Construction and domestic workers already make up the majority of the population in the Gulf. In the UAE, 88 percent of the population are foreign nationals, including 3.3 million people from India alone.
MOBILITY
This figure has tripled in a generation: in 1970 there were 84 million international migrants, in 1990 there were 153 million, and since the turn of the millennium, the number has increased by another 85 million. The number of people who leave their hometown but stay in the same place is much larger.
HOME AWAY FROM HOME
As of 2017, Mauritania is an associate member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which includes Mali and 14 other countries in the region. In the summer of 2018, IOM, the United Nations Migration Agency, surveyed more than 5,400 migrants traveling through transport hubs such as bus stations in West Africa.
MOTIVES
In the 1960s and 70s, many Francophone West Africans went to France to work, quite legally, on visas. This is similar to the situation in Latin America, where the same year the Washington-based Center for Immigration Studies asked people in Honduras about their reasons for migrating to the United States.
REASONS TO MOVE
According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, which is part of the Norwegian Refugee Council, a total of 246.1 million people were displaced by natural disasters between 2008 and 2017. Violations of human rights - an example of the assessment of openness and freedom of civil society CIVICUS, 2019.
ON THE RUN
Since the start of the civil war in 2011, 6.2 million of the estimated population of 20 million have fled within the country's borders. By the end of 2017, more than 2.6 million people had fled Afghanistan, followed by South Sudan with 2.4 million and Myanmar, where 1.2 million members of the Rohingya Muslim minority were forced to leave the country.
A FAILURE OF COMMUNITY
Above all, these figures confirm the failure of the international community to resolve conflicts. At the very bottom of the priority list are long-term refugees, who often have to live in camps.
VISAS
T he Universal Declaration of Human Rights grants everyone the right to move freely within a state and to choose his or her place of residence. There is therefore a globally recognized human right to move, settle and emigrate freely within one's own country.
HOW FAT IS YOUR WALLET?
Conversely, entry to Germany (for example) without a visa is only possible for citizens of the other 27 EU members, five EU candidate countries and 67 other countries, including major political and economic partners such as Japan and the United States. The most dramatic illustration of how the size of your wallet determines your freedom of movement is the so-called "golden visa".
LABOUR MIGRATION
IN SEARCH OF WORK
The migrants themselves – the main players and the most affected people – are usually invisible in the public debate. Some African countries even promote the migration of qualified individuals within the continent.
MOVEMENT OF LABOUR
In 2017, about 36 million of the world's 258 million international migrants came from the African continent. For Sub-Saharan countries, the figure is only 0.4 percent; for North Africa it is 0.7 percent.
SENDING MONEY TO
For the latter, most concerns are focused on the "brain drain": the emigration of skilled workers. The amount African governments spend on university education is among the highest in the world, as measured by economic output.
THE FOLKS BACK HOME
Large effects were measured in countries where remittances accounted for more than five percent of annual economic output. Regulated, circular migration – where migrants return home after a certain period of time – is a win-win situation for both source and destination countries.
GENDER
If they go on the road themselves, they may be subjected to physical and psychological violence at any stage of their migration or escape, simply because of themselves.
I AM STRONG, I AM WOMAN
When their partners and fathers leave, they are often left behind in their home countries in the most difficult conditions. They offer very little in the way of dealing with the wider problems of refugee life.
IMMIGRATION LAWS
DOCUMENTS FOR
THE UNDOCUMENTED
In total, the EU has committed at least €15 billion over the past 19 years to ensure that refugees and irregular migrants stay where they are. In November 2017, the President of the European Parliament, Antonio Tajani, called for a whopping €40-50 billion to be pumped into Africa between 2020 and 2026 – partly to stem the flow of migrants.
BORDER CONTROL
Just a few years ago, the EU only monitored its own external border; now it is increasingly targeting migrants' countries of transit and origin. Between 2000 and 2015, European states and the EU themselves paid or approved around 3 billion euros to African governments to fight migration.
OUT OF BOUNDS
The EU is currently paying African governments for the extra costs they incur to control migration. Instead of a harmonized European asylum system that offered asylum seekers similar conditions, asylum standards in the EU began to change.
SCHENGEN AND DUBLIN
The southern countries were overwhelmed, and asylum seekers there often had to survive on the streets, while the number of asylum procedures in the northern countries dropped sharply. The revolutions of the Arab Spring largely ended this cooperation, and border control in the Mediterranean temporarily collapsed.
UNPREPARED AND UNCOORDINATED
As a result, because the main escape routes to Europe – across the Aegean Sea and the Central Mediterranean – lead to Greece and Italy, these two countries accounted for the vast majority of asylum procedures in the first decade of the millennium. The lowest common denominator in the EU has since been shifting migration controls to Turkey and Africa.
THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE SAHARA
In America, there were 589, including those on the Mexico-US border, where vicious, criminal gangs exploit human trafficking. Many captains fear that if there are castaways on board, they will be denied permission to dock in any European port, and their owners will face contractual penalties for delays in the voyage.
DEATHS IN THE DESERT
In 2015, it adopted a law prohibiting the transport and accommodation of migrants in the northern part of the country. Phases in EU migration policy and migrant deaths registered by United for Intercultural Action.
DEPORTATIONS
Within the EU, asylum seekers are often deported to the country they first entered, where they have to process their asylum claim. Some of these people were then immediately deported further to their country of origin or to another country through which they passed.
GOODBYE AND DON’T COME BACK
The idea of integration is used for political purposes: it implies that migrants bring with them a deficiency in some way, and it is up to them to compensate for it by conforming to the norms of the dominant culture, by adopting certain values recognized, by learning the German language, and much more. A statement by Horst Seehofer, Germany's current interior minister, shows how racist the prevailing understanding of integration is.
INTEGRATION
This means that many of the hundreds of thousands of people who arrived in Germany in 2015 will have to survive on social security for a long time - as opponents of migrants like to point out. They tend to have lower medical costs than the average customer and slow the rise in the average age of policyholders.
ARRIVED AND SETTLED, BUT STILL NOT HOME
That such a pure, isolated population or nation no longer exists in the modern world, and may never have existed, does not bother right-wing demagogues. They also spread the myth of the imminent invasion of “millions of people about to leave,” spreading dangerous, contagious diseases as a result.
RIGHT-WING NATIONALISM
It doesn't matter whether people are fleeing war and misery, looking for work, wanting to settle permanently, or are members of a minority that has been in the country for centuries: nationalist movements constantly raise fears that the "homeland is being threatened" or "alienated". ” by outsiders. This kind of stigmatization helps populists push for a turnaround, a system change, a final blow, against the “establishment parties,” the “corrupt system” and.
MISPLACED FEARS, FALSE PROMISES
In the eyes of many, media headlines such as "The boat is full" legitimized the use of violence. At the end of the 1990s, a new generation of right-wing terrorists emerged, organized in networks such as.
RIGHT-WING VIOLENCE IN GERMANY
Racist attacks took place in the wake of the strong “Turks Out” mood that characterized the 1980s. Without the resistance within the migrant communities and the strengthening of the anti-fascist movement, the numbers would probably have been higher.
WHERE RIGHT IS WRONG
But many of the migrants decided to stay; they started families and businesses and became immigrants. The local district government announced that "the vast majority" of the residents expressed their strong support for the violent acts.
MIGRANT ORGANIZATIONS
Examples include the Kurds and opponents of the Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet who fled to Western Europe to escape violence or imprisonment. Irregular migration usually involves irregular work: risky and subject to wage fraud, repression and the use of violence, such as in the agricultural sector in southern Spain.
LEARNING THE ROPES
Harraga”, the young North Africans who wanted to cross the Mediterranean and who have not been heard from since. The "caravans" of migrants from Central America only began to receive much attention after the Mexican border became a major political issue in the United States. WAYS OF HOPE.
SOLIDARITY CITIES
In doing so, it ended civilian rescue missions in the central Mediterranean. This movement, which includes Toronto, Los Angeles, New York as well as many other cities and rural districts, developed in the 1980s.
A COUNTERWEIGHT TO XENOPHOBIA
With this, at least implicitly, they strengthen the right to international freedom of movement and strive for the implementation of global social rights in the local political sphere. In the US, more than 500 cities, counties and states refuse to cooperate with the federal government's Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency.
CIVIL SOCIETY
Others were more positive, calling it the "long summer of migration", a period that began when more than a million people crossed the borders of the European Union in 2015/2016. Due to the situation in Syria, the local population had a different attitude towards the new refugee wave than the migrants in previous years.
FROM SYMPATHY TO SOLIDARITY
Politically motivated movements of solidarity with migrants had long existed on the left side of the political spectrum. Many of the new activists found the allies they needed to prevent deportations in this anti-racist European scene.
AUTHORS AND SOURCES FOR DATA AND GRAPHICS
18–19 VISAS: HOW FAT IS YOUR WALLET? by Maria Oshana
SENDING MONEY TO THE FOLKS BACK HOME by Carlos Lopes
DOCUMENTS FOR THE
UNPREPARED AND UNCOORDINATED by Bernd Kasparek and
Matthias Schmidt-Sembdner p.30: CE, Infographic, Asylum
MISPLACED FEARS, FALSE PROMISES by Friedrich Burschel
A COUNTERWEIGHT TO XENOPHOBIA by Stefanie Kron
The Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung is a global political education institution with close ties to the German political party Die Linke. The other core concerns of the Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung are the critical analysis of power relations and.
ROSA-LUXEMBURG-STIFTUNG
With twenty-five European and international locations, as well as sixteen national ones, it is one of the largest left-wing educational institutions in the world. This is why the Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung supports the struggles of immigrants in Germany, Europe and beyond for their rights, but also for global freedom of movement and open borders.
