Btµm-f-\-Imew (Time of Osciltation)

`qX hÀ¯-am-\- `mhn Ime-§Ä IqSn-¡p-gª Ime-amWv taXn cm[m- Ir-jvWsâ cN-\-I-fn IqSp-X-embn ImWm-\m-hp-I. `qX-¯n-eq-sSbpw hÀ¯m- a-\-¯n-eq-sSbpw ho−pw `qX-¯n-eq-sSbpw IS-¶p-t]m-Ip¶ coXn-bn-emWv

"kqcy-hwiw' XpS§n an¡ cN-\-I-fnepw Imew {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv. Ime-¯nsâ A\p-`-h-sa¶ coXn-bn kzX-{´-{]-hm-l-ambn A\p-`q-X-Im-es¯

(Experienced time)bmWv AXv shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. N{I-]m-Wn-bpsS sIme-]m- XIw \S-¶-tijw AXns\ hnh-cn-¡p¶ coXn-bn `qXm-Jym-\-ambn (Ulterior narration) cNn-¡-s¸« "kqcy-hwi'¯n ]n¶oSv ]{´−mw A[ym-b-¯n N{I-]mWn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-tXm-sSbpw an¡ A[ym-b-§-fnepw IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS HmÀ½-I-fneqsSbpw `qX-¯n-te¡v aS-§n-t¸m-hp-Ibpw ]n¶oSv hÀ¯-am-\-¯n- te¡v Xs¶ Xncn-¨p-h-cn-Ibpw FÃmw sN¿p-¶p. hÀ¯-am-\-¯n \n¶v a¨nsâ `qX-Ime HmÀ½-I-fn-te¡pw hnh-c-W-§-fn-te¡pw Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw Ah-km\w hÀ¯-am-\-¯n Xs¶ F¯n a¨v Xq¯v hr¯n-bm-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶ "ssewKn-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v Hcp D]\ymk'hpw C¯-c-¯n {it²-b-amb cN-\-bmWv.

hvemUn-anÀ t{]m¸v hn`m-h\w sN¿p¶ BJym-\-¯nse kpØn-cmw-i-

§-fnÂ, hnÃ\pw I]-S-\m-b-I\pw Hcm-fm-Im-sa¶pw AXv Xncn-¨-dn-b-s¸-S-W-sa-

¶papÅ AÀ°-¯n tUmIvSÀ {]kmZv IrXy-amb Hcp \nÀ½n-Xn-bm-Ip-¶p-−v.

N{I-]m-Wn-bpsS ASp¯ kplr¯pw AtX-k-abw sIme-]m-X-In-bp-ambn tUmIvSÀ {]kmZv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. C§s\ BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ

\ndªp \n¡p-¶-XmWv taXn-ensâ cN-\-IÄ. BJym-\-e-£-W-§-fpw Imem-\p-`-h-¯nsâ hnhn[ thÀXn-cn-hp-Ifpw IrXn-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[m-\-am-Ip- t¼mÄ Xs¶ km{¼-Zm-bnI hne-bn-cp-¯-ep-IÄ¡v ]nSn- sIm-Sp-¡m¯

Fgp¯pcoXn-I-sfbpw B IrXn-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p-−v. A¯-c-¯n-epÅ Nne X{´-§-fmWv taXn-ens\ hyXy-kvX-\m-¡p-¶-Xv.

2.3 BJym-\-¯nse aäv khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

taXn Xsâ IrXn-I-fn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pÅ cN-\m-X-{´-§Ä ae-bm-f-

¯n-te¡v s]mXp-hmbn F¯n-bXv ]Xn-äm-−p-IÄ Ign-ªm-Wv. Fgp- ]XpIfnse IrXn-I-fn Xs¶ A¯cw {ia-§sf [mcm-f-ambn ImWm-\m-Ipw.

Ah-bn Nne-Xns\ IrXy-ambn A\p-I-cn-¡m³ t]mepw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-

\m-bn-«p-an-Ã. {_m¡-än-\p-Ånse hni-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä, ]mTw/]mT-t`Zw XpS-§nb B[p-\n-Im-\-´c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-§sf ]Xn-äm-−p-IÄ¡v apt¼ Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¡Â XpS§n [mcmfw X{´-§Ä B IrXn-I-fn ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

2.3.1 {_m¡-äp-I-fpsS {]mapJyw

{_m¡-äp-IÄ¡v taXn IrXn-I-fn {]tXy-In¨v BZy-Ime cN-\-I-fn henb {]m[m-\y-ap-−v. "Nph¶ hnZq-j-I-cpsS A©mw-]¯n'bnepw "{_m'bnepw

]d-bp¶ Imcy-§Ä¡v Bh-iy-am-b{X hni-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä {_m¡-äp-I-fn-eqsS taXn \ÂIp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. aäp Nne-t¸mÄ Nne Imcy-§Ä tIÄ¡p- t¼mÄ IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS a\-Ênse {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä/tXm¶-ep-IÄ Bbpw CXns\ kwhn-[m-\n-¨n-«p-−v. "Nph¶ hnZq-j-I-cpsS A©mw ]¯n'bn anÊnÊv s\Âk-Wn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Xs¶ {_m¡-än s^{_p-hcn 29

\v DÅ Ah-cpsS P·-Zn-\hpw eo]v Cb-dnsâ `mK-am-bpÅ {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw At©m Btdm hcn-I-fn hni-Z-ambn Xs¶ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. asäm-cn- S¯v ]ckyw am{X-am-sW¶v {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶n-S¯v ]c-ky-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw hni- Z-am-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Nne-t¸mÄ D]-am-\-§-fm-bpw Ch {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. "{_m'bnÂ

"^n{_-h-cn-bnse Cu XWp¸v (en-k-bpsS apJs¯ tcma-§Ät]m-se) {]Xo-

£n-¡m-hp¶XÃ'¹³ F¶ hmNIw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. C§s\ \nc-h-[n-bn-S-

§-fn Ch {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p. kmln-Xy-c-N-\m-cq]w F¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Hcp teJ-\-kz-`m-h-¯n-te¡v kqN\ \ÂIp¶ cN-\m-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]s£, IYm- k-µÀ`-¯n\v IqSp-X angnhv In«-¯¡ coXn-bn-emWv taXn CXns\ FÃm- bn-S¯pw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.

{_m¡än-\p-Ånse Fgp¯v Hcp khn-ti-j-cq-]s¯ {]Zm\w sN¿p¶

cwKhpw "kqcy-hw-i'-¯n-ep-−v. tUmIvSÀ {]kmZv N{I-]m-Wn-bpsS hr¯n-sI«

hi-§sf ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Xs¶, AXv tIÄ¡p¶ bap-\-bpsS {]Xn-I-cWw

"Cuizcm!' F¶v {_m¡-än-\p-Ån {]km-Znsâ kw`m-j-W-¯n\pÅn Xs¶

DÄt¨À¶nS¯m-W-Xv. `mjbpw `mj-W-hp-sa¶ ]c-kv]-c-Zz-µz-§sf hni-Z-ambn Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

BZyw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hm¡p-IÄ¡pw {]tbm-K-§Ä¡pw ]n¶oSv Ønco-I-c-W-ap-−m-¡p¶ coXn "kqcy-hwi'¯n taXn ssIs¡m-Åp-¶p.

{]kmZv Pb-tZ-h-t\m-Sv, \n§-fpsS `mcysb HcmÄ _em-ÕwKw sN¿p-I-bm-sW-

¦n \n§Ä Abmsf sImÃp-sa¶pw B sIme-]m-XIw ]m]-a-söpw t\mh- ensâ BZy`mK¯v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ IqSp-X hni-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä At¸m-Ä \ÂIp-

¶n-Ã. F¶m ]n¶oSv amb-bpsS ac-Whpw N{I-]m-Wn-bpsS sIme-]m-X-Ihpw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶n-S¯v ap³]s¯ hmN-I-¯n\v km[p-X-bp-−m-Ip-¶p. "{_m'bn No«p-I-fn-¡n-S-bnse tImdkv ]n¶oSv IYm-k-µÀ`-hp-ambn Iq«n tbmPn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

B {]kvXm-h-\sb t\mh-en-Ìv Hcn-¡Â¡qSn HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

c−mw L«-¯nse IY-I-fnepw Cu coXn ssIs¡m-Åp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

"ssie-Pbpw emdkv ]£n-Ifpw', "Xq§n-¡n-S-¡p¶ dnko-hÀ' XpS-§nb IY-I- fnepw Cu coXn kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-−v.

"Nph¶ hnZq-j-I-cpsS A©mw-]¯n' F¶ t\mh-en hyXy-kvX-amb BJym-\-X-{´-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bp-Å-Xmbn ImWmw. JÞn-I-sbm¶pw Xncn-

¡msX, kw`m-j-W-§-sfÃmw Htc coXn-bn A[ymbw XpS§n Ah-km-\n-¡p-

¶Xv hsc XpSÀ¨-bmbn t]mIp¶ cq]-amWv t\mh-en-\p-Å-Xv. "ssl¸Àen¦v' kz`m-h-¯n {_m¡-än IqSp-X hnh-c-W-§-fn-te¡v t]mIp¶ coXnbpw Cu t\mh-en-ep-−v. "kqcy-hwi'¯n Fen-b-änsâ Ihn-Xbpw "Nph¶ hnZq-j- I-cpsS A©mw-]¯n' bn ]nIvam³ Ihn-X-Ifpw ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

t\mh-en CS-bv¡n-S¡v BhÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶ t]m¸v Km\-§Ä "{_m'bnepw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. "Fsâ Xe-ap-d-bn temIs¯ amän-bXv t]m¸v Kmb-I-cm- sW¶'¹⁴ taXn cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ A`n-{]m-bs¯ CXn-t\mSv Iq«n-t¨À¯mÂ, B DÄs¸-Sp-¯-ep-Ä¡v Ipd¨pIqSn hyàX ssIh-cp-¶p-−v.

Xsâ Xs¶ aäv cN-\-Isf _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n {]ta-b-¯n-epÄs¸-Sp-¯m-

\pÅ {iahpw taXn \S-¯p-¶p. "{_m' bnse Ipgn-bm-\-bpsS ]nd-tIm«v

\S¯s¯ taXn cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ "s]³Kznsâ' ]nd-tIm«p\S¯-t¯mSmWv D]-an-¡p-¶-Xv. "Nph¶ hnZq-j-I-cpsS A©mw-]¯n'bn ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp¶

I¨n-e\pw kÀ¸-¡-bdpw apJy-{]-ta-b-ambn ]n¶oSv "Ib-dnsâ Aäw' F¶ IY Fgp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. BZy-L-«-¯nse cN-\-I-fn C¯cw [mcmfw {]tXy-I-X-IÄ ImWm-\m-Ipw. CXv Gdnbpw Ipdªpw c−mw L«-¯nepw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p.

"ln¨vtIm-¡nsâ CS-s]-SÂ' F¶ IY-bn taXnensâ Xs¶ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-

§sf Hmtcm D]-ioÀj-I-§-fpsS XpS-¡-¯nepw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

{_m¡-änse hni-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä "Nm«-{]-Z-£nWw' t]mepÅ IY-I-fn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. "BÂ{^Uv ln¨vtIm-¡nsâ t{]a-Km\'¯n s]¸-dn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ASn-¡p-dn-s¸¶ coXn-bn Nne Imcy-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv CXnsâ cq]m-

´-c-am-Wv. "kwKoXw Hcp ka-b-I-e-bmWv' F¶ IY-bpsS Ah-km\w Fgp-¯-

\p-`-h-§-sfbpw bmYmÀ°y-§-sfbpw aäpw hni-Z-ambn Ipdn-¸p-I-fmbn {]Xn-]m- Zn-¡p¶Xpw CXnsâ `mKw Xs¶.

BJym-Xmhv IY-bn CS-s]«v IYm-L-S-\sb amän-a-dn-¡p¶ coXn taXn- en khn-ti-j-ambn ImWmw. "ln¨vtIm-¡nsâ CS-s]-SÂ' F¶ IY-bpsS tI{µ-_nµp Xs¶- Cu coXnbmWv. Xsâ kn\n-a-bn Bcpw {]Xo-£n-¡m¯

Hcn-S¯v ln¨vtIm¡v CS-s]-Sp-¶Xv t]mse-bmWv IY-bn-Â BJym-Xm-hnsâ CS-s]-SÂ. BZyw IYsb apt¶m«v sIm−p-t]mbn CSbv¡v BJym-Xmhv IY- bn-en-S--s]«v hni-Zo-I-cWw \ÂIp¶ aäv Nne IY-I-fp-ap-−v. "DSÂ Hcp Nqgv\ne', "saen-ª-h-cpsS a\x-imkv{Xw', "Unssee' F¶o IY-IÄ A¯-c-

¯n-ep-Å-Xm-Wv.

"{]mX-en\v Hcp IqWv' F¶ IY-bn "D®n-tacn' F¶ t]cn c−v Xh-W-I-fmbn hcp¶ D]-ioÀj-I- hn-`m-K-§-fn Bß-`m-j-W§fpw aän-S-§- fn kw`m-j-Whpw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. "lnNvtIm-¡nsâ CS-s]-S'en the-¡m-cn-bpsS apdn-bn-te¡v t]mIp¶ \ng Bsc¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ BcXn¡v "F', "_n', "kn', "Un' F¶o Hm]vj-\p-IÄ \ÂIp-Ibpw Ah-bnÂ

H¶v kw`-hy-ambn hcn-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. "Pqsse HmKÌv sk]vXw-_dn'  a\- Ên-t\mSv Hcp tNmZyw D¶-bn-¡p-¶p−v. tcml³ Hcp {]tXyI \nan-j-¯n kzbw tNmZn-¡p-¶Xv "\o sR«ntbm' F¶mWv. kzXzs¯ ico-c-¯n \n¶v thÀXn-cn-¨pÅ Hcp A\p-`-h-am-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. C§s\ \nc-h[n X{´-§-fm \nÀ½n-X-amWv taXn cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ cN-\m-ssi-en.

sXm®qdpIÄ¡v tijw ae-bm-f-¯n ]cn-Nn-X-amb B[p-\n-Im-\-´c kmln- Xy-k-ao-]-\-§-fnse {]Xn-]m-Zy-{]-ta-b-§Ä t]mepw Fgp-]XpI-fn Xs¶

taXnen F¯nt¨À¶n-cp-¶p.

2.3.2 ]mTw/]mT-t`Zw

taXn cm[m-Ir-jvW³ BZy-sa-gp-Xnb "kqcy-hwi'¯n ]mTw, ]mT-t`- Zw F¶o kwÚ-IÄ ]n¡me AÀ°-¯n Xs¶ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xmbn ImWm-\m-Ipw. hm¡p-I-fpsS AÀ°-hym-]vXnsb ]än NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶n-S¯v cmam- b-W-¯nse cmh-Wsâ h[w NÀ¨-bn-se-¯p-¶p. a\p-jy-\mbn ]nd¶ ssZhw cmh-Ws\ sImÃpw F¶m-Wv, a\p-jy\v am{Xta sImÃm-\mhq F¶ hcw AÀ°-am-¡p-¶Xv F¶v cmh-W\v a\-Ên-em-bn-Ã. AXv ]mT-ambn taÂ{]-kvXm- h-\sb Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶p. "]mT' s¯ thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ coXn

"BÂ{^Uv ln¨vtIm-¡nsâ t{]a-Km\'¯nepw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

"A]-\nÀ½m-W' (De-construction) ¯neqsS ZdnZ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ ]mT-t`- Zsa¶ ]cn-I¸-\bpw kqcy-hw-i-¯n-ep-−v. cmPmhv \á-\m-sW¶v Ip«n hnfn¨v ]dª IY-bpsS ]mT-t`-Z-amWv bap-\-bpsS IY. "{_m'bn Ip¸-s¯m-

«n-bn s]³kn ImWp-¶-Xnsâ Imc-W-¯n\v c−v Hm]vj-\p-IÄ \ÂIp- Ibpw D¯cw hmb-\-¡m-csâ XoÀ¸n\v hnSp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xns\ Fgp-X-s¸-«- Xn-eqsS Fgp¯v hmb-\-¡m-c-tâ-Xm-bn-¯oÀ¶p F¶ ho£Ww apt¶m-«p-sh¨

"Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ ac-Ww' (Death of the author) F¶ B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-km-

lnXy kao-]-\-t¯mSv _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C§s\ Ime-¯n\v aps¼

\S¶ cN-\m-in¸ -{]-tbm-K-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv taXn B[p-\n-I-Xmhm-Z-¯n Xtâ-Xmb CSw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯-Xv. IrXn-I-fn At±lw D]-tbm-Kn¨ `mj A¯-c-samcp khn-tij ssieo-cq-]-h¡-c-W-¯n\v klm-b-I-c-am-bn-«p-−v.