Therefore, based on rigorous experiments conducted, it was found that 2 wt% solution of Na-CMC is sufficient to impart good physical and mechanical properties to the membrane. The membrane's efficiency with regard to the removal of glycerol from biodiesel was tested by performing microfiltration of biodiesel emulsion with a glycerol content of 8.33 wt.%, at different applied pressures ranging between 207 and 483 kPa.
Contents
- Introduction, Literature Review and Objectives 1-60
- Fabrication, Characterization and Optimization of Composition for Fly ash-based Tubular Ceramic Microfiltration Membrane
- Study of Effects of Binder Concentration on Properties of the Fly ash- based Tubular Ceramic Membrane
- Performance Evaluation of Fly ash-based Tubular Ceramic Membrane in Liquid Phase Separation Processes
- Economic Feasibility Assessment of Membrane Fabrication Process and Separation Operations Incorporating the Fabricated
54 Table 2.1 Meaning behind the addition of different raw materials 62 Table 2.2 Different compositions of raw materials used for membrane. 154 Table 5.2 Estimation of book value of all equipment 158 Table 5.3 Estimation of annual repair and maintenance costs 160 Table 5.4 Estimation of repair and maintenance costs for the process 161.
Introduction, Literature Review and Objectives
Introduction to membrane technology
Membrane separation processes are relatively simple and easy to operate, making them completely user-friendly (Scott et al., 1996). Membrane separation processes are based on physical separation mechanisms and do not involve thermal, chemical or biological change of components (Cui et al., 2010).
Pressure driven membrane technology
Ease of operation makes the pressure-driven membrane separation technology one of the most sought-after technologies among people (Díez and Rosal, 2020). Implementation of pressure-driven membrane technology in the above processes is mainly dependent on the size of the solute to be separated from its solvent.
Materials used for membrane fabrication
A mixture of fly ash and kaolin was also used to prepare round ceramic membranes. Due to the content of heavy metals, fly ash is also a potential source of groundwater pollution (Gamage et al., 2011).
Different membrane configurations
However, these membranes are very prone to membrane fouling, which limits their use in treating higher viscosity solutions (Berk, 2009). Moreover, a relatively larger inner diameter of these membranes makes their cleaning as well as inspection a lot.
Membrane fabrication methods .1 Fabrication of membrane support
- Fabrication of composite membrane
In certain cases, the use of binders helps to improve the plasticity and binding capacity of the ceramic paste (Boussemghoune et al., 2020). Slip casting is one of the most essential techniques implemented for the production of ceramic products.
State-of-the-art
- Fabrication and application of fly ash-based ceramic membranes
- Applications of pressure driven membrane technology
Research works by Qin et al. 2011) also mentioned the manufacture of fly ash membranes through extrusion process. It thus helps to avoid penetration of coating material into the membrane matrix (Zou et al., 2019b).
COD: 58.86%
Therefore, it is always advisable to filter the wastewater immediately after production to achieve the highest recovery of sericin (Fabiani et al., 1996). It has also been found in literature that many industries perform water washing of crude biodiesel to remove glycerol from biodiesel (Atadashi et al., 2011). It was found that the membrane process resulted in the permeation of biodiesel having only wt% free glycerol (Alves et al., 2013).
This may be due to the reduction in the apparent viscosity of feed as well as permeate at higher temperatures (France et al., 2010).
Scope for further research
The available literature on the use of membrane filtration in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment mainly reveals the use of polymeric membranes. Article mentioning the use of ceramic membrane for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater is mostly composed of α-alumina, which is far too expensive. Similar is the case for the treatment of starch industry wastewater and the separation of glycerol from biodiesel, which primarily discussed the use of polymeric and commercial ceramic membranes.
A few cases related to the separation of glycerol from biodiesel have also reported the use of membrane separation to reduce the free glycerol content remaining after decantation or water washing.
Objectives
Organization of the thesis
Chapter 3 portrays a detailed analysis of the effect of binder concentration on membrane properties. The rheological properties of binder solution at various concentrations are
Fabrication, Characterization and Optimization of Composition for Fly Ash-based Tubular Ceramic Microfiltration Membrane
Experimental .1 Raw materials
- Fabrication of fly ash-based tubular ceramic membranes
- Characterization of raw materials and fabricated membranes
- Water permeability and pore size evaluation
The thermal stability of the raw materials was evaluated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (manufacturer: Netzsch, model: STA449F3A00) up to 1100 ˚C at a heating rate of 10 ˚C/min in an argon (Ar) environment. The elemental composition of individual raw materials was studied by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Morphological analysis of the membranes was performed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (Manufacturer: Zeiss, Model: Gemini).
The pressure gauge (4) is used to measure the pressure at the inlet of the membrane module.
Results and discussion
- Characterization of raw materials .1 Thermogravimetric analysis
- Characterization of fabricated membranes
- Water permeability and pore size calculation
EDX analysis of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shows the presence of calcium (Ca), carbon (C) and oxygen (O2), indicating the purity of the raw material used. The images of the inner as well as the outer sections of the membranes are almost identical. It is worth mentioning that Fe2O3 is responsible for the pale yellow shade of the sintered membrane (Zhu et al., 2016).
An increase in the concentration of pore formers (CaCO3) leads to an increased production of carbon dioxide due to its thermal decomposition at a higher temperature, resulting in an improvement in the porosity of the membranes (Simão et al., 2015).
Optimization of membrane composition
It can be seen from table 2.4 that, apart from membrane K1, the membrane's average pore size increases with decreasing content of CaCO3. This may be due to the weak bonding between clay particles due to the availability of a small amount of sintering aid (CaCO3) (Falamaki et al., 2004). Although the K1 membrane has a smaller pore size than the K4 membrane, the unusually high value of water permeability is attributed to the very high porosity of the K1 membrane (almost 46%), which ultimately surpassed the effect of sintering assistance.
Comparison with prior arts
Summary
Therefore, it can be concluded that this work successfully addresses all the major research gaps mentioned in Chapter 1 regarding the fabrication of fly ash-based ceramic membrane. The membrane with the optimized composition has a pore size of 0.133 µm and porosity of 40.17% and offers exceptional chemical and mechanical stability (compressive strength of 20.28 MPa), making itself suitable for application in various division operations. Study of the effects of binder concentration on fly ash based tubular ceramic membrane properties.
Study of effects of binder concentration on properties of the fly ash-based tubular ceramic membrane.
Study of Effects of Binder Concentration on Properties of the Fly ash- based Tubular Ceramic Membrane
- An overview of binders
- Experimental .1 Raw materials
- Membrane fabrication
- Characterization of raw materials and fabricated membranes
- Results and discussions
- Rheological behaviour of Na-CMC solutions
- Morphology study of membranes
- Porosity
- Mechanical strength
- Chemical stability
- Water permeability and pore size evaluation
- Optimization of binder composition
- Comparison with prior arts
- Summary
The study of rheological behavior of aqueous solutions with different concentrations of Na-CMC solution revealed that the viscosity of the solution increases drastically with an increase in Na-CMC concentration. The possible reason behind this non-uniformity may be the increased viscosity of the solutions, which causes stronger particle agglomeration in the membrane matrix. It has been observed that there is no significant variation in the membrane porosities with increasing binder concentration.
Moreover, the formation of abnormally larger pores in the membranes was evident in the FESEM images.
Performance Evaluation of Fly Ash-based Tubular Ceramic Membrane in Liquid Phase Separation Processes
Treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater .1 Chemicals
- Experimental methodology and investigations
- Results and discussions
- Distinction over prior arts
The performance of the membrane was evaluated in terms of reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) in the permeate. Equation (4.1) is used for the calculation of membrane repellency performance (Kumar et al., 2016). However, the fouling caused by the formation of a cake layer on the membrane surface due to the deposition of fouling substances causes the deterioration of the permeate.
4.5, the particles present in the wastewater were deposited on the membrane, which reduces the porous structure of the membrane during filtration.
Treatment of starch processing wastewater .1 Chemicals
- Experimental methodology and investigations
- Results and discussions
- Distinction over prior arts
Second, the membrane produces the highest amount of permeate flux at an applied pressure of 345 kPa. 4.11 (a) that an increasing value of cross-flow velocity helps to enhance the permeate flux through the membrane almost linearly (Choi et al., 2005). However, starch rejection performance of the membrane in terms of COD, TSS and turbidity is almost the same at all crossflow velocities.
It was observed that the membrane produced the largest amount of permeate while treating the corn starch wastewater.
Separation of glycerol from biodiesel .1 Chemicals
- Experimental methodology and investigations
- Results and discussions
- Distinction over prior arts
Once the solution was prepared, acidified water (0.5% HCl) was added to the emulsion in such a quantity that the water weight corresponded to 20% of the total weight of the emulsion (Gomes et al., 2013). Addition of acidified water significantly reduced the excess soap content of the emulsion to ppm by converting the soap present in biodiesel into soluble salts. However, the increased pressure across the membrane slightly decreased the retention performance of the membrane, resulting in a slightly higher free glycerol content in the permeate.
A portion of the soap remaining present even after the addition of acidified water was further retained by.
Summary
The summary of the literature related to the separation of glycerol from biodiesel in Table 4.7 reveals the use of commercial membranes (both ceramic and polymeric), the disadvantages of which have already been mentioned in the previous sections (Gomes et al., 2010; . Gomes et al. ., 2013; Atadashi et al., 2012). Furthermore, the use of ultrafiltration membranes cannot be justified in some cases where separation can also be achieved through microfiltration as the flux obtained in ultrafiltration processes is relatively lower (Bansod and Rathod, 2018; Atadashi et al., 2012). ; Chamberland et al., 2019). The lack of literature regarding the use of low-cost membrane in the separation of glycerol from biodiesel further increases the applicability of this work to large-scale processes.
A few examples have also been reported of the use of membrane separation to reduce the free glycerol content remaining after decantation or water washing (Alves et al., 2013; Atadashi et al., 2012).
Cost of membrane fabrication
- Direct manufacturing cost estimation Cost of raw materials
- Indirect manufacturing cost estimation
- Equipment cost estimation
- Estimation of total cost involved in membrane fabrication
The equipment's capital investment depends on the equipment's original delivered cost. Now the above book values will be the basis for assessing the capital investment associated with the equipment and subsequent repair and maintenance costs. Detailed calculation of the repair and maintenance costs involved during membrane manufacturing is shown in Table 5.4.
The sum of all the overheads mentioned will give the direct manufacturing cost of the process.
Estimation of process cost on lab-scale
- Cost analysis for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment
- Estimation of capital cost
- Estimation of operating cost
- Cost analysis for starch wastewater treatment
- Estimation of capital cost
- Estimation of operating cost
- Estimation of total cost
- Cost analysis for separation of glycerol from biodiesel
- Estimation of capital cost
The sum of capital costs and operating costs will correspond to the total costs incurred in the entire separation process. Maintenance costs are considered to be 3% of the fixed capital costs incurred during the separation process (Singh and Cheryan, 1998). Labor costs are considered to be 2% of the fixed capital costs incurred during the separation process (Singh and Cheryan, 1998).
The total costs incurred during the separation process are the sum of capital costs as well as operating costs.
![Fig. 1.13 Various methods used for fabrication of composite ceramic membranes [(a) Dip coating (b) Spray coating (c) Chemical vapor deposition (d) Hydrothermal synthesis]](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/azpdfnet/7616256.201171/48.892.177.731.99.1038/various-fabrication-composite-membranes-chemical-deposition-hydrothermal-synthesis.webp)
