BJym-\-X{´w

Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ A´À`m-hs¯ IrXn-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¸n-¡m-\mbn D]- tbm-Kn-¡p¶ D]m-[n-Isf FÃmw Xs¶ "BJym-\-X{´w' F¶ \ne-bn hyh- l-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. {]ta-b-§-fpsS Xnc-sª-Sp-¸v, CXn-hr-¯-\nÀan-Xn, ]cn-t{]-

£yw, ssien, IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-jvImcw XpS§n BJym-\¯n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb cwK/]Ým-¯-e-§-fpsS Hcp-¡-¯nÂhsc BJym-\-X-{´-¯nsâ km[y-X-IÄ ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p-−v. F¶m kmln-Xy-aq-e-I§fpw (literary elements) kmln- Xy-X-{´-§fpw (literary techniques or narrative techniques) H¶-Ã. {]ta-bw, CXn-hr-¯w, `mhw, kzcw XpS-§n-bh kmln-Xy-aq-e-I§fm-sW-¦n Ahsb sshhn-[y-]qÀ®hpw Dt±-iym-[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-¡m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Be-¦m- cn-I`mj, sFd-Wn, ^vfmjv_m-¡v, ]mÌn-jv, ]mc-Un, LS-\m-{I-ao-I-cWw XpS-

§n-b-h-sb-bmWv kmln-Xy-X-{´-§Ä AYhm BJym-\-X-{´-§-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-

¡p-¶-Xv. C³ ao-Unbmkv sdkv, ^vfmjv _m¡v, sFdWn XpS-§nb X{´-§Ä kn.-hn.-{io-cm-asâ IY-I-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z-X-s¶-bmbn XoÀ¶-h-bm-Wv. XpSÀ¶p-h- cp¶ A[ym-b-§-fn {Iao-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶, At±-l-¯nsâ IY-I-fpsS hni-I-e-

\-¯n {]kvXpX BJym-\-X{´§fpsS kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§sf khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p-−v.

ae-bm-f-km-lnXy]T-\-§-fn BJym-\-X-{´-hn-i-I-e\w Imcy-ambn \S-

¶n-«n-Ã. BJym-\-ssi-ensb {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-b-ambn kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ kmµÀ`n-I-ambn ]cm-aÀin¨p t]mtI− H¶mbn am{X-amWv AXns\ I−n-cp-

¶-Xv. IrXn-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Nq−n-Im-Wn-¡pI F¶-ÃmsX Hcp X{´-sa¶

hcp-¯n-XoÀ¡p-¶-sXt¶m ]Tn-¡m³ DÅ {ia-§Ä \S-¶n-«n-Ã. IYm-in-ev]-

\nÀ½n-Xn-bn cN-bn-Xmhv ]peÀ¯p¶ {Im^väns\ hniI-e\w sN¿m³ {ian-

¡p-t¼mÄt]mepw BJym-\-X-{´-¯nsâ Xnc-sª-Sp-¸v, BJym-\-L-S-I-§-fpsS DNn-X-amb ka-\z-b-¯nepw Bi-b-kw-th-Z\ sshNn-{Xy-¯nepw GXp-hn-[-

¯n kzm[o\w sNep-¯p-¶p-sh¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ At\z-j-W-¯n\v Xp\n-bm- dnà F¶-XmWv hmkvX-hw. Hmtcm Fgp-¯p-Im-c-sâbpw BJym-\co-Xn-Isf hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xn Abm-fpsS BÀÖn-X-hm-k-\-IÄ¡pw kzoI-cn-¡p¶

BJym-\-X-{´-§Ä¡pw \nÀ®m-b-I-amb ]¦m-WpÅXv. AXp-sIm-−vXs¶

ho£-W-tIm-Wnsâ DNn-X-amb {Iao-I-cWw sXm«v BJym-\-¯nsâ kÀÆmw-K-

¯nepw kzm[o\w sNep-¯m³ sIev]mÀ¶ BJym-\-X-{´-¯nsâ Xnc-sª-Sp-

¸n Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ ]peÀ¯p¶ kq£va-Xbpw sshZ-Kv[yhpw Xs¶-bmWv Abm-fpsS BJym-\-I-esb hnh-cn-¡m³ kzoI-cn-t¡− {][m\ D]m[n F¶v ]d-bmw.

"A\p-hm-N-I-\n sshIm-cn-Itam `mh-\m-ß-Itam Bb {]Xn-I-c-W§Ä Xzcn-¸n-¡m-\mbn Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ t_m[-]qÀÆ-amtbm AÃm-sXtbm D]-tbm-Kn-

¡p¶ GXp coXn-tbbpw BJym-\-X-{´-ambn Icp-Xmw'⁴⁰

F¶v hnÀPn kvtImSv A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v. DNn-X-amb BJym-\-X-{´- am-Wv, {]Xn-]m-Zy-h-kvXp-hns\ AÀ°-]qÀ®-am¡n Bkzm-Z-I\v {]m]y-am-¡n-am- äp-¶-Xv. CXn-hr-¯-L-S\m sshNn-{Xy-§-Ä, IYm-_Ôs¯ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I, ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡msX hnSp-I, BJym-\-¯n\pÅn hnS-hp-Isf ]qcn-¸n-¡msX

\ne-\nÀ¯pI F¶n-h-sb-t¸mepw sdmfmMv _mÀ¯v "BJym-\-I-§-fpsS LS-

\m-hn-i-I-e-\-¯n\v Hcp apJ-hpc' F¶ {]_-Ô-¯n khn-ti-j-amb BJy-

\-X-{´-§-fmbn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-−v. AXp-sIm-−vXs¶ kmam-\y-ambn ]dbp-I- bmsW¦n BJym-\-X-{´§sf hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv BJym-\-im-kv{X-

¯nsâ [À½w. AXn-eqsS BJym-\-I-em-]-{K-Y-\hpw km[y-am-Ip-¶p.

1.11. ]m{X-krjvSn

Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ ]m{X-c-N-\mssh-`-h-¯n\v BJym\Ie-bn khn-ti- j-amb Øm\-ap-−v. BJym-Xm-hnsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sn-te¡v A\p-hm-N-Isc sIms−-¯n-t¡− ISa IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v DÅ-Xn-\m AXo-h-{i-²-tbmsS

\nÀÆ-ln-t¡-−p¶ H¶mWv ]m{X-\nÀ½nXn F¶p hcp-¶p. \mS-I-a-S-¡-apÅ BJym-\-{]-[m-\-amb kmln-Xy-cq-]§fn A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcp LS-I-amWv

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä F¶n-cn-¡nepw Ah-bpsS aqÀ¯-cq-]m-hn-jvImc km[y-X-I-fn ]e-t¸mgpw Gä-¡p-d-¨n kw`-hn-¡pw. Hcp {]tXyI `mh-¯ntem {]ta-b-

¯ntem Du¶n cN\ \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ "sNdp-I-Y'-bn IYm-]m-{X-Nn-{X-W-¯n khn-ti-j-amb {i²-]p-eÀt¯-−Xv AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. DNn-X-ambn {Iao- I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ A\-h-[n kw`h-§-fn-eq-sSbpw AXn-t\m-SpÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fn- eq-sS-bpta Hcp IYm]m-{Xs¯ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m\pw A\p-hm-N-I-k-a£w aqÀ¯-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m\pw Ign-bp-I-bq-Åq. CXv t\mh-entem \mS-I-

¯ntem \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xpt]mse sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ]cn-an-Xm-´-co-£-¯n km[y-am-hp-I-bn-Ã. Bb-Xn-\m ]e-t¸mgpw khn-tij ]cn-N-cWw \ÂIm-\m- ImsX angn-hp- \-jvS-am-bn-t¸m-Ip¶ IYm-]m-{X-§-sf-bmWv sNdp-I-Ym-tem-I¯v Is−-¯m-\m-hp-I. Ddq-_nsâ "cm¨n-b½'sbt¸m-sebpw Sn.-]-ß-\m-`sâ

"Kucn'sb-t¸m-sebpw cmP-e-£van-bpsS "aIfn'se imc-Z-sb-t¸m-se-bp-apÅ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä hfsc hnc-f-am-Wv. C¡q-«-¯n kn.-hn.-{io-cm-asâ BJym-\-{]- ]©w hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. GsXmcp sNdnb IYm]m-{X-t¯bpw khn-ti-j- am¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ At±lw kZm _²-{i-²-\m-Wv. Xsâ Iem-ß-Ihpw Pohn-X-KÔnbp-amb ZÀi\w klr-Z-b-cn-se-¯-W-sa-¦n kpZr-Vhpw kzm`m-hn- IX P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-am-sbmcp hyàn-Xz-apÅ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ A\n-hm-cy-X- sb-¡p-dn¨v ià-amb Ah-t_m[w ]peÀ¯nb Fgp¯p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p, kn.- hn.-{io-cm-a³. LS-\-hm-Zn-I-fmb BJym-\-im-kv{X-ÚÀ, IYm-]m-{X-§sf CXn- hr-¯-]-c-amb [À½-§Ä ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p¶ KW-§-fmbn am{X-amWv I−-Xv.

AhÀ IYm-]m-{X-§sf ktµ-i-hm-l-I³, kzoIÀ¯m-hv, klm-bn, FXn-cmfn F¶n-§s\ DNn-X-amb \ma-§Ä \ÂIn hÀ¤o-I-cn-¡p-Ibp−mbn.

F¶m B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-cmb BJym\ssk²m-´n-IÀ IYm-]m-{X-

§Ä¡v BJym-\-¯n khn-ti-j-amb ]¦v hln-¡p-hm-\p-s−¶v Øm]n-¨p.

IYm-]m-{X-§Ä kaq-l-¯nse hyàn-I-tfmSv kmZriyw ]peÀ¯p-¶-htcm kw`-hy-X-bp-Å-htcm Bbn-cn¡pw. IYm-K-Xn-bn hnhn-[-§-fmb [À½-§Ä

\nÀÆ-ln-¡p-hm-\mbn krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp¶hcmWv ChÀ F¶-Xp-sIm-−p-Xs¶

[mÀ½n-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-hp-amb am\-§sf IqsS BJym-\-

¯n DÄtNÀ¡p-hm\pw {]kvXpX]m-{X-hn-\ym-k-¯n-eqsS km[y-am-bn-¯o-cp-

¶-Xmbn BJym-\-]-T\w shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p−v.⁴¹ CXns\ A\zÀ°am¡pw hn[-

¯nemWv {iocm-a³ Xsâ IYm-]m-{XkrjvSn \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

kmlnXyhnaÀi-IÀ IYm-]m-{X-§sf hnhn[ hn`m-K-§-fmbn hÀ¤o-I-cn-

¨n-«p-−v. Nne-t¸mÄ IYm-Ir¯v t\cn«v IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ cq]-kz-`m-h§Ä hÀ®n-¡p-¶p. aäp Nne-t¸mÄ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä X½n-epÅ kw`mjW-¯n-eq- sSbpw {]hr-¯n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw ]m{X-kz-`mhw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-]p-dsa IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ t_m[-[m-c-bn-eqsS kz`m-hs¯ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ coXn-bp-ap-

−v. C.-Fw.-t^m-ÌÀ, IYm-]m-{Xs¯ ]c-¶Xv (flat) Dcp-−Xv (round) F¶n-

§s\ c−m-bmWv Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.⁴² BJym-\-¯n-\p-Ån IS-¶p-h-cp¶

kw`-h-§-fn `mK-hm-¡m-Ip-Ibpw A\p-`-h-§-fn-eqsS hnI-kn-¨v ]qÀ®X t\Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ IYm-]m-{X-s¯-bmWv "Dcp-−Xv' (round) F¶-Xp-sIm−v C.-Fw.-t^m-ÌÀ AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. bmsXm-cp-hn[ amähpw IqSmsX BZy´w IY-bn ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ IYm-]m-{X-amWv, "]c-¶'-sX¶ kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-¯n\v AÀl³. BZy-t¯Xv k¦oÀ®-{]-Ir-Xnbpw {Xnam-\-Xz-ap-Å-Xpam-Wv. c−m-a- t¯Xv efn-X-{]-Ir-XnbpÅXpw Zznam-\Xzw hln-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. IYm-L-S-\-bn hyXy-kvX-amb {Inb-amÀ¤-§Ä D−m-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ahsb ^e-{]-Z-ambn DÄs¡m-−p-sIm−v {]hÀ¯-\-\n-c-X-am-hp-Ibpw (D-Nn-X-amÀ¤w sXc-sª-Sp-¯- ti-jw) IYm-´y-¯n \nÀ®m-bI ]¦ph-ln-¡p-Ibpw (C-sXm-s¡bpw A\p- hm-N-IÀ¡v hniz-k-\o-b-ambn A\p`h-s¸-Sp-Ibpw thWw) sN¿p¶ k¦oÀ®

{]Ir-Xn-bpÅ IYm]m-{Xs¯ krjvSn-¡m-\mWv {]bm-kw.

am³{^Uv Pm³ IYm]m-{X-§sf Ah-cpsS kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Isf B[m-c-am-¡n, BJym\w sN¿p¶ IYm-]m{Xw (narrational character) þ Iev]n- X-I-Ym-]m{Xw (figural character), {]IS IYm-]m{Xw (explicit character) þ kqNnX IYm-]m{Xw (implicit character), Bß-I-Ym-]m-{X-h-XvI-cWw (self characterisation) þ A\y-IYm ]m{X-h-XvI-cWw (altero characterisation) F¶n-§s\ hÀ¤o-I-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-sW¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-−v.⁴³ ({iocm-asâ IY-Isf hni-I-e\w sN¿p¶ A[ym-b-§-fn Chsb IqSp-X hni-Zo-I-cn-

¡p-¶p-−v). AtXm-sSm¸w BJym-\-¯n IYm-]m-{X-§Ä A\p-jvTn-¡p¶

[À½s¯ B[m-c-am¡n hniz-kvX-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä (confident character- isation), sshcp-²ym-ßI IYm-]m-{X-§Ä (foil characters), GtIm-]-\-I-Ym-]m- {X-§Ä (chorus characters) F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ hn`-P-\hpw km[y-am-sW¶v am³{^Uv Pm³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. IY-bnse tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-¯nsâ hniz- Ø\pw k´-X-k-l-Nm-cn-bp-amWv hniz-kvXI-Ym-]m-{X-sa-¦n sshcp-²ym-ßI

IYm-]m{Xw tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X¯nsâ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶Xv Ahbv¡v sshcp-²ym-ß-IX ]peÀ¯p¶

kz´w hyàn-Xz-¯n-eq-sS-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. F¶m GtIm-]\ IYm-]m-{X-§-fm- Is« IYbv¡v ]pd-¯p-\n-¶p-sIm−v IY-bv¡v B[m-c-amb kw`-h-§-sfbpw IYm-]m-{X-§-sfbpw {]Xy-£o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-ambpw \oXn-bp-à- ambpw lmkym-ß-I-ambpw Imcy-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-cm-Wv.

sPbnwkv ^mse³, ]oäÀ sP. dm_n-t\m-hnävkv F¶n-hÀ tNÀ¶v IYm- ]m-{X-kr-jv-Sn-bnse {][m\ tNcp-h-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]T\w \S-¯n-bn-«p-−v. A\p-I- cWw AYhm bYmÀ°w (mimetic), Bi-b-]-cw (thematic), Hu]-Nm-cnIw AYhm Ir{Xnaw (synthetic), F¶o LS-I-§sf hyXy-kvXm-\p-]m-X-¯n Iq«n-t¨À¯mWv Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-s¯bpw hn`n-¶-cm-¡p-¶-sX¶v AhÀ \nco-

£n-¨n-«p-−v.⁴⁴

sNdp-I-Y-bpsS LS-\m-inev]w ]e-t¸mgpw C¯-c-¯n-epÅ ]m{X-kr- jvSnsb ]n´p-W-¡m-dn-Ã. IYm-]m{Xw GXp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-bmepw IYm-K-Xn- bn Ah sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o-\s¯ hyà-am¡n ImWn-¡m\pw kzm`m-hn-I- am-sbmcp {]I-S\w ImgvN-sh-¸n-¡m\pw Fgp-¯p-Im-c\v km[n-t¡-−-Xp-−v.

AXp-sIm−v Xs¶ IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-jvIm-c-¯n-epÅ sshZ-Kv[y-s¯bpw BJym-

\-I-e-bpsS Dc-I-Ãmbn BJym-\-]-T\w ap³t]m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p-sh¶v ]d-bmw.

1.12. `mjbpw ssienbpw

Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ I¿nse Gähpw henb D]-I-c-W-am-Wv `mj. `mj- bpsS At\-I-km-[y-X-Isf kÀ¤m-ß-I-ambn D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-emWv BJym-Xm-hnsâ anSp¡v F¶p ]d-bmw. a\p-jysâ FÃm Xc-¯n-epÅ Pohn- Xm-h-Ø-I-sfbpw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m³ ià-amb hymNy-Nn-Ó-§-fmbn `mjsb amäm³ Ign-bp-t¼m-gmWv Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ BJym-\-Ie D¶-Xnsb {]m]n-¡p-¶- Xv. BJym-\-¯nse ASn-Øm\LS-I-am-Wv, hm¡v. IY-bpsS B´-cn-Ihpw _mly-hp-amb LS-\sb \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xn AXn\v henb ]¦m-Wp-Å-Xv.

`mj-bpsS `mh-cq-]-X-e-§-fnepw hmIy-L-S-\m-X-e-§-fnepw \S-¯p¶ sXc- sª-Sp-¸v, {]tXy-I-X-c-¯n-epÅ Du¶epw BhÀ¯-\-hpw, hmIy-c-N-\m-hn- tijw XpS-§n-b-h-bm IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ sshIm-cnI kwLÀj-§-sfbpw kml-N-cy-§-sfbpw A\p-hm-N-I-cn-te¡v kw{I-an-¸n-¡m³ km[y-am-Ip-¶n-S¯v

tIh-e-amb "IY ]d-¨nÂ't]mepw IYm-\p-`-h-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p. kn.-hn.-{io- cm-asâ IY-I-fnse `mj CXn\v D¯-a-Zr-jvSm-´-am-Wv.

BJym-\-¯nsâ kzcw (narrative tone)\nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xnepw `mjbv¡v {it²-b-amb Øm\-ap-−v. Hcp BJym-\-hy-h-lm-c-¯n BJym-Xm-hnsâ Øm\w `mj-I-tâ-Xm-Wv. t{imXm-hp-ambn AbmÄ `mj-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv, AsÃ-

¦n kzc-¯n-eqsSbmWv _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. kzc-hn-Xm-\-¯nse hyXn-bm-\-

§fnepw BJym-Xmhpw t{imXmhpw X½n-epÅ {Inbm-[n-jvTn-X-_Ô§fnepw Du¶n-bmWv BJym-\-¯nsâ kz`mhw \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.Nne-t¸mÄ BJym-Xm-hnsâ kzchpw {KÙIm-csâ kzchpw X½n kmay-ap-−m-Ipw. Ch ]c-kv]cw hyà-am-b hyXymkw ]peÀ¯p¶ kml-N-cy-§fpw D−m-Im-dp-−v.

AXn-\m BJym-\-`m-jbpw kzc-hn-Xm-\hpw At`-Zy-amb Xc-¯n _Ô- s¸«p InS-¡p¶ H¶m-Wv. sP\äv BJym-\-¯nse Hcp kp{]-[m\ LS-I-am- bmWv `mjsb ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp IrXn-bnse `mj D¨-cn-Xhpw(uttered) B´-cn-Ihpw(Inner) Bb IYm-]m-{X-`m-j-Ww DÄt¨À¶-Xm-sW-¶-Xn-\m sP\äv AXns\ BJym-\-`m-jWw (narrated speech) F¶pw ]cn-hÀ¯n-X-`m- jWw (transposed speech) F¶pw c−mbn Xncn-¡p-¶p.⁴⁵

1. BJym-\-`m-jWw (narrated speech)

CXv BJym-Xmhv kz´w hm¡p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v sIm−v \S-¯p¶

`mj-W-am-Wv. CXv kmln-Xy-¯n km[m-c-W-bmbn ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p-h-cp¶ Hcp

`mj-W-co-Xn-bm-Wv. CXn IYm-]m-{X-`m-j-Whpw kw`-h-hn-h-c-W-hp-sams¡

A\zm-Jym-\-cq-]-¯n (diagetic) Bhn-jvIr-X-am-hp-¶p.

2. ]cn-hÀ¯nX`mjWw (transposed speech)

BJym-\-`m-j-W-t¯m-sSm¸w Bß-K-Xhpw kw`m-j-W(A-\p-I-c-W-co- XnbnÂ)hpw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m−pÅ `mj-W-coXn Ah-ew-_n-¡p-t¼mÄ AXns\ ]cn-hÀ¯n-X-`m-jWw F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. BJym-\-`m-j-W-t¯m-sSm¸w Bß-K-Xhpw kw`m-j-Whpw X\n-t¨m c−pw H¶p tNÀt¶m IS-¶p-h-cmw.

IYm-]m-{X-`m-jWw A\p-I-c-W-co-Xn-bn-ep-Å-Xm-hp-t¼mÄ AXv Cc« D²-c-Wn-

¡p-Ån BWv BJym-\-¯n IS-¶p-h-cpI F¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. BJym-\-

`m-j-Ws¯ At]-£n¨v IqSpXÂ hnizm-kyXbpÅ-Xmbn sP\äv ImWp-¶Xv {]kvXpX `mj-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-s¯-bm-Wv.⁴⁶

Xsâ A´À`m-hs¯ A\y\nte¡v DNn-X-amb Xc-¯n kw{I-an-¸n-

¡m³ hyà-Xbpw IrXy-Xbpw DÅ Hcp `mjbpw AXn-eqsS \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp-

¡p¶ cq]-Ihpw⁴⁷ (metaphor) {]Xn-am-\-I-ev]-\-Ifpw (imagery)⁴⁸ BJym-Xm- hn\v AXym-h-iy-ambn hcp¶p. i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§-fpsS D]-tbm-K-¯n-eq-sSbpw ]Zm-hÀ¯-\-¯n-eq-sSbpw hÀ®-§-fpsS [z\n-aq-ey-{I-ao-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sSbpw IY- bnse KZy-¯n\pw `mh-¯n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp B´-cnI Xmfs¯ Fgp-

¯p-Im-c\v krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. kn.-hn.-{io-cm-asâ ]e IY-Ifpw CXn\v D¯a DZm-l-c-W-§-fmWv F¶p ]d-bmw. AXp-t]mse BJym-Xm-hn- s\bpw IYm-]m-{X-§-sfbpw Øen-Ihpw Imen-I-hp-ambn BJym-\-¯n AS- bmfs¸-Sp-¯m\pw {KÙ-IÀ¯mhv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv `mj-tb-bm-Wv. {]mtZ-in- Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hyàn-`m-j, enwK-`m-j, hc-sam-gnþhm-samgn kwbpàw XpS§nb `mjm-t`-Z§sfsIm−mWv CXv km[y-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

C§s\ BJym-\-¯nsâ XpS¡w sXm«v HSp-¡w-hsc `mj Aew-L-\o-b-am- sbmcp ta[m-hnXzw ]peÀ¯p-¶p-s−¶v ImWmw. AXnsâ tkzÑm-]-c-amb kz`m-h-hn-tijwsIm−v BJym-\-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ\n¶v FXnÀ]m-T-§fpw Dev]m- Zn-X-am-Im-dp-−v.

BJym\w sN¿m-\mbn {KÙ-Im-c³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ `mjbv¡v Abm- fpsS am\-kn-I-L-S-\-tbmSpw At`-Zy-amb _Ô-ap-−m-bn-cn-¡pw. Fgp-¯p-Im- csâ hyàn-Xz-ap-{Z-IÄ t]dmsX \ne-\n¡m³ BJym-\-`m-jbv¡v km[y-a-Ã.

Cu Ah-Øm-hn-ti-j-amWv "ssien' F¶ k¦-ev]-\-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

khn-ti-j-X-c-¯n AÀt°m-ev]m-Z\-tijn km[y-am-bn-«pÅ hmMvab-I-e- bmWv ssien F¶p ]dbmw. hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb `mj-bn ]pXpa hcp¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ {ian-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv Abm-fpsS ssien-bmbn cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶m Hcp Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ Xsâ cN-\-I-fn FÃmw Xs¶

Htc Xc-¯n-epÅ ssien ]n´p-S-c-W-sa-¶p-an-Ã. Bhn-jvI-cn-t¡-−p¶ cq]-`m- h-§Ä¡v A\p-k-cn¨v ssieo-t`-Z-§Ä hcm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ kzXz-{]-Im-i-\-amWv ssien-sb¶v ]d-bm-sa-¦nepw Htc a«n-epÅ ssien hmb-

\-¡m-c-\n hnc-kX krjvSn-¡p-sa-¶-Xn-\m C¯cw t`Z-§Ä Bh-iy-ap-−v.

CtX-Ip-dn¨v F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cyÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv t\m¡p-I;

"ssien, a\p-jysâ hnc-e-S-bmfw t]mse, imiz-X-amb H¶-Ã. hfcp-Ibpw amdp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ H¶mWv ssien; Hcp kt¦-X-sa-¶-t]mse ho£-W-coXn IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu \ne-bn kmln-Xy-Im-csâ am\-kn-I-amb hnImkw ssien-bn \ng-en-¡p-¶p-s−¶v ]dbmw'.⁴⁹

"ssien Fgp-¯nsâ eb-\m-Xo-X-am-sbmcp KpW-a-Ã. AXv Fgp-¯p-X-s¶- bmWv'⁵⁰

F¶v anUnÄsS¬ sadn A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv CXn-\m-em-Wv.

`mj-bpsS AÀ°-{]-I-S-\-co-Xnsb s]mXp-hmbn `mjm-ssi-en-sb¶v hnfn-¡mw. `mjm-{]-tbm-K-§-fnse hyXn-bm-\-§fmWv `mjm-ssi-enbv¡v B[m- cw. AwKo-Ir-X-amb `mjm-{]-tbm-K-§-fn \S-¯p¶ h{Io-I-c-W-amWv kmln- Xy-`m-jsb at\m-l-chpw sshNn-{Xy-]qÀ®-hp-am-¡p-¶-sX¶v ImWmw.

In document m-hn-tijw: kn.-hn. {iocmasâ IY-I-fn - University of Calicut (Page 48-55)