4 F¶v HmIvkvt^mÀUv UnIvjWdn hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
temI-¯nsâ hnhn-[-`m-K-§-fn A[n-h-kn-¡p¶ hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-
§-fpsS `mhp-I-Xzs¯ kzm[o-\n-¡m\pw \nÀ®-bn-¡m\pw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-
¯n\v Ign-ªp. hnhn-[-co-Xn-I-fn {]Im-in-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ Xs¶ B[p-\n- I-amb temI-t_m-[s¯ kwi-bn-¡m\pw tNmZywsN¿m\pw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-
¯n-\mbn. AkvXn-Xz-hmZw t]mepÅ XXz-im-kv{X-{]-h-W-X-I-fm hen-sbm-c-f- thmfw kzm[o-\n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cp¶p B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-]-c-amb Iem-km-lnXy kao-]-\-§Ä. ]gb Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-I-fn \n¶v thÀXn-cnªpw ]pXnb Bhn-jvIm-c-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä¡p-th-−n-bpÅ \nc-´-c-amb At\z-j-W-am-bp-amWv hnhn[ Iem-ta-J-e-I-fn Ch {]Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv. Ahm-Mv-þ-Km-UvvI-e (Avant- grade art) F¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp¶ B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZ hàm-¡Ä kzbw A\y-h- XvIr-X-cmbn {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw hyh-Øm-]n-X-I-e-bpsS amÀK-§sf adn-I-S-
¡m³ hyh-Øm-]nX Pohn-X-{I-as¯ sR«n-¡p¶ Pohn-X-co-Xn-IÄ D]m-[n- bmbn kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
BZyw Nn{X-I-e-bn-emWv B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZ {]h-W-X-IÄ DS-se-Sp-¯-Xv.
]n¶oSv aäp -ta-J-e-I-fn-te¡v AXv ]SÀ¶p. AXn-cp-IÄ ambv¨pIfªpw cq]-`- {ZX {]Xo-Xn-]-c-am-sW¶v Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX Cw{]-j-\n-k-¯n XpS§n ]n¶oSv Iyq_n-kw, t^mhn-kw, ^yq¨-dn-kw, ZmZm-bn-kw, kdn-b-en-kw, FIvkv{]-j-\nkw XpS§n \nc-h[n {]Øm-\-§-fmWv C§s\ hym]n-¨-Xv.
bqtdm-]y³ Nn{X-I-em-cw-K¯v {]hÀ¯n¨ Af-hnepw coXn-bnepw Ah aäv taJ-e-I-fn {]hÀ¯n-s¨¶v ]d-bm-\m-hn-sÃ-¦nepw FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw Ah- bpsS kzm[o\w F¯n-bn-cp-¶p.
1.1.2 B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `uXn-Im-kv]-Z-§Ä
16-þmw \qäm-t−msS km[y-amb kmaq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v \nc-h[n LS- I-§Ä Imc-W-am-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. imkv{X-¯nsâ IS-¶p-h-c-hv, X¯z-Nn-´-bn k¦Â¸-\-]-c-ambn h¶ amäw, tImf-\o-I-c-Ww, tZi-cm-jv{S-§-fpsS cq]o-I- cWw XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ]nd-hnsb kzm[o-\n¨ LS-I-§- fmWv.
1.1.2.1 imkv{X-¯nsâ IS-¶p-h-chv
B[p-\n-I-Xsb km[y-am-¡nb {][m\ LSIamWv imkv{Xw. B[p-\n- I-imkv{Xw {]]-©s¯ `uXn-I-km-¶n-[y-ambn Xncn-¨-dn-bp-Ibpw {]]-©-c-l- ky-§Ä \nÀ[m-cWw sNbvsX-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imcy-Im-c-W-bp-àn-bn-eq- sSbpw ]co-£-W-\n-co-£-W-§-fn-eq-sSbpw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn hnI-kn¨p h¶
At\z-j-W-§-fpsS `mK-am-bpÅ Adn-hp-IÄ hkvXp-\n-jvThpw imkv{Xo-bhpw B[n-Im-cn-I-hp-am-sW¶v Icp-X-s¸-«p. 1608-þ Keo-entbm sSen-kvt¡m¸v I−p- ]n-Sn-¨-tXmsS tPymXn-im-kv{Xs¯ B[m-c-am¡n \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ Acn-tÌm-
«n-en-b³ {]]-©-k-¦Â¸w XIÀ¶p. Keo-en-tbm-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-§sf ]n¶oSv
\bn-¡p-Ibpw Ahsb hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C§s\ {Ian-I-ambn hfÀ¶p-h¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n-bmWv sFk-Iv\yq-«³ Xsâ imkv{X- kn-²m-´-§-fp-ambn cwK-{]-thiw sN¿p-¶-Xv. _e-§-fmWv {]]-©-N-e-\-§- fpsS ASn-Øm-\-sa¶pw Ne-\-§Ä¡v ]n¶n- DuÀÖw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p- s−¶papÅ \nco-£-W-§-tfmsS Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ aq¶v Ne-\-\n-b-a-§fpw Kpcp- Xzm-IÀjW kn²m-´hpw {]Nm-c-¯n-se-¯n-b-tXmsS \ne-hn-en-cp¶ [mc-W- IÄ tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-«p.
\yq«sâ k¦Â¸-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bm-bmWv ]n¶oSv BÂs_À«v sF³Ìo³ Bt]-£n-IXmkn-²m-´-¯n-te¡pw Izm−w `uXn-I-im-kv{X-¯n- te-¡p-sa-¯n-b-Xv. 20-þmw \qäm-−nse imkv{X]T-\-§-Äs¡Ãmw B[m-c-ambn hÀ¯n¨v tNmZyw sN¿m-\m-Im¯ B[n-Im-cnI kn²m-´-ambn AXv hne-bn-cp-
¯-s¸-«p. a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS Afhpw C¡m-e¯v Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-em-bn.
A¨-Sn-bpsS I−p-]n-Sn-¯hpw {]Nm-c-hp-amWv CXn\v {][m\ Imc-W-am-bn-
¯oÀ¶-Xv. hS-¡p-t\m-¡n-b-X-{´w, ssS]vssd-äÀ, tS]v sdt¡mÀUÀ, sSe- t^m¬, ¹mÌn¡v XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS I−p-]n-Sp-¯hpw \nÀ®m-b-I-am-bn. ]cn- Wm-a-kn-²m-´-¯n-eqsS NmÄkv UmÀhn\pw a\x-im-kv{X-kn-²m-´-¯n-eqsS knÜ−v t{^mbvUpw km¼-¯nI kn²m-´-¯n-eqsS ImÄ amÀIvkpw a\p- jysâ Pohn-X-ho-£-W-s¯bpw hnI-kn-¸n-¨p.
hymh-km-bnI hn¹-hhpw AsXm-cp-¡nb ]p¯³ku-I-cy-§fpw Pohn- Xm-h-Ø-bn amä-§-fp-−m-¡n. hyànsb Hä-s¸-S-en-te¡v \bn¨ GIm-´-Xm- t_m[w AXn {][m-\-am-Wv. Iq«p-Ip-Sw-_-§Ä AWp-Ip-Spw-_-§-fm-bpw ]n¶oSv AWp-Ip-Spw-_-sa¶ sNdp-L-SIw XIÀ¶v CW-IÄ cq]w sIm−Xpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv. Cu amäw ImÀjn-I-hr¯n Dt]-£n¨v
\K-c-§-fn-te¡v tNt¡dm-³ bphm-¡sf t{]cn-¸n-¨p. BZyw kzmX-{´yhpw
kt´m-jhpw a\p-jy\v \ÂIn-bn-cp¶ \K-c-§Ä ]n¶oSv `bhpw hnjm-Zhpw
\ÂIn-¯p-S-§n. {Kma-§-fn-te¡v Xncn-¨p-t]m-Im³ a\p-jy³ sh¼n-sb-¦nepw
\K-c-§Ä {Kma-hy-h-Øn-Xnsb XIÀ¯p-I-fªp F¶ bmYmÀ°y-¯n-\p-ap-
¶n Xsâ {]Xo-£-IÄ \jvS-s¸« Hä-s¸-«-h-\m-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v Xncn-¨-dn-hp-−m-bn. CtXm-sSm¸w Bäw-t_mw-_nsâ I−p-]n-Sp-¯hpw temI-a- lm-bp-²-§fpw a\p-jy-\n-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ \·-sbbpw ip`m]vXn hnizm-k- s¯bpw IqSn sISp-¯n-¡-f-ªp. hnNm-cw, hnIm-cw, s]cp-am-äw, Pohn-X-ho-
£Ww F¶n-h-bn h¶ amä-§Ä kmln-Xy-¯nepw Ne-\-§-fp-−m-¡n.
ap³Km-an-I-fn \n¶v hyXy-kvX-amb ssien ssIs¡m-Åm³ CXv B[p-\nI Fgp-¯p-Imsc t{]cn-¸n-¨p. X¯z-Nn-´-bnepw Cu amä-§Ä {]Xn-^-en-¡-s¸-«p.
1.1.2.2 X¯z-Nn-´-bnse amä-§Ä
ssZhm-cm-[\ hnI-kn-¡p-Ibpw Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-§fpw Pohn-X-hy-h- Øbpw aX-]-c-ambn kwL-Sn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Ime-am-bn-cp¶p a[y- Imew. \thm-°m-\-Im-e¯v a[y-Imew cq]o-I-cn¨ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§sf bpàn-]-c-ambn kwi-bn¨p XpS-§p¶ Nn´-IÄ D−m-bn-h-¶p. ]n¶oSv h¶
B[p-\nI Nn´ ssZhs¯ amän a\p-jys\ tI{µ-am-¡p-Ibpw am\p-jnI Adn- hp-I-fpsS A{]am-ZnXzw Dd-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. imkv{X-hn-Im-k-¯nsâ `mK- ambn hfÀ¶p-h¶ bpàn-Nn´ ]pXn-sbmcp temI-t_m-[-s¯bpw kmaq-ln-I- Po-hn-X-s¯bpw \nÀ½n-¨p. B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯n a\p-jy³ t\cn-Sp¶ Nqj- W-§fpw {]Xn-k-Ôn-Ifpw hyà-am-¡p¶ cmjv{So-b-Nn-´-Ifpw cq]-sa-Sp-¯p.
Nqj-W-§Ä¡v {][m\ Imc-W-am-bXv tImf-\o-I-cWw \nÀ½n¨ ]pXnb kmaq- ly-_-Ô-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
1.1.2.3 tImf-\o-I-cWw
a[y-Im-e- km-aq-ln-I-L-S-\-bn tImf-\o-I-cWw henb amä-§Ä D−m-
¡n-bn-«p-−v. a[y-Ime kaq-l-§sf Hcp-t]mse hntam-N-\-§-fn-te¡pw ]pXnb Nqj-W-X-e-§-fn-te¡pw tImf-\o-I-cWw \bn-¨p. hyXy-kvX-Im-e-§-fn-embn kvs]bn³, t]mÀ¨p-KÂ, s\XÀem³Uvkv, {_n«¬, {^m³kv XpS-§nb cmjv{S-
§Ä henb sImtfm-Wn-b i-àn-I-fmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-«p-−v. kap-{Z-k-©m-c-
§-fn-eqsS Cu bqtdm-]y³ iàn-IÄ A[n-\n-th-ihpw aXm-[n-Im-chpw km[y- am-¡n. a[y-Ime hnÚm-\-§-fnse Abp-àn-Isf Xncp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw hnÚm-
\s¯ DÅ-S¡w ap³\nÀ¯n hnhn-[-im-J-I-fm¡n hÀ¤o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw tImf-\o-I-cWw CS-h-cp-¯n. sNdnb hn`mKw P\-§-fp-tSXv am{X-ambn \ne-\n-
¶n-cp¶ Adn-hp-Isf kmam-\y-h¡-cn-¡m³ CXv klm-bn-¨p. hnÚm-\-{]- hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS HutZym-Kn-I-am-[y-aambn Cw¥ojv amdp-Ibpw bqtdm-]y³ kZm- Nmc acym-Z-Isf sImtfm-Wn-b kaq-l-§-fn D¶-X-Øm-\¯v Dd-¸n-s¨-Sp-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXmWv Cu kmam-\y-h¡cWw km[y-am-b-Xv. CtXm-sSm¸w sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-\-S-¯n-¸n-\m-h-iy-amb ]uc³amsc krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶
coXn-bn IqSn tImf-\o-I-c-W-¯nse hnÚm-\-ta-J-e-IÄ CS-s]-«-t¸mÄ ]qÀ®-ambpw bqtdm-þ-tI-{µnX coXn-bn-te¡v am{X-ambn Ah-sbÃmw Npcp-§p- Ibpw sNbvXp.
1.1.2.3.1 bqtdm tI{µo-I-cWw
temI-s¯bpw {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xpw Af-¡p-¶Xpw bqtdm¸v /bqtdm-]y³ kwkvImcw BsW¶ t_m[-]qÀÆtam AÃm-¯tXm Bb kao- ]-\-am-Wn-Xv. `q]-S-\nÀ½n-Xn-bn bqtdm-]y³ `qAXn-cp-Isf FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-
¶Xpw t¥m_nepw am¸nepw Ft¸mgpw apI-fn-embn bqtdm-¸ns\ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-
¯p-¶Xpw CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-ambn tPmkv d_mk (1994) Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p.
18-þmw \qäm-−n B[n-]-Xy-a-t\m-`m-h-¯m bqtdm-]y³ kwkvIm-cs¯
D¶-X-sa¶ coXn-bn Hcp-`m-K¯pw aäp-Å-hsc CX-c-`m-K¯pw Øm]n-¡m\pw CXc temI-§-fn-te¡v bqtdm-þ-tI-{µo-I-c-Ws¯ ]SÀ¯m\pw tImf-\o-I-c-W-
¯n-\m-bn. bqtdm¸v B[p-\n-I-ambn kzbw \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw CX-c-cm-Py-§sf ]c-¼-cmK-Xhpw {]mIr-Xhpw Ne-\m-ß-I-a-Ãm-Xm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. iàn-bpsS kqN-I-ambn bqtdm B[p-\n-IX hmgv¯-s¸-«p. _u²n-I-tI-{µ-§Ä tImf-\o- IrX kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-I-fp-am-bn. bqtdm-]y³ `c-W-\nÀÆ-l-W-cw-Khpw
\oXn-bpsS {]tbm-Khpw taÂt¡m-bva-bp-Å-Xm-bn. \thm-°m\m-\-´-c-Im-e¯v bqtdm-]y³ kwkvImcw IrXy-amb Hcp ]²-Xn-bp-−m-¡n. anj-Wdn hnZym-`ym- k-¯n-eq-sSbpw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsSbpw AXv {InkvXo-b-X-sbbpw hfÀ¯n.
]mÝmXy-K-Wn-Xw, `q]-S-\nÀ½mW ssien, Ie F¶n-hsb temI-¯n-\msI kzoIm-cy-am-¡n. bqtdm-]y³taÂt¡m-bvabpw tImf-\n-h¡-c-W-hp-amWv tZi- cm-jv{S-§-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-¯n-te¡v \bn-¨-Xv.
1.1.2.4 tZi-cm-jv{S-§-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw
a[y-Imekaq-l-§-fn \n¶pÅ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-
«-Xm-bn-cp¶p `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb GIo-I-c-Ww. Cu tZi-cm-jv{S-cq-]o-I-cW kµÀ`-¯n DXv]m-Z-\, hn\n-a-b-_-Ô-§Ä, `mj, kwkvImcw F¶n-h- sbÃmw B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«p. BZyw Cw¥-−nepw ]n¶oSv {^m³knepw kvs]bn-\nepw s\XÀem³Uvknepw t]mÀ¨p-K-enepw kznäv-kÀe³Unepw hyh-Ø-nXn-bnse DÄ¡-e-l-§fpw tImf-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ A[n-\n-thi {]h-W-X-Ifpw tZi-cm-jv{S-§-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v klm-b-I-c- am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. c−mw temI-a-lm-bp-²m-\-´cw Cu ImgvN-¸mSv iàn-s¸-«p.
temI¯nse A[n-Im-c-Xm¸-cy-§fpw CXns\ _e-s¸-Sp-¯n.
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hyh-Ø-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄs¡m¸w hnÚm-\-a-Þ-e-
¯nsâ hyh-Ø-s¸-Sp-¯epw B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯v \S-¸n-em-bn. {]mtZ-in-I-hn- Úm\ tiJ-c-§Ä¡pw DÅ-S-¡hpw coXn-im-kv{Xhpw \ne-hn h¶p. AXv tImf-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ cmjv{So-b-e-£y-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw I¸n-¨p-ÅXp Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. `qcn-`mKw P\-hn-`m-K-§sfbpw hnÚm-\-kw-kvIm-c-§-fnÂ
\n¶v A\y-h¡-cn-¡m-\mWv CXp-]-I-cn-¨-Xv. tZi-þ-cmjv{Sw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {][m\ B[m-c-L-S-I-§-fn-sem-¶m-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv apX-em-fn-¯-km-¼-¯n-I-co-Xn- I-fp-ambn AXn-\pÅ H¯n-W-¡-¯m IqSn-bm-Wv. \m«-Xn-cp-I-fn HXp-§p¶
\mSp-hm-gn¯hyh-Ø-nXn-bn hn]p-e-amb hn]Wnkwhn-[m\w Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶
apX-em-fn¯ D¸m-Z\k{¼-Zm-b-¯n\v {]hÀ¯n-¡m-\m-hnà F¶-Xn-\m-emWv
^yqU-en-k-¯n \n¶pw tZi-þ-cmjv{S cq]o-I-c-W-¯n-te-¡pÅ amä-ap-−m-bXv.
tZi-cm-jv{S-¯nse hyàn-]u-cXzw kzX-{´hpw hyàn-K-X-hp-am-sW¶v hnh-cn-
¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mgpw cmjv{Sm-[n-Im-c-¯n\v Iog-S-§p¶ ]uc-Xz-am-bmWXv {]hÀ¯n-
¨-Xv. Cu LS-I-§-sfÃmw IqSn-bmWv kmaq-ly-cw-K¯pw kmln-Xy-cw-K¯pw B[p-\n-Im-h-t_m-[s¯ \nÀ½n-¨-Xv.
1.1.2.5 B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-²Xn
\ne-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ dnb-en-ÌnIv coXn-Isf ewLn¨v k¦oÀ®-þ-km-{µo- IrX `mj-bn \K-cw, hyh-km-bw, kmt¦-Xn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn, BÄ¡q-«w, N´, hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-abw, bp²w, b{´-§Ä, thKw F¶n-hsb tI{µo-I-cn¨ cN-\m-co- Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. A´ÀtZ-io-b-X, ssZh-\n- tj-[w, \io-I-cW {]h-W-X, kv{Xotbm-SpÅ ]pXnb ImgvN-¸mSv XpS-§nb {]I-S-e-£-W-§-tfmsS \mf-Xp-hsc kaqlw \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp¯ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-
§-sfbpw aqey-§-sfbpw C¯cw cN-\-IÄ \ncm-I-cn-¨p. \thm-°m-\-aq-ey-
§sf Ah-a-Xn-¡p-Ibpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-sa¶ Bibw hyànsb ]cn-an-X-s¸- Sp¯p¶p F¶ ImgvN-¸mSv apt¶m«p sh¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
a\p-jy-tI-{µo-IrX-am-bn-cp¶p B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ hyàn-k-
¦Â¸w. kzX-{´hpw Ahn-`m-Pyhpw ka-{K-hp-am-bn-cp¶ hyàn-k-¦Â¸-am-bn- cp¶p AXv. a\p-jy-tI-{µ-n-X-amb Cu temIm-h-t_m[w bpàn-hmZw (Rationalism), A\p-`-ssh-I-hmZw (Empiricism) F¶o X¯z-Nn´m {]h-W-X- IÄ¡v cq]w \ÂIn. c−nepw IÀXr-]-Zhn kzX{´-ambn ssIImcyw sN¿p¶
a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp¶p Adn-hnsâ tI{µ-ambn h¶-Xv. a[y-Im-e¯v \ne-\n¶ `ua- tI-{µ-hm-Z-¯nÂ\n¶v kuc-tI-{µ-hm-Z-¯n-te¡v temIm-h-t_m[w amdn. ssZh-
¯nepw aX-¯nepw sI«p-]n-W-ªn-cp¶ a\p-jy³ kzX{´-\m-hp-Ibpw kzX- {´hpw kzbw ]cym-]vXhpw GIm-ß-I-hp-amb IÀXr-]-Zhn CXn-eqsS a\p-jy\v ssIh-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hn]-co-X-Zz-µz-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ hni-I-e\ coXn B[p-\n-I-XmhmZ- t_m-[-¯nsâ asämcp LS-I-am-Wv. {]IrXn/kwkvIr-Xn, Bßmhv/ico-cw, ]mÝmXyw/]uc-kvXyw, A\n-hmcyw/bmZr-Ñn-Iw, kzXzw/A]-cw, hnjbw/
hnjbn, hyàn/kaqlw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Zzµz-§-fn GXv A\p-`-h-s¯bpw {]Xn-`m-k-s¯bpw B[p-\n-IXmhmZw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n. Cu Zzµz-hn-i-I-e\
]²-Xn-bpsS XpSÀ¨-bm-bmWv Imcy-Im-c-W-§sf H¶n-t\m-sSm-¶mbn XpSÀ¨- bmbn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xpw Hcp t\Àh-c-bn-te¡v kwhn-[m\w sN¿p¶ coXn- bn-epÅXpamb tcJob bpàn-k-¦Â¸w hcp-¶-Xv. H¶v asäm-¶nsâ XpSÀ¨- bm-sW¶pw ap¼p-Å-Xnsâ kzm`m-hnI ]cn-Wm-a-am-sW-¶p-apÅ ImgvN¸mSv tcJob bpàn-k-¦Â¸w apt¶m«p sh¨p.
hnhn[ Xe-§-fn \nd-bp¶ sshcp-²y-§Ä DÄs¡m− {]Øm-\-amWv B[p-\n-I-XmhmZ-sa-¶Xv kp\n ]n. Cf-bnSw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. ""Hcp `mK¯v
B[p-\n-I-amb hyh-Øm-h-XvI-c-W-t¯mSv B`n-apJyw ]peÀ¯p-t¼mÄ Xs¶
(slân ImÀ_q-kn-sbþ tamtU-Wn-Ìv-þ-hm-kvXp-I-e) adp-`m-K¯v B[p-\n-I-X- bpsS B[m-c-{]-am-W-amb bpànsb AXv \nc-kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp (Im-^vI, Iayq). Hcp `mK¯v _qÀjzm B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Hu]-Nm-cnI `{Z-Xsb shÃp-hn- fn-¡p-t¼mÄ (a-b-t¡mhvkvIn, {_lväv) adp-`m-K¯v _qÀjzm A[n-Im-c-hy- hØbpsS amc-Icq-]-§-tfmSv H¯n-W§n \n¶p (F-{km-]u-−v, amcn-s\-än, hn³[mw eqbn-kv). Hcp `mK¯v ]mc-¼-cy-[zw-k-I-am-bn-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ (^yq-¨-dn- kw) adp-`m-K¯v ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ hos−-Sp-¸mbn (F-en-b-äv). Hcp `mK¯v {]I- S-amb cmjv{So-b-_-Ô-§-tfmSv hnap-J-am-Ip-t¼mÄ (_-¡-äv, tPmbvkv) adp-`m- K¯v Xo{h-amb cmjv{So-bm-th-i-ambn (s\-cq-Z, ]mkv). Hcp`mK¯v bqtdm-tI-{µn- X-am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ (am-s\, eus{X) adp-`m-K¯v B{^n-¡³/emän-\-ta-cn-¡³ kwkvIr-Xn-tbm-SpÅ B`n-ap-Jy-ambn (]n-¡m-tÊm, tKmsK³). Hcp `mK¯v kt¦-X-_-²-X-bpsS ]p\-c-h-X-c-W-am-b-t¸mÄ (Cu-tKmÀkvt{Sm-hn³kvInþ tamtU-WnÌv kwKo-Xw) adp-`m-K¯v kt¦-X-¯nsâ \ncmk-ambn (ational Music- kvtIm¬_ÀKv). Hcp `mK¯v sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw ka-Im-en-I-Xbpw {][m-\-am-b-t¸mÄ (amÀ¯m-{K^mw þ B[p-\nI \r¯w) adp-`m-K¯v \ntbm
¢mkn-¡Â inÂ]-`-{Z-X-bn-te-¡pÅ aS-§n-t¸m-¡mbn (tagvkn I®n-Mvlmwþ B[p-\nI \r¯w)''5. C§s\ hyXy-kvX-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fmWv B[p-\n-I- Xm-hm-Z-¯n-\p-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
s]mXp-hn \m«p-h-g-¡-§-fpsS temIhpw kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ip«n-I-fp- sSbpw hnI-emw-K-cp-sSbpw {]m´-h¡r-X-cp-sSbpw temI-§fpw Ah-bpsS hnj-b-§fpw Cu hyXykvX {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä D−m-Ip-t¼mÄ Xs¶ B[p-\n- I-Xmhm-Z-¯n Øm\w ]nSn-¨n-Ã. IÅ-·mÀ, thiy-IÄ, A\m-YÀ, {`m´À XpS-
§n-b-hÀ ]uc-P-\-§fmbpÅ Hcp A]-c-tem-I-s¯-bmWv B[p-\n-IXmhmZw
krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¯-Xv. CubÀ°-¯n AkvXn-Xzm-t\z-j-Ww, A\y-h¡-c-Ww, iq\y-Xm-t_m[w, hnjm-Z-a-t\m-`m-hw, \ntj-[-Nn-´, GIm-´-Xbpw A\m-Y- Xzhpw XpS-§nb B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ {]Xy-b-imkv{X khn-ti-j-X-I-fn {][m-\-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv.
1.1.2.5.1 AkvXn-Xzm-t\z-jWw
B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ Gähpw khn-ti-j-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-fn-sem-
¶mWv AkvXn-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ At\z-jWw. \ne-\n¡p¶p F¶
bmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-bmWv AkvXnXzw. a\p-jy\v ssZh-t¯mSpw kl- Po-hn-I-tfm-Sp-apÅ IS-¸m-Sv, Pohn-X-¯nse kpIr-X-§Ä, Zpcn-X-§Ä, ZpxJ-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw CXn-epÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. Xsâ t\mh-ep-I-fn Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw kzX-{´-\m-Ip-¶-Xn-\p-th−n ]mSp-s]-Sp-¶Xv Ahn-jvI-cn¨ gmMvt]mÄ kmÀ{Xv AkvXn-Xz-hy-Y-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-X-embn Nn´n¨ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv. X§-sf- Ãm-hcpw kzX-{´-cm-sW¶pw AXn-\-\p-K-W-amb coXn-bn X§Ä¡v PohnXw sXc-sª-Sp-¡m-sa¶pw kmÀ{Xv Htcm Bkzm-Z-I-s\bpw t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯n.
Ah-km\w hyàn-XmÂ]-cy-§fpw hÀK-XmÂ]-cy-§fpw Htc-t]m-se-bm- sW¶pw kmÀ{Xv hyà-am-¡n. k¯sb(substance)6¡mÄ AkvXn- Xz(existence)7¯n\mWv AkvXn-Xz-hm-Zn-IÄ {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
1.1.2.5.2 A\y-h¡-cWw
Hcp hyànsb kwkvIm-c-k-¼-¶\m-¡-W-sa¦n hyàn-kzm-X{´yw IqSntb Xocq. F¶m kaqlw Cu kzmX-{´ys¯ \ntj-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ hyàn kaq-l-¯n \n¶v Hä-s¸-«-h\pw A\y-\p-am-Ip-¶p. Xm³ Bcm-sW¶
tNmZyw Fgp-¯p-Im-cs\ \nc-´cw th«-bm-Sn. \K-c-§-fnse hyh-km-b-im-e-
Ifpw temI-a-lm-bp-²-§-fpsS A\-´-c-^-ehpw B[p-\nI hyànsb A\y- h¡-cn-¡m³ Imc-W-amb kml-N-cy-§-fm-Wv.
1.1.2.5.3 iq\y-Xm-t_m[w
]mc-¼cyaqÃy-§-fn hnizmkw \jvS-s¸-Sp¶ a\p-jy³ Pohn-Xs¯
sshcp-[ym-ß-I-ambn kao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ iq\y-Xm-t_m[w DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶p.
]Ibpw Bß-\n-µbpw hyàn-bn hfÀ¯p-I-bmWv CXnsâ A\-´-c-^-ew.
a\p-jysâ {]iv\-§-sf-Ãmw AÀ°-c-ln-X-am-sW¶pw acWw am{XamWv Htc- sbmcp kXy-sa-¶p-apÅ t_m[w cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. \·-bn³ta-epÅ hnizm-k-
¯nsâ XIÀ¨-bmWv CXn\p {][m\ Imc-Ww. Pohn-X-sa-¶Xv BsI-¯p-I- bn iq-\yX am{X-am-sW¶v Icp-X-s¸-«p.
1.1.2.5.4 hnjm-Z-a-t\m-`mhw
Pohn-X-¯n\v bmsXmcphn[ AÀ°-hp-an-söpw acn-¡m³ th−n am{X- amWv Xm³ Pohn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw B[p-\nI a\p-jy³ Icp-Xn. Xsâ aäv B{K-l-
§-sfm¶pw Xs¶ k^-e-am-Im³ t]mIp-¶n-Ã. C§s\ hyàn¡v kaq-l- s¯bpw Xncn¨v kaq-l-¯n\v hyàn-sbbpw th− F¶ ØnXn h¶-tXmsS a\p-jy-\n hnjm-Z-a-t\m-`mhw \nd-ªp. A§-s\ hyàn Xtâ-Xp-am-{X-amb taml-§-fn-te¡pw thZ-\-I-fn-te¡pw Npcp-§p-Ibpw hnjm-Z-a-t\m-`m-h-¯nsâ kl-bm-{Xn-I-\mbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1.1.2.5.5 \ntj-[-Nn´
iq\y-Xm-t_m-[hpw hnjm-Z-a-t\m-`m-hhpw IqSn hyànsb \ntj-[-Nn-´- bn sIm−p-sN-s¶-¯n-¡p-¶p. kml-N-cy-§-fm hyàn a\-Ên AS-¡n-bn- cn-¡p¶ Akz-Ø-X-Isf GsX-¦nepw hn[-¯n ]pdw-X-tÅ-−Xp−v. Xm\p-
ambn _Ô-s¸« F´n-t\mSpw \ntj-[-]-c-ambn s]cp-am-dm-\pÅ {]h-WX A§-s\-bmWv hyàn-bn cq]-sa-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.
1.1.2.5.6 GIm-´-Xbpw A\m-Y-Xzhpw
B[p-\nI a\p-jy³ ]e-t¸mgpw GIm-´-X-bmWv B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv.
Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§fpw AXn \n¶v apàn-t\-Sm³ klm-bn-¡m-\m-cp-an-sö
tXm¶epw a\p-jys\ GIm-In-Ifpw A\m-Y-cp-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯p. kz´w kzmX- {´ys¯ l\n-¡p¶ hyàn¡v ZpxJhpw GIm-´-Xbpw ssIh-cp-¯p¶
hkvXp-X-IÄ ac-W-¯n\p ap¼v A\p-`-hn-t¡-−-Xm-sW¶v hyàn Icp-XpIbpw sNbvXp. a[y-Im-e-¯n \n¶v `n¶-ambn Pohn-X-t¯m-SpÅ k¦Â¸w ]qÀ®- ambpw XIÀ¶p. Pohn-X-¯n H¶pw t\Sm-\n-Ãm-¯-Xn-\m AXns\ Kuc-h- ambn kao-]n-¡m\pw hyàn X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. sXäp sNbvX-hÀ {Iqc-amb ac-W-
¯n\v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-sa¶ hnizmkw temI-a-lm-bp-²hpw \mkn-Iym-¼p-Ifpw XIÀ¯p. {]Xo-£-I-sfÃmw AkvX-an-¨p-t]mb a\p-jy³ Pohn-X-¯n\v {]m[m\yw sImSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw ac-Ws¯ t\cn-Sm³ k¶-²-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C§s\ Akz-ØXIfpw `oj-W-§fpamb hnj-b-§fpw AXp-hsc ]cn-Nn-X-a-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ cq]-in¸-§fpw B[p-\n-IXmhmZ-km-ln-Xy-¯n CSw ]nSn-¨p. CXn-hr-¯-¯nepw kmt¦-Xn-I-Xz-§-fnepw AÛp-X-I-c-amb amä-§-fp-
−m-¡n. IrXn-I-fpsS AÀ°hpw kuµ-cyhpw Is−-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn hmb-\-¡m- c\v \Ã-h®w ]cn-{i-an-t¡-−n-h-¶p. a[y-hÀ¯n kaq-l-t¯m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v In«p¶ Ah-k-c-§-fn-seÃmw B[p-\n-IXmhmZw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n. B[p-\n-I- Xmhm-Z-¯nse Fgp-¯p-Imcpw kaq-l-hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw temI-s¯m-cn-S¯pw
\à coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Im¸-\n-I-hn-tcm-[hpw ZÀi-\-§-fpsS A[n-I-cn¨
{]tbm-Khpw IrXn-I-fn \ndªp \n¶p. ]m]-t_m-[-ambn ssewKn-I-Xsb
Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]Icw AXnsâ ssNX-\yhpw kuµ-cyhpw Nn{Xo-I- cn¨p.
`mj-bpsS ]pXn-b -{Iaw B[p-\n-IXmhmZw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. hkvXp-\n- jvThpw bYm-X-Yy-hp-amb CXn-hr-¯-§Ä¡v ]Icw cq]m-ß-Ihpw {]Xn-cq-]m- ß-I-hp-amb cN-\m-k-µÀ`-§-fp-−m-bn. inYn-ehpw ]c-kv]-c-_Ôw CÃm-¯-Xp- amb BJym-\-am-bn-cp¶p an¡ IrXn-I-fnepw D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. BJym-\-¯nsâ FÃm LS-I-§-sfbpw GIm-{K-ambn Iq«n-bn-W-¡p¶ cN-\m-co-Xn, B[p-\n-I- Xmhm-Z-¯nep-−m-bn-Ã. kmaq-ly-cw-K¯v \ne-hn-en-cp¶ aqey-§-sfÃmw bmYm- Øn-I-am-sW¶v ]dªv Ah-sbÃmw \ncm-I-cn-¨p. hnizm-k-¯-IÀ¨bpw ac-Wm-
`n-ap-Jyhpw Bß-c-Xnbpw Hcp- ]-I-t]m-¡-emWv Pohn-X-sa¶ hnizm-khpw Bbn-cp-¶p B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ apJ-ap-{Z-IÄ. ZpxJ-s¯bpw ^en-X- s¯bpw Htc-k-abw Iq«n-bn-W-¡p¶ `mh-ssh-]-co-Xy-ZÀi\ (Ironic vision)s¯ cN-\-IfnepÄs¡m-Ån-¡m³ C¯cw Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§-fnÂ
\n¶v e`n-¡p¶ A\p-`-h-§sf Fgp-¯p-ImÀ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n.
Ie tIh-e-amb A\p-I-c-W-a-söpw Hcp ]p\xkrjvSnbmsW¶pw ]d- ª "tamtU¬ BÀ«v', _mly-h-kvXp-hn-\Ã; ]Icw {]Xo-Im-ß-Ihpw hnIm-c- ]-c-hp-amb k¯bv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂInb "FIvkv{]-j-\nkw', Hcp hkvXp- hnsâ kXy-k-Ô-amb Bhn-jvI-c-W-¯n\v Hcp `mKw am{Xw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨p-sIm-
−m-bn-söpw FÃm ]mÀiz-ho-£-W-§fpw DÄs¡m-Å-W-sa-¶p-apÅ ImgvN-
¸mSv apt¶m«p sh¨ "Iyq_nkw', s]mÅbmb [mÀ½nI-aq-ey-§-sfbpw amaq-ep- I-sfbpw XIÀ¯ "UmUm-bnkw', bmYmÀ°ys¯ hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn t\m¡n-
¡m-WmsX a\-Ên ]Xn-bp¶ sshIm-cn-Im-\p-`q-Xn-IÄ am{Xw ]IÀ¯n-¡m- Wn¨ "Cw{]-j-\nkw', \iz-chpw `uXn-I-hp-amb temIw bmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ {]Xn-_nw-_-am-b-Xn-\m A\-iz-chpw \nXy-hp-amb B´-cn-I-k-Xy-§sf shfn-
s¸-Sp-¯m³ {]Xo-I-§sf D]-tbm-Kn¨ "knw_-enkw', ^mâ-kn-Ifpw kz]v\-
§fpw {]Im-in-¡p¶ At_m-[-a-\-Ênsâ temI-amWv C{µn-b-tKm-N-c-amb temI-¯n-t\-¡mÄ IqSp-X bmYmÀ°-am-b-sX¶v Icp-Xnb "kdn-b-enkw', Gsd Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn AÀ°-an-söpw ià-amb Hcp _nw_w Bhn-jvI-cn-
¨m aXn-bmIpw F¶pw hniz-kn¨ "Cta-Pnkw', a\p-jy\v Ah-s\Xs¶ hn«p- sIm-Sp¯ "FIvkn-ä³jy-enkw' F¶n-h-sbÃmw B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ hnhn[ {]Øm-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. BZy-Im-e¯v bqtdm-]y³ Nn{X-I-em-cw-K¯v XpS-§nb Cu {]h-W-X-I-sfÃmw Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ c−mw Zi-I-am-Ip- t¼m-gmWv Gjy³þ B{^n-¡³ emän-\-ta-cn-¡³ cmPy-§-fnse Iem-km-ln-Xy- cw-K-§-fn Gdnbpw Ipdªpw {]Xy-£-s¸-«Xv. tImf-\n-h¡-cWw km[y-am-
¡nb A[n-\n-thi hgn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv B[p-\n-IXmhmZw C´y-bn-te-¡p-sa-
¯n-b-Xv.
1.2 C´y-³ B[p-\n-IX
]mÝm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ kzm[o-\-^-e-am-bmWv C´y-bn B[p-
\nIXm{]Øm-\-§Ä {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. tImf-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn temI-amsI hym]n¨ ]mÝm-Xy-am-Xr-I-I-tfm-SpÅ B`n-ap-Jyhpw C´y-bn s]mXpsh hfÀ¶p-sIm-−n-cp¶ A´ÀtZ-iob ho£Whpw B[p-\nIXm-hmZ {]h-W-X-Isf C´y³ kmln-Xy-¯n-se-¯n-¨p.
1.2.1 ]Ým-¯ew
tZiob {]Øm-\w, kzmX-{´y-k-a-cw, kmaqly \thm-°m\ ]cn-jvI-c- W-{i-a-§Ä, A´ÀtZ-iob ImgvN-¸mSv apt¶m-«p-sh¨ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-§Ä XpS-§n-bh kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n¨ Ime-am-bn-cp-¶p Ccp-]Xmw
\qäm-−nsâ BZy-Z-i-I-§Ä. kmaq-ly-Po-hn-Xhpw kmln-Xy-ta-J-ebpw ]c-
kaq-ls¯ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn C´y-bn-se FÃm {]tZ-i-§-fnepw ]e-X-c-
¯n-epÅ apt¶-ä-§-fp-−m-bn. ]n¶oSv kzmX-{´ym-\-´c `mc-X-¯n Gähpw henb kz]v\-§-fn-sem-¶m-bn-cp¶ {Kma-§-fpsS kzbw]cym-]vXX \S-¸m-Im-Xn- cn-¡p-Ibpw ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-I-fn-eqsS h³]-²-Xn-IÄ¡v XpS-¡-an-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Ime¯v B[p-\nI a\p-jysâ hnlz-e-X-IÄ¡v kam-\-amb ØnXn C´y³ kaq-l-¯n\pw h¶p tNÀ¶p. ]²-Xn-I-fpsS `mK-ambn DbÀ¶p-h¶
b{´-kw-kvIm-chpw \K-c-h¡-c-Whpw a\p-jysâ ASn-Øm\ kz`m-h-§-fn amä-§-fp-−m-¡n. {Kmao-W-amb Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§Ä \K-c-¯n\v A\y-am-bn-cp-
¶-Xn-\m Xs¶ hyàn A\m-Y\pw Hä-s¸-«-h-\p-ambn amdn. X\n¡v B{i-bn-
¡p-¶-Xn\v Xm³ am{Xta DÅq F¶ t_m[w B[p-\nI a\p-jy-\n cq]- s¸«p. kaq-l-¯n \n¶v hyànsb ho−pw Hä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xnte¡mWv Cu t_m[w klm-bn-¨-Xv. X§-fpsS kz]v\-§Ä¡pw A`n-em-j-§Ä¡pw ]qÀ¯o- I-cWw e`y-am-Ip¶ Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\tam cmjv{S-`-c-W-Iq-Stam kzmX-{´y-
¯n\v tijhpw C´y-bn cq]-s¸-«n-«n-sö Nn´ IqSp-X CÑm-`w-K-¯n- te¡v \bn-¨p. a\p-jys\ a\p-jy³ NqjWw sN¿p¶ ØnXn hnti-j-¯n\v B¡w Iq«n. C§s\ kzmX-{´y-¯n\v tijhpw t£a-cmjv{S ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ
\nd-th-äm³ km[y-X-bn-Ãm¯ kz]v\-§-fmbn am{Xw Ah-ti-jn¨ Hcp kmaq- ly-Øn-Xn-bn-te-¡mWv C´y-bn B[p-\n-IXmhmZ{]Øm\w IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv.
\ne-\n¶ cmjv{Sob kmaq-ln-I-km-l-N-cy-§-fpsS {]Xn-^-e\w IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p C´y-bnse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zw.
1.2.2 `uXn-Im-kv]-Z-§Ä
B[p-\n-IXmhmZw IS-¶p-h¶ Adp-]-Xp-IÄ C´y³ kmaq-ly-Po-hn- Xs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v A{X {]Xo£ \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. C´y³ \mj-WÂ tIm¬{K-Ênse B`y-´-c-I-e-l-§fpw sXc-sª-Sp-¸ptXmÂhn-Ifpw {]mtZ-
sfbpw aäv Zcn-{Z-P-\-hn-`m-K-§-sfbpw kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ah-cn hn¹-h-{]- Xo-£-IÄ hfÀ¯m\pw km[n¨ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n BZyw CSXp heXv tNcn- Ifmbpw ]n¶oSv \Ivk imJ-bmbpw thÀ]n-cn-ªp. ssN\okv bp²s¯
XpSÀ¶v Iayq-Wn-Ìp-Imsc cmPy-t{Zm-ln-I-fm¡n ap{Z-Ip-¯p-Ibpw Pbn-en-e-S-¡p- Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS hfÀ¨ Imcy-ambn D−m-bn-Ã.
km¼-¯n-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI taJ-e-Ifpw [mcmfw {]iv\-§-fm kPo-h- am-bn. C´y³ k¼-Zvhy-hØ henb {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p \ne-\n-¶-Xv.
]m¡n-Øm-\p-ambpw ssN\-bp-ambpw \S¶ bp²-§Ä, ISp¯ hcĨ, hntZ-i-
\m-Wy-¯nsâ A]-cym-]vXX XpS-§nb hnj-b-§Ä k¼-ZvL-S-\sb Imcy- ambn _m[n-¨p. CXnsâ `mK-ambn 1967-þ ISp¯ `£y-£m-ahpw t\cn-«p.
C¯-c-¯n ]e ImcW-§-fm Akz-Øhpw Aim-´hpw \ncm-im-P-\-I-hp- amb kmaq-ly-´-co-£-amWv C´y-bn \ne-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. km[m-cW P\-
§Ä [mcmfw Zpcn-X-§Ä A\p-`-hn-t¡-−-Xmbn h¶p. Pohn-X-amsI Xs¶
]e Xe-§-fn On¶-`n-¶-am-Ip¶ ØnXn-bp-−m-bn. hntZ-i-i-àn-I-fpsS `c-W-
¯n\v Ah-km\w Ipdn-¨n«pw Nqj-W-hy-hØ ]pXn-b-cq-]-¯n XpSÀ¶p-sIm-
−n-cn-¡p-¶p F¶ Xncn-¨-dnhv bphm-¡-fn-emsI t£m`w \nd-¨p. AXn-\n-S-bn-te-
¡mWv 1967-þÂ ]Ýn-a-_w-Km-fnse \IvkÂ_mcn {Kma-¯nse IÀj-IÀ \S-
¯nb Iem]w Hcp {]Xo-£-bmbn hcp-¶-Xv. Nqj-W-§-fn \n¶v kmbp-[-hn-
¹-h-¯n-eqsS tamN\w t\Sm\mIp-sa¶ {]Xo£ bphm-¡-fn Bthiw
\nd¨p. ]s£,hntam-N-\-¯nsâ \Ivk {]Xym-i-IÄ¡v A[n-I-Imew Bbp- Êp-−m-bn-Ã.
C¡m-e-¯mWv ASn-b-´n-cm-hØ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xv. `c-W-IqSw AXnsâ `oI-c-amb apJw ]uc-k-aq-l-¯n\v t\sc {]I-Sn-¸n¨ \mfp-I-tfmsS bphm-¡-fn _m¡n-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ {]Xym-ibpw kzmX-{´y-t_m-[hpw IqsS
CÃm-Xm-¡-s¸-«p. Agn-aXn Øm]-\-h¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw k¼-ZvL-S\ km[m- c-W-¡m-c\v tZmj-I-chpw k¼-¶\v A\p-Iq-ehpw F¶ \nebpw h¶ptNÀ¶p.
Icn-©-´bpw ssI¡q-enbpw Agn-a-Xn-bp-saÃmw `c-W-¯nse kzm`m-hnI \S-]- Sn-{I-a-§Ä t]mse-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. P\-§-fnse PohnX \ne-hmcw IqSp-X Zcn- {Zm-h-Ø-bn-te¡pw kml-N-cy-§Ä IqSp-X `oXn-Zm-h-Ø-bn-te¡pw amdn. Ac-
£n-X-t_m-[hpw taml-`w-Khpw hyÀ°-Xm-t_m-[-hp-saÃmw Pohn-X-¯nsâ `mK- ambn amdn. Cu Ah-Ø-I-fpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw AXn-t\m-SpÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-hp- am-bmWv B[p-\-I-Xm-hm-Z-km-lnXy {]h-W-X-IÄ C´y-bn-se-¯n-b-Xv.
1.2.4 {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-cn-kcw
]mÝmXy B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-X-e-§-fn A\p- tbm-Py-am-bXv kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ C´y³ kml-N-cy-§sf IqSn hnj-b-am-¡p¶ coXn-bn-emWv B[p-\nIX kmlnXyIrXn-I-fn-ep-−m-b-Xv.
h³\-K-c-§sf Npän-¸än cq]-s¸« ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯n \n¶v
`n¶-ambn cmjv{Sob kzmX-{´y-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ DXvI-WvT-IÄ C´y³ B[p-\n- I-Xm-hm-Z-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Gjy³þ B{^n-¡³þ emän-\-ta-cn-
¡³ B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-§-fn-seÃmw CsXmcp {][m\ {]h-W-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
A[n-Im-c-cq-]-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bpÅ sNdp-¯p-\n¸p-Ifpw ]pXnb kml-N-cy-
§Ä¡-\p-kr-X-ambn ]mc-¼-cys¯ ]p\À\nÀÆ-Nn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§fpw ]mÝmXy kwkvIm-c-t¯m-SpÅ ISp¯ FXn-c-`n-{]m-b-§fpw C´y³ B[p-\n- I-Xm-hm-Z-¯n ià-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]Sn-ªm-d³ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kmaq-ly-{]-h- W-X-I-sfbpw C´y³ B[p-\n-IX AXp-t]mse Xs¶ {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-Ã. temI-a- lm-bp-²w, hymh-km-bnI hn¹hw km[y-am-¡nb At\Iw taJ-e-IÄ, AkvXn- Xz-hmZw F¶n-h-bpsS kzm[o\w Imcy-ambn CÃm-Xn-cp¶XmWv AXn\p ImcWw.
dnb-en-k-s¯bpw sdmamân-k-t¯bpw \ncm-I-cn¨v Ime-s¯bpw adn-I-S-
¡p¶ cq]-§-fp-−m-¡nb `mc-Xob Iem-]m-c-¼-cys¯ ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n¨v IrXn- I-fn-epÄs¡m-Ån-¡p¶ {ia-§-fp-−m-bn. Ie-bpsS k¯, [À½w, cq]w F¶n- h-sb-¡p-dn¨v ka-{Khpw \qX-\-hp-amb k¦Â¸-§Ä cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. e£-W- sam-¯Xpw GIo-Ir-X-hp-amb Hcp {]Øm-\-sa-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn- epÅ hyXykvX imJ-I-fm-bmWv C´y³ kmlnXyw {]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv. {]ta-b-
¯nepw Bhn-jvIm-c-¯nepw IrXn apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p¶ ho£-W-¯n-ep-saÃmw Cu hyXykvX kao-]-\-§Ä A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-bn.
]mÝmXyB[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nse Nne kz`m-h-§sf sNdp¯p
\nÀ¯m\pw C´y³ B[p-\n-IXmhmZw {ian-¨n-cp-¶p. Bßo-b-amb iq\y- Xbpw aqey-¯-IÀ¨bpw ]mÝmXyB[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯n-se-¶-Xp-t]mse C´y³kmln-Xy-¯nepw hnj-b-am-bn. cq]-s¸-«p-h¶ ]pXnb kmaq-ly-{Ia-
¯n a\p-jys\ shdp-samcp km¼-¯nI Pohn-bmbn am{Xw IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn- epÅ {]Xn-tj[w Cu IrXn-IÄ {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p. Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw kzmÀ°-Xm¸- cy-§-fm \bn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw AXn-\p-th−n aÕ-cn-¡p-I-bpamsW¶ Pohn-X-
\oXnimkv{X-s¯bpw Ch apt¶m-«p-sh-¨p. kaq-l-¯nÂ\n¶v A\y-cm-¡-s¸«
a\p-jy-_-Ô-§-fpsS inYn-eo-I-cWw, hyàn¡v B{i-b-ambn {]kvXpX hyàn am{X-am-Wp-Å-sX¶ coXn-bn-epÅ hyÀ°-Xm-t_m[w F¶n-h-sbÃmw hnj-bo-I-cn¨v {]ta-b-§Ä h¶p. Ah B AÀ°-¯n ]pXpa \nd-ª-Xp- ambncp¶p. Cu ]pXp-k-¦Â¸-¯nsâ Omb krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn IrXn-I-fn- e-S-§nb Pohn-X-ho-£-Ww, Ah-bpsS hyXykvX coXn-bn-epÅ Bhn-jvImcw F¶n-hbv¡pw {][m\ ]¦p-−v. XIÀ¶p-ho-gm-dmb hyh-Ø-¡p-Ån Hä-s¸«p
\n¡p-¶-h-cm-bmWv B[p-\nIXm-hmZ Fgp-¯p-ImÀ kzbw hne-bn-cp-¯n-b-Xv.
Cu GIm-´-X-bmWv IrXn-I-fn apg-§n-t¡« ZpxJ-¯nsâ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-¯n\v
sh¨p ]peÀ¯m-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw AkvXn-Xz-Zpx-J-¯nsâ Xo{h-amb A\p-`-h-§Ä Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C´y-bn B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZ {]h-W-X-I-Ä BZyw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Ihn-X-bn-em-Wv. ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ ]mX-bn-eqsS Ak-anb Ihn-X-bn Cta-Pn-khpw _wKmfn Ihn-X-bn knw_-en-khpw {]I-S-ambn h¶p. t{]ta-{µ-an-{X, kp[o-{µ-\mYv Z¯, Aanbm N{I-hÀ¯n, _p²-tZh t_mkv XpS-§n-b-h-cm-bn-cp¶p _wKmfn `mj-bnse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZ {]h-W-X- IÄ¡v XpS-¡-an-«-Xv. XpSÀ¶v lnµn-bn KPm³am-[hv apàn-t_m-[v, Fkv.
F¨v. hmÕym-b³, Kncn-Pm-Ip-amÀ aYqÀ XpS-§n-b-hcpw KpP-dm¯n `mj-bnÂ
\nc-RvP³ `mK¯pw I¶-U-bn hn.-sI. tKmIpIpw tKm]m-e-IrjvW AUn- Kbpw B[p-\n-I-XmhmZ-{]-h-W-X-Isf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n. Hdn-b-bn koXm- Im´v alm-]-{Xbpw ]©m-_n-bn lÀ`-P³ knwKpw adm-¯n-bn _n.-F-kv.
aÀtUm-¡dpw Ddp-Zp-hn hloZv AJvXdpw Imivao-cn-bn \Znw, cmln XpS-§n- b-hcpw C´y³ Ihn-Xm-tem-I¯v hnhn[ `mj-I-fn B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZ kao-]-
\-§Ä¡v XpS-¡-an-«-h-cm-Wv.
IYm-km-ln-Xy-¯nepw B[p-\n-IXmhmZw BZyw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xv _wKm-fn-`m-j-bn Xs¶-bm-Wv. hn`q-Xn-þ-hn-`q-j-¬ _m\ÀPn Fgp-Xnb "Bc- WyIv' _wKmfn ^n£-\nse B[p-\nI-Xm-hmZkao-]-\-¯nsâ kqN-I-ambn amdn. Akaokv `mj-bn tcmlnWn IIm-Xn, \ocZv Nu[cn XpS-§n-b-hcpw lnµn-bn ssPt\{µ IpamÀ, k¨n-Zm-\µ hmÕym-b³, \nÀa hÀa F¶n- hcpw KpP-dm-¯n-bn kptcjv tPmjnbpw IYm-cw-K¯v B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZ {]h- W-X-IÄ¡v CSw sImSp¯ cN-bn-Xm-¡-fm-Wv. hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯n t\cn-«p-sIm-
−n-cn-¡p¶ kwLÀj-§fpw \mfn-Xp-hsc hniz-kn-¨p-t]m¶ aqey-§-fpsS XIÀ¨bpw kml-N-cy-§-fpsS s]mcp-¯-t¡-Sp-Ifpw a\x-im-kv{X-]-camb ho£-
W-¯n ChÀ IrXn-I-fn-e-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. I¶-U-bn bp.-BÀ.A\-´-aqÀ¯nbpw Xan-gn- kpµ-c-cm-a-kzm-anbpw sXep-¦n hniz-\m-Y-im-kv{Xnbpw kam-\-ambn IY-I-sf-gp-Xn-b-h-cm-Wv. ]pXnb `mjm-{I-ahpw cq]-]-co-£-W-§fpw Cu IrXn-I- fn {]Xy-£-s¸«p. B[p-\nI a\p-jys\ \nc-´cw th«-bm-Sn-bn-cp¶
hyÀ°Xmt_m[w, a\p-jy-_-Ô§fn D−mbnh¶ XIÀ¨ XpS-§nbh Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³ `mj-bnepw cq]-¯nepw amä-§Ä sIm−p-h-cm-\pÅ ]co-£-W-
§Ä Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p.
\ne-\n¶ \mSp-hm-gn¯ hyh-Ø-bp-am-bpÅ \nc-´-c-amb H¯p-XoÀ¸n-eq- sS-bmWv B[p-\n-IXmhmZw C´y-bn \ne-\n-¶-Xv. ]mÝmXy B[p-\n- IXmhm-Zs¯ t]mse B[p-\n-I-X-bnse apX-emfn¯ Awi-§Ä¡v ]qÀ®-h- fÀ¨ {]m]n-¡m³ ^yqU-en-ks¯ XIÀ¯p-ap-t¶-dp-I-sb¶ coXn C´y³ kml-N-cy-¯nse B[p-\n-IXmhmZw ssIs¡m-−n-Ã. CXv khÀ®/
kwkvIrX XmÂ]-cy-§-fn-eq-¶nb Hcp taemf B[p-\n-I-XIm-hm-Z-am-bmWv C´y-bn {]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv. CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn tImf\n hncp-²-Xbpw \mSp-hm-gn¯
hncp-²-Xbpw Htc-t]mse {]I-Sn-¸n¨ Iogmf tZiobX cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb `mh\
th−{X iàn-s¸-«n-Ã. Iogmf B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ ]nd-hn¡v Imc-Wam- Ip¶ coXn-bn hkvXp-X-Isf hniZoI-cn¨ KmÔn-Pn-bn t]mepw taemf B[p-\n-IXmhm-Z-¯nsâ Awi-§Ä ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. aXm-ß-Ihpw B[p-\n- I-hp-amb cmjv{S k¦Â¸-¯n-te¡v sIm−p-sN-s¶-¯n-¡m-hp¶ coXn-bn-em-bn- cp¶p KmÔn-Pn-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ. almßm ^pse, cma-kzman \mbv¡À, Awt_-ZvIÀ, A¿-¦m-fn, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp F¶n-hÀ apt¶m«p sh¨ PmXn-hn- cp² kao-]-\-§Ä¡pw tZio-b-amb Hcp `mh-\m-a-Þ-es¯ \nÀ½n-¡m³ Ign- bm-¯-Xn-\m Imcy-ambn hnI-kn-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. C§s\ {]Xy-bim-kv{X-]-c-ambn B[p-\n-I-X-m-hmZw ]mÝmXy kao-]-\-§-tfmSv tbmPn-¡p-Ibpw hntbm-Pn-¡p-
¯n-ep-sa-¯n-b-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse B[p-\n-IXmhmZw ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-I- Xmhm-Zhp--ambn Iptd-¡qSn ASp¸w {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v.
1.3 tIc-fo-b B-[p-\n-IX
kzmX-{´ym-\-´cw cq]w sImSp¯ ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw AXnsâ `mK-am-bpÅ \K-c-h¡-c-W-¯n-sâbpw XpSÀ¨-bmWv tIc-f-¯nepw B[p-\n-I-Xm-h-t_m[w F¯n-b-Xv. Bbn-c-¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n A¼-Xp-IÄ sXm«v Xs¶ tIc-f-¯n hyh-km-b-h¡-c-Whpw AXnsâ `mK-am-bpÅ \K- c-h¡-c-Whpw hym]-I-ambn XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. \ne-hn-ep-−m-bn-cp¶ Irjn ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bpÅ k¼-ZvL-S-\bpw AXn-\p-Ån {]hÀ¯n-¨p-t]m-¶n- cp¶ PmXn-hy-h-Øbpw P·n-Xzhpw Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_hpw acp-a-¡-¯m-bhpw CtXmsS XIÀ¨ t\cn-«p. F¶m ]mÝm-Xy-cm-Py-§-fn-te-Xp-t]m-epÅ hfsc thKw hf-cp¶ hyh-km-b-h¡-c-Wtam b{´m-[n-jvTnX kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Itfm tIc-f-¯n D−m-b-Xp-an-Ã. P·nþPmXn hyh-Ø-bpsS XIÀ¨-tbmSv IqSn kzX- {´hpw Nqj-W-c-ln-X-hp-amb hyh-ØnXn {]Xo-£n¨ P\-Xbv¡v CXv IqSp- X \ncmi \ÂIn. P\-kw-Jybpw sXmgn-en-Ãm-bvabpw hÀ²n-¨p. temI-a-lm- bp-²-§fpw AXnsâ `mK-am-bpÅ km¼-¯nI amµyhpw sam¯w temI-
¯nsâ k¼-ZvL-S-\sb apgp-h³ Xmdp-am-dm-¡nb kabw IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv.
sXmgn-en-Ãm-bvabpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw \ntj-[-Nn´bpw PmXn aX-kzm-[o-\-hp-saÃmw hyànsb GIm-´-X-bn-te¡pw kaq-l-¯n \n¶pÅ amän-\n¡-ep-I-fn- te¡pw \bn-¨p. sXmgn-en-Ãmbva hÀ²n-¨-Xn-\m KÄ^v AS-¡-apÅ hntZ-i-\m- Sp-I-fn-te¡pw C´y-bnse Xs¶ h³\-K-c-§-fn-te¡pw DÅ IpSn-tbäw km[m- c-W-am-bn. IpSn-tb-ä-¯n-sâbpw \K-c-h¡-c-W-¯n-sâbpw kzm[o-\-¯m hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-§fpw hmb-\-bv¡m-bpÅ Ah-k-c-§fpw hÀ²n-¨p. hmb-
\-bpsS temI¯v Xpd¶v In«nb hgn-bn-eqsS ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v B[p-\n-I-Xm-
1.3.1 tIc-fo-b B-[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw
Bbn-c-¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n Adp-]-Xp-I-fn-emWv ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-sa-¯p-¶-Xv. ]mÝm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-¯nse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZ IrXn-I-fpsS hmb-\-bn-eqsS AXnsâ A\p-I-c-W-sa¶ coXn-bn-emWv tIc-fo- bm-[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fn B[p-\n-I-Xm- hmZw Ah-km-\n¨v D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw XpS-§p¶ Ime-¯mWv ae-bm-f-
¯n B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw F¯p-¶-Xv. ""A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À Ipcp-t£-{X-sa-gp-Xnb 1957 apX 1997 hsc-bpÅ hÀj-§Ä B[p-\n-I-X-bp-tS-Xmbn ]cn-K-Wn-
¡mw''F¶v]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c³8 A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. ae-bmf B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm- Zs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v [mcmfw Ime\nco-£-W-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-s−-¦nepw {]kvXpX Ime-¯n-d-§nb IrXn-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`mhw ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n- bm Cu Ime-K-W-\-bmWv Gähpw bpàn-k-l-ambn tXm¶p-¶-Xv. \mw ]cn-N- bn¨ temI-¯n-\-¸p-d-apÅ Imcy-§sf B[p-\nIXm-hmZw ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-−p-h-¶p. F´mWv B[p-\n-IXmhmZw F¶Xn\v ""AXv ]pXnb temI-þ-N-cn-{Xm-\p-`-h-t¯m-SpÅ {]Xn-Úm-_-²-X-bmWv''9 F¶v k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ hnh-£n-¡p-¶p. ]pXnb `mjm-{I-ahpw kuµ-cy-ho-£-W-hp-ambn `mhp-IXz hyXn-bm-\-¯nsâ Hcp ]pXnb Imew Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv. IrXn-I-fn- epÄt¨À¶ DÅ-S-¡s¯bpw cq]-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw ap³\nÀ¯n ae-bm-f-
¯nse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zs¯ \thm-°m\ B[p-\n-I-X, D¨m-[p-\n-IX F¶n-
§s\ thÀXn-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. CXv c−pw hyXykvX Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-§sf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-bp-am-Wv.
1.3.1.1 \thm-°m\ B[p-\n-IXmhmZw
tIc-fo-b B-[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ hym]-\-¯n\v ap¼v ae-bm-f-km-ln-
(Renaissance Modernism) ¯n\v ASn-Øm-\w. Bbn-c-¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n ap¸-Xp-I-tfm-sS-bmWv ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n \thm-°m\ {]h-W-X-IÄ {]Xy-
£-s¸-«-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw t\mh-enepw IY-bn-ep-amWv CXv {]I-S-am-b-Xv. Htc kabw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ ^yqU PmXn-_-Ô-§Ä¡pw sImtfm-Wn-b A[n- Im-c-cq-]-¯n-\p-sa-Xn-cmb \ne-]mSv hyà-am-¡p¶ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p Cu IrXn-I-fnse {]tabw D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. PmXn¡pw tImf-\n-h¡-c-W-¯n\pw FXn-cmb \ne-]mSv ]n¶oSv sXmgn-em-fn-hÀK cmjv{Sobw Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ Ncn-{X- am-ä-s¯bpw ChÀ hnj-b-am-¡p-¶p-−v. DZm-c-am-\-hn-I-X-bnepw kmÀh-tZ-iob kmtlm-Z-cy-¯nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-Xm-h-t_m-[-amWv Cu IrXn-IÄ apt¶m«p sh¨-Xv. XIgn inh-i-¦-c-¸n-Å, tIi-h-tZ-hv, ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n XpS-§n-b-h-scÃmw Cu L«-¯nse {][m\ Fgp-
¯p-Im-cm-Wv.
\thm-°m\ B[p-\n-IXmhmZw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]ptcm-K-a-\-kz-`mhw ssIs¡m-Åp¶tXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p-−v. tImf-
\n-h¡-c-W-t¯mSpw PmXn-hy-h-Ø-tbmSpw Gäp-ap-«p¶ cN-\-IÄ \S-¯p- t¼mÄ Xs¶ AhÀ amXr-I-bmbn I−n-cp¶ tZiob B[p-\n-IX khÀ®-X- bn DÄt¨À¶ H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. \thm-°m-\-Im-es¯ a\pjyk¦Â¸-¯n\pw [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-−m-bn-cp-¶p. \m«p-]m-c-¼-cy-§-fn \n¶v hnSp-X t\Sn GI-cq-]-amb tZio-b-X-bn-te¡v amdm-\mWv B a\p-jyÀ {ian-¨-Xv. Cu a\p-jy- am-Xr-I-bp-sSbpw Pohn-Xm-h-t_m-[-¯n-sâbpw {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpsS Ah-X-c-W- sa¶ coXn-bn-emWv D¨m-[p-\n-IXmhmZw ae-bm-f-¯nte-s¡-¯p-¶-Xv.
1.3.1.2 D¨m-[p-\n-IXmhmZw (High Modernism)
Adp]XpI-fnse kmln-Xy-cq-]-§-fmWv D¨m-[p-\nI cN-\-IÄ F¶-dn-b-
s¯-bmWv. AXn\p ap¼mbn \thm-°m\ B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Zhpw tZio-bm-[p-\n- I-Xmhm-Zhpw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶Xn\m-emWv Chsb khn-ti-j-ambn thÀXn-cn¨v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ D¨m-[p-\n-IX F¶v {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-I- Xmhm-Z¯nsâ s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-I-tfmSv tIc-fobm[p-\n-IX Gähpw tbmPn-¨p-
\n¶ kµÀ`w IqSn-bmWv D¨m-[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z¯ntâ-Xv. D¨m-[p-\n-I-Xmhm- Z¯n\p ap¼p-Xs¶ B[p-\n-IXmhm-Zw DbÀ¯n-hn« kwi-b-§Ä Fw. Sn.
hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbcpw Ddq-_p-saÃmw kw{I-a-W-Im-e¯v D¶-bn-¨n-cp-¶p. \thm-
°m\ B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z¯nÂ\n¶v D¨m-[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z¯n-te-¡pÅ amä-¯n-
\n-S-bv¡pÅ Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p kw{I-a-W-Im-e-¯n-tâ-Xv.
]pXnb kuµ-cy-ho-£-Ws¯ D¨m-[p-\n-IXmhm-Zw apt¶m«p sh¨p.
kqN-I-§Ä¡v kz´-amb {]m[m\yw ssIh-cp-¯p-Ibpw hntcm-[m-`m-kw, hn]- co-XmÀ°w, Idp¯ ^en-Xw, {]Xo-Im-ß-IX `mj-bpsS Øm\¯v cq]m-Im-ß- I-`mj (Metaphor) F¶n-h-bpsS km[y-X-Isf ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p- Ibpw sNbvXp. an¯p-IÄ, BZn-{]cq-]-§Ä F¶nh ]pXnb AÀ°-¯nepw kµÀ`-¯nepw {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p. sam¯-¯n ImgvN-sbbpw `mj-sbbpw D¨m-[p-\n-IXmhmZw H¶n¨v ]cn-jvI-cn-¨p. H. hn. hnP-b³, Fw. apIp-µ³, am[- hn-¡p-«n, tkXp, Im¡-\m-S³, IS-½-\n« cma-Ir-jvW³, A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À XpS-
§n-b-h-sc-sbÃmw D¨m-[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nse {][m-\-s¸« Fgp-¯p-Im-cm-Wv.
cmjv{So-b, kmaq-ly, km¼-¯n-I, hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb \nc-h[n Ak-a-Xz-§- fm k¦oÀ®-amb tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-t¯-¡mWv ]pXn-sbmcp ZÀi-\-ambn D¨m-[p-\n-IXmhmZw IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv. a\p-jys\ tIh-e-samcp hkvXp-am-{X-ambn Xcw Xmgv¯p-¶-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-bmWv Cu IrXn-IÄ {]Xn-I-cn-
¨Xv. Ak-´p-jvS-\mbn Pohn-¡p¶ a\p-jy-sc bYm-X-Y-ambn BJym\w sN¿p-
¶-h-bm-bn-cp¶p Ah.
1.3.2 {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-cn-kcw
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hgn-¯n-cn-hm-bn-cp¶p B[p-\n-I- Xmhm-Z¯ntâXv. ""B[p-\nI Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Ncn-{X-¯n-\p-Ånse Ncn{Xw krjvSn-¡p-I-bmWv'' F¶v sI. ]n. A¸³10 \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. hyXykvX cmPy-
§-fn cmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-§Ä hyXy-kvX- ambncps¶-¦nepw B cmPy-§-fnse cN-\-I-sfÃmw Htc ZÀi-\-t_m-[-amWv IrXn-I-fn-epÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. {]ta-b-¯nepw `mj-bnepw krjvSn-¡p¶
ZpÀ{K-lX B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ Hcp A´ÀtZ-iob kz`m-h-am-bn-cp-¶p. ae- bm-f-¯nepw ZpÀ{K-lX Bhn-jvI-cW amÀ¤-ambn [mcmfw IrXn-I-fp-−m-bn.
kdn-b-en-k-¯nsâ kuµ-cy-s¯bpw k¯sb kw_-Ôn¨v AXp-bÀ¯p¶
t_m[-s¯bpw B[p-\n-IXmhmZw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯nb bpàn-bpsS \nb-{´-W-§- fn \n¶-I¶v AXn-hm-kvX-hn-I-Xm-\p-`-h-¯n-emWv IrXn-I-fp-−m-b-Xv.
CsXÃmw IqSn AÀ°-¯nsâ Imcy-¯n hmb-\-¡m-cs\ ktµ-l-_p-²n-I-fm-
¡n-¯oÀ¯p. IrXn-I-fpsS AÀ°w a\-Ênem¡m³ ho−pw ho−pw hmbn-¡p- Ibpw hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-X Adn-bp-Ibpw sN¿-W-sa¶ \ne-h-¶p.
\ne-\n¶ ]e Fgp-¯p-co-Xn-I-sfÃmw B[p-\n-IXmhmZw \ncm-I-cn-¨p. ZpxJhpw
^en-Xhpw t]mse FXnÀZn-i-bn-epÅ LS-I-§Ä AXn ebn-¨p. hm¡p-I- sfbpw BJym-\s¯bpw \nc-´cw ]co-£-W-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-¡n.
shdp-samcp Bi-b-sa-¶-Xn-ep-]cn kmaq-lnI cmjv{Sob amä-§-fpsS
^e-am-bmWv Adp-]-Xp-I-tfmsS ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-te¡v B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw F¯p-¶-Xv. c−pX-c-¯n tIc-f-¯n-eXv hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«p. tIc-fo-b B-[p-
\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯n-epÄt¨À¶ `uXn-I-L-SI-§-sf-t¸mepw ]cn-K-Wn-¡msX {]Øm-\-ambn BZÀi-h¡-cn-¨-Xm-bn-cp¶p Hcp `mKw. asäm-¶v, B[p-\n-I-Xm- hmZw sam¯-¯n ]ptcm-K-a-\-hn-cp-²hpw kmaqly {]Xn-_-²X CÃm-¯-Xp-am-
sW-¶-Xn-\m sam¯-¯n XÅn-¡-f-b-Wsa¶ A`n-{]m-b-am-bn-cp-¶p. {][m-
\-ambpw amÀIvkn-b³ \ncq-]-I-cm-bn-cp¶p Cu hmZ-¯n\v ]nd-In-ep−m-bn-cp-
¶Xv. [mcmfw IrXn-Ifpw Fgp-¯p-Imcpw D−m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-IXmhmZw {]I-Sn-¸n¨ apgp-h³ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-tfm-sSbpw Hcp {]Øm-\-am-bn-¯o-cm³ tIc-fo-bm-[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯n\v Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. AtXm- sSm¸w ]qÀ®-ambn Ncn-{Xþ kmaqly \ntj-[hpw B[p-\n-IXmhm-Z-¯n\p-−m- bn-cp-¶nà F¶pw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. H«pw ip`-I-c-a-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ Hcp kmaq-lym- h-ØbpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-ambmWv ae-bm-f-¯n B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-c-N-\-IÄ D−m-bn-h-¶-Xv.
Ihn-X-bn A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS Ipcp-t£{Xw sXm«mWv ae-bm-f-¯n B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZ {]h-W-X-IÄ I−p-Xp-S-§n-b-Xv. P\-Iob kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw kmln-Xy-s¯bpw kw_-Ôn¨ k¦Â¸-§Ä shdpw kz]v\-ambn Ahti-jn¨
Adp-]-Xp-I-fn-emWv Ihn-X-bn B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Zsa-¯p-¶-Xv. N§-¼p-gbpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw krjvSn¨ P\-Io-b-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw A¡m-Z-anIv kmln-Xy-k-
¦Â¸-§-fpsS ]pXp-cq-]-§fpw ]¦p-]-änb Ihn-Xm-tem-I-t¯-¡mWv Hcp Iem-]- sa¶ coXn-bn B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-sa-¯p-¶-Xv. P\-Iob kmlnXy k¦Â¸-\-
§Ä¡pw Øm]-\-h¡-cn-¡-s¸« Imhy-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä¡pw FXn-cm-bn-cp¶p Cu Iem-]w. NnÓ-hn-\ym-k-¯n Du¶nb ssiensbbpw AXn-t\mSv _Ô- s¸«v bmYm-Øn-Xn-IXzw \ndª kuµ-cy-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-s¯bpw B[p-\n- IXmhmZw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. Cu {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw iq\y-X-tbm-Spw ac-W-t¯mSpw _Ô-s¸«v \n¡p¶ Ccp− _nw_-L-S-\-I-fpsS Iq«s¯ Ihn-X-bnÂ
\nd¨p. AXp-hsc `mj-sb-¶Xv tIh-e-amb AÀ°-§-sfbpw A\p-`q-Xn-I- sfbpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\pÅ amÀ¤w am{X-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ, B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-
¯n \nb-{´-W-§-fn \n¶-I¶v kzX-{´-am-Im³ sh¼Â sImÅp¶ `mj-
c-¸n-Å, Un. hn\-b-N-{µ³, kpK-X-Ip-am-cn, BäqÀ, I¡m-Sv, am[-h³ A¿-¸¯v XpS-§n-b-hcpw B[p-\n-IXmhm-Z-¯nsâ hnt£m-`-§sf Ihn-X-bn kzoI-cn-¨- h-cm-Wv. ChÀ¡p ap¼v ]n. Ipªm-cm-a³ \mbÀ, CS-tÈ-cn, sshtem-¸nÅn XpS-
§n-b-h-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fn {][m-\-am-bp-−m-bn-cp¶ kmaq-ly-km-¶n-[y-t¯m- sSm¸w Xs¶ hyàn-bpsS B´-cnI kwLÀj-§fpw {]ta-b-am-bn-cp-¶p. F³.
hn. IrjvW-hm-cyÀ, H.-F³.hn. F¶n-hcpw Cu ]cn-Wm-a-L-«-¯nse Ihn-I-fm- Wv. F¶m hÀ¯-am\s¯ \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw {]Xo-£m-c-ln-X-amb Ime-
¯nsâ {]Xn-I-c-W-sa-gp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXXv D¨m-[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nse Ihn-X- IÄ Xs¶-bm-Wv. B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ Ihn-Xm-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n\v ]n¶oSv ho−pw imJ-IÄ D−m-Ip-¶-Xv Fgp-]-Xp-I-fnemWv. A¶v kPo-h-amb
\Ivk Bi-b-¯n-epÅ Ihn-X-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p AXv.hntam-N-\-¯nsâ kz]v\-
§sf cmjv{Sobm-[p-\n-I-X-bnse11 Cu Ihn-X-IÄ s\t©-än. AXn \n¶p-amdn ]n¶oSv ]mcn-Øn-XnIm-h-t_m-[-¯n ae-bm-f-I-hnX B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z¯n-se-
¯p-¶Xv ImWmw. "Atbm[y'bn \n¶pw "_wKmfn' \n¶pw "sIm¨n-bnse hr£-§fn'tes¡-¯p¶ sI. Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS cN-\-Isf Cu ]cn-Wm-a-
¯nsâ ZrjvSm-´-ambn ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. knw_-en-kw, Cta-Pnkw XpS-§nb ]mÝmXy {]h-W-X-IÄ ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ Ime¯v CSw t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p.
IY-bnepw t\mh-enepw GXm−v Htc Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Xs¶-bmWv B[p-
\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ hàm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ah-cn NneÀ am{Xw IY-sbbpw NneÀ t\mh-en-s\bpw khn-ti-j-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. AkvXn-Xzs¯ kw_- Ôn¨ Xo{h-amb hyY-IÄ AhÀ Bhn-jvI-cn-¨p. B´-cnI kwLÀj-§Ä B[p-\n-IXmhm-Z-¯n\p-apt¼ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n CSw t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p.
Ddq_v, Fw. Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ, Sn. ]ßm-\m-`³, am[-hn-¡p«n XpS-§n-b-h-
¯nsâ XIÀ¨-bm Hä-s¸-«-h\pw A\y-cp-am-Ip¶ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä \ndª cN-\-I-fm-bn-cp¶p Ah. hyh-km-b-h¡-c-W-¯n-sâbpw \K-c-h¡-c-W-¯n- sâbpw `mK-amb A\y-h¡-c-Whpw Hä-s¸-Sepw Cu IY-I-fn hnj-b-am-bn- Ã. Ch-sbÃmw DÄs¡m-Ån¨pw ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯nsâ kz`mhkhn-ti-j-X-IÄ ]qÀ®-ambn hln-¨p-amWv H. hn. hnP-b³, Im¡-\m- S³, Fw. apIp-µ³, B\-µv, tkXp, k¡-dnb, Fw. ]n. \mcm-bW ]nÅ, ]p\-
¯n Ipª-_vZpÅ XpS-§nb Fgp-¯p-ImÀ F¯p-¶-Xv. AXp-hsc tIc-fo- bÀ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«n-«n-Ãm¯ Hcp temI-¯n-\-I-¯p-Å-hsc ChÀ X§-fpsS cN-\- I-fn-eqsS ae-bm-f-¯n-te-s¡-¯n-¨p. Pohn-X-¯n \n¶pw hn«p-t]m-Ip¶p F¶
tXm¶Â \nc-´cw Df-hm-¡p¶ Cu IrXn-IÄ Pohn-X-¯nsâ hnj-a-X-I-fn hni-I-e\w \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ZmÀi-\nI kz`m-h-ap-Å-Xm-bn-cp¶p cN-\-IÄ. Im¸-\n-Imw-i-§sf FXnÀ¯mWv AXv ae-bm-f-¯n {]Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv. bmYm-Øn-XnI aqey-§sf apgp-h³ \ncm-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw ]m]-t_m-[-ambn I−n-cp¶ ssewKn-I-X-bpsS iànsb IrXn-I-fn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kmln-Xy-¯n\v CwKn-X-a-Ãm- Xn-cp¶ `mj F¶v Icp-X-s¸-«n-cp¶ ]cp-¡³ hm¡p-IÄ¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn.
c−v `mh-§sf Iq«n-¡-eÀ¯n-bpÅ BJym-\-am-bn-cp¶p Ah-bn ]e-t¸mgpw D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. sshcp-²y-§-fn aqSnb sFIy-am-bn-cp¶p CXv.
bmYmÀ°yhpw anYym-{]-Xy-£-hpw kuµ-cyhpw sshcq-]yhpw ]m]hpw hnip-
²nbpw lmkyhpw ZpxJhpw Xam-ibpw sImSpw-`o-Xnbpw F¶n-§s\ sshcp-²y-
§-fpsS Zzµz-§Ä \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp¶p cN-\-I-sf-Ãmw. H. hn. hnP-b-\n ^en- Xhpw ZpxJhpw tkXp-hn Xam-ibpw `oXnbpw Im¡-\m-S-\n Xam-ibpw sImSpw-`o-Xnbpw B\-µ-\n bmYmÀ°yhpw anYym-{]-Xy-£hpw C§s\ ]c- kv]cw ebn-¨p.
