hnhÀ¯-\hpw Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xyhpw
(Translation and Comparative Literature)kmaq-lnIhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmln-Xy-]-c-hp-amb A´m- cmjv{S_Ô-§-fpsS hyXy-kvX-am-\-§-fpÅ ]me-amWv hnhÀ¯-\w. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-cw-K¯v kw`-hn-¨p-sIm−-n-cn-¡p¶ amä-§Ä hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯nepw cmPy-§Ä X½n-epÅ kl- hÀ¯n-Xz-¯nepw AÛp-X-I-c-amb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. temIw I¿n-sem- Xp-§p¶ ka-Im-e¯v Pohn-X-¯nsâ FÃm cwK-§-fnepw hnhÀ¯\w Bh-iy-ambn h¶n-cn-
¡p-¶p. AXnsâ A`m-h-¯n Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Akm-²y-amWv F¶ Ah-Ø-bm-Wp-Å-Xv.
hnhn[ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Ie-I-fnepw aäp hyh-lm-c-§-fn-epw ImWp¶ kmPm- Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy-§Ä Is−¯n ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p¶ ]T-\-hn-`m-K-amWv Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXyw.
hnhÀ¯-\hpw Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xyhpw C¶v ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-§-fmb ]T-\-ta-J-e-I-fm-Wv.
kmlnXyw `mj-I-fm thÀXncn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. F¦nepw kmln-Xy-¯nsâ auen-I-k¯
Fhn-sSbpw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW¶pw AXnsâ e£yw am\-kn-I-kw-kvImcam-sW¶pw Xmc-X- ay-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-¯n-eqsS t_m²y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-¯n hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\v Imcy-amb ]¦p−-v. hnhn-[-`m-j-IÄ X½nepw hnhn-[-P-\-X-IÄ X½nepw ]mew \nÀ½n-¡m³ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\p km[n-¡p-¶p. hnh-À¯\-¯n-eqsS Adn-bm¯ temI-§ÄX½n tbmPn-
¡p-¶p. AÚm-X-cmb a\p-jyÀ X½n _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p. a\p-jyÀ Fhn-sSbpw H¶mWv F¶p ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. hnhÀ¯-\hpw Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xyhpw tNÀ¯p-sh¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS e-£y-am-¡p-¶Xpw CXp-X-s¶.
bqWnäv 1
F´mWv hnhÀ¯\w? hnhÀ¯-\¯nsâ {]k-ànbpw {]m[m-\yhpw þ hnhÀ¯-
\hpw en]y-´-c-W-hpw -þhnhÀ¯-\-co-Xn-IÄ :- ]Zm-\p]Z-hn-hÀ¯\w (word by word translation)þ]cm-hÀ¯-\w (literal translation) Bibhn-hÀ¯\w/kzX-{´-hn-hÀ¯\w (free translation) þ {]tbmKn-I-hn-hÀ¯\w (Pragmatic translation) -þ]mÀe-saânse hnhÀ¯-\w, tImS-Xn-I-fnse hnhÀ¯\w þ kuµ-cym-ß-I-]-cn-`mj (Aesthetic-poetic translation), imkv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]cn-`mj þ kmt¦-Xn-I-]-Z-§-fpsS ]cn-`mj þ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]cn-`mj þ Ihn-Xm-]-cn-`mj, \mS-I-]-cn-`m-j, IYm-]-cn-`m-j, {]_-Ô-]-cn-`mj þ hwio-b-]-cn-
`mj (Ethnographic translation), `mjm-tI{µn-X-]-cn-`mj (Linguistic translation) þ kÀ¤m-
69
ß-I-hn-hÀ¯\w (Transcreation) -þ hnhÀ¯-\hpw kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw þ b{´-hn-hÀ¯\wþ k_vssS-ävenw-Kv, Uºnw-Kv--
bqWnäv 2
Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ {]kàn þ hnhÀ¯-\hpw Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xyhpw. hniz-km- lnXyw F¶ k¦ev]w ]mÝmXy ]uc-kvXy-km-ln-Xy-kn-²m-´-§-fpsS ]mc-kv]-cywþ Xmc- X-ay-]-T\w aäp Ie-I-fn-te¡v þ kwKo-Xw, Nn{X-I-e, hmkvXp-in-ev]w. cwK-I-e-IÄ kn\na þ Ch X½n-epÅ Xmc-X-aym-ß-I-_-Ô-§Äþ NnÓm-´-c-hn-hÀ¯-\hpw A\p-I-ev]-\hpw þ Xmc-X-ay-¯nsâ {]k-àn.
hni-Z-]-T\w
1. coXnbpw ssÌepw þ Nm¯-\m¯v ANyp-X-\p®n
2. kmln-Xyhpw CX-c-I-e-Ifpw þ sI.-F-kv. \mcm-b-W-]nÅ bqWnäv 3
hnhÀ¯\w cq]-a-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ hn`-P\w
Htc `mj-bnse hnhÀ¯\w (Intra-lingual translation) hyXykvX`mj-bnse hnhÀ¯\w (Inter-lingual translation), NnÓm-´chnhÀ¯-\w (Intersemiotic translation) hnhÀ¯-\hpw ka-ap-ey-X-bpw, þ hnhÀ¯-\hpw hnizm-ky-X-bpw þ cq]-Xp-ey-Xm-]-cn`mj (Formal equivalent translation)þNe-\m-ß-I-Xp-ey-Xm-]-cn-`mj (Dynamicequivalent translation)þ _lp-hy-h- Øm-kn-²m´w hnhÀ¯\w ]p\-sc-gp-¯v, Andre Lefevere tImf-\n-bm-\-´-c-hn-hÀ¯-\w.
hni-Z-]-T\w
1 .Ipam-c-\m-imsâ hoW-]qhv þ Pn. Ipam-c-]n-Å-bpsS Cw¥ojv hnhÀ¯\-amb The Fallen Flower, sI.Pb-Ip-am-dnsâ Cw¥ojv hnhÀ-¯-\-amb The Fallen Flower F¶nhbpsS Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w.
bqWnäv 4
{]ta-bw, CXn-hr-¯w, IYm-]m-{X-§Ä, kw`-h-§Ä, ho£-Ww, ]Ým-¯-ew, BJym-
\-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄþ kmPm-Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy-§Äþ {]ta-b-Xm-c-X-ayw, P\p-Êvþ kzm[o-\-Xþ Xmc- X-ay-km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bpÅ {]mtbm-Kn-I-_-Ôwþ A\p-Iev]\w
hni-Z-]-T\w
Hcp IqSn-bm-«-¯nsâ IY (I-hn-X) þ Fw. tKmhn-µ³ {`jvSv (t\m-hÂ) þ amS¼v Ipªn-¡p-«³
70
]cnWbw (1994) (kn-\n-a) þ lcnlc³ (kw-hn-[m-\w) Ch-bpsS {]tab]-chpw am[y-a-]-c-hp-amb Xmc-X-ayw.
bqWnäv 5
hnhÀ¯-\hpw ]p\-cm-Jym-\hpw hymJym-\hpw þ aqe-I-Y-bnse au\-§Ä, t\mh-en- Ìnsâ/IYm-Ir-¯nsâ hymJym-\-§Ä, BJym-\-t`-Z-§Äþ CXn-lm-k-I-Y-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n- sb-gp-Xnb cN-\-IÄ kzoI-cn¨ IYm-X-{´-§Ä.
hni-Z-]-T\w
C\n Rm³ Dd§s«þ ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW³
`mc-X-]-cyS\w þ Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv þ bp²-¯nsâ ]cnWmaw F¶ A[ymbw am{Xw.
tNmZy-IÀ¯m-¡Ä¡pÅ {]tXyI-\nÀt±iw
henb D]-\ym-k-tNm-Zy-§-fn Hsc®w 150 hm¡n Ihn-bm¯ Hcp Cw¥ojv cN\
ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿m-\p-Å-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww. tNmbvkv \ÂImw, ]Zyw AsÃ-
¦n KZyw F¶ a«nÂ.
klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä
hnhÀ¯-\wþ Hcp kwLw teJ-IÀþ tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v
hnhÀ¯-\-hn-Nm-cwþ tUm. F³.-C. hniz-\m-Y-¿À, tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
hnhÀ¯-\-]-T-\-§Äþ tUm. ]n.-tkm-a-\m-Y³, tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v
`mjbpw ]cn-`m-j-bpwþ Fw.-]n. kZm-in-h³, tIc-f`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
b{´-hn-hÀ¯-\w þ tUm. BÀ.-hn. Fw.Znhm-I-c³, tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v.
ae-bm-f-hn-aÀiw þhnhÀ¯\w kvs]jyÂþ 2016. FUn. tUm. tkma-\m-Y³ ]n. {]km.
{]kn-²o-I-c-W-hn-`mKw Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime
kn\nabpw hnhÀ¯-\-hpw þZnhy HUn. {]km. CâÀs\äv ]»n-¡, tImgn-t¡mSv Xmc-X-ay-Im-hy-im-kv{Xw, tUm. kn. cmtP-{µ³, , tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\w þ Iw]m-c-äohv enä-td-¨À skmsskän (k-¼m). Fkv.-]n-kn-F-kv.
Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXywþX¯zhpw {]k-àn-bpw þ]pcp-tjm-¯-a³ ]n.-H., `mjm C³kvän-äyq«v.
Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-hn-Nm-cw, ae-bm-f-hn-aÀiw 15. FUn.Fw.-F³.-Im-c-tÈ-cn, {]km. ae-bm-f-hn-
`m-Kw, Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-im-e.
Xmc-XaykmlnXyw ]pXnb ImgvN-¸m-Sn -þ tUm. sI.-Fw. tPmÀÖv kvamc-I-`m-jm-]-T-\-K- th-j-W-tI-{µw (k-¼m-Z-\w). tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
71
kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hpw þ a[p Cd-h-¦c þUn.-kn.-_p-Ivkv.
hoW-]qhv ]T-\-§Ä, ae-bm-f-hn-aÀiw 19 þA\n hÅ-t¯mÄ (F-Un-äÀ) ae-bmf tIc-f-]- T-\-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-¡äv kÀÆ-I-em-ime: {]kn-²o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, 2007.
hnhÀ¯\-¯nsâ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-an-Iþ tUm. hn.BÀ. {]t_m-[-N-{µ³, , tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
XÀÖa þ kn²m-´hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-¯nÂþ Pbm kpIp-am-c³, kvIdnb k¡-dnb (F-Un-äÀ), {]km-[-IÀþ tIm«bw, Idâv _pIvkv, 1997.
Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-Nbw þ FUn. Nm¯-\m¯v ANyp-X-\p-®n.
hnhÀ¯-\-Xm-c-X-ay-]-T-\-¯nse \qX-\-{]-h-W-X-IÄþ (FUn)tUm. Sn. A\n-X-Ip-am-cn, F³.
hn. apl-½Zv dm^n
Translation Studies -Susan Bassnet .
Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications - Jeremy Munday.
The Translation Studies Reader - Lawrence Venuti.
Comparative Literature - Susan Bassnet .
Studies in Comparative Literature - K. Ayyappa Panicker & Bernard Fenn (ed.) Bombay, Blackle & Son Publishers, 1985.
The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem,Itmar Even Zohar in the Translation Studies Reader. L. Venuti (Ed.) 2000, London and New York : Routledge.
Plysystem Studies, , Itmar Even Zohar Poetics Today 11(1) Spring.
Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame, Andre Lefevere Translation, 1992, London and New York: Routledge.
Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in a Comparative Literature Context,Andre Lefevere 1992, New York: Modern Language Association.
72 Code:MAL3E02
BJym-\-imkv{Xw (Narratology)
hmbvsam-gn-bmbpw hc-sam-gn-bmbpw At\Iw IY-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä Imem-Im-e-§-fn temIw apgp-h³ {]N-cn-¨p-sIm−-n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-¡-hn-X-Ifpw Ipdp-¦-hn-X-Ifpw apX ]pcm- tW-Xn-lm-k-§Ä hsc F´pw BJym-\-¯nÂs¸-Spw. IYm-Jym-\w, ItY-X-cm-Jym\w F¶n-
§s\ BJym-\-§sf c−mbn Xncn-¡mw. BJym-\-¯n IYm-I-Y-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«
Nne LS-I-§Ä D−m-hpw. ItY-Xcw F¶p hyh-l-cn-¡p¶ \n_-Ô-§-fnÂt¸mepw IY-\-
¯nsâ LS-I-§Ä Hfn-ªp-In-S-¸p−-m-hpw.
kmln-Xy-]-T-\-§-fnepw kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-T-\-§-fnepw ASp-¯-Im-e-¯mbn BJym-\-]- T-\-¯n\v henb {]m[m\yw e`n-¡p-¶p-−v. BJym-\-kz-`m-h-apÅ cN-\-IÄ¡v A\p-`-h-
§fpw Bi-b-§fpw thK-¯n kwth-Z\w sN¿m³ km[n-¡p-¶p. \mw hÃ-t¸mgpw am{Xta BJym-\-kz-`m-h-apÅ hmbv¯mcn þ hcsamgn hg-¡-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Nn´n-¡m-dp-Åq.
F¶mÂ, \½psS PohnXw BJym-\-§-fn ap§n-¡n-S-¡p-I-bm-Wv. F´mWv BJym-\w.
Ahbv¡v aäpÅ cN-\-I-fnÂ\n-¶pÅ hyXymkw F´v? F´p-sIm−-mWv Ah \s½ IpSp-X kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶Xv? \½psS Pohn-X-¯n BJym-\-§Ä¡pÅ {]m[m\yw F´v?
BJym-\-§Ä {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv F§s\? þ C¯cw tNmZy-§Ä¡v adp-]Sn Is-−¯m-
\pÅ {ia-¯nÂ, BJym-\-¯nsâ A\-´-km-[y-X-IÄ I-−dnª Nne ]Þn-XÀ BJym-
\s¯ Hcp hnÚm-\-im-J-bmbn hfÀ¯nsb-Sp-¡p-I-bp-−m-bn.
FÃm¯-c-¯n-epÅ kÀ¤m-ß-I-km-ln-Xyhpw (hm-sam-gn-bm-bmepw hc-sam-gn-bm-bm- epw) BJym-\-¯nÂs¸-Spw. a\p-jy³ ssiihw apX BJym-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p.
A½ sXm«n-en«p ]mSn Dd-¡p¶ Xmcm-«p-t]mepw BJym\w DÄs¡m-Åp¶ sNdp-\n-_-Ô-am- Wv. AXn Hcmi-b-tam Hcp IYtbm D−m-hpw. km¦-ev]n-I-I-Y-IÄ, kml-kn-I-I-Y-IÄ, Poh-N-cn-{X-§Ä, Ipäm-t\z-j-W-I-Y-IÄ, imkv{X-I-Y-IÄþ FÃmw BJym-\-¯nÂs¸Spw.
a\pjycp-sStbm P´p-¡-fp-sStbm Pohn-I-fp-sStbm \S¶tXm \S-¡m-\n-S-bp-ÅtXm Bb IYtbm sI«p-I-Ytbm BWv BJym-\w. IYbv¡v ka-b-_-Ôn-X-amb kw`-h-§- fpsS ]mc-kv]cyw thWw. AXv Ipdp-¦-hn-X-bn-te-Xp-t]mse {lkz-am-hmw. CXn-lm-k-¯n- te-Xp-t]mse hfsc k¦oÀ®-hp-am-hmw.
73
C¶v sSen-hn-j³ Gähpw henb BJym-\-am-[y-a-ambn amdn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. hmÀ¯-IÄ t]mepw Hcp Xcw BJym-\-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp tImanIv kv{Sn]v BJym-\-am-hmw.
bqWnäv 1
BJym\w F¶m F´v?
BJym-\hpw BJym-t\-X-chpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw BJym-\-c-N-\-IÄ {it²-b-am-Ip-¶Xv F´p-sIm−v?
BJym-\-§-fn hmb-\-¡m-csâ {][m\yw þ am[y-a-§-fn BJym-\-§Ä¡pÅØm\w.
bqWnäv 2
BJym-\-c-N-\-I-fpsS Xm¯zn-I-{]m-[m-\ywþ Xm¯zn-I-·mÀþ BJym-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Acn-tÌm-«nÂþ hvfmUn-aÀt{]m¸nsâ \mtSm-Sn-¡-Y-I-fpsS cq]-hn-Úm-\obw þ aoIv_m-ensâ IY/]mTw/sI«p-IY þ knaqÀ Nmävamsâ IYbpw kwhm-Zhpw þ {InÌ-^À _q¡-dpsS ASn- Øm-\-]-c-amb Ggv CXn-hr-¯-§Äþ kwkvIr-X¯nse \hck-kn-²m-´hpw {]ta-b-]-cn-an- Xnbpw þ
bqWnäv 3
BJym-\-¯nsâ kÀ¤m-ß-I-{]-{Iob þ KoXw, KoX-Iw, kzK-Xm-Jym\w þ `mh-Ko-Xn, JÞ-Im-hyw, ]pcm-Ww, CXn-lmkw þ BJym-\-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄþ BJym-\-¯n-\m- h-iy-amb LS-I-§Äþ hnh-c-Ww, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Nn´-IÄ, kw`m-j-Ww, kw`-h-kw-{K-l-
§Ä, IYm-]m-{X-Nn-{Xo-I-c-Ww, Hfn-ªp-tIÄ¡p¶ kw`m-j-W-§Ä, I¯p-IÄ, ]{X-te-J-\-
§Ä, Ipä-k-½-X-§Äþ {]ta-bw, CXn-hr-¯w, ]Ým-¯-ew, kzc-hy-Xn-bm-\w, `mj, ssien þ {Inb, A\ym-]-tZ-iw, aqÀ²-\ym-h-Ø, \mS-Iob hymtPm-àn, IYm-`m-Kw, kw`-hw, N«-¡q-Sv, IY D]-I-Y-IÄ, ho£-W-tIm-Ww, {]Xn-cq-]m-ß-I-X, ]mTw, Imew, i_vZw.
bq-Wnäv 4
BJym-\-§Äþ hmbvsam-gn-bnepw hcsam-gn-bnepw þ b£n þ KÔÀÆ-I-Y-IÄ, an¯p- IÄ, sI«p-I-Y-IÄþ Bbn-c-s¯m¶p cmhp-IÄþ Bbn-c-s¯m¶p ]I¡Y-IÄþ AaoÀlw- k-¡-Y-IÄþ Cu IY-I-fpsS am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\-k-ao-]\w þ tIman-¡p-IÄþ lmky-I-Y-IÄþ lmky-I-Y-I-fpsS BJym-\-LS\ þ Nn{X-I-Y-I-fpsS BJym-\-L-S\ þ P\-{]n-b-t\m-hÂþ cq]w, `mhw, LS\ þ tdUntbm BJym-\-§Äþ sSen-hn-j³ kocn-b-ep-IÄþ Ne-¨n-{Xm-Jym-
\-§Äþ kn\na Hcp am²yaw F¶ \ne-bnÂþ BJym-\-§fpw {]Xn-Zn-\-Po-hn-Xhpw þ
74 bqWnäv 5
BJym\§Äþ `mc-Xo-b-]m-c-¼cyw þ ]mÝm-Xy-]m-c-¼cyw þ Nn{X-I-e, kwKo-Xw, \mS- Iw, kn\na þ kmln-Xyhpw CX-c-I-e-Ifpw þ Ch-bnse BJym-\-§-fpsS sImSp-¡Â hm§- ep-IÄþ FÃm-¡e-Ifpw kwKo-X-¯n-te¡v þ
klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä
BJym-\-hn-Úm-\w þ Un. cm[m-Ir-jvW³, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, 2000.
IY, BJym-\w, BJym-\-imkv{Xw þ ]n. tkma-\m-Y³, tIc-f-`m-jm-C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
ck-`m-c-Xn -þ thZ-_-Ôp, XriqÀ, tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an, 1985.
BJym\w Imew IY þ F.-Fw. {io[-c³ (F³.-_n.-F-kv)
{]Øm-\-{X-bwþ s{]m^-kÀ ]n. i¦-c³\-¼ymÀ, tImgn-t¡m-Sv, amXr-`q-an, 1942.
t\mhÂkm-ln-Xyw, Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ, tIm«bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, 1990 (1930) Iem-ZÀi-\wþ sI.-Fw. Um\n-bÂ, tIm«bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv. 1969.
t\mh-en-Ìnsâ Ie- þ HmÀlm³ ]map-Iv, (hn-hÀ¯-\w) BÀ at\mPv hÀ½, tIm«bw: Un.- kn.-_p-¡vkv, 2013. (Oringal Tile: The Native and the Sentimental Novelist)
kn²nbpw km[-\-bpw þ ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW³, tIm«bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, 1989 (1965) Narrative – A seminar - (Ed.) Amiya Dev., New Delhi, 1994.
Stuff of sleep and Dreams - Leon Edel, London: Chatto & Windus, 1962.
Narrative - Paul Cobley, London: Routledge, 2013.
Ramayan Mahabharata and Bhagavata Writers - A Group of Writers, New Delhi:
Publication Division, Government of India, 1990.
Classical Literary Criticism - T.S. Dorsch (Translated with An Introduction), England, Penguin Books, 1969 (1965)
(Aristotle : On the Art of Poetry, Horace : On the Art of Poetry; Longinus: on the Sublime)
Narrative in Popular Culture- Arthur Asa Berger, Media and Everyday Life, New Delhi:
Sage publications, 1997.
The Seven Basic Plots – Why we tell stories - Christopher Booker, London: Continum, 2004.
On the Art and Craft of Writing - Gorky/Mayakovsky/ Alexei Tolstoy /Fedin, Mosco : Progress Publishers, 1972.
75
The Rhetoric of Fiction - Wayane C. Boooth. London : The University of Chicago Press, 1983 (1961).
Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film - Chatman, S. London:
Cornel University Press, 1978.
Mythology, Great Britain: Penguin Education - Pierre Maranda (Ed.) , 1972.
Telelkiteracy – Taking Television Seriously - David Biuanculli, New York: Syracuse University Press, 2000.
Oriental Stories as Tools in Psychotherapy - Nossrat Peseschkian M.D., New Delhi:
Sterling Publishers, 1985.
Studies in the Epics and Puranas - A.D. Pusalker, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1963 (1955)
The Adventures of Amir Hamza - Ghalib Lakhnavi and Adbullah Bilgrami (Tr.) Musharaf Ali Farooqi. New York: The Modern Library, 2007.
Our Film Their Films - Satytaji Ray, , Bombay: Orient Longman, 1976.
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