Bcy-k-Xy-߃

H∂m-asØ Bcy-kXyw: kI-eXpw ZpxJ-a-b-am-Wv F∂p-≈-XmWv.

P\\w, ac-Ww, hm¿≤-Iyw, tcmKw, {]nb-P\ hntbm-Kw, A{]n-b-kw-tbm-Kw, B{K-l-e_v[n C√mbva F∂Xpw ZpxJ-am-Wv. Cßs\ euIn-I-tØm-Sp≈

]©-_-‘-߃ ZpxJ-am-Wv.

c≠m-asØ Bcy-kXyw: ZpxJ-Øn\v Imc-W-ap-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv. XrjvW- bmWv Imc-Ww. Ah Pohn-X-Xr-jvW, kpJXrjvW, A[n-Imc XrjvW F∂n- h-bm-Wv. XrjvW \mi-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. kpJhpw A\-iz-c-X-bp-amWv a\p-jy≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. B{Klw AYhm Imaw D≈n-S-tØmfw ZpxJw ]n¥p-S-cpw. Ahn-Zy-bmWv XrjvW°p Imc-W-sa∂pw _p≤≥ ]d-™p-sh-

°p-∂p.

aq∂m-asØ Bcy-kXyw: ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[\w F∂-Xm-Wv. XrjvW- bn¬\n∂pw tamN\w t\Sn A\m-k-‡-\m-Ip-I. Bi-sh-Sn-™m¬ ZpxJsØ

\in-∏n-°mw. sshcm-Ky-Øn-eqsS XrjvWsb ]q¿W-ambpw \ntcm-[n-°mw. Hcp a[y-am¿§-Øn-eqsS XrjvW-bn¬\n∂pw tamN\w t\Smw.

\mem-asØ BcykXyw: ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[-\-Øn\v am¿§-ap-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv.

AjvSmw-K-am¿§-am-Wv ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-W-am¿§sØ ImWn-°p∂ \mem-asØ Bcy-kXyw. {]Xn]Z F∂pw CXns\ ]d-bp-∂p.

1.3.2.2 AjvSmw-K-am¿Kw

ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[-\-Øn-\mbn kzoI-cn-t°-≠p∂ am¿K-am-bmWv _p≤≥

AjvSmw-K-am¿Kw D]-tZ-in-®-Xv. Ch kay-KvZrjvSn (i-cn-bmb hnizm-kw), kayIv k¶ev]w (i-cn-bmb A`n-em-jw), kayIv hmIyw (i-cn-bmb kw`m- j-Ww), kayIv I¿Ωw (i-cn-bmb I¿Ωw), kayKv BPohw (i-cn-bmb D]- Po-h-\-am¿§w), kayKv hymbmaw (i-cn-bmb ]cn-{i-aw), kayIv kvarXn (i-cn- bmb {i≤), kayIv kam[n (i-cn-bmb [ym\w) F∂n-ßs\bp≈ F´v D]m- [n-I-fm-Wv.³⁴ Cu F´p am¿§-߃ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn A\p-jvTn-®m¬ \n¿ΔmW {]m]vXn t\Smw F∂mWv _p≤s‚ Z¿i-\w.

hni-Zo-I-cWw

kay-KvZrjvSn : Bcy-k-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\-amWv kayKvZrjvSn F∂p-X-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. AjvSmw-K-am¿§-Ønse A\p-jvTm-\-Ønse

BZy ]Sn-bm-Wn-Xv. icn-bmb Adnhpw icn-bmb ImgvN-∏mSpw ZpxJ-Øn¬

\n∂-I-‰pw. ZpxJ-\ntcm[\am¿§w tXSp∂ Hcp-h\v kay-°mb t_m[w AYhm

⁄m\w D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. {]]-©-Øns‚ £Wn-I-`mhw a\- n-em-°n-bm¬

B¿°pw Bk-‡ntbm A`n-\n-th-itam D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.

kayIv k¶ev]w: euInI k¶-ev]-ß-fn¬ apgp-Ip-∂Xv ZpxJ-Øn\v Imc- W-am-Ip-∂p. cmK-tZz-jm-Zn-I-fn¬ \n∂p ap‡-\mbn F√m-h-tcmSpw ssa{Xn ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS t£a-Øn¬ Xev]-c-cm-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah- ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. temIt£aw F∂ k¶ev]w Xs∂bmWnXv. kayKvZrjvSn- bpsS ^e-at{X kayKvk¶ev]w.

kayKv hmIyw : Ak-Xy-`m-j-Ww, hrYm {]e-]\w, iImcw Ch- bv°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hm°p-Iƒ ZpxJ-Øn\pw thZ-\bv°pw Imc-W-am- Ipw. kXy-k-‘hpw Zbm-a-bhpw anXhpw {]nb-hp-amb hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-hm-\mWv kay-Kv hmIyw A\pimkn-°p∂-Xv.

kayIv I¿Ωw : I°-cp-Xv, sIm√-cp-Xv, I≈w ]d-b-cp-Xv, elcn D]- tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv, Ima-Øn-\-Sn-s∏-S-cpXv F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ]©-io-e-X-Xz-߃ CXn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. _p≤-aXw {]hr-Øn-bpsS aX-am-Wv. Dt±-i-ip-≤n- tbmsS I¿Ω-߃ A\p-jvSn-°pI F∂-XmWv kayIv I¿Ωw D]-tZ-in-°p-

∂-Xv. CXv P\-߃°v awK-f-I-c-ambn Xocp∂ I¿Ω-ß-fm-I-Ww.

kayKv BPohw: ip≤hpw \njvI-]-S-hp-amb sXmgn¬ sNbvXv kXy- k-‘-X-tbmsSbmbn-cn-°Ww PohnXw \bn-t°-≠-Xv. ZpxJw hcpØn hbv°p∂ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn sNø-cp-Xv. Bbp[ hnev]-\, elcn hkvXp-°-fpsS, aZy-Øns‚ hnev]\, arK-ßsf sIm√¬ F∂o sXmgn- ep-Iƒ AcpXv. CXmWv kayKv BPohw F∂p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. kz¥w ZpxJ-

\n-hrØn t]mse A\ys‚ ZpxJ-\n-hr-Ønbpw e£y-am-I-Ww.

kayKv hymbmaw : Zpjn® Nn¥-Iƒ a\- n¬ IS-°m-Xn-cn-°-Ww. a\-  n¬ \n∂pw {]Xn-Iq-e-Nn-¥Isf Hgn-hm°n Bfl\nb-{¥Ww hcp-Øn kZvNn-

¥-Iƒ hf¿Øn Pohn-°p-I-bm-Wv kayKv hymbm-aw. Bfl-\n-b-{¥Ww [m¿Ωn- Im-[x-]-X-\-Øn¬\n∂pw Hcp-hs\ c£n-°p-∂p. CsXmcp at\m-b-⁄-am-Wv.

ico-c-Øn-\√ a\- n-\mWv hymbmaw \¬tI-≠-Xv.

kayIv kvarXn : icocw Aip-≤-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-am-Wv. AXp- sIm≠v C{μn-b-ß-sfbpw C{μn-b-hn-j-b-ß-tfmSp≈ Bk-‡n-tbbpw Ah- bpsS _‘-\-ß-tfbpw Ipdn®v a\- n-em°n Ahsb \nb-{¥n®p \n¿Øm-

\p≈ {ia-amWv kayIv kvarXn. C{μn-b-hn-jb kpJ-߃ D≠m-°p∂ _‘- ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\-Øn\v k÷-am-I-emWv kayIv-kvar-Xn.

kayIv kam[n : Xs‚ ico-c-Øn-tem, arXico-c-Øntem ssa{Xn, IcpWw apX-emb at\m-hr-Øn-I-fntem `qan, Pew, tXP-kv apX-emb ]Zm¿∞- ß-fntem NnØsØ GIm-{K-am°n \mep-Xcw [ym\-߃ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂- Xns\ kayKv kam[n F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. GIm-{K-amb [ym\w sIm≠v a\-  n\v e`n-t°-≠ Hcp kn≤n-bm-Wn-Xv. ChnsS B¥-cnI im¥nbpw kt¥m- jhpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. ]cn-]q¿Æ \n w-KX CXn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\m- Ip-∂p. Ch-bmWv AjvSmw-K-am¿§w F∂p {]i-kvX-am-b-Xv.<sup>35</sup> _p≤s‚ BZy {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Bcy-k-Xy-ßfpw AjvSmw-K-am¿§hpw _p≤- [¿Ω-Øns‚ aqe-°-√mbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.³⁶

1.3.3 {]Xo-Xy-k-apXv]mZw

ZpxJ-߃°p am{X-a-√, temI-Øn-ep≈ k¿Δ-Nm-c-N-c-߃°pw {]m]-

©n-I-ß-fmb F√m {]Xn-`m-k-߃°pw Ah-bp-tS-Xmb Imc-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn- cn°pw F∂v _p≤≥ hniz-kn-®p. F√mw Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-߃°v hnt[-b- am-bn-cn-°pw. Imc-W-an-√msX Imcy-an-√. Hcp hkvXp \in-°p-tºm-gmWv AXn¬\n∂pw as‰mcp hkvXp D≠m-Ip-∂Xv ˛ h¿Ø-am\ kw`-h-߃ ]q¿Δ kw`-h-ß-fpsS shdpw XpS¿®-b-√. C∂p \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h-sb√mw C∂se

\ne-\n-∂-h-bpsS \mi-Øn¬\n∂v D≠m-b-h-bm-Wv. ]g-b-Xns‚ \mi-Øn¬

\n∂p-amWv ]pXn-bXv D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. H∂v \in-°p-tºmƒ AXn¬ \n∂v as‰m-∂p-≠m-Ip∂p F∂ Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn\v {]Xo-Xy-k-apXv]mZw F∂p ]d- bp∂p. CXv Hcp-Xcw \nb-Xn-hm-Z-amWv F∂p ]d-bmw.³⁷ {]m]-©nI {]Xn-`m- k-߃ ]c-kv]c _‘-ß-fpsS Hcm-sI-Øp-I-bm-sW∂pw `uX-Inhpw am\- kn-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb F√m {]{In-b-Ifpw Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘-ß-fn¬ \nb- {¥n-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p-amWv {]Xo-Xy-k-ap-Xv]mZw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

1.3.4 £Wn-I-hmZw

A \ n - X y w , A \ m - fl m , Z p x J w C h - b n - e m W v _ p ≤ - Z ¿ i - \ - Ø n s ‚ ASn-ÿm\w \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ ]cn-Nn-X-amWv A\n-Xy-Xm-kn-≤m-¥w. {_“w kXyw, PKXv anYy F∂-XmWv thZm-¥-Øns‚

ImX¬. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp-∂-sX√mw Ak-Xy-am-sW∂pw amb-bm-sW-∂p- am-Wv. Ah¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CXn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-amWv _p≤- Z¿i\w.

""_p≤-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ImWp-∂-sX√mw kXyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah-sb√mw £Wn-I-am-sW-∂m-Wv. _p≤- Z¿i-\-Øn¬ am‰-߃ IqSmsX \nXy-ambn \nev°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-߃ C√.

am{X-a√ Hcp ]Zm¿∞hpw XpS¿®-bmbn c≠p \nan-j-߃ IqSp-X¬

\n¬°p-∂n-√. Hmtcm £W-Ønepw ]Zm¿∞-߃ \in-°p-∂p. an®-ambn bmsXm∂pw Ah-ti-jn-°m-sX-bmWv F√mw \in-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn- ep≈ \mi-Øn\v _u≤-Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂ t]cv \nc-\z-b-\miw F∂mWv.''³⁸

Hgp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \Znbpw IØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Zo]hpw DZm-l- c-W-ambn ]d-bp-∂p. HgpIn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ \Zn-bn¬ c≠p {]mhiyw Ipfn-

°m-\m-hn-√. ImcWw \Zn Hgp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Pe-Xp-≈n-Iƒ A\p-

£Ww amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. IØn-sb-cn-bp∂ Hcp Xncn-\m-f-Øn¬ \n∂p

hcp∂ {]Im-i-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw Cu XXzw _m[-I-am-Wv. Hmtcm \nan- jhpw ]pXp Pzme-I-fmWv ]pd-s∏´p hcp-∂-Xv. _p≤≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n® A\n- Xy-Xm-kn-≤m¥w ]nev°m-eØv \mKm¿÷p\ {]`r-Xn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-®-XmWv

£Wn-I-hm-Z-sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fpsS kmZr-iyw-sIm-≠mWv

\Znbpw Zo]-hp-sa√mw AJ-fihpw Ahn-I-e-hp-sa∂p tXm∂n-°p-∂-Xv.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ cq]w-a-lm-`p-X-߃, thZ\w kp-J-Zpx-Jm-\p-`-h-߃, kw⁄

t_m-[w, kwkvImcw-tN-X-\ Cu ]©-kvI-μ-ß-tfm-tcm∂pw £Wn-I-am-Wv.

{]]-©-Øns‚ auen-I-L-S-I-ßsf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶mWv _p≤-Z¿i-\-{]-Imcw ]©-kvI-μ-߃°p≈-Xv.³⁹

]rYzn, Pew, A·n, hmbp F∂n-h-bmWv alm-`p-X-߃. `uXn-I-tem-I- Øn-s‚bpw k¿Δ-N-cm-N-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-Ød Ch-bm-Wv. Cu LS-I-߃

\nXytam, ÿnc-tam, imiz-Xtam A√ Ah A\n-Xyhpw Aÿn-chpw \iz-c- hp-amWv. CXmWv £Wn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ kmcw.