Ô kzcq]w
2.7 BJym-\-X{´sshhn[yw
{]ta-b-§-fpsS sshNn-{Xy-¯n\v A¸pdw BJym-\-X-{´-§-fpsS ssh]p- ey-sam¶pw {iocm-asâ IY-I-fn Is−-¯m-\m-hp-I-bn-Ã. Nne X{´-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-amb BhÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsSbmWv At±lw Xsâ IY-I-fpsS BJym\w \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]Y-a-]p-cp-jsâ HmÀ½-I-fn-eq-sSbpw bm{X-I- en-eq-sSbpw ap³t]m-«p-t]m-Ip¶ BJym-\-L-S-\sb Im¯p-kq-£n-¡p-¶-h-bm- Wv, {iocm-asâ H«p-an¡ IY-I-fpw. {]kvXpX BJym-\-X-{´-§Ä ImYn-Isâ aäp ]e BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-tfmSv tNÀ¶v krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kq£va-hy-Xn- bm-\-§-fmWv B IY-Isf hyXy-kvX-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xv. {]Y-a-]p-cp-jsâ ho£-W-tIm-Wn BJym\w \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-Sp¶ IY-I-fn-te-sdbpw hyà- ambn t]cn-Ãm¯ "AbmÄ'Xs¶-bmWv BJym-Xm-hv. Abm-fpsS "HmÀ½-IÄ',
"^vfmjv_m¡v', "^vfmjv t^mÀthUv, F¶o kt¦-X-§-fpsS an{i-am-Wv.
F¶m C§-s\-sbmcp hÀ¤o-I-c-Ws¯ {iocm-a³ A\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶n-Ã.
HmÀ½sb¶ BhÀ¯nX kt¦-X-¯nÂ\n¶v hyXn-N-en-¡m\pw Hcp-¡-a-Ã.
{iocm-asâ hm¡p-IÄ t\m¡p-I.
"kn\n-a-bn-emWv ^vfmjv _m¡v DÅ-Xv. CXn\v HmÀ½-IÄ F¶mWv ]d-tb-−- Xv. s]s«¶v IY hfsc ]g-a-bn-te¡v t]mIp-¶p. ho−pw Xncn-¨p-h-cp-¶p.
C¯cw hnaÀi\w Ds−-¦nepw Fsâ kt¦Xw amäm³ Rm³ X¿m-dÃ.
AXnsâ Bh-iy-an-Ã.'57
"HmÀ½' F¶ kt¦-Xw-sIm-−p-Xs¶ BJym-\-¯n H«-\-h[n sshhn- [y-§Ä krjvSn-¡m-sa¶v Xncn-¨-dnª Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p {iocm-a-³ F¶XmWv Cu \ne-]mSv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Nne-t¸mÄ am{Xw BhÀ¯-\-hn-c- kX A\p-`-h-s¸-t«-¡m-sa-¦nepw "sFdWn'bpsS hyXy-kvX-X-e-§sf D]-bp- à-am¡n HmÀ½-I-tfmSpw bm{X-I-tfmSpw ka-\z-bn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ BJym\w AXy-[nIw khn-ti-j-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. HmÀ½/adhn, ]ga/]pXp-a, \Kcw/
{Kmaw, BßmÀ°X/Im]-Syw, PohnXw/ac-Ww, `àn/hn`àn XpS-§nb hncp-
²-Zzµ§-tfm-tcm¶pw BJym-\-¯nsâ AS-cp-I-fn hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw B´-cn-I-L-S-\sb kwLÀjm-ß-I-am¡n \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
C§s\ Ccp-Im-e-§Ä X½nepw hyhØnXn-IÄ X½nepw aqey-§Ä X½nepw kw`-hn-¡p¶ hn]-cybw a\p-jy-_Ô-§Ä¡n-S-bnepw hyàn-bpsS B´-cn-I-a-
\-Ênepw krjvSn-¡p¶ kwLÀj-amWv {iocm-asâ IY-I-fpsS L\-tI-{µw. ac- tWm-Õp-I-\m-bn«pw Nnc-Imew Im¯n-cp-¶n«pw `à\v e`n-¡m¯ ac-W-sa¶
A\p-{Klw \nco-iz-c-hm-Znbpw Ak-·mÀ¤n-bp-amb Hcp-h\v Ffp-¸-¯n Ic-K-X- am-Ip¶ "A\m-bm-tk\ ac-Ww', {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-k-¦-ev]-\hpw AXnsâ A]- N-bhpw Gäp-ap-«p¶ "bXo-{µ-Zm-knsâ Bßmhv', DZm-¯-am-sbmcp aqey-hy-h- Øbpw sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-I-bpsS Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTn-X-amb aqey-c-ln-X-hy- h-Øbpw A\m-hr-X-am-Ip¶ "thcp-IÄ ]pXn-bXpw ]g-bXpw' XpS-§nb IY-I- fn Cu ssh]-co-Xys¯ hfsc hyà-ambn {iocm-a³ kqNn-¸n-¡p¶p−v
"]´n-t`m-P\w' F¶ IY-bpsS A´y-`mKw t\m¡p-I;
"D®n Zp:Jt¯msS HmÀ¯p.
Hcp hyhØ ]nSn¨ ]nSn-bmte Iogvta adn-¨n-«p. ^e-tam.... ]ns¶bpw ]´n- I-fp-−m-¡p-¶p. ]´n-t`m-P\w ]ns¶bpw hne-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.'58
BZy-Im-e¯v PmXo-b-amb D¨-\o-N-Xz-§-fmWv a\p-jysc ]c-kv]cw thÀXn-cn-¨p-\nÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-sX-¦n ka-Im-en-Im-h-Ø-bn AXv k¼-¯n- tâbpw HutZymKn-I-amb D¶-X-t{i-Wo-_-Ô-§-fp-tSbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯nembn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn {]kvXp-X-IY hyà-am-¡p-¶p. hyh-Øn-Xn-IÄ¡p h¶p- tNÀ¶ sFd-Wn(hn-cpt²màn)-bn-eqsS BJym\w khn-ti-j-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.
khn-ti-j-am-sbmcp kmln-Xy-k-t¦-X-amWv, sFdWn. _mly-X-e-¯n Dt±- in-¡p-¶-Xn\v t\Àhn-]-co-X-ambn kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv sFdWn F¶-Xp- sIm−v AÀ°am-¡p-¶-Xv. \À½s¯ P\n-¸n-¡m-t\m, A\p-Xm-]-]qÀÆamb Hcp A´-co-£-\nÀ½nXn \S-¯mt\m BWv km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn sFdWn F¶ kt¦-Xs¯ kmln-Xy-¯n D]-bp-à-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
"]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ sFd-Wn-bmWv {iocm-a³ hnkva-b-I-c-amb Ic-hn-cp-tXmsS {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. I\n-hnsâ \\-hpÅ sFd-Wn, ]pÑ-¯nsâ ]p©ncn AWn- bp¶ sFd-Wn, tcmj-¯nsâ Xos¸mcn NnX-dp¶ sFdWn F¶n-§s\
kµÀt`m-Nn-X-amb sFd-Wn-{]-tbmKw sIm−v khn-ti-j-amb Hcp ku`m-Ky- amWv {iocm-a³ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv.'59
F¶v {iocm-asâ sXc-ª-Sp¯ IY-IÄs¡-gp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn sI.-A-c-hn-µm-£³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv {it²-b-am-Wv.
sFd-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨-cp¶ Bt£-]-lm-kyhpw
amcvIvknÌv ho£-Ww', "£pc-ky-[m-c', "C\n Ejn-tI-in-te-¡n-Ã', "Zpc-hØ ]ns¶bpw h¶-t¸mÄ', "A\m-bm-tk\ ac-Ww', "Iq«n-hm-bn-¡-cpXv' XpS-§nb Ht«-sd-I-Y-IÄ Bt£-]-lm-ky-¯nsâ Xo£vW-X-bn BJym\w sN¿-s¸-«- h-bm-Wv. AtX-t]mse "c−p-h-enb ih-s¸-«n-IÄ hm§p-t¼mÄ',
"sa¡n³tSmjv kmbn-¸nsâ s]cm-¼p-te-äÀ', "ap¯-Èn-bpsS ac-Ww',
"AhnÂs¸m-Xn', "im´n \jvS-s¸-«-h-cpsS kulrZw' XpS-§n-bh Ccp-−-\À½-
¯nsâ hnkvt^m-S-\m-ß-I-am-sbmcp Xes¯ BJym-\-L-S-\-bn kzmwio-I-cn-
¨p-sh-¨n-«p-Å-h-bm-sW¶pw ImWmw.
A\ym-]-tZiw60 kt¦-X-ambn kzoI-cn-¨n-«pÅ IY-I-fmWv "aoi', "]pXp-a- bn-Ãm-¯-h-cpsS \K-cw', "IS-emkv s]cp-amÄ', "thjw amdn' F¶n-h. Iem-]-c- ambn henb anIhv Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-\n-sÃ-¦nepw {]kvXpX IY-I-fnse {]ta-bm- hn-jvIm-c-¯n \nKq-V\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ cmjv{So-b-þ-N-cn-{X-k-Ôn-IÄ BJym-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ¡pw sshinjvSy§Ä¡p-a-¸pdw Ahsb {it²-b- am¡n \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶p. ]mTm-´cX61kt¦X-ambn kzoI-cn-¨n-«pÅ Zpc-hØ ]ns¶bpw h¶-t¸mÄ (Zp-c-h-Ø-þ-Ip-am-c-\m-im³), ]p¯q-cm³ amSn-te¡p ho−pw (Ip-Sn-sbm-gn-¡Âþssh-tem¸nÅn {io[-c-ta-t\m³) F¶o IY-IÄ {iocm-asâ IYm-tem-I¯v thdns«mcp kt¦XkzoIm-cyXsIm−v FSp-¯p-]-d- tb-−-h-bm-Wv.
"henb ssk²m-´n-I-X-sbm-¶p-anà X{´-§fpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dn-Ã. Ipd-s¨m¶v ]n¶n-tem«v t]mbn IY-]-d-bp¶ coXn-bmWv s]mXpsh D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-Å-Xv'62 F¶v {iocm-a³Xs¶ hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v. F¦nepw B[p-\n-I-amb Ir{Xn-a-X-{´-§-fp-sSbpw BJym-\-L-S-\sb ZpÀ{K-l-am-¡p¶ kt¦-Xm-h-en-I- sf-bp-amWv At±lw hÀÖn¨Xv F¶p-]dbmw. At±lw ]d-ª-Xp-t]mse
"C³ aoUnbmkv sdkv' AYhm "IY-bpsS a[y-`m-K-¯p-\n¶p BJym\w Bcw-
`n-¡p¶ kt¦Xw' an¡ IY-I-fnepw BhÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp¶ BJym-\-k-{¼-Zm-b-am- sW¶v ImWmw. F¶m IYm-´y-¯nse sshhn-[y-§fpw SznÌp-I-fpsS D]- tbm-Khpw \ncm-k-hp-sams¡ {]kvXpX BJym-\-§sf sshhn-[y-]qÀ®-am¡n
\ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p−v. BJym\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap³]pÅ kw`- h-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v HmÀ½, hnh-c-Ww, kw`m-jWw XpS-§n-b-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv A\p- hm-N-IÀ¡v hyà-am-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m Nne hkvXp-X-Isf Ah-km-
\w -hsc hnhr-X-am-¡msX \o«n-s¡m-−p-t]mbn hnkvt^m-S-P-\-I-amb IYm-´y-
\nÀ½nXn km[y-am-¡m³ Cu kt¦Xw klm-bn-¡p-¶p. {]kvXpX hkvXp-¡-
fpsS A\m-hr-Xm-h-Øbpw kwhr-Xm-h-Ø-bp-sams¡ kam-\-k-t¦Xw D]-bp- à-am-¡p-t¼mgpw BJym-\-L-S-\sb hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶p. ]pdw-Im-gvN-IÄ, Ccn-
¡-¸n-Þw, £pc-ky-[m-c, CjvS-Zm-\w, DÀtfmkv XpS§n Ht«sd IY-IÄ C¯- c-¯nÂs¸«-h-bm-Wv. "ImWn-IÄ¡v Adnbmw' F¶ Ne-¨n-{X-k-t¦-Xhpw Ch- tbmSv tNÀ¯v ]e-I-Y-I-fnepw {iocm-a³ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p−v. IYm-K-Xn- sb-¡p-dn¨pw Nne kw`-h-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw BJym-Xmhv A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v kq-N\
\ÂIp-Ibpw Ah-bn `mK-hm-¡m-hp¶ IY-m]m{X-§Ä¡v AXv Ahy-à-am-bn-
¯s¶ XpS-cp-Ibpw sN¿pw F¶-XmWv {]kvXpX X{´-¯nsâ ImXÂ.
"C\n...?', "tXh-cpsS Xp¼n', "A½p-hnsâ B«n³Ip«n' F¶o IYIsfms¡
CXn\v D¯a DZm-l-c-W-§-fmWv.
2.8 BJym-\-¯nsâ kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä
BJym-\-L-S-\-bv¡p-Ånse kwL-Àjm-ß-I-X, [z\ym-ß-IX XpS-§n-b- h-bvs¡m¸w Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-§sf hymJym-\m-ß-I-ambpw aäp Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-
§sf A]{KY-\-]-c-ambpw kao-]n-¡p-¶-Xv, {iocm-asâ IY-I-fpsS s]mXp-k-hn- ti-j-X-bm-Wv. AXp-t]mse IYm-k-µÀ`-§sf aqÀ¯-amb hmMva-b-Nn-{X-§- fmbn Bte-J\w sNbvXp-sh-¡p-¶Xpw {]kvXpX IY-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
F¶m AXns\ "Zriy-]-cX' F¶-X-c-¯n hymJym-\n-t¡-−-Xn-Ã.
{]kvXpX KpW-amWv {iocm-asâ IY-Isf Ne-¨n-{X-am-[y-a-¯n-te¡v Ffp-¸-
¯n Øm\m-´cw sN¿m³ tbmKy-am¡n¯oÀ¯-sX¶p ]d-bm³ km[y-a-Ã.
A\m-h-iy-amb hÀ®-\-Itfm hnti-j-W-§tfm sIm−v s]men-¸n-¡m-sX, bpà-amb ]Ým-¯-e-¯n BJym\w \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p F¶Xpw kw`-h-§- fpsS tIh-e-hn-h-c-W-¯n A`n-c-an-¡msX IYm-]m-{X-§-sfbpw {Inb-I-sfbpw kµÀt`m-Nn-Xamb hmMva-b-Nn-{X-§-fmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶Xpw At_m-[m-ß-I-am-sb-¦nepw Ne-¨n-{X-k-t¦-X-§-fpsS khn-titjm]-tbmKw
\S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶XpamWv {iocm-asâ IY-Isf Ne-¨n-{X-am-[y-a-¯n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-Xv kpK-a-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
"kvt\lw, hnhm-lw, PmXn, A`n-am\w XpS-§nb A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§sf Xpd-¶p- Im-«p¶ At±-l-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-amb BJym-\-§-fmWv B IY-I-fnse Zriy-]-c-X. kaq-l-¯nsâ s]mXp-`q-an-I-bn AZriyam-bn-cn-¡p¶ Cu "Zriy- ]-cX' {]Xn-_-²-kn-\na e£y-an-Sp¶ kzX-{´-t_m-[-¯n-te-¡pÅ amÀ¤-
¯n\v DuÀÖw ]IÀ¶p-\ÂIp-¶p-ap−v'63
F¶pÅ Pn.-]n.-cm-a-N-{µsâ \nco-£Ww hf-sc-tbsd {it²b-am-Wv.
tIhew Øe-]-Ým-¯e hnh-c-W-¯nsâ kar-²nsb "Zriy-]-cX' F¶p hyh- l-cn-¡msX AaqÀ¯-amb a\p-jy-Po-hnX kµÀ`-§-sfbpw _Ô-§-sfbpw Ah-bpsS AXn-kq£vahyXn-bm-\-§-sfbpw hm¡p-IÄsIm−v Zriym-ß-I- am¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p F¶-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv {]kvXp-X-I-Y-I-fpsS kp{]-[m\
kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-sa¶v ]d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
2.9 kam-\-{]-ta-b-¯nsâ hyXykvX BJym-\-km-[y-X-IÄ
Htc {]ta-bs¯ BJym-\-L-S-I-§-fpsS tNcp-h-bn hyXym-kw hcp¯n hn`n-¶-§-fmb IY-IÄ krjvSn-¡p-¶Xpw Hcp IY-bpsS ]qc-W-ambn asämcp IYsb kwhn-[m\w sN¿p-¶Xpw {iocm-asâ IYm-tem-I-¯p\n¶pw [mcm-f-ambn Is−-¯m-\m-Ipw. "s]m´³amS' F¶ IY t\m¡p-I. "ioa-¯-¼p- cm³' F¶ IY-bpsS XpSÀ¨tbm AsÃ-¦n {]kvXpX IY IqsS DÄs¸-Sp¶
Hcp henb IYtbm BW,v s]m´³am-S. F¶m BJym-\-L-S-\-bn AXy´w sshPmXyw ]peÀ¯p-¶-h-bmWv Ccp IY-Ifpw F¶p-Im-Wmw. "C³ aoUn-bm-sdk'pw "HmÀ½'bpw B-Jym-\X-{´-ambn kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ioa-¯-
¼p-cm\pw s]m´³am-Sbpw B´-cn-I-ambn hncp-²-X-e-§-fn krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-
«pÅ IY-I-fm-Wv. s]m´³am-S-tbm-sSm¸w Ah³ Pohn-¨p-XoÀ¯ Imea{Xbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶ Ncn-{Xhpw cmjv{So-b-[z-\n-Ifpw Ht«sd a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-§fpw Cg-tNÀ¶v InS-¡p¶ hnim-e-am-sbmcp temI-s¯-bmWv {]kvXpX IYbpsS BJym\w {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¦n sshb-àn-I-_-Ô-§-fpsS Nne kq£va-X-e-§-fn-te¡v am{Xw {i²-bq-¶p-¶Xpw A{]-Xo-£n-X-am-sbmcp A´ys¯ Im¯p-h-bv¡p-¶Xpw AXy´w apdp-¡-amÀs¶mcp BJym-\-in- ev]s¯ DÄs¡m-Åp¶Xpamb IY-bmWv "ioa-¯-¼p-cm³' F¶p-ImWmw.
"IpcpXn' F¶ IY-bpsS XpSÀ¨-bmbn hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m-hp¶ IY-bmWv
"thcp-IÄ ]pXn-bXpw ]g-b-Xpw.' IYm-]m-{X-§fpw BJym-\-L-S-\sb ]qcn-¸n-
¡p¶ "A´ym-f³ ]pWym-f'sâ an¯pw ss]Xr-I-aq-ey-\n-cm-I-c-Whpw kam-\- am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ho£-W-tIm-Wn kw`-hn-¡p¶ hyXn-bm-\hpw (B-Zy-I-Y- bn IYm-\m-b-I³ Xs¶-bmWv BJym-Xm-sh-¦n c−m-as¯ IY-bn AbmÄ {]Xn-\m-b-I-\m-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw tIkp-\-S-¯p¶ h¡o-en-te¡v ]cn- t{]£yw amdn-a-d-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p) \Kcw/{Kmaw F¶ hncp-²-kw-LÀjw, ]gb/]pXpa F¶ aqey-hn-]-cy-¯n-te¡p \o§p-¶Xpw Ccp-I-Y-I-tfbpw hyXykvX BJym-\-L-S\ ]peÀ¯p¶ cN-\m-in-ev]-§-fmbn \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶p.
At¸mgpw _mly-X-e-¯n H¶p atä-Xnsâ ]qc-W-am-hm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. AXp- t]mse "a\-Ên Dcp-¡p-]-c-¡p¶p' F¶ IY-bpsS XpSÀ¨-bmWv "aq¯-a-I³ IÀ®³', "hnNn-´\w', "apdn-hp-IÄ DW-§p-¶'-Xn-sâbpw, "]´bw' "apJ§f'p- tSbpw "hÀ¤-hnjw' "Bta³ ]d¼n'tâbpw ]qc-W-§-fm-Wv. "a\-t¡m-«-IÄ',
"kptI-isâ kz]v\-§Ä' F¶nh CXn-hr-¯-]-c-amb Nne kq£va-hy-Xn-bm-\-
§Ä sIm−p-am{Xw hyXykvX IY-I-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶-h-bm-Wv.
"^wK-kv', "Hfn-t¨m-«w', "N{I-hÀ¯n\n' F¶o IY-IÄ {]ta-b-]-c-ambn Nne kmay-X-IÄ Hgn-¨p-\nÀ¯n-bm {]Xy-£-¯n XnI¨pw hn`n-¶-§-fm-Wv.
F¶m BJy-m\-X-{´-§-fpsS kmay-X -sXm«v B´-cn-I-L-S-\-bn aq¶p IY- Ifpw ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-Xhpw kZri-]-c-hp-am-Wv. Cu IY-IÄ X½n-epÅ {]ta-b- km-ayX "hnhm-l-]qÀÆ-_-Ô-¯nsâ `oj-Wn-bn \n¡p-¶-h-cpsS Pohn-Xm- Jym-\w' F¶-Xp-am-{X-am-Wv. {iocm-asâXs¶ `mj-bn AhÀ¡v "Hcp kzoävtlmw' hnhm-lm-\-´cw e`y-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv `oj-Wmh-Ø- bpsS cq£-Xsb hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. Hcn-¡epw Ic-K-X-am-hn-söv \n\¨
k´p-jvS-Ip-Spw-_-{]m-]vXn-bmWv Hcp Imes¯ kzÀ¤-Xp-ey-amb {]W-b-ti-jn-
¸p-Isf `oXn-tbmsS t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶-Xn \mbn-I-amsc F¯n-¡p-¶-Xv F¶v ]d-bmw. "N{I-hÀ¯n\n'bn PUvPn-bmb \mbn-I-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-Po-hn-X-
¯n\v IqsS {]kvXpX _Ôw BLm-X-ta¸n-¡m³ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.
"^wK-kn'-sebpw "N{I-hÀ¯n-\n-'bn-sebpw BJym-Xm-¡Ä hyXy-kvX-cm-sW-
¦nepw \mbn-Im-]m-{X-L-S\ H¶p-X-s¶-bm-Wv. Ch-bn BJym-Xm-¡-fpsS
`n¶m-hØ enwK-]-c-am-sW-¦n "Hfn-t¨m«'¯nse BJym-Xmhpw "N{I-hÀ¯n-
\nbn'se BJym-Xmhpw X½n A§-s\-sbmcp hyXymkw CÃ. F¶mÂ
\mbnIm-]m-{X-Nn-{X-W-¯n "N{I-hÀ¯n\n'bpw "^wKkpw' kmayw ]peÀ¯p- Ibpw "Hfn-t¨m«w' thdn-«p-\n¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
"N{I-hÀ¯n\n'bn {][m\IYm]m-{X-amb imc-Z-bpsS ]gb
¢mkvtaäpw AXo-h-kp-µ-cn-bp-am-bn-cp¶ arWm-fn-\n-bpsS ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eq-sS- bmWv BJym\w ap³t]m-«p-\o-§p-¶-Xv. arWm-fn\n HmÀ¡p¶p;
"hnIr-X-amb icocw. aqs¸-¯msX Icn-ªp-t]mb Ipe-bnse AÃn-IÄ IWs¡ hnc-ep-IÄsIm−v tNmdp-Ip-g-bv¡p-¶p. ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sm³ B{K-ln-¨p- sIm−v imcZ Ah-fpsS apJ-t¯¡v t\m¡n-b-t¸mÄ arWm-fn\n Ad-t¸msS apJw-Xn-cn-¨p-I-fªp.'64
C§s\ Idp¯ tImem-Snsâ apJhpw aä-t\Iw sshcq-]y-§fpw H¯n- W-§nb imc-Z-sb-t¸mse¯s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p, "^wK-kn'se \mbn-I-bmb
"]¦P'hpw. F¶m CXv Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw `qX-Im-e-Nn{X-§-fm-Wv. \ne-hn km¼-¯n-I--ambpw HutZym-Kn-I--ambpw Hu¶-Xy-¯n \n¡p-I-bm-Wv c−p
\mbn-I-am-cpw. AXv Ah-cpsS cq]-`m-h-§fnepw {]I-S-am-Wv. kuµ-cyw-sIm−v Al-¦-cn¨ arWm-fn-\nbpw (N-{I-hÀ¯n-\n), \·-sIm−pw hnip-²n-sIm−pw ap¶n«p\n¶ `mc-Xnbpw (H-fn-t¨m-«w) Pohn-X-¯n Xg-b-s¸-«-h-cmbn BJym-\- L-S-\-bn t\sc hn]-co-X-Øm-\¯v ØnXn sN¿p-¶p. F¶m "^wK-kn' IYm-\m-bn-I-bmb ]¦-P-¯nsâbpw Imap-I-\mb tla-N-{µ-sâbpw Iq«p-Im-c-
\mb "BJym-Xmhv' arWm-fn-\n-bp-tStbm `mc-Xn-bp-tStbm \ne-bn-e-Ã IYmL-S-
\bn ØnXn sN¿p-¶-Xv. ]¦-Phpw tla-N-{µ\pw X½n-epÅ {]W-b-¯nse a²y-Ø-s\¶ \ne-bn {]kvXpX IY-bn ]¦m-fn-sb-¦nepw Hcp km£n- bpsS [À½-amWv AbmÄt¡-sd-bp-Å-Xv. C¯cw sshPm-Xy-§Ä¡-¸pdw Iq«p- ImÀ X½n-epÅ ]p\x-k-µÀi-\hpw HmÀ½-I-fn-eqsS A\m-hr-X-am-Ip¶ IYm-L- S-\-bpsams¡ aq¶v IY-I-fnepw Xpey-amWv. IYm-]m-{X-§sf hn\y-kn¨v
\nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xnepw "C³ aoUnbm sdkn-'eq-sS-bpÅ BJym-\¯nepw {]Y-a-]p-cp-j-\n-epÅ ho£-W-Øm-\-¯nep-sams¡ kam-\-X {]I-Sam-Wv.
At¸mgpw {]Xy-£-X-e-¯n hyXy-kvXm-\p-`hw ]¦p-sh-bv¡m³ aq¶v IY- IÄ¡pw Bhp-¶p-ap−v. "^wKkv' `qX-Ime {]Wbw Ah-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶ `oj- Wn-bnepw h©-\-bn-ep-amWv Du¶p-¶-sX-¦n "N{I-hÀ¯n-\n'-sb¶ IY kz´w ]cn-an-Xn-Isf sNdp-¯p-tXm¸n¨ Hcph-fpsS ]X-\-¯n\v Imc-W- ambn¯ocp¶ ap³ {]WbhmRvO-bnepw kuµcyw/sshcq]yw F¶o hncp² Zzµ-§Ä¡v t\cn-tS−n hcp¶ Pb-]-cm-Pb ssh]-co-Xy-¯nep-amWv {i² tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. "Hfn-t¨m«w' hnizm-k-¯nÂ\n¶v hnizm-k-\-jvS-¯n-te¡pw hnizmkcmln-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶v hnizm-k-¯n-te-¡papÅ hncp²{[ph-§-fpsS kam-
´-c-am-sbmcp bm{Xsb {]iv\o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. C§s\ kam-\-{]-tabw kzoI-cn-¡p- t¼m-gpw BJym-\-X-{´-¯nepw LS-\m-X-e-¯nepw kam-\X -]p-eÀ¯p-t¼m-gpw {iocm-asâ Hmtcm IYbpw thdn-s«mcp AkvXnXzw kz´-am¡n \ne-sIm-Åp-¶- Xmbn ImWmw. kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n Xnc-sª-Sp¯
At±-l-¯nsâ IY-Isf, A]-{K-Y-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-s¡m−v {]kvXpX ØnXn hnti-js¯ IqSp-X hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡m\mWv XpSÀ¶pÅ A[ym-b-
§-fn {ian-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ipdn-¸p-IÄ
1. F³. Fkv. am[-h³, "bm{Xn-bpsS AIhpw ]pdhpw', NnZw-_-c-§Ä, ]n.
keow cmPv (F-Un.) tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan, 2010, ]p. 405.
2. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, Xp¼pw Xpcm-epw, F¨v& kn. _pIvkv, 2010, ]p. 55.
3. Brander Mathews, The philosophy of the short story, The University of California, Longmans, Green and Company, 1971, p.15.
4. Xp¼pw Xpcm-epw, ]p. 56.
5. cho-{µ³, "A-h-Xm-cn-I', kn.-hn.-{io-cm-asâ NnZw-_cw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, 1987, ]p. 11
6. Xp¼pw Xpcm-epw, ]p. 24.
7. kn. hn. {iocm-a-³, H«p sNSn, {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p.12.
8. R.F. Dietrich, Roger H Sandell (eds.), The art of fiction, Rinbort &
Winston (3rd ed.), 1978,p. 45.
(The subject of a work may be a place, a character, a situation or a quality of life the theme would be what the author has to say about them)
9. H«p sNSn, ]p. 320 10. Ibid. ]p. 315.
11. kn. hn. {iocm-a³,"Hcp sNdnb tIknse henb kw`-hw', ]m¼³ ]me-
¯n\v ap¼v, Idâv _pIvkv, 2001, ]p. 53.
12. Sn. ]p. 55.
13. IS-¯-\m«v \mcm-b-W³, "hnizm-k-¯nsâ ImWm-]p-d-§Ä', NnZw-_-c-
§Ä, keow cmPv (F-Un.) tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an, 2010, ]p. 320.
14. "kptI-isâ kz]v\-§-fnÂ', ]m¼³]me-¯n\pw ap¼v, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 2000, ]p. 72.
15. "bm{Xn-bpsS AIhpw ]pd-hpw',]p. 412.
16. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "tamkvtIm tdmUnsâ HmÀ½-IÄ', {iocm-asâ IY- IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 127.
17. R§sf sXm«mÂ, {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, ]p. 460.
18. Sn. ]p. 9.
19. kn.-hn. {iocm-a³, {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. IX.
20. Susanne, K. Langer, Philosophy in New Key, Mass Cambridge, 1942.
p.201.
21. Malinoswki, Bronislaw, 'Myth in primitive psychology', Newyork,
22. Xp¼pw Xpcm-epw, ]p. 79.
23. sI. hn. kpa-Kw-e, enwK-_-Ô-§-fp-sS BJym-\-im-kv{Xw, ssIcfn _pIvkv, 2011, ]p. 11.
24. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "ioa-¯-¼p-cm³', {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 352.
25. C¶-se-bn Dd-§p-¶-hÀ, ]p. 89.
26. sI. Fw. jdo-^v, IeÀ¸n-Ãm¯ ]gb imTy-§Ä, NnZw-_-c-§Ä, ]n.
keow cmPv (F-Un.) ]p. 23.
27. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "cma-N-{µ-\-KÀ', NnZw-_-cw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, 1987, ]p.
90.
28. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "Hfnt¨m-«w'. {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv_p-Ivkv, 2012, ]p. 65.
29. ]pdw ImgvN-IÄ, ]p. 315.
30. Sn. ]p. 323.
31. Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\³, "Ncn-{Xhpw `qanbpw H¯p-tN-cp-t¼mÄ', NnZw-_-c-§Ä, ]n. keow cmPv (F-Un.) 2010, ]p. 270.
32. kn. hn.{iocm-a³, "HmÀ½-I-fp-sS NnX-bnÂ', NnZw-_-cw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 1987, ]p. 36.
33. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "hn\ hnX-bv¡p¶ apJw', {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 283.
34. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "\n{Zm-S-\w', IY-IÄ : kn. hn. {iocm-a³, Idâv _pIvkv, ]p. 195.
35. Iq«-t¯msS cmPn, ]p. 204.
36. Cuiz-c³ tImhn-ense ]ip-]Xn DÕ-hw, ]p. 441.
37. sI.-C.-F³. "kvac-W-I-fpsS _e-X-{´w', NnZw-_-c-§Ä, ]n. keow cmPv (F-Un.), tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an, ]p. 285.
38. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "Zpc-hØ ]ns¶bpw h¶-t¸mÄ', {iocm-asâ IY- IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012. ]p. 126.
39. hmkvXp-lm-c, ]p. 29.
40. R§sf sXm«mÂ, ]p. 460.
41. Sn. ]p. 459.
42. Jan Mukarovsky, 'Standard Language and Poetic Language', Linguistics and Literary style, Freeman Donald, (ed.), Hold, Rinehard and Winston, Inc., 1970, p.43.
43. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "Aiz-Xn', {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 259.
44. hma-\³, ]p. 60.
45. Nm¯-\m¯v ANyp-X-\p-®n, Fw. BÀ. cmL-h-hm-cyÀ, ({]-km.) ssieo hnÚm-\wþ ka-Ime]T-\-§Ä, hÅ-t¯mÄ hnZym-]oTw, 1984, ]p. 12.
46. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "hma-\³', {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 61.
47. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "kq\n-a', {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 290.
48. Sn. ]p. 23.
49. Sn. ]p. 381.
50. P.N. Furbank, Reflection on the world Image, Seeker and Warbury, London, 1970. p.32.
51. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "thcp-IÄ ]pXn-bXpw ]g-b-Xpw', {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, ]p.141.
52. AWn-ap-dn-bm-sX, ]p. 215.
53. C\n....? ]p. 43.
54. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "Ipcp-Xn', {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 367.
55. Sn. ]p. 367.
56. thcp-IÄ ]pXn-bXpw ]g-b-Xpw, ]p. 155.
57. Xp¼pw Xpcm-epw, ]p. 57.
58. kn. hn. {iocm-a³, "]´n-t`m-P-\w', {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 195.
59. sI. Ac--hn-µm-£³, Ah-Xm-cn-I, {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ (A-h-Xm-cn-I), Idâv _pIvkv, 2012, ]p. 195
60. A\ym-]-tZiw, (A-en-K-dn) þ {]Ir-XmÀ°-kq-N-\bv¡v ]I-c-ambn A{]- Ir-X-amb Hcp hkvXpX ]dªv AXn-eqsS {]Ir-XmÀ°s¯ [z\n-¸n-
¡p-¶-XmWv "A\ym-]-tZiw' F¶p ]d-bmw. bmYmÀ°yw ad-¨p-sh¨v thsdm¶v {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ Cu kt¦-Xs¯ "A{]-kvXp-X-{]-iwk' F¶
AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-¯nsâ hI-t`-Z-ambn ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
61. ]mTm-´-cX (CâÀsS-IvÌp-hm-en-än) þ Hcp IrXn¡v CX-c-Ir-Xn-I-fp- amtbm Iem-cq-]-§-fp-amtbm DÅ _Ô-¯n-\mWv ]mTm-´-cX F¶p- ]- d-bp¶Xv. ]mTm-´-c-_-Ô-§Ä IrXn¡v khn-ti-j-amb AÀ°-X-e-
§sf {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p. kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am\-§Ä- C-Xn FSp-¯p-]-d-tb-−-Xp-−v.
62. kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³, kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a\pw Imehpw (F-Un.Sn.-Un.-cm-a-Ir- jvW³) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 2011, ]p. 24.
63. Pn.-]n. cma-N-{µ³, ico-c-hpw -B-ßmhpw þ _Ô-§-fpsS `qa-[y-tc-J-IÄ, NnZw-_-c-§Ä (F-Un. ]n. kenw-cmPv) tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, ]p.
255.
64. kn.-hn. {iocm-a³, N{I-hÀ¯n-\n, {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, 2010, ]p. 87.
A[ymbw 3
BJym-\-Ie þ khn-tij km[y-X-IÄ
Akm-[m-c-W-amb {]ta-b-ssh-hn[yw sIm−pw Bhn-jvIm-c-ssh-Nn-{Xyw- sIm−pw A\-\y-ambn \n¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv {iocm-asâ IY-IÄ.
"Hcn-S¯pw ]mfn-t¸m-Im¯ BJym\w Cu Iem-Im-csâ cN-\m-]-c-amb kh- ti-j-X-bm-Wv'.1
F¶v JÞ-\-hn-aÀi-¯n\v Gsd {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ Fw.
IrjvW³ \mbÀ kn.-hn.-{io-cm-as\¡pdn¨v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv {it²-b-am- Wv. `mh-\m-[n-jvTn-X-amb kw`-h-§sf hmkvXhnI {]XoXn P\n-¸n¡pw hn[w ]cn-Wm-a-hn-t[-b-am¡n BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨À¡m-\pÅ Ign-hmWv {iocm-asâ BJym-\-I-esb AXy´w BIÀj-I-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶-Xv. _mly-L-S-\-bn AXn-em-fnXyw ]peÀ¯n-s¡m−v kc-f-am-sbmcp ]mcm-b-W-km-[y-Xsb hmKvZm\w sN¿p¶p F¶-Xn\v A¸pdw \nc-h[n IYm-X-´p-¡Ä Cg-tNÀ¯v
\nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw AXy´w kwLÀjm-ß-I-ambn B´-cn-I-L-S-\sb \ne-
\nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv {iocm-asâ an¡ IY-Ifpw F¶p ]d-bmw. Ch-bn {iocm-asâ BJym-\-I-e-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf \nÀW-bn-¡m³ ]cym-]vX-amb Nne IY-Isf Xnc-sª-Sp¯v hni-I-e\ hnt[bam-¡p-I-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-
¯n sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ccn-¡-¸n-Þw, hmkvXp-lm-c, NnZw-_-cw, sXt¡m-t«-¡pÅ bm{X-bv¡n-S-bnÂ, s]m´³am-S, kpJw tamjvSn-¡p-¶-hÀ F¶o IY-IÄ BJym-\-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄsIm−v {iocm-asâ IYm-tem-I¯v thdn-«p-
\n¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv.