_p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w B[p-\nI ae-bmfIhn-X-bn¬
(kw-tim-[n-X-∏-Xn-∏v)
tImgn-t°mSv k¿ΔIemimebn¬ tUmIvS¿ Hm^v ^ntemk^n _ncpZØn\p ka¿∏nbv°p∂ {]_‘w
_o\ sI.-B¿.
ae-bmf hn`mKw, {io tIcfh¿Ω tImtf-Pv
Xriq¿
2020
INFLUENCE OF BUDHA PHILOSOPHY IN MALAYALAM MODERN POETRY
(Corrected Copy)
Thesis submitted to the University of Calicut for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Malayalam
BEENA K. R.
Department of Malayalam Sree Kerala Varma College Thrissur
2020
km£y]{Xw
tImgn-t°mSv k¿ΔIemimebn¬ tUmIvS¿ Hm^v ^ntemk^n _ncpZØn\v ka¿∏nbv°p∂ "_p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬’ F∂ Cu {]_‘w _o\ sI.-B¿. Fs‚ am¿§\n¿t±ia\pkcn®v
\n¿Δln® KthjWØns‚ tcJbmsW∂v km£ys∏SpØp∂p.
tUm. sI. IrjvW-Ip-amcn
ÿew : Xriq¿ IrjvW-kp-am-e-bw,
XnøXn : 06˛2˛2020 a‰w ]n.-H., Xriq¿.
km£y]{Xw
tImgn-t°mSv k¿ΔIemimebn¬ tUmIvS¿ Hm^v ^ntemk^n _ncpZØn\v ka¿∏nbv°p∂ "_p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w B[p-\nI ae-bmf I h n X - b n ¬’ F ∂ C u { ] _ ‘ w R m ≥ k l a m ¿ § - \ n ¿ t ± - i - I - \ m b n _o\ sI.-B¿. \n¿Δln® KthjWØns‚ tcJbmsW∂v km£ys∏SpØp∂p.
tUm. cmtPjv Fw.-B¿.
Akn. s{]m^-k¿,
ÿew : Xriq¿ {io tIc-f-h¿Ω tImtfPv
XnøXn : 06-˛-2˛2020 Xriq¿ 11.
kXy{]kvXm-h\
Cu { ] _ ‘ w C X n \ p a p º v G s X ¶ n e p w k ¿ Δ I e m i m e b p s S t b m XØpeyamb ÿm]\Øns‚tbm _ncp-Z-Øn\v ASnÿm\ambn´ns√∂v CXn\m¬
km£ys∏SpØp∂p.
ÿew : Xriq¿
XnøXn : 06-˛-2-˛2020 _o\ sI.- B¿.
D≈-S-°w
]pdw
{]kvXm-h\
i
Npcp-s°-gpØp kqNn
iI
BapJw
iii - x
A≤ymbw 1. tIc-fhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw 11 - 54
1.1 _p≤-a-X-kzm-[o-\-Øns‚ Bcw`w
1.2 _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-߃ tIcf kwkvIm-c-Øn¬
1.2.1 {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ 1.2.2 _p≤\pw [¿Ω-im-kvXmhpw 1.2.3 ae-bm-f-`mj
1.2.4 Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃ 1.2.5 hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zmbw 1.2.6 NnIn-’m-coXn
1.2.7 ÿe-\m-a-kq-N-\-Ifpw hy‡n-\m-a-ßfpw 1.2.8 Irjn, arK-]-cn-]m-e\w
1.2.9 ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃ 1.2.10 hmkvXp-imkv{Xw 1.2.11 Ie-Iƒ
1.3 _p≤\pw _p≤-Z¿i-\hpw 1.3.1 _p≤-Z¿i\w
1.3.2 ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W-߃ 1.3.2.1 Bcy-k-Xy-߃ 1.3.2.2 AjvSmw-K-am¿Kw 1.3.3 {]Xo-Xy-k-ap¬]mZw 1.3.4 £Wn-I-Xm-hmZw 1.3.5 A\m-fl-hmZw 1.3.6 \n¿hmW
1.3.7 I¿Ωkn≤m¥w 1.3.8 [¿Ωw
1.3.9 {_“-hn-lm-c-k-¶ev]w 1.3.9.1 ssa{Xn
1.3.9.2 IcpW 1.3.9.3 apZnX 1.3.9.4 Dt]£
1.3.10 kwL-w
1.3.11 `n£p-Wn-kw-L-߃ 1.3.12 t_m[n-k-Xz-k-¶ev]w 1.3.13 lo\-bm\w
1.3.14 alm-bm\w 1.3.15 sk≥_p-≤nkw
1.4 _p≤\pw PmXnbpw
1.4.1 _p≤-s‚ PmXn-t`Z Jfi\w 1.5 tIc-fob \thm-∞-m-\hpw _p≤a-Xhpw 1.6 ae-bm-f-Ønse _u≤-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
1.6.1 B[p-\n-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
A≤ymbw 2. _p≤-Z¿i\w Ipam-c-\m-im≥, h≈-tØmƒ, D≈q¿ F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ -˛ I 55- 133
2.1 B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse alm-I-hn-{Xbw 2.1.1 ]›m-Øew
2.1.2 tIc-fhpw \thm-∞m-\hpw
2.1.3 Imev]-\n-IX ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn¬
2.1.4 Ihn-{X-bhpw _p≤\pw 2.2 Bim\pw _p≤-a-Xhpw
2.2.1 Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ Ihn-X-bnse `mh-]-cn-Wmaw 2.2.2 Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ BZy-Im-e-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
2.2.3 Bim\pw {io\mcm-b-W-Kp-cphpw
2.2.4 B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-°p≈ Bims‚ ]cn-h¿Ø\w 2.2.5 hoW-]qhv
2.2.6 \fn\n 2.2.7 eoe 2.2.8 {]tcm-Z\w
2.2.9 Nn¥m-hn-jvS-bmb koX 2.2.10 Zpc-hÿ
2.2.11 Nfim-e-`n-£pIn 2.2.12 IcpW
A≤ymbw 3 _p≤-Z¿i\w Ipam-c-\m-im≥, h≈-tØmƒ, D≈q¿ F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ -˛ II 134 - 171
3.1 Ihn-X-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wmaw3.1.1 Jfi-Im-hy-߃ 3.1.2 hnh¿Ø-\-߃ 3.1.3 {]Xn`m]-›m-Øew 3.2 h≈-tØmfpw _p≤\pw
3.2.1 \mKne
3.2.2 Hcp tXmWnbm{X 3.2.3 ip≤-cn¬ ip≤≥
3.2.4 PmXn{]`mhw 3.2.5 aW¬°m‰v
3.2.6 \mw kzmX-{¥y-a-S-bmhq 3.2.7 A—s‚ NmØw
3.2.8 {iot_m-[n-k-Xzm-]-Zm\Iev]-eX
3.3 D≈q¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿
3.4 Znhy-km-¥z\w 3.5 I¿Æ-`q-jWw
3.6 I]nehkvXp-hnse I¿Ω-tbmKn 3.7 anYym-]-hmZw
3.8 a‰p IrXn-Ifnse _u≤-kzm-[o\w
A[ymbw 4. _p≤-Z¿i\w sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»-cn, F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿ F∂n-h-cpsS
IrXn-I-fn¬ 172 - 231
4.1 sshtem-∏n≈n {io[-c-ta-t\m≥
4.1.1 Pohn-X-Z¿i\w 4.1.2 HmW-∏m-´p-Im¿
4.1.3 aWn-\mZw 4.1.4 amºgw
4.1.5 XymtKm-]-lmcw 4.1.6 hnc-l-Øn¬
4.1.7 ]pXnb tNmdqWv 4.1.8 ]qhpw Imbpw 4.1.9 IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬
4.1.10 Icn-bnemw]o®n-Iƒ 4.1.11 hoc-ssh-cmKyw 4.2 CS-t»cn
4.2.1 _p≤\pw Rm\pw \cnbpw 4.2.2 _nw_n-km-cs‚ CS-b≥
4.2.3 am∏n√
4.3 F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cnb¿
4.3.1 [¿Ω-N{Iw 4.3.2 anj-Wdn
4.3.3 Atim-Is‚ hnfw-_cw 4.3.4 I∂n-ag
4.3.5 B{^n°
4.3.6 _p≤-N-cnXw B´-°Y
4.3.7 _u≤-kzm-[o\w ka-Im-eo\ Ihn-X-bn¬
D]-kw-lmcw
232 - 235
{KŸ-kqNn
236 - 245
{]kvXm-h\
Kth-j-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Ic-Sp-tcJ Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xp apX¬ {]_-‘- k-a¿∏Ww hsc kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ß-tfm-sS, Xnc-°p-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw £a- tbmsS DNn-X-amb am¿§-\n¿t±iw \¬Inb tUm. sI. IrjvW-Ip-amcn So®-tdm-Sp≈ IrX-⁄-Xbpw IS-∏mSpw hm°p-I-fn-sem-Xp-°m-\m-hn-√.
So®-dpsS \n¿t±-i-ßfpw A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-amWv Cu {]_-‘-Øn\v hy‡-amb cq]w \¬In-b-Xv.
Kth-j-W-Øns‚ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw Fs∂ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw t{]m’m-ln-
∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX {io tIc-f-h¿Ω tImtfPv ae-bmf Kth-jW tI{μw t a [ m - h n - b m - b n - c p ∂ t U m . F ≥ . A \ n ¬ I p - a m ¿ , C t ∏ m - g s Ø h I p ∏ p ta[mhnbpw Fs‚ kl am¿§-\n¿t±-i-I-\p-amb tUm. cmtP-jv Fw. B¿., a‰v A[ym-]-I¿, Poh-\-°m¿ F∂n-h-tcmSpw hf-sc-tbsd IrX-⁄-X-bp-≠v.
Kth-j-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb F√m klm-b-ßfpw sNbvXp-X∂ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan sset{_-dn-b≥ {io. sI. cmtP{μ≥, a‰p Poh-\-°m¿
F∂n-h-tcm-sS√mw \μnbpw IS-∏m-Sp-ap-≠v.
Cu {]_-‘-Øns‚ UnSn]n tPmen-Iƒ `wKn-bmbn \n¿Δ-ln® Xriq¿
S¿t_mtkm^v‰nse Nn{X, ss_‚ nwKv `wKn-bmbn sNbvXp-Xs∂ FUyp-sI- b¿ Poh-\-°m¿ F∂n-h-tcm-sS√mw IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
k¿tΔm-]cn Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn apt∂m´p t]mIm≥ Fs∂
t{]m’m-ln-∏n® IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-sfbpw F√m kpa-\- p-I-sfbpw kvt\l- ]q¿Δw kvacn-®p-sIm≠v Cu {]_‘w ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
i
Npcps°gpØp kqNn
A\p : A\p-_‘w
Ah. : Ah-Xm-cnI
FUn : FUn-‰¿
tI.- `m.- C. : tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v tI. km. A. : tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan
Sn : taev]Sn ]pkvXIw
Xncp. : Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
]cn. : ]cn-`mj
]p : ]pdw
{]km. : {]km-[-I¿
`m. : `mKw
hnh. : hnh¿Ø\w
hymJym: : hymJym\w
kºm. : kºm-Z-\w
kam. : kam-l-cWw
ii
BapJw
sImtfm-Wn-b¬ cmPyßfn-sem∂m-bn-cp∂ C¥ybv°v {_n´o-jp-Im- cn¬\n∂pw e`n® \∑-bmWv BwK-teb hnZym-`ym-kw. Cw•ojv `mj-bn-eq- sS-bp≈ ]T\w hgn hnZym-`ym-kØn-eqsS \qX-\-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ t\Sm-\mbn.
CXv Nn¥-bpsS hnime temIw Xpd∂p \evIn. ]pXnb coXn-bn-ep≈ hnZym-
`ym-k-Øns‚ ^e-ambn C¥y-bpsS ]mc-X-{¥y-sØ-°p-dn®pw kmwkvIm-cn-I- Nyp-Xn-sb-°p-dn®pw ]pXp-X-e-apd t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-bn. CXns\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb At\z-j-W-amWv C¥y≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. C¥y≥ \thm-
∞m-\-Øns‚ {]h-W-X-I-fn¬ {][m\w `qX-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ At\z- jWhpw kz¥w kwkvIm-csØ Xncn-®-dn-bepw Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu Nn¥-Ifpw At\z-j-W-ß-fp-amWv C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw a¨a-d™v t]msb∂v Icp-Xn-bn- cp∂ _p≤a-XØns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ hos≠-Sp-°m≥ CS-bm-°n-b-Xv.
a‰p ]e Z¿i-\-ß-fpsSbpw F∂-t]mse _p≤-Z¿i-\-kw-_-‘-amb At\z-j-W-ß-fp-tSbpw Bcw`w _wKm-fn¬\n-∂mWv. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Ime- Øp-Xs∂ I¬°Ø k¿Δ-I-em-ime CXns‚ `mjm-]-chpw kmln-Xy-]-chpw Bb ]T\w Bcw-`n-®p. CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xbv°v hf-ambn Xo¿∂p. hnL-Sn®p \n∂n-cp∂ \m´p-cm-Py-߃°v Hcp GIkzcX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v km≤y-am°n. CtXm-sSm-∏w-Xs∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n-
∂n-cp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw A\o-Xn-I-sfbpw a‰p Po¿ÆX-I-sfbpw Xpd- s∂-Xn¿°en\pw aX \ho-I-cWØn\pw CXp Imc-W-ambn. Cu {]h¿Ø-\- ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmbn C¥y≥ tZiob {]ÿm\w DS-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ kPo-h-am-Ip-I-bpw sNbvXp.
amlmflmKm‘n tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-ØtXmsS
iii
kXyhpw Alnw-kbpw AXns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ASn- ÿm\ XXz-߃ _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øn¬\n-∂pamWv \thm-∞m-\-t\Xm-°ƒ Is≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. \thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\-ß-sf-√mw-Xs∂ PmXo-b-X-bvs°-Xn- cm-bn-cp-∂p. lnμp-a-X-Øn¬\n∂pw `n∂-ambn _p≤-aXw PmXn-t`-Z-tØbpw kmaq-lnI D®-\o-N-Xz-sØbpw i‡-ambn FXn¿Øn-cp-∂p. Cu Nn¥-bmWv HSp-hn¬ tUm. Awt_-ZvI-sd-t∏m-ep-≈-hsc aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°v BI¿jn-®-Xv. kam\ Nn¥m-K-XnIƒ tIc-f-Ønepw D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. {io\mcm-b-W-Kpcphpw N´-ºn-kzm-an-Ifpw _p≤-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-ambn ASpØ ]cn-Nbw t\Sn-b-h-cm-bncp-∂p.
{io\mcm-b-W-Kpcp Xs‚ aX-Øn\v [¿Ω-]-cn-]m-e\w F∂mWv t]cn-
´Xv. Kpcp-hns‚ amkn-I-bpsS t]cv [¿Ωw F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. _p≤-s‚ D]tZi- amWv aZyw D≠m-°-cpXv, hnev°-cp-Xv, IpSn-°-cpXv F∂Xv, CXmWv Kpcp-h-N-
\-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v Adn-bp-∂Xv. PmXn-Nn-¥bv°v FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p {io\mcm-b-W≥. CXn¬\ns∂√mw {io\mcm-b-WKpcp _p≤-Nn-¥-I-fp-ambn Gsd ]cn-Nn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v a\- n-em-°mw.
_n.-kn. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ F.-Un. F´mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc tIc-f-kw- kvIm-c-Ønepw cmjv{So-b-Ønepw i‡-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Ønb _p≤-a-X- Øns‚ {]`mhw ]n¬°me tIc-fob Pohn-X-Øn-epw, kwkvIm-c-Ønepw `mj- bnepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. i‡-amb {_m“-W-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v hnt[- b-ambn _p≤-aXw XI¿°-s∏-´p-sh∂v Ncn{X ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏- Sp∂p. F∂m¬ AtXmsS _p≤-aXw A∏msS C√m-Xm-hp-I-b√ adn®v ]pXp- Xmbn cq]w-sIm≠ PohnX hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ ebn®p tNcp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
tIc-f-Ønse Bcm-[m-\m-e-b-߃, hnZym-`ymk{º-Zm-bw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\- ߃, \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ, sshZyw, hyh-km-bw, Irjn, arK-]-cn-]m-e-\w, kZm-Nm-cw, ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, Ie, hnizm-k-{]-am-W-߃, ÿe-\m-a-߃ XpS-
iv
ßnb taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ Awi-߃ ebn®p InS-°p-∂p-≠v.
Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Nne IrXn-Iƒ Ncn{Xw, kwkvIm-cw, kmlnXyw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kwL-Im-e-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn- I-fmb Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, aWn-ta-Je F∂n-h-bn¬ _p≤-a-XsØ°pdn-®p≈ ]cm- a¿i-߃ hy‡-ambpw D≠v. sImSp-ß-√q-cn-s\bpw Xr°-Wm-a-Xn-e-I-sØ ]‰nbpw Cu IrXn-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xp ImWmw. {]kn≤ kwkvIrX Imhy- amb aqjn-I-hw-i-Øn¬ {ioaq-e-hmkw F∂ {]i-kvX-amb _p≤-a-X-tI-{μ-sØ-
°p-dn®v hy‡-amb ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Ønse kmln-Xy- Ir-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw _p≤-aXw A{]-Xy-£-am-sb¶nepw Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬
_p≤-a-X-kw-_-‘-amb IrXn-Iƒ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥
XpSßn. `mc-X-Øn-ep-S-\o-f-ap-≠mb \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm-\-tØm-sSm∏w tIc-f- Ønepw AXns‚ Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ i‡-am-b-Xns‚ ^e-am-bmWv CXv kw`-hn-
®-Xv. Cu Ime-ØmWv kz¥w IrXn-I-fn¬ _p≤-Z¿i-\-߃ hmgvØn-s°m-≠v {io\m-cm-bWKpcp-hns‚ injy-\mb Ipam-c-\m-im≥ cwKØv hcp-∂-Xv.
Kth-j-W-Øns‚ e£yw
B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ _p≤-Z¿i-\w F{X-am{Xw Bg-Øn¬
k z m [ o \ w s N e p - Ø n - b n - ´ p - s ≠ ∂ A t \ z - j - W - a m W v I p a m - c - \ m - i m ≥ , h≈-tØmƒ, D≈q¿, sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»-cn, F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xv.
]›m-Øew
`mc-X-Øn¬ _p≤-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS ]p\-cp-∞m\w Bcw-`n-®-Xn-\p-ti-j- amWv tIc-f-Ønepw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw tZio-b-hpw aX-]-c-hp-amb DZv{K-Y\w D≠m-b-Xv. BwK-teb kmln-Xy-hp-am-bp≈ ]cn-N-b-amWv ae-bm-f-Ønepw _p≤-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-sSbpw _p≤-I-Y-bp-tSbpw IS-∂p-h-c-hn\v \nZm-\-am-b-Xv. tIc- f-Ønse \thm-∞m\ t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp∂ N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ, {_“m-\μ inh-
tbm-Kn, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, hmKv`-Sm-\-μ≥ F∂n-h¿ _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚
h‡m-°tfm {]tbm-‡m-°tfm Bbn-cp-∂p. N´-ºn-kzm-an-I-fpsS P¥p-Im-cp- Wy-\n-cq-]Ww ˛ _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ {][m-\-X-Xz-ß-fn-sem-∂mb Alnw-k-bn- te°pw Poh-Im-cp-Wy-Øn-te°pw {]th-in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. {_“m-\-μ-in-h-tbmKn tIc-f-Øn-\-IØpw ]pdØpw _p≤-aX XXz-߃ t\cn´v {]N-cn-∏n® Bflob t\Xmhpw kmwkvIm-cnI \mb-I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Alnwk Gh ]c-tam-[¿Ωw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B\μ aX-X-Xzw. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ Z¿i-\-ß-fp-sS ASn-ÿm\w _p≤-a-X-kw-_-‘n-IqSnbm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Btflm-]-tZ-i- i-XIw _p≤-a-X-X-Xz-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. Z¿i-\-am-e, Alnw-k, Poh- Im-cp-Wy-]-©-Iw, A\p-I-ºm-ZiIw XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fnepw _p≤-Z¿i-\-amWv Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v ImWmw.
]T\ taJe
B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv _p≤-Z¿i-\w G‰hpw henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn- bXv Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ IrXn-I-fn-em-Wv. Bi-ms‚ hoW-]q-hns‚ cN-\-tbm-sS- bmWv ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-cw-KØv Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS IS-∂p-h-chv D≠m-b-Xv.
\ho-\-ß-fmb Bi-b-ß-fmepw kºp-jvS-am-bn-cp∂p Bims‚ Ihn-X. B Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠mb kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ e£- W-ßfpw CtXm-sSm∏w Ihn-X-bn¬ D≠m-bn. Ipam-c-\m-im-\n-eqsS ae-bmf Imhy-cw-K-tØ°v _p≤-Z¿i-\-ßfpw IS-∂p-h-∂p. Bims‚ IrXn-I-fn¬
I≠p-Xp-S-ßnb Cu hyXn-bm\w h≈-tØmƒ, D≈q¿ F∂o ka-Im-eo\cmb Ihn-I-fnepw F{X-am{Xw D≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂p-w XpS¿∂v hcp∂ Xe-ap-d-bnse Ihn-I-fmb sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»-cn, F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cy¿ F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ Cu Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bpt≠m F∂pw Ah F{X-am{Xw hym]-I-am-sW∂pw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p-.
vi
]T-\Øns‚ -{]-k‡n
B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-cw-KØv Bim≥ Bhn-jvI-cn® ]pXnb k{º- Zmbw AXp-hsc \ne-\n-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hn`n-∂am-bn-cp-∂p. Ihn-X- bpsS `mh-a-fi-e-Øn¬ Bim≥ \qX-\-amb ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ hcp-Øn. sh¨
a-Wn-°-hn-I-fpsS irwKm-cm-`mk coXn-bn¬\n∂pw amdn Pohn-X-Øns‚ \iz-c- X-sbbpw A\n-›n-X-Xz-sØbpw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv Bim≥ IS-∂p-h-
∂-Xv.
kmlnXyw F∂m¬ ¢mknIv kmlnXyw F∂ hnizm-k-hp-am-bmWv h≈-tØmƒ Imhy-Po-hn-X-am-cw-`n-®-Xv. ¢mkn-k-Øns‚ IqsS-Øs∂ ]n∂oSv sdam‚ n-khpw h≈-tØmƒ {]tbm-Kn-®p. h≈-tØmƒ Ihn-XbpsS apJ-ap-{Z- bmbn ImWp-∂Xv Pohn-X-kvt\-l-am-Wv. AhnsS sh¨-a-Wn-kvIq-fn\pw ÿm\- ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Pohn-®n-cp∂ ImetØ alm-I-hn-bm-Im-\p≈ `mKyw h≈-tØm- fn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Bim≥ IrXn-I-fn-ep≈Xpt]m-ep≈ Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS km∂n[yw h≈-tØmƒ Ihn-X-I-fn¬ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-b-Xmbn°mWp-∂n-√.
D≈q¿ Imhy-ß-fpsS ]cn-tim-[-\-bnepw Z¿i-\-]-c-amb aqey-\n¿Æbw A[nIw \S-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. D÷z-e-hm-Iym¿∞-{]-tbm-K-߃ D≈qcns‚
Imhy-c-N-\-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bmf IhnX Imev]-\n-I-X-bn-te°v Ifw-am-‰n-®-hn-´m≥ XpS-ßnb ImeØmWv D≈q-cns‚ Imhy-c-N\ Bcw-`n-°p-
∂-Xv. h≈-tØm-fns\t∏mse alm-Im-hy-c-N\ D≈qcpw \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. tIc- f-N-cn-{X-Ønse Htc-SmWv alm-Im-hy-c-N-\°v D≈q¿ sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv.
sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS `mh-X-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Gsd ]T-\- ߃ \S-∂n-´p-s≠-¶nepw Zm¿i-\n-I-am-\-߃ F¥msW∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈
]T-\-߃ \S-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. CS-t»cn Htc kabw Zm¿i-\n-I\pw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bn¬ can-®-bm-fp-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øn¬
cmjv{So-b-ho-£Ww shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v aSn ImWn-°m-Ø-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Cu
vii
aq∂p Ihn-I-fpw. F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cpsS Ihn-X-IfneqsS A°m-eØv ae-bm-fn-Iƒ cpNn-®p-t]m∂ Imhy-c-k-a√ Adn-™-Xv. CS-∏-≈n-bpsS Bflm- em-]\w \nd-™Xpw Bem-]\ kulr-Z-ap≈Xp-amb Ihn-X-I-fn-te°v Hcp CSn-an-∂-ens‚ apg-°-hp-am-bmWv F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ IS-
∂p-h-∂-Xv. A¿∞-K-cn-abpw BJym-\\mfl-I-Xbpw Cu Ihn-X-Isf {it≤- b-am-°n. Ah-bpsS A¥¿`m-KsØ Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®-t\z-jn-°p-I-bmWv ]T-\-Øn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv. hnin-jy Ch-cp-sS-sb√mw IrXn-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ _p≤- Z¿i-\-amWv ChnsS ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv.
]T\ ]cn-anXn
"_p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn¬' F∂
hnj-b-Øn¬ Bim≥ D≈q¿, h≈-tØmƒ, F∂nhcpsS Ihn-X-Ifpw XpS¿∂v hcp∂ Xe-ap-d-bnse sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»-cn, F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿
F∂nh-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fp-amWv ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-sb-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. B[p-\nI Ihn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw XpSßnb Z¿i\ ]mc-ºcyw A\p-kyq-X-ambn C∂pw ]pXnb Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-I-fnepw ImWm-\m-hp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ Ihn-I-fp- sSbpw Ihn-X-I-fp-sSbpw _mlpeyw \nanØw Ch-cn¬ HXp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI Ihn-Isf apgp-h≥ \n›n-X -k-ab]cn-[n-°p-
≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°m-\m-IpI {]bm-k-am-sW-∂Xv Cu ]T-
\-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv.
]q¿Δ-Ime ]T-\-߃
Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, aWn-ta-Je F∂o IrXn-Iƒ°p-tijw kwkvIrX Imhy- ß-fmb \mKm-\-μw, aØ-hnemkw, `K-h-Z-÷pIw XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv tIc-f- Øn¬ _p≤-Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kqN\ \¬Ip∂ IrXn-Iƒ. ]n∂oSv Ipam- c-\m-ims‚ IrXn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv _p≤-Z¿i-\-߃ B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-
viii
X-bn¬ ImWm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Bims‚ Nne IrXn-I-fnse _p≤-Z¿i-\-sØ-
°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-߃ \S-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw B ]T-\-߃ apgp- h≥ Jfi-Im-hy-ß-tfbpw Bg-Øn¬ A]-{K-Yn-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. h≈- tØmƒ, D≈q¿, sshtem-∏n≈n, CS-t»cn F≥.-hn. Irjv-Whm-cn-b¿ F∂n-h- cpsS IrXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-߃ ImWp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-bnse _p≤- Z¿i-\sØ {]tXy-I-ambn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√.
{]_‘ kzcq]w
A]-{K-Y-\m-flI coXn-imkv{X kao-]-\-amWv Cu Kth-jW {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Bap-J-Øn\p ]pdsa \mep A≤ym-b- ßfpw D]-kw-lm-chpw {KŸ-kq-Nnbpw tN¿∂-XmWv {]_-‘w. tIc-fhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw F∂ H∂m-asØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse _p≤-a-X-Øns‚
Ncn-{X-a-t\z-jn-°p-Ibpw BZy \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse _p≤-aX kzm[o-\-Øns‚
Ncn{Xw hni-Zo-Icn°pI-bpam-Wv. c≠m-a-Xmbn ae-bm-f-Ønse _u≤-Ir-Xn- Iƒ Ghsb∂p At\z-jn-°p-∂p. aq∂m-asØ `mK-Øn¬ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c- Øn¬ _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ß-sf-s¥-√m-sa∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv.
ASp-Ø-Xmbn tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\-Øn¬ _p≤-a-X-Øn\pw _p≤s‚
Z¿i-\-Øn-\p-ap-≠mb kzm[o-\-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv _p≤-Z¿i\w Fs¥∂v ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØp∂p. _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W-ß- fmb Bcy-k-Xy-w, AjvSmw-K-am¿§w F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Ipam-c-\m-im≥, h≈-tØmƒ, D≈q¿ F∂o alm-I-hn-{X-b-Ønse Ihn- I-fpsS IrXn-I-fnse _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w c≠pw aq∂pw A[ym-b- ß-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ {][m\ Imhy-ß-fpsS hni-Z-amb ]T-\-am-Wv c≠m-asØ A≤ym-b-Øn¬. hoW-]q-hv, \fn-\n, eoe, Nn¥m-hn- jvS-bmb koX, {]tcm-Z-\w, Zpc-h-ÿ, Nfim-e-`n-£p-In, IcpW F∂o Jfi- Im-hy-߃ BWv hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. aq∂m-asØ
ix
A≤ym-b-Øn¬ h≈-tØmƒ, D≈q¿ F∂o alm-I-hn-I-fpsS sXc-s™-SpØ Imhy-ßfnse _p≤-Z¿i-\-kv]¿iw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. h≈-tØm-fns‚
\mKn-e, Hcp tXmWn-bm-{X, ip≤-cn¬ ip-≤≥, PmXn-{]-`m-hw, aW¬°m-‰v,
\mw kzmX-{¥y-a-S-bm-hq, A—s‚ NmØw F∂o- Ir-Xn-I-fmWv ]T-\-Øn\v sXcs™-Sp-Øn-´p≈h. XpS¿∂v D≈q-cns‚ I]n-e-h-kvXp-hnse I¿Ω-tbmKn, Znhy-km-¥z-\w, anYym-]-hm-Zw F∂o IrXn-I-ƒ ]T-\-Øn\v sXc-s™-Sp-Øn- cn°p-∂p. \mem-asØ A≤ym-b-Øn-emWv sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»-cn, F≥.hn IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿ F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-Isf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
sshtem-∏n-≈n-bpsS HmW-∏m-´p-Im¿, amºgw, XymtKm-]-lm-cw, hnc-l-Øn¬., ]pXnb tNmdq-Wv. ]qhpw Imbpw, IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬, aWn-\m-Zw. Icn-bn-emw]o®n- Iƒ F∂o IrXn-I-sf-bmWv ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. CS-t»-cnsb ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ am∏n√, _nw_n-km-cs‚ CS-b≥, _p≤\pw Rm\pw \cnbpw F∂ IrXn-I-fm-Wv Dƒs∏- Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cpsS [¿Ω-N-{Iw, anj-W-dn, Atim- Is‚ hnfw-_-cw, I∂n-a-g, B{^n° F∂o Ihn-X-Ifpw _p≤-N-cnXw B´-
°-Y-bp-am-Wv N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v \ho\ Ihn-I-fmb k®n-Zm-\-μ-≥, sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈, F. Aø-∏≥, _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°mSv XpS-ßnb Ihn-I- fpsS Ihn-X-I-fn¬ _p≤-Z¿i\Øns‚ kzm[o\w XpS-cp-∂-Xmbn kqNn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ahm-k-\-`mKw D]-kw-lm-chpw {KŸ-kq-Nn-bp-am-Wv. Kth- j-I≥ FØn-t®¿∂ \nK-a-\-߃ kw£n-]vX-ambn D]-kw-lm-c-Øn¬ \¬In- bn-cn-°p-∂p.
x
A≤ymbw 1
tIc-fhpw _p≤-a-Xhpw
Hcp P\-X-bpsS kwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnX kml-N-cy-ßsf B{i-bn-®m-Wv. kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-imJ hn]p-e-am-b-tXmsS kwkvIm-c-sa-∂Xv hnim-e-amb A¿∞w Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]Z-ambn Xo¿∂n-
´p≠v. kwkvImcw BXy-¥n-I-ambn a\p-jys‚ hnNm-c-hn-Im-c-ßsf Db¿Øn-
°m-´p∂Xpw {]mtbm-KnI kmaq-lnI PohnX {]{In-b-IfpsS BsI-Øp-I-bp- am-Wv.
P\-X-bpsS Zn\-N-cy, hkv{X-[m-c-Ww, Blm-cw, kw`m-j-Ww, ]c-kv]- c-ap≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, Bcm-[\m k{º-Zm-bw, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃, Xmakw, kwkm-c-`m-j, hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zm-bw, Im¿jn-I-co-Xn, Btcm-Ky-]- cn-]m-e-\w, NnIn-’m-hn-[n, \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ, D’-hm-tLm-j-߃, hyh-km-bw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, hnizmk{]am-W-߃, kZm-Nm-c-\njvT, a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß- tfmSpw {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-ap≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, ÿe-\m-a-߃, hy‡n-\m-a-߃ F∂n-h- Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-csØ \n¿W-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. ae-bm-fn- I-fpsS Zn\-Ncy apX¬ hy‡n-\m-a-߃ hscbp≈ LS-I-ß-fn-se√mw _p≤- a-X-Øns‚ ap{Z-Iƒ ]Xn™p InS-°p-∂p.
1.1 _p≤-aX kzm[o-\-Øns‚ Bcw`w
ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-ÿnXn Cultural Environment ]cn-tim- [n-°p-tºmƒ _p≤a-Xhpw Z¿i-\-ß-fp-ambn Gsd Bg-Øn¬ _‘-ap≈
\mSmWv tIcfw. _nkn aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ F.Un F´mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc tIcfØn¬ {]_-e-am-bn-cp∂ _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ {]`mhw ]n¬°me tIc-fob
Pohn-X-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw `mj-bnepw Gsd Bg-Øn¬ ]Xn™p.
G‰hpw henb _p≤-aX {]Nm-c-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Atim-I-N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS `c- W-Im-e-amb _n.-kn. aq∂mw iX-I-Øn¬ Xs∂ _p≤-aXw tIc-f-Øn¬ FØn- b-Xmbn IW-°m-°m-sa∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb F. {io[-ctat\m≥ A`n-{]m-b- s∏-Sp-∂p.1 A°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ Ncn{Xw, kwkvIm-cw, kmlnXyw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn¬ Nne IrXn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kwL-Ime kmlnXy IrXn-I- fmb Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, aWn-ta-Je F∂o IrXn-I-fn¬ _p≤-a-XsØ Ipdn-®p≈
]cm-a¿i-߃ hy‡-ambpw D≠v. aWn-ta-J-e-bn¬ Z£n-Wm-]-Y-Øn-seßpw {]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n® Hcp _p≤-ssN-X-y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kqN-\- Im-Wmw. h©n- bnse IÆ-In-bpsS {]Xn-jvT-sb-∏-‰n-bpw, tImh-es‚ {]Xna aWn-ta-Je kμ¿in-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw Cu Imhy-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v.2
Atim-I-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ {]m¥-tZ-i-ß-fmb tNmf, ]mfiy, tIc-f-]p-{X, kXn-b-]p-{X-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ [¿Ω-hn-Pbw ssIh-cn-®-Xm-bn Atim-I-N-{I-h¿Øn- bpsS ]Xn-aq∂mw \º¿ inemim-k-\-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠∂pw _p≤- a-Xhpw Z£n-tW-¥ybpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Bcw-`n-®Xv Atim-I-N-{I-h¿Øn- bpsS Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]n.-sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ A`n-{]m-b- s∏-Sp-∂p.3
""Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈ \nc-h[n Kpl-I-fn¬ Nne-sX-
¶nepw _u≤-˛-ssP\ k\ym-kn-am-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂
Imcyw Xo¿®-bm-Wv. Ah-bn¬ \n∂p I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p≈ P]-a-Wn-Iƒ, hnf-°p-Iƒ, a¨]m-{X-߃ apX-em-bh CXn\p sXfn-hmWv. Nne Kpl- I-fn¬, {_m“n-en-]n-bn-ep≈ enJn-X-߃ sImØn-sh-®-Xmbpw I≠n-cn-
°p-∂p. Cu enJn-X-߃°v `´n-t{]m-ep-hnse enJn-X-ß-fp-ambn (Ir-jvWm-
\-Zo-X-S-Øn¬ `´n-t{]mep F∂ ÿeØp \n∂v Is≠-SpØ _u≤-en- Jn-X-߃) kmay-ap-s≠-∂pw, Ah-bpsS Imew _n.-kn. 2˛mw \q‰m-≠m-bn-
cn-°m-sa∂pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. Cu Kpl-I-fn¬ sImØn-sh-®n-´p≈ Nne ]Z-߃ "AXn-Øm\w' A-[n-jvTm-\w, "[¿Ωw' [¿Ωw, "Ac-Øm¿'[¿Ωm-
\p-bm-bn-Iƒ, "Xm\w' Zm-\w, "D]mkm' D-]m-k-I≥, "]mfnb' ]-≈n F∂n- h-bm-W-s{X.''4
A t i m - I s ‚ I m e w - a p - X ¬ X s ∂ Z £ n - t W - ¥ y - b n ¬ _ p ≤ - a X w {]N-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw h©n, Imth-cn-]-´-Ww, Im©n, a[pc XpS-ßnb \K-c-ß-fn¬ [mcmfw _p≤-k-\ym-kn-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw kntem- Wn¬ \n∂p _p≤-`n-£p-°ƒ aX-{]-N-c-W-Øn-\mbn h∂n-cp-∂-Xmbpw sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.5
kØ-_-≤-]-∫Xw F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp `q{]-tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn®v ]men kmln- Xy-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-≠v. Ggp ae-Iƒ tN¿∂ {]tZiw F∂mWv Cu ]men-]-Z-Øns‚ A¿∞w. tIc-f-Øns‚ hSs° AXn¿Øn-bnse Ggn- a-e-bmWv Cu {]tZ-iw. Cu kØ-_-≤-]-∫-X-Øn¬ {io_p-≤\pw A\p-bm- bn-Ifpw Xma-kn-®n-´p-s≠∂pw B thf-bn-emWv k®-I-{_m-“-W≥ _p≤-t\mSv X¿°n-°m≥ h∂-sX∂pw `n£p[¿Ω-kvI-μ≥ Fgp-Xp-∂p. _p≤≥ t\cn´p tIc-f-Øns‚ ]e {]tZ-i-ßfpw kμ¿in-®-Xns‚ kp{]-[m\ hnh-c-am- Wn-Xv.6
{InkvXp-hn\p ap≥]v aq∂mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ {InkvXz_vZw F´mw \q‰m-
≠p-hsc tIc-f-Øn¬ {]_-e-am-bn-cp-∂Xv _p≤-a-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°-eØp Xs∂ ssP\-aXw {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXns‚ kzm[o\w Zp¿∫-e-am- bn-cp-∂p. ]nev°m-eØv P\-߃ ]e-t∏mgpw _p≤-hn-lm-c-ßsf ssP\- B-cm-[\ tI{μ-ß-fmbn sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]ns∂bpw aq∂p \q‰m-
≠p-Iƒ IqSn \ne-\n-s∂-¶nepw ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-t≠msS ChnsS i‡n- bm¿÷n® {_m“-W-a-X-Øns‚ ap∂n¬ _p≤-a-XØn\p ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m- bn-√.
""_p≤-aXw A∏m-sS tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-I-b-√, tIc- f-Ønse lnμp-a-X-am-Ip∂ kap-{Z-Øn¬ ebn-®p-tN-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
GXp cq]-Øn-ep≈ aX-k-{º-Zm-b-sØbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ t]m∂
-ÿn-Xn-ÿm-]-I-i‡n tIc-f-Ønse lnμp-a-X-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _p≤- a-XsØ Dƒs°m-≠-tXm-sSm∏w AXnse P\-{]oXn t\Snb Nne D’-h- ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-ßfpw t£{X-ß-fn¬ XpS¿∂p \S-Øm\pw lnμp- aXw Xø-dmbn.''7
t£{X-ß-fnse Bcm-[-\-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bdm´pIfpw D’-h-ß- fpw, sI´p-Im-gvNbpw a‰pw _p≤-a-X-Øn¬ \n∂p h∂p-tN¿∂-h-bm-Wv. D’- h-ß-fnepw Bcm-[-\-{I-a-ß-fnepw am{X-a-√, A∂pw C∂pw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn¬ aßmØ kzm[o-\-amWv _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.
1.2 _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-߃ tIcf kwkvIm-c-Øn¬
ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ \m\m-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fnepw sXfn™p InS-
°p∂ _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-߃ XpS¿∂p hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
1.2.1 {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ
tNmf, tNc, ]mfiy cmPy-ß-fn¬ {InkvXz-_vZ-Øn\p ap≥]p apXse _p≤-a-X-{]-Nmcw h∂n-cp-∂p. F.-Un. F´mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc AXv i‡-ambn
\ne-\n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xan-g-IsØ aqth-¥-∑m-cpsS Iogn-ep≈ `c-W-˛- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-Isf Ipdn®v Adnhp e`n-°p-∂Xv apJy-ambpw kwLw IrXn-I-fn- eq-sS-bm-Wv. kwLw IrXn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS Imehpw kw_-‘n®v Ncn-{X-Im- c-∑m¿°nS-bn¬ Htc A`n-{]m-b-a√ D≈-Xv. Cu `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-߃ hni-I- e\w sNbvXv ]n.-sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ {InkvXz_vZw BZysØ aq∂p iX- I-ß-fmWv kwL-Im-e-sa∂p \n¿W-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.8
B ImeØv cNn-°-s∏-´-sX∂p Icp-Xp∂ IrXn-I-fn¬ _p≤-a-X-Øns‚
ap{Z-Iƒ ]Xn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu IrXn-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-∂Xv {_m“- W-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ Bcw-`-L-´-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v _u≤˛ssP-\-a-X- ߃°-\p-Iq-e-amb `mK-߃ Hgn-hm-°p-Itbm am‰n-sb-gp-Xp-Itbm sNbvXn-
´p-≠m-Im-sa∂v ]e Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw hniz-kn-°p-∂p.9 Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-h- bn¬ \n∂mWv {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
kwL-Im-e-a-lm-Im-hy-ß-fmb Nne-∏Xn-Im-chpw aWn-ta-J-ebpw ssP\-
˛-_p-≤-aX ]cm-a¿i-߃ AS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv. Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw cNn-® CfwtIm ASn-Iƒ ssP\-a-X-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv ssP\-˛-_p-≤-a-X-߃ ktlm-Z-c-`m-th-s\-bmWv h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tIc-f-tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn®pw _p≤- a-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂Xv aWn-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. Nne-
∏-Xn-Im-c-Øns‚ {]ta-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmWv aWn-ta-J-e.
aWn-ta-Je XØz-hn-Nm-c-{]-[m-\-amb N¿®-Iƒ°p hcp-∂Xv h©nam
\K-c-Øn-em-Wv. AhnsS _p≤-a-X-]-T-\-tI-{μ-߃ D≠mbn-cp∂p. h©n-am -\-Kcw AYhm h©n C∂sØ sImSp-ß-√qtcm Xr°-Wm-a-Xn-e-Itam BWv.10 ]e aX-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS tI{μ-am-bn-cp∂p B \K-cw. ]cn- Wm-a-hm-Zn-Iƒ, kmwJy-hm-Zn-Iƒ, sshti-jn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ, ssih-hm-Zn-Iƒ, {_“- hm-Zn-Iƒ, sshjvW-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ, thZ-hm-Zn-Iƒ, BPo-h-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ, \n¿{K-Ÿ- hm-Zn-Iƒ, `qX-hm-Zn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb hn`m-K-°msc aWn-ta-J-e-bn¬ {]tXyIw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZ-ß-fm¬ apJ-cn-X-amb Cu \Kcw _u≤-tI-{μ-am- bn-cp-∂p.
as‰mcp {]kn≤ kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-amb aqj-I-hw-i-Øn¬ _p≤-a-X-tI- {μ-amb {ioaq-e-hm-k-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in°p-∂p≠v. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb hnZym-]o-T-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn Adn-b-s∏-´-ncp∂ _u≤-k¿Δ-I- em-ime Xr°-Wm-a-Xn-e-IØv ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. CXn-\Sp-Øp≈ IpW-
hm-bn¬ tIm´-amWv "Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw' cN\ \S-Øn-b- CfwtIm ASn-I-fpsS Bÿm-\w. 11
]n¬°m-e-Øv, kaq-l-Øn¬ {_m“-W-a-X-Øn\v B[n-]Xyw e`n-®-tXm- sS, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw _p≤-aXw {ItaW A{]-Xy-£-am-b-Xm-bncn-
°-Ww. _p≤aX kw_-‘-amb IrXn-Iƒ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ho≠pw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv tIc-f-Ønse \thm-∞m\ {]ÿm\Øns‚
Ae-sbm-en-Iƒ DW¿∂-t∏m-gm-Wv.
1.2.2 _p≤\pw [¿Ω-im-kvXmhpw
tIc-f-Øns‚ \m´n-S-h-gn-Iƒ Cs∂-∂-t]mse ]≠pw ic-W-w hnfnIfm¬
apJcn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ apWvUn-X-in-c pw ]oXmw-_-c-hp- ambn ic-W-{Xnc-Xv\--ß-fpambn i_-cn-a-e-bn-te°p k©-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-tem- In-tX-iz-cs\ tXSn-bp≈ B Xo¿∞m-S\w C∂v {io [¿a-im-kvXm-hmb A ø - ∏ - Z ¿ i - \ - Ø n - s \ - ∂ m b n a m d n - b n - c n - ° p - ∂ p - F ∂ p - a m - { X w . F . - U n . 898˛mam≠nse ]menbw sNt∏-Sn¬ _p≤-s\bpw [¿a-kw-L-sØbpw Ah- tem-In-tX-iz-c-s\bpw kvXpXn-°p-∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p∂p. [¿aw imkn-°p∂ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ {io [¿a-im-kvXm-hmWv i_-cn-a-e-bn¬ IpSn-sIm-
≈p-∂-Xv. Cu {io [¿a-im-kvXmhv IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂ i_-cn-ae Xs∂-bmWv bphm≥Nm-ßns‚ bm{Xm-hn-h-cWØn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ t]mXm-f-I-a-e-sb∂v tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈ ka¿∞n-°p-∂p.12
alm-bm-\-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v DZv`-hn® Xm{¥n-I-_p-≤a-X-amb h{P-bm-\-Øn\v tIc-f-Øn¬ henb ÿm\w e`n-®n-cp-∂p. Xm{¥nI _p≤-a-X-°m-cmb h{P- bm-\-°m-cpsS {][m\ Bcm-[\ ÿe-amWv t]mXm-fIw F∂ C∂sØ i_-cn-a-e. Ah-tem-In-tX-izc t_m[n-k-Xz\v t_mt[m-Zbw km[y-ambn [¿a- im-kvXm-hmb Znh-k-amWv aI-c-kw-{Im-¥n. C∂v i_-cn-a-e-bnse aI-c-hn-f°v
ImWp-∂Xv CXns‚ `mK-am-bm-Wv. Ime-N-{I-X-{¥-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ k¶- ev]-am-Wn-Xv. Hmtcm t_m[n-k-Xz\pw Xs‚ [¿am-[n-Imcta¬°p-∂Xv bYm- hn-[n-bp≈ A`n-tj-I-Øn-eq-sSbpw aIp-S-[m-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. kky-`-
£Ww ]q¿hm-”Øn¬am{Xw `£n-°p-I, ]©-ioew ]men-°pI F∂n-h- {hXm-\p-jvTm-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ch C∂sØ i_-cn-ae Xo¿∞m-S- I¿°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. Xm{¥n-I-_p-≤-a-X-°m-cpsS ]pWy-{K-Ÿ-ßfmb aRvPp{io aqe-X{¥w, Bcy- a-RvPp{io I-ev]-w F∂nh tIc-f-Øn¬\n-∂mWv I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p-≈Xv F∂Xv h{P-bm-\-Øn\v tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ B[n-Im-cn-IX Dd-∏n-°p-∂-p.
1.2.3 ae-bm-f-`mj
C¥y-bn-se-ºm-Sp-ap≈ _p≤-aX A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn- ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]men alm-cm-jv{Sn, ss]im-Nn-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ {]mIr-X-`m-j- I-fn¬ \n∂pw Adp-∂q-tdmfw ]Z-߃ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bn¬
ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-´p-≠v.13 X’aß-fmbpw kwkvIr-X, Xan-gvX-¤-h-ß-fmbpw Ah ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CSw ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Aºew, aIpSw XpS-ßn-bh DZm- l-c-Ww. Cu ]Z-ß-fpsS Dev]Øn Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ _p≤-a-X-Øns‚
kzm[o\w P\-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ thtcm-Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xns‚ Bgw a\- n-em-Ipw.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hymt£-]-I-i-_vZ-ambn IW-°m-°p∂ "Atøm' ]Z- Øns‚ Ncn{Xw CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. Atøm, Atøm ssZh-ta, Atøm At®m {]Im-c-Øn-ep≈ {]tbmKw hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bn-ep-≠v. CXv bYm¿∞-Øn¬
ssZhsØ kwt_m-[\ sNø-em-Wv. ChnsS ssZhw {io_p-≤-\m-Wv.
""kwkvIr-X-Øn-se Bcy-i-_vZ-Øns‚ {]mIr-X-cq-]-ß-fmWv Aø\pw A÷-\pw. {]mIrXw hyh-l-cn-®n-cp∂ _p≤-a-X-°m-cmWv Aø- s \ b p w A ® - s \ b p w a e - b m - f n - b p s S l r Z - b - Ø n ¬ { ] X n - j v T n - ® - X v .
\mw Atøm F∂pw At®m F∂pw i_vZn-°p-tºmƒ Ah shdpw hymt£- ]-I-a-√. \ΩpsS D≈ns‚bp≈n¬ IpSnsIm≈p∂ {io_p-≤s\ t\m°n icWw hnfn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.''14
hfsc hnNn-{X-amb ]cn-Wm-a-N-cn-{X-ap≈ ]men ]Z-amWv Bcy F∂Xv.
t{ijvT≥, D¬Ir-jvS≥ Fs∂ms° A¿∞-ap≈ Bcy≥ ]Zw, hnim-em¿∞- Øn¬ Hcp hwisØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw kmt¶-Xn-I-kw-⁄-sb∂ \ne- bnepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. {]kn≤ C≥tUm-f-Pn-Ãmb amIvkvap-≈¿ at[y- jy-bn¬ \n∂v C¥y-bn-te°p IpSn-tb-dnb P\-߃°v Bcy≥ F∂ hwi-
\miw Iev]n-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂mWv CXv {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.3 CXns\ ]n¥p- S¿∂v Bcy-i-_vZ-ap-≈n-S-ß-fn-se√mw Bcym-[n-\n-thiw D≠m-b-Xmbn Ncn- {X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Bcy-im-e, Bcy-\m-Sv, Bcy-°-c, Bcy≥Im-hv, BcymSv apX-emb DZm-l-c-W-߃. F∂m¬ amIvkvap-≈¿
FgpXpw {]Im-c-ap≈ A¿∞-a-√. Cu ÿe-\m-a-ß-fn-ep-≈-Xv. Ch-bn¬
]eXpw {InkvXp-h¿j-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Im-e-tØmfw ]g-°-ap-≠v. At∏mƒ Bcy- ]-Z-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ A¿∞w a‰p-co-Xn-I-fn¬ tXtS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
""_p≤-a-X-Øn-s‚ XØz-Nn-¥m-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm\w \mev kXy-Z¿i-
\-ß-fmWv ˛ 1 ZpxJ-ap-≠v, 2 ZpxJ-Øn\v Imc-W-ap≠v, 3 ZpxJsØ \ntcm- [n-°m≥ Ign-bpw, 4 ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[-\-Øn\v am¿§-ap-≠v. ZpxJw, kap-Z-bw,
\ntcm-[w, am¿§w ˛ Ch-bmWv \mev kXy-߃. Chsb Bcy-k-Xy-߃ F∂v ]d-bp-∂p. Bcy-k-Xy-߃ A\p-k-cn-°p∂ _p≤-a-X-°m-sc-bmWv Bcy-∑m¿ F∂v hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. _p≤-a-X-°m-sc-∂mWv Bcy-kw-⁄-bpsS BZn-am¿∞w. Ime-{I-taW _p≤-aXw £bn-®-t∏mƒ BZn-am¿∞w hnkvar-X-am-bn-t∏m-bn.''15
Bcy-sshZyw B-bp¿th-Zw, Bcy-th∏v, Bcy-aTw _p-≤-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m- cpsS `h-\w F∂nh C∂pw {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. Bcy-i-_vZ-Øn\v _u≤≥
F∂mWv A¿∞w. ]men `mjm-X¤-h-amb Acnb F∂-Xns‚ kwkvIr-Xo- Ir-X-cq-]-amWv Bcy, Bcn-b, Acn-b, Abn-c, Acn, Aø, A÷ A-® Ch- sb√mw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-h-bm-Wv. CØ-cØn¬ ]e ]men ]Z- ߃°pw ]e Xc-Øn¬ A¿∞-]-cn-Wmaw kw`-hn-®n-´p-≠v.
""Ct¥m Ctd-\n-b≥ D]-Ip-e-Øn¬s∏´ `mj-I-fn¬ ae-bm-f-hp-ambn BZmbw kº¿°-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´Xv {]mIr-X-`m-j-I-fm-Wv. ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz- ta-dn-bXpw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xp-amb ]men F∂ {]mIrXw tIc-f-Øn¬ FØn- bXv _p≤-a-X-°m-cn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂p≈ _p≤-a-X-°m-cpsS FÆw AwKp-eo-]-cn-an-X-am-sW-¶nepw Hcp ImeØv tIc-fo-b-k-aq-l-Øn¬
kzm[o\w sNep-Ø-Ø-°-hÆw Ah-cpsS kwJy hep-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂p Icp-tX-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.''16 hfsc {]k-‡-amWv Cu {]kvXm-hw.
]men, amK[n, ss]imNn XpS-ßnb {]mIr-X-`m-jm-]-Z-߃ [mcm-f-ambn ae-bm-fØn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂Xv B `mj-°m¿ _p≤-a-X-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn tIc- f-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xns‚ ^e-am-bm-Wv. _p≤-{]-t_m-[-\-߃ ]men-bn¬ Bbn- cp-∂t√m \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
1.2.4 Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃
F.-Un. 1800˛t\mSpIqSn c≠v hntZ-in-Iƒ hm¿Upw tImWdpw tIc-f- Øn¬ k¿tΔ -dn-t∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p∂ ImeØv, Xe-∏n≈n Xmeq-°n¬am{Xw c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw ]tKm-U-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v. 17 s]m∂m-\n, Nmh-°m-Sv, Xe-∏n-≈n, h≈p-h-\mSv Xmeq-°p-I-fn¬ AkwJyw _p≤-˛-ssP\ tZhm-e-b-ßfpw Ahn-sS-sbms° {ia-W-∑mcpw Noh-c-[m-cn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Noc≥Ipfw F∂ ÿe-\maw CXv AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw _u≤m-cm-[-\m-e-b-ßsf lnμp-t£-{X-ß-fm°n am‰n-b- Xmbn ImWmw. Xncp-\m-hm-bnse \mhm-ap-Ip-μ-t£{Xw, Icp-amSn, Infn-cq¿,
\ne-tº-cq¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse _p≤-hn-lm-c-߃ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. sImSp- ß-√q-cnse Imhv `K-h-Xn-t£-{X-ambn am‰n-sb¶nepw Xme-s∏m-enbpw sI´p- Im-gvNbpw tXcpw Fgp-∂-≈Øpw Bdm´pw Hs°-bmbn _u≤ BtLm-j- ߃ Cu Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-tfm-sSm∏w C∂pw Ime-Øns\ AXn-Po-hn®v
\n¬°p-∂p. _p≤-a-X-Øn¬ amcnjn Fs∂mcp tZh-X-bp-≠v. sImSp-ß-√q¿Im- hnse akq-cn-ame Cu _p≤-aX tZh-X-bm-Imw.18 P¥p-_en alm-bm-\-_p-≤- a-X-Øn-sebpw sXdn-∏m-´p-Iƒ Xm{¥n-I-_p-≤-a-X-Øn-sebpw Bcm-[-\m-{I-a- ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXv tIc-f-Øn¬ Xm{¥n-I-_p-≤-a-X-Øn-\p-≠mb kzm[o\w ImWn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. sImSp-ß-√q¿ `KhXn t£{XØn\p ]p-dsa tN¿Ø-e, sN´n-Ip-f-ß-c, tNm‰m-\n-°-c, B‰p-Im¬ F∂o tZho-t£-{X-ß- fnse Imhp-Xo-≠¬ NS-ßp-Iƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ BNm-c-{I-a-߃ _p≤-aX A\p-jvTm-\-ßsf Hm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p. IqS-√qcv, tN¿Ø-e, Imcn-tØm-Sv, theqcv, Im¥-√q-cv, Xncp-h-√, ]m¿∞n-]p-cw, XI-gn, Kpcp-hm-bq-cv, BZn-Xy-]p-cw, Da-b-s\-√q-cv, Xncp-hn-g, G‰p-am-\q-cv, aÆm-d-im-e, ]pØ≥Im-hv, ]≈n-∏p-dw, [¿ΩSw, ]´m-ºn, I´n¬amSw XpSßn tIc-f-Øn¬ sX°pw hS°pw {]tZ-i- ß-fn¬ _p≤-hn-lm-c-tI-{μ-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v X°-Xmb sXfn- hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬
_p≤-aXw Hcp-Im-eØv i‡-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ImWm- hp-∂-XmWv.
_p≤-a-XsØ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw CIgvØn- Im-Wn-°p-∂Xn-\p-ambn _p≤-a-X- BNm-cy∑m-cp-ambn hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw \SØn ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bncp∂p.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ `mc-X-Øn¬ Atßmfantßmfw CXv D≠m- bn-´p-≠v. Cßs\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-hsc \mhv apdn®v \mSv IS-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p s N b v X n - c p - ∂ X v F ∂ v t c J - I - f n ¬ ] c m - a ¿ i n - ° p - ∂ p - ≠ v . X e - t » - c n -
°-SpØv A≠-√q¿°m-hnse kwkm-cn-°mØ tZh≥ Cßs\ \mh-cn-b-s∏´
_u≤-\m-Wv. _p≤-aX Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃ Bcm-[-\tbm-sSm∏w Adnhv
]I¿∂v \¬Ip-∂-h-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Assh-Zn-I-amb Cu Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßsf ]≈n F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. _p≤-\m-a-tØmSv tN¿Øp-\n¬°p∂
]Z-amWv Ip´≥, Icp-amSn Ip´≥ F∂Xv. Ip´s‚ \mSns\ Ip´-\mSv F∂p-hn- fn-®p. Ip´≥Ip-f-ß-c, Ip´-awKew, Ip´-s\-√q-cv F∂n-ßs\ Ip´s\ Hm¿an-∏n-
°p∂ ÿe-\m-a-߃ A\-h-[n-bm-Wv. CØcw ÿe-ß-fn¬ ssNXy-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.
1.2.5 hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zmbw
_u≤ B-cm[\me-b-ß-tfmSv tN¿∂v FgpØv ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ ÿe-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ \ap°v ]≈n-°q-Sw e`n-®p. FgpØv ]Tn-∏n-°pI am{Xw sNøp∂ a‰p ÿe-ßsf Fgp-Øp-]-≈n-I-sf∂pw hnfn-®p. Ign™ \q‰m-
≠n¬ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ [¿a-{]-hr-Øn-I-fn¬ tZhm-e-b-Øn-t\m-Sp- tN¿∂v hnZym-ebw F∂Xn¬ CXns‚ XpS¿® ImWmw. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw ]n≥Xp-S¿∂Xv _u≤ Bi-b-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. [¿a-im-kv{X- Ønepw XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw _p≤s‚ Z¿i\w ]p\-cm-hn-jv°cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p Kpcp. [¿Ωw, hn⁄m-\w, kwLw tNc¬ F∂nh {io\m-cm-bW Z¿i-\- Ønepw apg-®p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ kwkvIrX hnZym-`ymkw sIm≠p-h∂v hym]-I-am-°n-b-Xn¬
_p≤-a-X{]Nm-c-I¿°v henb ]¶p≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂ kn≤-cq]w F∂ kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {KŸw XpS-ßp-∂-Xv "hr£' F∂ ]Z- Øm-em-Wv. hr£ F∂v hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv t_m[n-hr-£-sØ-bmWv. 19
"tIc-f-Ønse Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ hnZym-cw`w Ipdn-°p-∂-Xn\v "\tamXp Nn\tX' F∂ ]men hm°p-I-tfmsS Bbn-cp-∂p. \tamkvXp Pn\tX F∂m- Wn-Xn\v A¿∞w. Cu hm°p-I-fpsS XZv`-h-amb \m\w tam\w F∂ t]cn¬
ae-bmf A£-c-ame Adn-b-s∏´ncp∂p.'20
1.2.6 NnIn-’m-coXn
tIc-fo-b-cpsS {][m-\-Nn-In-’m- k-{º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p Bbp¿th-Zw. _p≤- a-X-Øn\p {][m-\-amb H∂mWv BXp-c-tk-h-\w. AjvSmw-K-lr-Zbw cNn® hmKv`-S≥, {]i-kvX\mb _p≤`n£p-hmWv. AjvSmw-K-lr-Z-b-amWv Bbp¿th-Z-Nn-In-’bv°v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ {KŸ-ß-fn¬ H∂v.
ae-bm-fn°v hrØnbpw ip≤nbpw ]I¿∂p-In-´n-bXv tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn- tbm-sSm∏w _p≤-a-Xhpw Bbp¿th-Zhpw hgn Bbn-cn-°mw. ""Fs∂ ip{iq- j n - ° p - ∂ - X n - t \ - ° m ƒ t c m K n s b i p { i q - j n - ° p - ∂ - X m W v D N n - X - s a ∂ v _p≤≥Xs∂ ]d-™n-´p-≠v.'' tIc-f-Øn¬ Cug-h-cn¬ Bbp¿thZ sshZy-
∑m¿ A[n-I-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ah¿°v _p≤-a-X-hp-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂
_‘sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.21
1.2.7 ÿe-\m-a-kq-N-\-Ifpw hy‡n-\m-a-ßfpw
_p≤-hn-lm-c-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ÿe-߃ Ct∏mƒ ]≈n F∂ ]Zw tN¿∂v B \mSns‚ _u≤-]m-c-ºcyw hnfn-®p-]-d-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ Assh-ZnI-cp-sSbpw Aln-μp-°-fp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßsf s]mXp-hmbn ]≈n F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. ]≈n-°p-∂v, ]≈n-°p-fw, Icp-\m-K-∏-
≈n, hmSm-\-∏-≈n, ]≈n-∏pdw, ]≈n-°¬, Im¿Øn-I-∏-≈n, ]≈n-°c, s]cp- º-≈n-t®-cn, ]≈n-b-d, ]≈n-Ømgw, ]pXp-∏≈n F∂nhbpw _u≤-\maw t]dp∂ _p[-\q-cv, ]pØq-cv, Ahn-´-]p-Øq-cv, AS-bv°m-]p-Øq-cv F∂n-hbpw CXn¬s∏-S-p∂p.22 ÿe-\m-a-ß-fn-se-∂-t]msebmWv hy‡n-\m-a-ß-fnepw I m W p ∂ _ p ≤ _ ‘ _ m l p - e y w . A ø \ p w A ø - ∏ \ p w k p K - X \ p w XYm-K-X\pw B\-μ\pw [¿a\pw [¿Ω-]m-e\pw kpPm-Xbpw APn-X\pw btim- [-cbpw KuX-a\pw IÆ\pw cmlp-e\pw temI-\m-Y\pw Icp-Wm-I-c\pw Ip´\pw KuX-anbpw NmØ\pw tImX-Ωbpw Xmcbpw ]flm-h-Xnbpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS hy‡n-\m-a-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®¿∂Xv _p≤-aX {]Nm-cWw hgn-bm-Wv.23
1.2.8 Irjn, arK-]-cn-]m-e\w
Irjn-bpsS hym]\w, ]pXnb C\w hnØp-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw, Ie∏
D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Irjn-coXn, ]bdpw a‰v s\√n-\-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Irjn- coXn Ch-sb√mw Atim-Is‚ ImeØv _p≤-aX {]Nm-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w tIc- f-Øn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂-Xm-Wv. NXp-∏mbn InS∂ ÿe-ßsf \ne-sam-cp°n s\¬Ir-jn°v A\p-tbmPy-am-°p-∂-Xn\v [mcmfw a\p-jym-[zm\w Bh-iy- am-bn-cp-∂p. Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn-te-°m-h-iy-amb Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ tXmSp- I-fpsS \n¿am-Ww, km¿∞-hm-l-I¿°pw arK-߃°pw IpSn-sh≈w e`y-am-
°p-∂-Xn\v hgn-b-cnIn¬ InW¿ \n¿Ωn-°¬, XW¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn hr£- ߃ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°¬ XpS-ßnb P\˛-P-¥p-t£a ]cn-]m-Sn-I-sf√mw _p≤- a-X-°m-cpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS hym]-\hpw cmPm-
°∑m-cpsS kw`m-h-\bpw Cu hf¿®sb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øn.
1.2.9 ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃
tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂ _p≤-{]-Xn-a- Iƒ Hcp ImeØv Cu \m´n¬ _p≤-aXw {]N-cn-®n-cp∂p F∂-Xns‚ sXfn- hmWv. Be-∏p-g, tIm´-bw, sIm√w, Xriq¿ F∂o Pn√-I-fn¬ \n∂pw _p≤-{]- Xn-a-Iƒ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. Be-∏p-g-bnse Ipcp-am-Sn-tØm-´n¬ \n∂pw e`n®
Icn-¶¬ hn{Klw Icp-am-Sn-°p-´≥ F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu {]Xn-asb
\m´p-Im¿ C∂pw Bcm-[n-®p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. arK-߃°v AkpJw h∂m¬ Cu
\m´p-Im¿ Ip´-®\v FÆ t\cp∂ k{º-Zmbw Ct∏m-gp-ap-≠v. Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈
hb-en¬ Fen-i-ey-ap-≠m-bm¬ Ip´\v I‰ t\cpI F∂ Hcp hgn-]mSp-≠v. Imcy- km-≤y-Øn-\mbn ZWvVp-Nm-cpI F∂ Hcp-hgn]mSpw Icp-am-Sn-bn-ep-≠v. kao- ]sØ tXm´n-eqsS t]mIp∂ h≈-°m¿ \mW-b-sa-dn-bpI F∂ Hcp NS-ßp≠v.
apdp-°m≥ NX-®p-sIm-Sp-°pI XpS-ßn-bh sNøpI ]Xn-hp-≠v. sXm´-Sp-Øp≈
Ima-]pcw Aº-e-Ønse D’-h-Øn\v _p≤-N-cnXw hmbn°mdp≠v.24
1.2.10 hmkvXp-imkv{Xw
hmkvXp-hnZy tIc-f-Øn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv _p≤aX-{]-Nm-c-I-tcm-sSm∏w DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬\n-s∂-Ønb hniz-I¿ΩP-cm-Wv. ASp-Ø-Im-ew-hsc Cu hnZy Hcp {]tXyI P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ am{Xw ssIhiambn HXp-ßn-\n-∂n-cp-∂-XmWv.
ssNXy-ßfpw hnlm-c-ßfpw ]≈n-Ifpw ]≈n-°q-S-ßfpw Krl-ßfpw amfn-I-Ifpw amS-ßfpw ]tKm-U-Ifpw hmkvXp-hnZy IW-°p-{]-Imcw Ch¿
\n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. inev]-I-e-, Nn{X-I-e- F∂n-h-bnepw Km\m-em-]-\-Ønepw A`n\- b-Ønepw F∂p-th≠ kIe kpIp-am-c-I-e-I-fnepw Ch¿ Gsd hnZ-Kv[-cmWv.
1.2.11 Ie-Iƒ
tIc-f-Øns‚ X\-Xp-I-e-bmb IqØpw IqSn-bm-´hpw {io_p-≤s\ Ac- ßØpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xmbn ImWmw. \mKm-\μw ]d-°p-wIqØv CXn\p henb sXfn-hm-Wv. C{]-Imcw \mKm-\-μ-Ønse ]d-°pw-IqØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp∂
{]tZ-i-amWv ]n∂oSv IqØp-]-dºv F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. "_p≤s‚ ]q¿Δ-P-∑- amb Poaq-X-hm-l-\≥ F∂ t_m[n-k-Xz\mWv'25 \mKm-\-μ-Ønse \mb-I≥.
_p≤-a-X-Øns‚ i‡-amb kzm[o\w \ne-\n¬°p-tºm-gmWv CXp-≠m-b-Xv.
1.3 _p≤\pw _p≤-Z¿i-\hpw
C∂sØ t\∏m-fns‚ AXn¿Øn {]tZ-iØv I]n-e-hkvXp F∂ Hcp
\m´p-cm-PysØ imIy-Ip-em-[n]-\mb ipt≤mZ\-s‚bpw dmWn ambm-tZ-hn-bp- sSbpw ]p{X-\m-bn-´mWv kn≤m¿∞≥ P\n-®-Xv. aI≥ ]cn-{hm-P-I-t\m, N{I- h¿Øntbm Bbn-Øo-cp-sa∂ {]h-N\w ipt≤mZ-\s\ Akz-ÿ-\m-°n. AXn-
\m¬ At±lw Ipam-cs\ Pohn-X-Ønse A√epw Ae´pw H´pw Adn-bn-°msX hf¿Øn. F∂m¬ kn≤m¿∞≥ kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn¬ A`n-c-an-®n-√. hm¿≤Iyw, tcmKw, acWw Ch-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥-bn¬ BIp-e-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. F√mw ZpxJ-Øn-emWv Iem-in-°p-∂-sX-∂-dn-™t∏mƒ CXn-\p≈ ]cn-lmcw tXSn
Xs‚ Ccp-]-sØm-º-Xm-asØ hb- n¬, sIm´m-c-w, kpμ-cn-bmb `mcy, Ip™v Dƒs∏sS F√mw Dt]-£n®v bm{X-bm-bn. ]e Kpcp-°-∑m-cpsS Iognepw ITn-
\-amb {hX-Ncy ioen-®p. ]e-cn¬\n∂pw D]-tZ-i-߃ tI´p. ]t£ Xs‚
At\zj-W-Øn\v Xr-]vX-amb DØcw \evIm≥ Ah¿°m¿°pw Ign-™n√.
ITn\ bmX-\-I-fm¬ Poh≥ \jvS-am-Ip-sa∂p a\- n-em-°n-b-tXmsS `£Ww Ign-°p-∂Xv sX‰-s√-∂pw, ico-csØ ]oUn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm≠v {]tbm-P-\-an-s√-
∂pw, e£y-{]m-]vXn-bv°p≈ D]-I-cWw icocw am{X-am-sW∂pw AXns\
ImØn-s√-¶n¬ H∂pw t\Sm-\m-ImsX arXyp-hn-∂n-c-bm-Ip-sa∂pw a\- n-em-
°n. A\-¥cw \nc-RvP\m \Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ Dcp-the F∂ ÿesØ Hcp h\-{]-tZ-iØv henb Hcp hr£-Ø-W-en¬ [ym\-\n-c-X-\m-bn.
""A°m-eØv At±-l-Øns‚ a\- n¬ ]e tXm∂-ep-Ifpw D≠m- bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. ImasØ Pbn-®-√msX X]- p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ {]tbm- P-\-an-s√-∂-t±lw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Imaw, hym]mZw t{Zm-l-Nn-¥, lnwk F∂o aq∂p Zp¿hn-X¿°-ßsf ss\jvImayw Im-a-an-√m-bvI, Ahym-]mZw ssa-{Xn, Alnwk F∂o aq∂p kZznX¿°-ßsf sIm≠-t±lw Pbn-®p.
HSp-hn¬ A\p-jvTm-\-ß-sf√mw Dt]-£n®p \nc-¥-c-ambn [ym\n-°p-hm≥
XpS-ßn.''26
Cu [ym\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hcp ]pXnb t_mt[m-Z-b-tØm-sS-bmWv B bphmhv DW¿∂Xv. sIm´mcw hn´n´v At∏m-tg°pw Bdp h¿jw Ign-™n-cp-
∂p. X\n°p e`n® Cu ⁄m\w Xs‚ ap∂n-ep≈ ZpxJm¿Ø¿°v D]-tZ- i n ® p s I m S p - t ° ≠ - X m - s W ∂ p t X m ∂ p - I - b m ¬ _ p ≤ - \ m b n a m d n b kn≤m¿∞≥ Xm≥ ]n∂n-ep-t]-£n®pt]m∂ k\ym-kn-Iƒ°SpØv FØn- t®-cp-Ibpw Ahsc injy-cm°n D]-tZiw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. CtXmsS ]pXnb shfn-®-hp-ambn temI-Øns‚ ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ Xs‚ bm{X hn{i-a-c-ln-X-\mbn Pohn-Xm¥yw hscbpw XpS¿∂p. F∂m¬ _p≤s‚ Cu
{]t_m-[-\-ß-sfm∂pw At±lw Fhn-sSbpw kzbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m- bn-´n-√. _p≤s‚ ]cn-\n¿Δm-W-Øn-\p-tijw injy-∑m¿ tN¿∂n-cp∂v D]-tZ- i-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ hmbvsam-gn-bn-eqsS ]I¿∂p In´nb DZvt_m-[-\-߃ t{ImUo- I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {In. ap. \memw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ ktΩfn®v aq∂v hn`m-K-ßfm°n. ]men `mj-bn-ep≈ Cu {]t_m-[-\-߃ hn\-b-]n-S-Iw, kpØ-]n-S-Iw, A`n[Ω-]n-SIw F∂n-hbm-Wv. {Xn]n-S-I-߃ F∂v Chsb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. {Xn]n-S-I-ßsf∂m¬ aq∂p Ip´-Iƒ (Three Baskets) F∂m-W¿∞w. 27
1.3.1 _p≤-Z¿i\w
_p≤s‚ XXz-Nn-¥sb _p≤-[¿Ωw , _p≤-Z¿i\w F∂n-ßs\ hnti- jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. XXz-Nn-¥, ImgvN-∏m-Sv, Z¿i\w Ch-sb√mw kam\ A¿∞- Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Z¿i-\-ßsf Bflo-b-sa∂pw `uXnI-sa∂pw hn`-Pn®p ]d-bm-dp≠v. {]]-©-Øns‚ aqe-tlXp Bflm-hm-sW∂v Bflo-b- hm-Zn-Ifpw `uXnIh-kvXp-°-fm-sW∂v `uXn-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw hmZn-°p-∂p.
CXv ]m-›m-Xy-amb Hcp hn`-P-\-am-Wv. ]s£ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ßsf Bflo-b-sa∂pw `uXo-I-sa∂pw Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv kq£n-®p-th-W-sa∂v sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ ]q¿W-amb cq]- Øn¬ Bflo-b-hm-Z-sat∂m `uXn-I-hm-Z-sat∂m X-cw-Xn-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w c≠ns‚bpw Awi-߃ an° Z¿i-\-ß-fnepw ]nW-™p-In-S-°p-∂p.28
AXp-sIm≠v `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ s]mXpsh A w K o - I - c n - ° p - ∂ X v B k v X n - I - Z ¿ i - \ - ß - s f ∂ p w \ m k v X n I Z ¿ i - \ - ß - sf∂pap≈ hn`-P-\-am-Wv. thZ-ß-fpsS {]mam-WysØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Z¿i-
\-ßsf BkvXn-I-ß-sf∂pw thZ-ß-fpsS km[p-Xsb tNmZyw-sN-bvX-hsb
\mkvXn-I-ß-sf∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.29
]mc-º-cy-co-Xn-bn¬ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-߃ H≥]Xv F∂mWv IW-°m-
°p-∂-Xv. Ah Nm¿hm-Iw, -ssP-\w, _u≤w, kmwJyw, tbmKw, \ymbw, sshti-jn-Iw, aoamw-k, thZm¥w F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv. Ch-bn¬ Nm¿hm-Iw, ssP\w, _u≤w F∂nh aq∂pw \mkvXnI Z¿i-\-ß-fm-bmWv IW-°m-°- s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.30
1.3.2 ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W-߃
_p≤≥ Bbn amdp-∂-Xn\p apºpXs∂ kn≤m¿∞≥ cmPyØv {]N-cn-
®ncp∂, D]-\n-jØv apX-emb a‰p Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ hfsc ]cn-⁄m\w t\Sn- bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬\n∂pw XpS¿∂p≈ At\z-j-W-amWv Xs‚ Z¿i-\-ß-fn- se-Øm≥ _p≤s\ {]m]vX-\m-°n-b-Xv. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ D]-\n-jØv At±- l-Øns‚ Nn¥-Isf Gsd kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-s≠∂v ]e ]fin-X-∑mcpw Nq≠n-
°m-´n-bn-´p-≠v. tUm. Fkv cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv _p≤s‚ ASn-ÿm\
{]am-W-amb, PohnXw ZpxJ-sa∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sv, D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kzoI- cn®XmsW-∂mWv.31 ]e _p≤-Z¿i-\-X-Xz-ßfpw D]-\n-jØv kq‡-ß-fpsS bp‡n-]q¿Δ-amb hnImkw am{X-am-sW∂pw At±lw Dd-∏n-°p-∂p-.32
_p≤-s‚ Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-csØ Xn]n-S-I-߃ F∂mWv hnfn-
°p-∂-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv CXv hmbvsam-gn-bm-bmWv ]I¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Xn]n-S-I- ߃ F∂m¬ aq∂p Ip´-Iƒ F∂mWv A¿∞w. _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ F√m hn`m-K-°m-cp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-{]-am-W-߃ Xn]n-S-I-߃ BWv.
Xn]n-S-I-Øn\v aq∂p hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. Ahsb hn\-b-]n-S-Iw, kpØ- ]n-SIw A`n-[-Ω-]n-S-Iw F∂p ]d-bpw. _p≤-`n-£p-°-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnX- {Iaw, {]am-W-߃, Ah¿ ]men-t°≠ acym-Z-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv hn\-b-]n-S- I-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. hn\-b-]n-S-I-Øn\v aq∂p D]hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. H∂m-asØ `mK- Øn¬ `n£p-°-fpsS in£W \nb-a-߃ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. c≠m-asØ `mK-
Øn¬ _p≤s‚ Pnhn-X-Ønse {][m\ kw`-h-߃, {]kw-K-߃, `n£p kwL-Øn¬ A\pjvTnt°≠ {Ia-߃ F∂n-h-bm-W-v. aq∂m-asØ `mK-Øn¬
`n£p-kw-L-Øns‚ s]mXp \nb-a-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ß-fp-am-Wv. c≠m-asØ ]nS- I-amb kpØ-]n-S-IsØ A©v \nIm-b-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. _p≤s‚
{]kw-K-ßfpw ]T-\-ßfpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ccp-]-Øn-bmdv A≤ym-b-ß-fp≈ [¿Ω-]Zw CXn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. H∂m-asØ \nIm-b-Øn¬ ap∏- Øn-\mev Zo¿L {]`m-j-W-ßfpw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ \q‰n Aº-Øn-bmdv {]`m- j-W-ßfpw aq∂m-a-tØ-Xn¬ A≥]-Øn-bmdv kq{Xßfpw \mem-a-tØ-Xn¬
c≠m-bn-cØn ap∂q-‰n-sb´v kq{X-ß-fpsS ]Xn-s\m∂v KW-ßfpw Dƒs°m-
≠n-cn-°p-∂p. CXns\ AwKp-Ø-c-\n-Imbw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. A©m-a-tØ- Xn\v JpØ-I-\n-Imbw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. _p≤s‚ ]q¿Δ-P-∑-ßsf∏‰n-bmWv CXn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. aq∂m-asØ ]nS-I-amb A`n-[-Ω-]n-S-I-Øn¬ kpØ-]n-S- I-Ønse _u≤-Nn-¥-I-fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw hymJym-\-ß-fp-am-Wv.
_p≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]am-W-ambn ImWp-∂Xv \mev Bcy- k-Xy-ß-sf-bm-Wv. 1. ZpxJ-ap≠v, 2. AXn\p Imc-W-ap≠v, 3. AXv XS-bm≥
Ignbpw, 4. AXv XS-bm-\p≈ am¿§-ap≠v.33 {]]©w ZpxJ-a-b-am-sW∂pw AXn\v Imc-W-ap-s≠∂pw AXns\ \ntcm-[n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pw AXn-\mbn Hcp am¿§-ap-s≠∂pw D≈ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv BcykXy-Øn-eqsS _p≤≥ \evIp-
∂Xv. ZpxJw XS-bm-\p≈ am¿§-am-bmWv AjvSmw-K-am¿§w D]-tZ-in-®-Xv.
1.3.2.1 Bcy-k-Xy-߃
H∂m-asØ Bcy-kXyw: kI-eXpw ZpxJ-a-b-am-Wv F∂p-≈-XmWv.
P\\w, ac-Ww, hm¿≤-Iyw, tcmKw, {]nb-P\ hntbm-Kw, A{]n-b-kw-tbm-Kw, B{K-l-e_v[n C√mbva F∂Xpw ZpxJ-am-Wv. Cßs\ euIn-I-tØm-Sp≈
]©-_-‘-߃ ZpxJ-am-Wv.
c≠m-asØ Bcy-kXyw: ZpxJ-Øn\v Imc-W-ap-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv. XrjvW- bmWv Imc-Ww. Ah Pohn-X-Xr-jvW, kpJXrjvW, A[n-Imc XrjvW F∂n- h-bm-Wv. XrjvW \mi-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. kpJhpw A\-iz-c-X-bp-amWv a\p-jy≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. B{Klw AYhm Imaw D≈n-S-tØmfw ZpxJw ]n¥p-S-cpw. Ahn-Zy-bmWv XrjvW°p Imc-W-sa∂pw _p≤≥ ]d-™p-sh-
°p-∂p.
aq∂m-asØ Bcy-kXyw: ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[\w F∂-Xm-Wv. XrjvW- bn¬\n∂pw tamN\w t\Sn A\m-k-‡-\m-Ip-I. Bi-sh-Sn-™m¬ ZpxJsØ
\in-∏n-°mw. sshcm-Ky-Øn-eqsS XrjvWsb ]q¿W-ambpw \ntcm-[n-°mw. Hcp a[y-am¿§-Øn-eqsS XrjvW-bn¬\n∂pw tamN\w t\Smw.
\mem-asØ BcykXyw: ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[-\-Øn\v am¿§-ap-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv.
AjvSmw-K-am¿§-am-Wv ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-W-am¿§sØ ImWn-°p∂ \mem-asØ Bcy-kXyw. {]Xn]Z F∂pw CXns\ ]d-bp-∂p.
1.3.2.2 AjvSmw-K-am¿Kw
ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[-\-Øn-\mbn kzoI-cn-t°-≠p∂ am¿K-am-bmWv _p≤≥
AjvSmw-K-am¿Kw D]-tZ-in-®-Xv. Ch kay-KvZrjvSn (i-cn-bmb hnizm-kw), kayIv k¶ev]w (i-cn-bmb A`n-em-jw), kayIv hmIyw (i-cn-bmb kw`m- j-Ww), kayIv I¿Ωw (i-cn-bmb I¿Ωw), kayKv BPohw (i-cn-bmb D]- Po-h-\-am¿§w), kayKv hymbmaw (i-cn-bmb ]cn-{i-aw), kayIv kvarXn (i-cn- bmb {i≤), kayIv kam[n (i-cn-bmb [ym\w) F∂n-ßs\bp≈ F´v D]m- [n-I-fm-Wv.34 Cu F´p am¿§-߃ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn A\p-jvTn-®m¬ \n¿ΔmW {]m]vXn t\Smw F∂mWv _p≤s‚ Z¿i-\w.
hni-Zo-I-cWw
kay-KvZrjvSn : Bcy-k-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\-amWv kayKvZrjvSn F∂p-X-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. AjvSmw-K-am¿§-Ønse A\p-jvTm-\-Ønse
BZy ]Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. icn-bmb Adnhpw icn-bmb ImgvN-∏mSpw ZpxJ-Øn¬
\n∂-I-‰pw. ZpxJ-\ntcm[\am¿§w tXSp∂ Hcp-h\v kay-°mb t_m[w AYhm
⁄m\w D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. {]]-©-Øns‚ £Wn-I-`mhw a\- n-em-°n-bm¬
B¿°pw Bk-‡ntbm A`n-\n-th-itam D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.
kayIv k¶ev]w: euInI k¶-ev]-ß-fn¬ apgp-Ip-∂Xv ZpxJ-Øn\v Imc- W-am-Ip-∂p. cmK-tZz-jm-Zn-I-fn¬ \n∂p ap‡-\mbn F√m-h-tcmSpw ssa{Xn ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS t£a-Øn¬ Xev]-c-cm-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah- ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. temIt£aw F∂ k¶ev]w Xs∂bmWnXv. kayKvZrjvSn- bpsS ^e-at{X kayKvk¶ev]w.
kayKv hmIyw : Ak-Xy-`m-j-Ww, hrYm {]e-]\w, iImcw Ch- bv°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hm°p-Iƒ ZpxJ-Øn\pw thZ-\bv°pw Imc-W-am- Ipw. kXy-k-‘hpw Zbm-a-bhpw anXhpw {]nb-hp-amb hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-hm-\mWv kay-Kv hmIyw A\pimkn-°p∂-Xv.
kayIv I¿Ωw : I°-cp-Xv, sIm√-cp-Xv, I≈w ]d-b-cp-Xv, elcn D]- tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv, Ima-Øn-\-Sn-s∏-S-cpXv F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ]©-io-e-X-Xz-߃ CXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. _p≤-aXw {]hr-Øn-bpsS aX-am-Wv. Dt±-i-ip-≤n- tbmsS I¿Ω-߃ A\p-jvSn-°pI F∂-XmWv kayIv I¿Ωw D]-tZ-in-°p-
∂-Xv. CXv P\-߃°v awK-f-I-c-ambn Xocp∂ I¿Ω-ß-fm-I-Ww.
kayKv BPohw: ip≤hpw \njvI-]-S-hp-amb sXmgn¬ sNbvXv kXy- k-‘-X-tbmsSbmbn-cn-°Ww PohnXw \bn-t°-≠-Xv. ZpxJw hcpØn hbv°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn sNø-cp-Xv. Bbp[ hnev]-\, elcn hkvXp-°-fpsS, aZy-Øns‚ hnev]\, arK-ßsf sIm√¬ F∂o sXmgn- ep-Iƒ AcpXv. CXmWv kayKv BPohw F∂p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. kz¥w ZpxJ-
\n-hrØn t]mse A\ys‚ ZpxJ-\n-hr-Ønbpw e£y-am-I-Ww.
kayKv hymbmaw : Zpjn® Nn¥-Iƒ a\- n¬ IS-°m-Xn-cn-°-Ww. a\- n¬ \n∂pw {]Xn-Iq-e-Nn-¥Isf Hgn-hm°n Bfl\nb-{¥Ww hcp-Øn kZvNn-
¥-Iƒ hf¿Øn Pohn-°p-I-bm-Wv kayKv hymbm-aw. Bfl-\n-b-{¥Ww [m¿Ωn- Im-[x-]-X-\-Øn¬\n∂pw Hcp-hs\ c£n-°p-∂p. CsXmcp at\m-b-⁄-am-Wv.
ico-c-Øn-\√ a\- n-\mWv hymbmaw \¬tI-≠-Xv.
kayIv kvarXn : icocw Aip-≤-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-am-Wv. AXp- sIm≠v C{μn-b-ß-sfbpw C{μn-b-hn-j-b-ß-tfmSp≈ Bk-‡n-tbbpw Ah- bpsS _‘-\-ß-tfbpw Ipdn®v a\- n-em°n Ahsb \nb-{¥n®p \n¿Øm-
\p≈ {ia-amWv kayIv kvarXn. C{μn-b-hn-jb kpJ-߃ D≠m-°p∂ _‘- ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\-Øn\v k÷-am-I-emWv kayIv-kvar-Xn.
kayIv kam[n : Xs‚ ico-c-Øn-tem, arXico-c-Øntem ssa{Xn, IcpWw apX-emb at\m-hr-Øn-I-fntem `qan, Pew, tXP-kv apX-emb ]Zm¿∞- ß-fntem NnØsØ GIm-{K-am°n \mep-Xcw [ym\-߃ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂- Xns\ kayKv kam[n F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. GIm-{K-amb [ym\w sIm≠v a\- n\v e`n-t°-≠ Hcp kn≤n-bm-Wn-Xv. ChnsS B¥-cnI im¥nbpw kt¥m- jhpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. ]cn-]q¿Æ \n w-KX CXn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\m- Ip-∂p. Ch-bmWv AjvSmw-K-am¿§w F∂p {]i-kvX-am-b-Xv.35 _p≤s‚ BZy {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Bcy-k-Xy-ßfpw AjvSmw-K-am¿§hpw _p≤- [¿Ω-Øns‚ aqe-°-√mbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.36
1.3.3 {]Xo-Xy-k-apXv]mZw
ZpxJ-߃°p am{X-a-√, temI-Øn-ep≈ k¿Δ-Nm-c-N-c-߃°pw {]m]-
©n-I-ß-fmb F√m {]Xn-`m-k-߃°pw Ah-bp-tS-Xmb Imc-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn- cn°pw F∂v _p≤≥ hniz-kn-®p. F√mw Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-߃°v hnt[-b- am-bn-cn-°pw. Imc-W-an-√msX Imcy-an-√. Hcp hkvXp \in-°p-tºm-gmWv AXn¬\n∂pw as‰mcp hkvXp D≠m-Ip-∂Xv ˛ h¿Ø-am\ kw`-h-߃ ]q¿Δ kw`-h-ß-fpsS shdpw XpS¿®-b-√. C∂p \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h-sb√mw C∂se
\ne-\n-∂-h-bpsS \mi-Øn¬\n∂v D≠m-b-h-bm-Wv. ]g-b-Xns‚ \mi-Øn¬
\n∂p-amWv ]pXn-bXv D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. H∂v \in-°p-tºmƒ AXn¬ \n∂v as‰m-∂p-≠m-Ip∂p F∂ Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn\v {]Xo-Xy-k-apXv]mZw F∂p ]d- bp∂p. CXv Hcp-Xcw \nb-Xn-hm-Z-amWv F∂p ]d-bmw.37 {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m- k-߃ ]c-kv]c _‘-ß-fpsS Hcm-sI-Øp-I-bm-sW∂pw `uX-Inhpw am\- kn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb F√m {]{In-b-Ifpw Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \nb- {¥n-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p-amWv {]Xo-Xy-k-ap-Xv]mZw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
1.3.4 £Wn-I-hmZw
A \ n - X y w , A \ m - fl m , Z p x J w C h - b n - e m W v _ p ≤ - Z ¿ i - \ - Ø n s ‚ ASn-ÿm\w \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ ]cn-Nn-X-amWv A\n-Xy-Xm-kn-≤m-¥w. {_“w kXyw, PKXv anYy F∂-XmWv thZm-¥-Øns‚
ImX¬. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp-∂-sX√mw Ak-Xy-am-sW∂pw amb-bm-sW-∂p- am-Wv. Ah¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CXn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-amWv _p≤- Z¿i\w.
""_p≤-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp-∂-sX√mw kXyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah-sb√mw £Wn-I-am-sW-∂m-Wv. _p≤- Z¿i-\-Øn¬ am‰-߃ IqSmsX \nXy-ambn \nev°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-߃ C√.
am{X-a√ Hcp ]Zm¿∞hpw XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p \nan-j-߃ IqSp-X¬
\n¬°p-∂n-√. Hmtcm £W-Ønepw ]Zm¿∞-߃ \in-°p-∂p. an®-ambn bmsXm∂pw Ah-ti-jn-°m-sX-bmWv F√mw \in-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn- ep≈ \mi-Øn\v _u≤-Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂ t]cv \nc-\z-b-\miw F∂mWv.''38
Hgp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \Znbpw IØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Zo]hpw DZm-l- c-W-ambn ]d-bp-∂p. HgpIn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ \Zn-bn¬ c≠p {]mhiyw Ipfn-
°m-\m-hn-√. ImcWw \Zn Hgp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Pe-Xp-≈n-Iƒ A\p-
£Ww amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. IØn-sb-cn-bp∂ Hcp Xncn-\m-f-Øn¬ \n∂p
hcp∂ {]Im-i-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw Cu XXzw _m[-I-am-Wv. Hmtcm \nan- jhpw ]pXp Pzme-I-fmWv ]pd-s∏´p hcp-∂-Xv. _p≤≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n® A\n- Xy-Xm-kn-≤m¥w ]nev°m-eØv \mKm¿÷p\ {]`r-Xn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-®-XmWv
£Wn-I-hm-Z-sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fpsS kmZr-iyw-sIm-≠mWv
\Znbpw Zo]-hp-sa√mw AJ-fihpw Ahn-I-e-hp-sa∂p tXm∂n-°p-∂-Xv.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ cq]w-a-lm-`p-X-߃, thZ\w kp-J-Zpx-Jm-\p-`-h-߃, kw⁄
t_m-[w, kwkvImcw-tN-X-\ Cu ]©-kvI-μ-ß-tfm-tcm∂pw £Wn-I-am-Wv.
{]]-©-Øns‚ auen-I-L-S-I-ßsf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶mWv _p≤-Z¿i-\-{]-Imcw ]©-kvI-μ-߃°p≈-Xv.39
]rYzn, Pew, A·n, hmbp F∂n-h-bmWv alm-`p-X-߃. `uXn-I-tem-I- Øn-s‚bpw k¿Δ-N-cm-N-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-Ød Ch-bm-Wv. Cu LS-I-߃
\nXytam, ÿnc-tam, imiz-Xtam A√ Ah A\n-Xyhpw Aÿn-chpw \iz-c- hp-amWv. CXmWv £Wn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ kmcw.
1.3.5 A\m-fl-hmZw
`uXn-Itam B[ymflnItam Bb bmsXm-∂n\pw imiz-X-Xz-an-s√-¶n¬
]ns∂ A\-iz-c-amb Hcm-fl-hn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ k¶-ev]-Øn\v ÿm\-sa-hnsS F∂v _p≤≥ aRvPna \nIm-b-Øn¬ tNmZn-°p-∂p-≠v. \nXyhpw imiz-X-hp-amb Bflmhns\ ]‰n-bp≈ k¶ev]w aqV-∑m-cpsS A‘hn-izmkw am{X-am-Wv.
Bflmhv imiz-X-am-sW∂ hmZ-KXn {]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv _p≤≥
Xs‚ XXzw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. A⁄m-\hpw hymtam-lhpw sIm≠mWv a\p- jy¿ Bflm-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. kz¿K-kp-Jm-`n-em-j-amWv AXn-sem-∂v.
P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ t`mK-am¿§hpw Xt]m-am¿§hpw D≠m-bXv Cu Bfl-X-Xz- Øn¬ hniz-kn-®-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. t`mK-am¿§-Øn\pw Xt]m-am¿§-Øn\pw CS-
bn-ep≈ AjvSmw-K-am¿§-amWv icn-sb∂p \n›-bn® _p≤≥ Bfl-hm-ZsØ Xnc-kvI-cn-®p.
""Cu temI-Øn-ep-≈-sX¥pw tlXp-^ew F∂-Xn-\m-ep-f-hm-Ip-∂- XmWv. \√ tlXp \√ ^e-ap-f-hm-°p-∂p. NoØ tlXp NoØ ^e-hpw.
\ΩpsS I¿Ω-ß-fmWv \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn\pw ]p\¿÷-∑-߃°pw tlXp-hmbn `hn-°p-∂-Xv. \ap°p \ΩpsS tlXp-^-e-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p- hm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu tlXp ˛^e ss\c-¥-cy-Øn¬ ÿmbn-bmb Hcm-flm- hn-s‚tbm AZriy-amb, {]]-©m-Xo-X-amb Hcp i‡n-bp-sStbm Bhiyw hcp--∂n-√.''40
Pohn-X-Øns‚ KXn-hn-K-Xn-Isf√mw Bflm-hns‚ klm-b-an-√m-sØ- bmWv \S-°p-∂-sX∂pw Hcm-fpsS hn[n \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv Abm-fpsS I¿Ω- ß-fm-sW∂pamWv _p≤-X-Xzw.
1.3.6 \n¿hmWw
_p≤-a-XØns‚ Z¿i-\-{]-Imcw BXy-¥n-I-e£yw \n¿hmW ]Z-{]m- ]vXn-bm-Wv. \n¿hmWw B\-μ-Øns‚ Zp¿{K-lhpw AtX-k-a-bw-Xs∂
BI¿j-I-hp-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. "hmW' F∂m¬ XrjvWbpw "\n' F∂m¬
C√ F∂p-am-Wv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. \n¿hmW F∂m¬ XrjvW-bn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w e`n® Bƒ F∂m-Wv A¿∞w. AjvSmw-K-am¿§w A\p-jvTn°p∂- h≥ {]m]n-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv \n¿hm-Ww. XrjvW-bpsS A`m-h-sa∂pw ]dbmw. kn≤m¿∞≥ [ym\-Øn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-SpØ ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[-\-amWv
\n¿hm-W. AsXm-c-h-ÿ-bm-Wv AhnsS `qan-tbm, sh≈-tam, A·n-tbm, hmbpthm, A\-¥-amb BIm-itam A\-¥-amb t_m[-tam, iq\y-X-tbm, C{μn-b-⁄m-\-tam, A≤ym-flnI ⁄m\tam C√. Cu Ah-ÿsb hc-hm- sW-t∂m, \nev]msW-t∂m, t]m°m-sWt∂m XmgvN-bm-sW-t∂m, Db¿®-bm-
sWt∂m ]d-bpI km[y-a-√. F∂m¬ CXv ASn-ÿm-\hpw ÿnc-Xbpw Ne-
\hpw C√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. ZpxJn-X-ß-fpsS A¥-am-WnXv F∂mWv \n¿hm-W-sa-
¥m-sW∂ tNmZy-Øn-\p-Ø-c-ambn _p≤≥ ]d-™-Xv. ""\n¿hmWw {]m]n®
Hcmƒ \njv{In-b-\mb Hcm-f-√. A\p-Zn\ I¿Ωßfn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-cn-°p∂, [ym\n Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw.'' _p≤≥ kzPo-hn-Xw-sIm≠v CXv sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. \n¿hmWw B\-μ-Øns‚ Zp¿{K-lhpw AtX-k-a-bw-Xs∂
BI¿j-I-hp-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. \n¿hm-W-Øns‚ ]mX-bn¬ \mev [ym\- ]-Sn-Iƒ D≠v. {]m]-©nI Pohn-Xm-k‡n C√m-Xmbn ]c-a-amb im¥n-bn¬
FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xm-Wv \n¿hmWw. cmK-tZz-j-ß-tfm, tcmK-tam, ]oU-\-ßtfm thZ-\tbm P\-\tam ac-Wtam C√mØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv AXv. Cu Ahÿ P\n-ar-Xn-Isf Ipdn-®p≈ A⁄X AI-‰n, ]p\¿÷∑-N-{IsØ adn-I-S∂v t_mt[m-Zbw F∂ ]ca e£ysØ ]p¬Ip-∂p. [¿Ω-]-Z-Ønse ]m]-h¿§- Ønepw `n£p-h¿§-Ønepw \n¿hm-WsØ \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂p-≠v. Xy‡-Xr-jvW-
∑m¿, hmk-\m-ap-‡-∑m¿ F∂n-h¿ \n¿hm-WsØ {]m]n-°p-∂-Xm-bmWv _p≤≥ ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xv.41
1.3.7 I¿Ω-kn≤m¥w
temI-Ønse kIe Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw _m[-I-amWv Cu I¿Ω \nbaw.
\∑-bn¬ \n∂pw \∑bpw Xn∑-bn¬ \n∂v Xn∑bpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. CXmWv Pohn-X-\n-baw F∂mWv _p≤≥ D]-tZin-®-Xv. I¿Ω k¶-ev]-Øn\v _p≤-a- X-Øn¬ AXp-ey-amb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. kXvI¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-amWv I¿Ω- k-¶-ev]-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-ambn _p≤≥ \n¿tZ-in-®-Xv. CXns\ Hcp ]pWy {]hr- Øn-bm-bn-´mWv _p≤-aXw Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. kIe Ncm-N-c-ßfpw Af-h‰ `uXn- Im-ÿn-Xz-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂p F∂ Bi-b-amWv ]p\¿P-∑w ]¶p- sh-bv°p-∂-Xv. ]p\¿P∑ k¶-ev]hpw I¿Ω k¶-ev]hpw ]c-kv]cw _‘- s∏-´-Xm-bmWv _p≤s‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. ]p\¿P-∑-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø-\-߃°v BZntbm A¥ytam Cs√∂pw AhnZybn¬ apgp-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Hcp P∑-
Øn¬\n∂pw as‰mcp P∑-Øn-te°v amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bp-am-sW∂v _p≤≥
hmZn-°p-∂p. kXvI¿Ωw Poh-lm\n kw`-hn-°mt\m lnwkn-°p-hmt\m A\p- h-Zn-°p-∂n√. Hcp Pohn \ΩpsS amXmthm ]nXmthm _‘pan-{Xm-Zn-Itfm Bbn-cn-°m-sa∂pw AXv I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-s√∂pw AXp-sIm≠v ]p\¿P∑ XXz-Øn-e-Sn-bp-d®p \n∂p-sIm≠v F√m-‰n-t\mSpw k¬{]-hr-Øn- bn-eqsS kl-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.
] p \ ¿ P - ∑ - I m - c W w c m K - t Z z - j - ß - f m - s W ∂ p w A X p - t ] - £ n - ® m ¬ ]p\¿P∑\ntcm[w km[n-°m-sa∂pw _p≤≥ Xncn-®-dnbp-∂p. ]p\¿P∑ k¶- ev]sØ \n¿hmW k¶-ev]-hp-am-bmWv _p≤≥ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. XrjvW
\in-®m¬ hnj-b-kw-{Kl \ntcm-[hpw AXn¬\n∂v `h-\n-tcm-[hpw `h \ntcm- [-Øn¬ \n∂v ]p\¿P∑ \ntcm-[hpw km[y-am-Ip-sa-∂p-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS- bmWv ]p\¿P-∑-k-¶ev]w _p≤≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-®-Xv.
I¿Ω-sØ-°p-dn®pw I¿Ω-^-e-sØ-°p-dn®pw _p≤\p hy‡-amb Nn¥bpw [mc-Wbpw D≈-Xmbn ImWmw. I¿Ω-sØ-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-amb Xe-Øn-eqsS t\m°n-Im-Wp-∂p-≠n-hn-sS. I¿Ωw aq∂v hn[-Øn-em-sW-∂mWv _p≤s‚ Is≠ج. I¿Ω-Øns‚ {][m\ LS-I-ß-fmbn a\- v, hm°v, icocw F∂n-h-bm-sW∂v ImWmw. AXn-\m¬ I¿Ωw D¬Ir-jvS-am-I-W-sa-
¶n¬ Imcy-£-a-X-tbmsS {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\mWv _p≤-aXw a\p-jys\ D]- tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv. CXv I¿Ω-Øns‚ {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bn-ep≈ hnizm-k-amWv ImWn-
°p-∂-Xv. temI-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]v I¿Ωw sIm≠m-sW-∂mWv _p≤≥ ]d-
™n-´p-≈-Xv. Ah-\-hs‚ I¿Ω-amWv Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw P∑sØ \n¿Æ- bn-°p-∂-sX∂pw P∑w-sIm≠v am{Xw Hcph≥ PmXn t{iWn-bn¬ hcn-s√∂pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw I¿Ω-amWv Ah-c-h¿°p≈ ÿm\w e`n-°m≥ tbmKy-
\m-°p-∂-sX-∂p-amWv _p≤-Z¿i-\w.
1.3.8 [¿Ωw
_p≤-a-X-Øns‚ ic-W-ÿm-\-amWv "[¿Ωw'. {Xnc-Xv\-ß-fn¬ _p≤-
\nepw [¿Ω-Ønepw kwL-Øn-ep-amWv icWw tXSp-∂-Xv. _p≤-a-X-Øns‚
Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-I-fmb lo\-bm-\w, alm-bm-\w, h{P-bm\w F∂o aq∂p hn`m-K-
°m-scbpw [¿Ωw Hcp-t]mse Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.42 [¿Ω \njvT-bn-eqsS kwkm- c-Pn-hn-X-Øn¬\n∂v ap‡n-t\-Sm≥ _p≤≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. kZm-Nm-c-\n-jvTambn [¿Ω-a-\p-jvTn-°p-I-bmWv \n¿hm-W-Øn-se-Øm\p≈ am¿§-sa∂pamWv _p≤≥ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p. [¿Ω-Øn-\mWv _p≤≥ D∂-X-ÿm\w \¬In- bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmK-tZz-j-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\-am-bn-cp∂ _p≤s‚ ap∂n¬
k∑m¿§n-I-X. kZm-Nm-c-\njvT, _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ Gsd {][m-\-am-Wv. {]]-
©-Øn-ep≈ F√m hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw ASn-bn-ep≈ ]c-a-amb bmYm¿∞y- amWv [¿Ωw. _p≤≥ Xs‚ injy-∑m-tcmSv \S-Ønb kw`m-j-W-ßsf [¿tΩm-]-tZiw F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. "[¿Ωsa¥m-sW∂v Rm≥
\n߃°p ]Tn-∏n®p Xcmw: AXv Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v CXv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. AXv Aß-s\-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠v CXv Bhn¿`-hn®p. AXv C√m- bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v CXp-≠m-bn-√. CXmWv [¿Ωw. [¿Ωw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂- h≥ {]Xo-Xy-k-apXv]mZw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-s\bpw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß- sfbpw \bn-°p∂ {]m]-©nI \nb-asØ [¿Ωw F∂p ]d-bmw. {]Ir-Xn- tbmSpw {]]-©-tØmSpw CWßn Pohn-°m-\p≈ Hcp ]mX-bm-Wn-Xv.
I¿Ω-ßsf hnti-jn-∏n-°m-\mbn AIp-ieI¿Ω-߃, Ipi-e-I¿Ω-߃ F∂n-ßs\ ]Z-߃ _p≤[¿Ω-Nn-¥-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. a\x-im-¥n, kvt\lw, ⁄m\w F∂o am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fm¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-ambn \ap°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°pw kt¥mjw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ I¿Ω-ß-fmWv Ipi-e-I¿Ω-߃.
AXym¿Øn, hntZzjw F∂o am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fm¬ {]tNm-ZnXambn sNøp∂ I¿Ω-߃ ZpJ-Im-c-W-ambnØocp-∂p.
_p≤≥ Xs‚ [¿Ω kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ G‰hpw A[nIw {]m[m\yw \¬In- bXv ssa{Xn, Icp-W, apZn-X tam-Zw, Dt]£ F∂o D∂X `mh-\-Isf a\- n- ep-W¿Øn _e-∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xn-\m-Wv. ssa{Xn, Icp-W, apZn-X, Dt]£
F∂o am\-knI `mh-\-I-fmWv _p≤≥ ]cn-io-en-∏n-®-Xv. _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øn¬
kqNn-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂ {_lva hnlmc k¶ev]w Poh-Pm-e-ß-fn¬\n∂pw IjvS-Xbpw thZ-\bpw AI‰n Ahbv°v kt¥m-jhpw B\-μhpw h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-I-bm-Wv.
1.3.9 {_“-hn-lm-c-k-¶ev]w
"{_lvaw' F∂ ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv "al-Øm-bXv' F∂m-Wv. hnlmcw F∂ ]Z-Øn\v _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ hnNmcw F∂ A¿∞-amWv Iev]n-
°p-∂-Xv. al-Ømb hnNm-c-߃ \mse-Æ-am-Wv. ssa{Xn (kvt\-lw), IcpW, apZnX (tamZw), Dt]£ ({]-im-¥n) F∂n-h-bm-Wv NXp¿hn-lm-c-߃.
\n o-a-\n-e-b-߃ F∂pw Chsb hnti-jn-∏n-°pw.43 1.3.9.1 ssa{Xn (kvt\-lw)
kvt\lw \ncp-]m-[nIhpw hym]-I-hp-am-Ip-tºmƒ lnwk°v ÿm\-an-
√m-sX-bm-Ip-∂p. im¥n-bmWv AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. k¿Δ-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-sfbpw kvt\ln-°m≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ `mh-\-bmWv ssa{Xo-`m-h-\. km¿h-{Xn-I-amb kvt\l-amWv ssa{Xn-bn¬ \mw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. ssa{Xn-bpsS {]mtbm-KnI cq]-amWv Alnw-k. a‰v Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lw AYhm Pohs‚
sFIyw Hcmƒ°v ssa{Xo-`m-h-\-bn-eqsS A\p-`-hn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p. ssa{Xo-
`m-h\ lrZ-b-Øn-emsI \ncp-]-{Z-h-amb kvt\lw \nd-°p-∂p. Cu Ah-ÿ- bn¬ kzm¿∞X ]cm¿∞-Xbv°v hgn-am-dn-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sshb-‡n-IX AI- ep-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
1.3.9.2 IcpW
kvt\l-Øns‚ AXyp-∂X cq]-amWv Icp-W. _p≤-a-X-Ønse Icp-W- bn¬ ZmXmhpw kzoI¿Ømhpw IqSn-t®-cp-∂p. A\p-`m-h-]-c-amb k¥m-]-
