This book is the result of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) seminar organized by the Scientific Panel on the Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration in May 2012 at Tehran University. Graeme Hugo's leadership in the formation of the IUSSP Scientific Panel on the Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration and his role during the early production phase of this book were critical.
Contents
Contributors
Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi is Professor of Demography at Tehran University; Director of the National Institute of Population Research, Tehran, Iran;. A graduate of ANU Demography, he served as Head of the Department of Demography at the University of Tehran and Research Fellow at the ANU Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute in 2010-2014.
About the Editors
He was a member of the Scientific Panel on the Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP). She was a member of the Executive Committee of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration. .
Introduction: Advancing the Demography of Forced Migration and Refugees
- Introduction
- Conceptualising Refugee and Forced Migration
- Defining and Classifying Refugee and Forced Migration
- Measuring Refugee and Forced Migration
- Advancing the Role of Demography
- Dedicated Demographic Contributions
- Organization of the Volume
- Bridging Thoughts
The empirical orientation of the demographic perspective also provides a basis for the concept of forced migration. The diversity in the causes of forced migration has implications for the demographics of the need for protection.
Refugees and forced migration is one of the major problems facing contemporary global society, requiring nations and international organizations to face great challenges and creating enormous personal tragedies, losses and costs. Environmental changes and forced migration: Making sense of the debate, New issues in refugee research (Working Paper no. 70).
Concepts of Refugee and Forced Migration
Considerations for Demographic Analysis
- Introduction
- The Construct of Refugee and Refugee Studies
- Migrants and Forced Migration Studies
- Considerations for Empiricism
- Conceptual Specification
- Operational Definitions and Data
- Review and Reflection
For reviews of the history of refugee and forced migration studies, see Elie 2014; Fiddian-Qasmiyeh et al. Definitional clarity also enabled the development of typologies of causes (e.g. types of disasters, (Richmond 1983)) as well as seeing similarities and differences between types of forced migration, e.g. the role of the state in causing or mitigating coercive.
Registration – A Sine Qua Non for Refugee Protection
- Introduction
- Background: Human Rights, Protection and Registration
- Registration of Refugees and Displaced Persons and Access to Rights
- Access to Rights
- The Need for Supranational Authority
- Registration: A Condition for Survival
- Registration in Practice
- Individual Refugee Status Determination
- Group Refugee Status Determination
- Voluntary Repatriation
- Resettlement
- Local Integration
- Registration as a Resource for Demographic Analysis
- Refugees
- Asylum-Seekers
- Internally Displaced Persons
- The Population Census: An Underutilized Source
- Discussion and Conclusions
The number of refugee births and deaths is most important for the size of the refugee population and thus for the amount of aid to be provided. As a result, the quality of data on the stock of internally displaced persons decreases rapidly over time.
Comparative Demographic Analysis of Forced and Refugee Migrations: An Illustrative Note
Introduction
Comparative analysis of trends, patterns and characteristics of migration is one of the tools within the demographer's suite. In this chapter, we draw on UNHCR's statistical resources to provide a cursory illustration of the analytical contributions of comparative demographic analyzes to revealing differences and similarities in trends, patterns, and characteristics of refugee and forced migrations worldwide during this 21st century. between major geographic regions, and finally within the region of East Africa and possibly to suggest emerging patterns and features new to the region and perhaps new to the world community. Based on United Nations geographic frameworks, the East Africa region was the origin of 60.4% of refugees and persons in refugee situations in Africa in 2016, up from 47.0% in 2011 and 40.0 % in 2006.
Concepts and Comparative Data
For a critical analysis of the concepts and operational definitions of groups of forced migrants and refugees, see Koser (2017); and Keely and Kraly (2017), ch. 12 and 2 and Abbasi-Shavazi and Kraly 2017). The population database (http://popstats.unhcr.org) allows comparative analysis between population groups of concern to UNHCR (see Figure 4.1), countries of origin and countries of asylum1 and over time (1951). present). This appendix will serve in the analysis of the population-geographical analysis of groups of forced migrants and refugees.
Levels and Trends of Forced and Refugee Migration
Regional Comparisons
Levels and Trends of Forced and Refugee Migration
The Case of East Africa and Selected Countries Therein
Discussion and Conclusions
The comparative case presented in this chapter revealed particular challenges for the study of forced migration and refugees in Africa and Asia. Strengthening the demography of forced migration requires the active involvement of demographers in the study and promotion of research and training in the field of forced migration. Research cooperation and dialogue between experts on forced migration and demographers will deepen the understanding of the issue of forced migration and expand the horizons and opportunities of each of the two disciplines.
Demographic Perspectives on Forced Migration
Introduction
Rates, types and trends of increased mortality and morbidity vary according to context, type of complex emergency,1 characteristics of the group of forced migrants, degree of emergency and migration flow. Unfortunately, this additional knowledge is only possible due to new forced migration flows and complex emergency situations. Thus, most existing data do not cover nearly all the factors described in the theoretical framework we present.
Definitions, Data Collection and Measurement
This chapter is, in many ways, an update and expansion of the introductory chapter on Forced Migration and Mortality (Keely et al. 2001), which was in fact the first systematic review of the place of demographic analysis in studies of forced migration and of refugees. Although the optimal scenario would be no more wars, conflicts, disasters and emergencies, this chapter at least aims to consolidate knowledge for future humanitarian efforts towards preventing, ameliorating and reducing the effects of illness and death related to forced migration emergencies. Many epidemiological studies of forced migration crises, particularly in tropical regions, have attempted to measure key rates of infectious diseases (eg, cholera, malaria, typhoid) in addition to mortality rates (eg, Lam et al.
Theoretical Framework
- Geographical Factors
- Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors
- Epidemiological Population Profile and Health Systems
5.1, the middle arrow is covered by a time component: the stage of the crisis and displacement. And the epidemiological aspects, which concern both the sociological and demographic profile of the displaced. Undoubtedly, the age and gender composition of the population can influence morbidity and mortality patterns during a crisis.
Data Collection and Methodologies for Mortality and Morbidity
Disease Outbreak Reports create a system for reporting active disease outbreaks among refugees and displaced persons. The Health Information System is a standardized system used to monitor public health and HIV programs in refugee and displaced persons settings. Nutrition Survey Database creates a system for reporting the results of nutritional surveys conducted in refugee and displaced persons environments.
Review of the Research on Mortality in Recent Complex Emergencies (2000–2015)
Specific age groups are among the most vulnerable, with the youngest and the oldest showing high mortality rates (Keely et al. 2001). Jakobsen et al. studied the war in Guinea-Bissau in the late 1990s. 2003) found that weaned children had a six times higher mortality rate than those who were still breastfed during the first 3 months of the war. Specifically in the case of Syrian refugees, Sami et al. 2014) found that Syrian refugee women are particularly vulnerable to risk factors for reproductive-health-related morbidity and mortality.
Review of the Research on Morbidity and Nutrition Patterns in Recent Complex Emergencies (2000–2015)
- Infectious Disease
- Chronic Disease
- Psychiatric Morbidity
Comparable results were found by Hynes et al. 2002) in their study of reproductive health outcomes for refugees and internally displaced persons. However, in their study of HIV-positive refugees in Malaysia, Mendelsohn et al. 2014) found that these refugees had similar adherence levels and outcomes to treatment (specifically highly active antiretroviral therapy) as members of their host communities. Furthermore, cultural differences and translation problems make measurement difficult (Fazel et al. 2005, Hollifield et al. 2002).
Discussion and Conclusion
Pre-displacement and post-displacement factors associated with the mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. High adherence to HAART among refugees and internally displaced persons on HAART in the western equatorial region of South Sudan. Forced Migration and Under-Five Mortality: A Comparison of Refugees and Hosts in Northwestern Uganda and Southern Sudan.
Interrelationships of Forced Migration, Fertility and Reproductive Health
- Defining the Field of Study
- The Current State of Knowledge
- Moving the Field Forward
- Responding to the Changing Nature of Forced Migration
- Accounting for Secular Changes in Marital and Reproductive Landscapes
- Reproductive Health: Forced Migration and the Healthy Migrant Hypothesis
- Conclusion
As with other aspects of the demography of forced migration, analyzes of the fertility and reproductive health of forced migrants are severely limited by the availability of relevant data. While the selection argument may appear to be the least useful for analyzing the fertile behavior of forced migrants, the disruption perspective, on the contrary, seems to fit their experience perfectly. These increasingly complex dynamics of legal, economic and cultural inclusion must be taken into account in analyzes of the reproductive preferences and behavior of forced migrants.
Behind and Beyond Disaggregation by Sex
Introduction
Therefore, the failure to consider gender in the demographics of forced migration undermines the importance of demographic analysis for preventing and responding to complex humanitarian crises. Second, perspectives on gender and forced migration are presented with the aim of building conceptual bridges between the literature on gender, refugees and forced migration and the demographics of forced migration. The final section concludes with reflections on the value of a gender demography of forced migration for the study of human population and for efforts to promote human well-being and well-being.
The Demography of Forced Migration and Disaggregation by Sex
The chapter begins with an outline of the documentation of gender in international statistics on refugees and displaced populations and the implications for effective and relevant demographic analysis in relation to gender and forced migration. Measuring the total size of the population – the “population at risk” – is a critical component for assessing mortality levels and trends among refugee and forced migrant populations, and critical mortality trends as a crisis develops over time. Bakewell (2008) calls for an "oblique" approach to refugee and forced migration research, where researchers avoid adopting concepts and categories derived from forced migrant policies and programs without a critical perspective.
Perspectives on Gender and Forced Migration, Towards Gendered Demography
- Perspectives on Women as Forced Migrants, Towards a Gendered Demography of Refugees and Forced
- Dynamic Perspectives on Gender and Forced Migration, Towards Gendered Demographic Analysis of Refugees
- Perspectives on Gendered Issues, Towards Gendered Demographic Research on Forced Migrants
- Summary of Analytic Themes for the Place of Gender in the Demography of Forced Migration and Refugees
- Demographic Data and Methods Concerning Gender and Forced Migration
A critical theme among views on gender, refugees and forced migration is the challenge of representations of migrant women (see Baines Kibreab 2003, 328). Systematic gender mainstreaming in the implementation of the agenda is crucial (United Nations 2015, para. 20). In this regard, demographic and health research sources may have particular potential for understanding the intersections of gender and the demographics of forced migration.
Conclusions Concerning a Gendered Demography of Forced Migration
Conceived as a dynamic process, forced migration and responses to forced migrants by receiving countries and communities and aid organizations have the potential and likelihood to change the meaning and experience of gender and gender relations. A demography of forced migration and migrants in which a gender perspective is integrated will serve efforts to protect and assist all migrants in ways that make the most efficient use of limited resources. Social scientists contributing to research in forced migration and refugee studies are reminded of the limitations of 'policy relevant' concepts measured in the field (Bakewell 2008) and also the ways in which concepts operationalized in empirical research inform both policy and public discourse (Van Nær 2012; see also Landau 2012).
Family Dynamics in the Context of Forced Migration
- Introduction
- Demographic Analysis at the Scale of the Family and Household
- Frameworks for the Analysis of Forced Migrations and the Family
- Theoretical Framework for Explaining Migrants’ Family
- Prior Empirical Research on Forced Migration and the Family
- Approaches to Research on Refugee and Displaced Families
- Migration, Adaptation, and the Family: The Case of Afghan Refugees in Iran
- Inter-Generational Differences of Family Orientations
- Intra-Generational Adaptation Patterns and Family Orientations
- Conclusions
One is to examine the role of the family as a whole or family members as individuals in decision-making and the migration process. The impact of forced migration on fertility and reproductive behavior is discussed in the chapter. First, neighborhoods were selected based on Afghan population density and socioeconomic strata in the census tract.
Patterns and Dimensions of Forced Migration
Changing Patterns of Internal Displacement
The Art of Figure Skating
- Introduction
- Global Internal Displacement – A Snapshot
- On the GRID (Recognized IDPs)
- Off the GRID (Not Officially Recognized)
- Development- and Criminal Violence-Induced Displacement
- Lost in the City – Urban IDPs
- Understanding the Trees in the Displacement Jungle
It then considers the destination of IDPs and the contribution of internal displacement to rapid urbanisation. Conflict-Induced Displacement The most visible internal displacement is that caused by conflict, perhaps because it is intuitively associated with 'power'. Criminal violence-induced displacement Internal displacement as a result of criminal violence is a 'little studied and poorly understood phenomena (sic)' (Cantor 2014, p. 1).
Demographic Composition of IDPs
Counting Internal Displacement – The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
- The Good – Efforts in Understanding and Profiling Internal Displacement
- The Bad – Unresolved Issues
The previous look at IDPs already articulates some of the problems around counting internal displacement. IDMC has been 'monitoring conflict and violence-related displacement since 1998 and disaster-related displacement since 2008' (IDMC/NRC 2016a, p. 75). Over the past few years, other organizations have begun to join the IDMC in their efforts to provide a better understanding of internal displacement.
