Ncn{Xw, tZio-b-X, an¯v

en-te¡v Ib-dp-t¼mÄ At]-£m-kzcw amdn. ap{Zm-hmIyw bph-Xn-IÄ Xncp-

¯n. R§sf sXm«m R§fv sImÃpw'.¹⁸

C¯-c-¯n BJym-\-kz-c-¯nsâ X\n-abpw Xo{h-Xbpw sIm−v Icp-

¯pä Iogm-fm-Jym-\-§-fmbn {]kvXpXIY-IÄ ØnXn-sN-¿p-t¼mgpw khÀ®m- tcm-]nX Iogm-f-ap-{Z-Isf (i-co-c-¯nsâ Idp-¸p-\n-dw, `£y-h-kvXp-hmb Rh- ªn-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw, A]-cn-jvIr-X-a-t\m-`mhw, \njvI-f¦-amb kvt\lm- [nIyw F¶n-§-s\) IYm-L-S-\bn Im¯p-kq-£n-¡m-\pÅ hy{K-X-bmepw Iogmf htc-Wy-X-sb¶ km¦-ev]nI {]Xy-b-imkv{X Øm]-\-¯mepw Ch- bn an¡-I-Y-Ifpw Iogmf hncp-²-]m-T-§Ä Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶p−v F¶Xv FSp¯p ]d-tb-−-Xp-−v. "Zpc-hØ ]ns¶bpw h¶-t¸mÄ' F¶ IYsb am{X-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ "Iogmf htc-WyX'sb¶ Hcp km[yXsb þ Iogm-fm-

\m-bmepw taem-f-\m-bmepw A[n-Im-c-¯n\v F¶pw Hcp apJw am{X-ta-bp-Åq- sh¶ BXy-´nI kXys¯, \njv]£\pw XnIª am\-hn-I-hm-Zn-bp-amb IYm-Ir¯v {]ta-b-ambn kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p Ft¶ hcn-I-bp-Åq. F¶mÂ

"thcp-IÄ ]pXn-bXpw ]g-b-Xpw', "\´p-Wn', "Zp:JnX-cpsS Zp:Jw', "]q¯q- cm³am-Sn-te¡v ho−pw', "]´n-t`m-P-\w', "Ipcp-Xn', "aÄ«n-tam-l-§Ä', "]jvWn InS-¡m¶v ]d-ªmÂ' XpS-§nb IY-I-fnepw Iogm-fÀ¡v e`n-¡p¶ B\p-Iq-ey-

§Ä ssI]än hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambpw km¼-¯n-I-ambpw D¶Xn {]m]n-¨- ]pXnb Xe-apd khÀ®-aq-ey-§sf kzmwio-I-cn-¡m\pw Iogm-f-Nn-Ó-§sf Dt]-£n¨v A[o-i-hÀ¤-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡m\pw \S-¯p¶ {ia-§sf-bmWv {]iv\o-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv F¶p ImWmw. AXn\v IqSp-X angnhp \ÂIm-\mbn hwi-ap-{Z-I-sfbpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-sfbpw sXmgnÂam-lm-ßy-s¯bpw P·n kvt\l-s¯bpw B´-cm-ßm-hn Im¯p-kq-£n-¡p¶ ]g-b-X-e-ap-d-bpsS

\nÊ-lm-b-X-sbbpw adp-]-£¯v \nÀ¯n BJym-\-L-S-\sb kwLÀjm-ß-I- am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. {]kvXpX IY-I-tfmSv tNÀ¯p-sh¨v "Zpc-hØ ]ns¶bpw h¶-t¸mÄ' F¶ IY ]p\À]mcm-b-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡p-t¼m-gmWv At_m- [-tN-X-\-bn khÀ® {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-aq-ey-§Ä kzmwio-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ IÀXr-kzXzw hnhr-X-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv.

t]mepw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ ASn-¯-d-bn-emWv krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶Xv {iocm-asâ IY-Isf hyXn-cn-à-am-¡p-¶p-−v. Ncn-{X-¯nsâ t\cm-Jym-\-

¯nÂ\n¶v hyXn-N-en¨v AXnsâ hymJym-\-¯nepw ]qc-W-¯nepw {i²-sN-ep-

¯p¶ {]kvXp-X-I-Y-IÄ, kaqlw t\cn-Sp¶ Ncn-{X-iq-\y-Xsb ]cn-tim-[n-

¡m\pw A[n-\n-th-i-N-cn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xn-bnse s]mÅ-¯-c-§sf Xpd-¶p-Im-«m\pw {ian-¡p-¶n-S-¯mWv Ah-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-[À½s¯ ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ncn- {X-¯nsâ EPphpw tcJo-b-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw k¦-ev]-§-sfbpw A«n-a- dn-¡p-Ibpw `qX-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hÀ¯-am-\-Im-em-Jym-\-ambn Ncn-{Xs¯

amäp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w hÀ¯-am-\-Im-ehpw `qX-Im-ehpw X½n-epÅ kwhm-Z-amWv Ncn-{X-sa¶ B[p-\n-I-ho-£-Ws¯ km[q-I-cn-¡m\pw {iocm- asâ IY-IÄ¡v Ign-bp-¶p-−v. Bhn-jvIm-c-]-Ým-¯-e-ambn hn`n-¶-kw-kvIm-c-

§sfbpw tZi-§-sfbpw kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ IY-I-fn temI-a-lm-bp-²-§fpw tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw A[n-\n-th-im-\-´c Zpcn-X-§fpw XpS§n tIc-f-¯nse

^yqUÂhy-h-Øn-Xn-bpsS XIÀ¨bpw \h-ap-X-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ hym]-\hpw ]p¯³ It¼mfm-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ DZ-bhpw {]ta-b-]-c-ambn Øm\w ]nSn-¡p- Ibpw Imen-I-amb HcSp-¡-en B IY-IÄ _rl-ZvN-cn-{Xm-Jym-\-ambn amdp- Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w Ncn-{X-]-c-amb A_-²-§sf tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m\pw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ A[n-Im-c-kz-`m-hs¯ shÃp-hn-fn-¡m\pw BÀÖhw ]peÀ

¯p¶ IYm-Ir¯v \nÀ½n-X-N-cn-{X-¯n-\p-Ånse hnS-hp-Isf ]qcn-¸n-¡m\pw {ian-¡p-¶p-−v.

Ncn-{X-t¯m-SpÅ Xsâ A`n-\n-th-i-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³Xs¶

]e-t¸mgpw hyàam-¡n-bn-«p-−v.

"H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯nsâ IY-IÄ tI«mWv Rm³ hfÀ¶Xv. Fsâ Aѳ H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n ]-«m-f-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p. B{^n-¡³ cmPy-§Ä apgp-h³ Npän-bn-«p-−v. Fsâ Hc-½m-h³ IÃm-bn A¿-¸-¡p«n H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯n anUn CuÌv apgp-h³ k©-cn-¨n-«p−v.

AÑ\pw A½m-h\pw ]dª tZim-´-c-I-Y-IÄ hnX¨ hnkvabw _mey-Iu-am- c-¯n ssIhn-SmsX sIm−p-\-S-¶p.'¹⁹

"shfp¯ ]£n-sb-Im-¯v', "jloZv kzcmPv F¶ Zzo]nÂ' XpS-§nb IY-I-fpsS bp²m-\-´c ]Ým-¯e Nn{X-W-¯nsâ {]tXy-IX IYm-Ir-¯nsâ {]kvXp-X-hn-j-b-¯nse khn-ti-j-X-ev]-c-Xsb A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶p-−v. ae- _mÀ Iem-]hpw AXn\v A\-´-c-ap-−mb \mSp-I-S-¯epw NÀ¨-sN-¿p¶ anYy-

bnse kXyw, IeÀ¸n-ÃmsX XpS-§nb IY-Ifpw Ch-bpsS Iq«-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-

¯mhp-¶-XmWv. C´y³ kzX-{´-k-a-chpw tIc-f-¯nse AXnsâ Ae-sbm-en- Ifpw asämcp [mc-bmbn C¯cw IY-I-fn tI{µ-{]-ta-b-t¯mSv IqSn-t¨-cp-¶p.

"hmkvXp-lmc'bnepw CXp-X-s¶-bmWv kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. 1947-þse C´ym- hn-`-P-\-s¯-¯p-SÀ¶v Ing-¡³ _wKm-fnÂ\n¶v C´y-bn-te-¡p-−mb A`- bmÀ°n-{]-hm-l-¯n-sâbpw 1971-þse _w¥m-tZiv bp²-Im-e¯v _w¥m-tZ- inÂ\n¶v C´y-bn-te¡v ]mem-b\w sNt¿-−n-h-¶-h-cp-sSbpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-]- Ým-¯e¯n cNn-¡-s¸« IY-bm-Wv, hmkvXp-lmc. F¦nepw tIc-f-¯nÂ

\ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ acp-a-¡-¯mb hyh-Øn-Xnbpw Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-k{¼-Zm-bhpw

^yqUÂ]m-c-¼-cyhpw tNÀs¶mcp kam-´-c-[m-cbpw IY-bpsS BJym\LS-\- bn DÄt¨-cp-¶p. A`-bmÀ°n-Xz-sa¶ Ncn-{X-Zp-c-´-s¯bpw C´ym-N-cn-{X-

¯nse Gähpw henb apdn-hmbn Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶ _wKmÄ hn`-P-\-s¯bpw AXn-kq-£va-am-bn-¯s¶ IY-bn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-−v. hkvXp-¡Ä lcn-¡-s¸-«v, A-`-bmÀXvYn-I-fmbn amtd-−n-h¶ Hcp P\-X-bpsS \nÊ-lm-b-N-cn- {Xhpw Ahsc krjvSn¨ cmjv{Sob-¯nsâ IpXvknX-Xm-ev]-cy-§fpw aXm-Ô- XbpsS hn-j-Xo-{h-Xbpw ]tcm-£-ambn IY-bn hnaÀi-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-¶p-−v.

AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Ncn-{Xs¯ tIh-e-samcp kmln-Xy-km-a-{Kn-bm-¡p-I-bm-bn- cp-¶n-Ã, "hmkvXp-lmc' F¶p hyà-am-Ip-¶p. "\n¼p-¯-e-bnse Kucn', "cma-N- {µ-\-KÀ', "HmÀ½-IfpsS NnX-bnÂ' XpS-§nb Zzo]pI-Y-I-sfÃmw Xs¶ A`- bmÀ°n-Xz-N-cn-{Xs¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶-h-bm-Wv.

AXp-t]mse tIc-fo-b-]-Ým-¯-e-¯n cq]o-Ir-X-amb {iocm-asâ IY- I-sfm-s¡bpw GsX-¦nepw Xc-¯n Ncn-{X-_-Ô-§sf B´-cn-I-L-S-\-bn Im¯p-kq-£n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. ImÀjn-Im-[n-jvTnX \m«p-hm-gn-¯-L-«hpw hyh- km-bm-[n-jvTnX apX-em-fn-¯-L-«hpw X½n-epÅ Ncn-{X-Zq-cs¯ BJym-\w-sN-

¿m-\mWv {]kvXpX IY-I-fn-te-sdbpw At±lw {ian-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v ImWmw.

a\p-jym-\p-`-h-§sf Ncn-{X-h-XvI-cn-¡m\pw Ncn-{Xs¯ A\p-`-hm-[n-jvTn-X-am-

¡m\pw {ian-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ZrjvSm-´-ambn Cu IY-IÄ amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ch- bn tamkvtIm-tdm-Unsâ HmÀ½-IÄ, s]m´³am-S, Hcev]w Ncn-{X-Nn-´, tXmÂhn-b-dn-bm-sX, Ipt«-«³ apX-em-fn, Iuk-ey-aq-¯-½, \t¶ sNdnb Imcyw, AhnÂs¸mXn XpS-§nb IY-IÄ FSp-¯p-]-d-tb-−-h-bm-Wv. 1946-þÂ

\S¶ ]p¶-{]þ-h-b-emÀ ka-c-¯nsâ kmµÀ`nIkqN-\-IÄ hln-¡p¶

"_m¡n-]-{Xhpw'F¶ IY ka-cm-Jym-\-¯n-eà Du¶p-¶-Xv. adn¨v ]p-¶-{]-bnÂ

Icn-bmsX Ah-ti-jn¨ amwkw `£n¨v \c-t`m-Pn-I-fmbn amdnb \mb-I-fpsS B{I-a-W-¯n heªv `b-N-In-X-cmbn amdnb Hcp P\-k-aq-l-¯nsâ hn{`m-

´n, P\n-X-I-tcmKw t]mse ]IÀ¶p-In-«nb ]n³Xe-ap-d-bpsS Zb\obm-h-Ø- bn tI{µo-I-cn-¡p¶ BJym-\-¯n-eqsS IY-bpsS AS-cp-I-fn "Ncn-{X-

¯nsâ t^mknep'Isf \n£n-]vX-am¡n hbv¡m-\m-Wv {iocm-a³ {ian-¡p-¶- sX¶v ImWmw.

2.3.7 tZio-b-X-þ-{io-cm-asâ IY-I-fpsS apJ-ap{Z

\m\m-X-c-¯n-epÅ `mj, PmXn,- a-Xw, thjw, kwkvImcw F¶nh ka-

\z-bn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ C´y-bpsS \m\m-Xz-¯n A[n-jvTn-X-amb GIXzw Xs¶- bm-Wv {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ¡pw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-\p-Å-Xv. Xan-gv, _wKm-fn, Ddp-Zv, ln-µn, sXep¦v XpS-§nb `mj-IÄ (a-e-bmfw, kwkvIr-Xw, Cw¥ojv F¶n- hbv¡p ]pdsa) tIc-fw, Xan-gv\mSv sXm«v ImivaoÀ hsc hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶

tZi-§Ä, hn`n-¶ aX-ØÀ FÃmw AS-§p¶ kmwkvIm-cnI _lp-kz-c-X-bn Du¶p¶ {iocm-asâ IYm-temIw Ahn-`m-Py-am-sbmcp tZio-b-Xsb apt¶m-«p- sh-bv¡p-¶p. hn`-P-\-¯nsâ apdn-hp-Isf hf-sc-tbsd Xo{h-ambn BJym\w sN¿p¶ "hmkvXp-lmc'bpsS BJym-\-L-S\ apt¶m-«p-sh-bv¡p¶ {][m\

Bibw tZio-b-X-bm-sW¶p ImWmw. F¶m k¦p-Nn-X-am-sbmcp tZio- bXmk¦-ev]-aà {iocm-asâ IY-I-fn DÅ-sX¶v FSp-¯p-]-d-tb-−-Xp-−v.

AXv am\-hn-I-Xm-t_m-[-¯n-Â A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. kmÀÆ-tZ-io-b-X-bp-tS-Xm- sbmcp hnim-e-tem-Is¯ {iocm-asâ an¡-I-Y-Ifpw DÅ-S¡w sNbvXn«p−v.

_À½-¡mcpw {ioe-¦-¡mcpw sXm«v aä-t\Iw tZi-¡mÀ Hcp-an¨v IpSn-tb-dnb Zzo]p-I-fpsS IY-bmWv {iocm-a³ ]d-ªn-«p-Å-Xv. tZim-XnÀ¯n-IÄ¡-¸pdw ]cn-[n-I-fn-Ãm¯ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-¯nepw Icp-X-en-ep-amWv {]kvXpX BJym-\-

§Ä {i² tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v ImWmw. tZio-b-X, lnwkm-ß-Ihpw aXm- ß-I-hp-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ ka-Im-enI C´y³ ]cn-k-c-¯n aX-\n-c-t]-£hpw _lp-kz-cm-ß-Ihpw kÀtÆm-]cn am\-hnI aqeym-[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-sbmcp tZio- bXsb DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨ {iocmasâ IY-IÄ hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p-

−v.