hcp∂ {]Im-i-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw Cu XXzw _m[-I-am-Wv. Hmtcm \nan- jhpw ]pXp Pzme-I-fmWv ]pd-s∏´p hcp-∂-Xv. _p≤≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n® A\n- Xy-Xm-kn-≤m¥w ]nev°m-eØv \mKm¿÷p\ {]`r-Xn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-®-XmWv
£Wn-I-hm-Z-sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fpsS kmZr-iyw-sIm-≠mWv
\Znbpw Zo]-hp-sa√mw AJ-fihpw Ahn-I-e-hp-sa∂p tXm∂n-°p-∂-Xv.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ cq]w-a-lm-`p-X-߃, thZ\w kp-J-Zpx-Jm-\p-`-h-߃, kw⁄
t_m-[w, kwkvImcw-tN-X-\ Cu ]©-kvI-μ-ß-tfm-tcm∂pw £Wn-I-am-Wv.
{]]-©-Øns‚ auen-I-L-S-I-ßsf \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶mWv _p≤-Z¿i-\-{]-Imcw ]©-kvI-μ-߃°p≈-Xv.39
]rYzn, Pew, A·n, hmbp F∂n-h-bmWv alm-`p-X-߃. `uXn-I-tem-I- Øn-s‚bpw k¿Δ-N-cm-N-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-Ød Ch-bm-Wv. Cu LS-I-߃
\nXytam, ÿnc-tam, imiz-Xtam A√ Ah A\n-Xyhpw Aÿn-chpw \iz-c- hp-amWv. CXmWv £Wn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ kmcw.
bn-ep≈ AjvSmw-K-am¿§-amWv icn-sb∂p \n›-bn® _p≤≥ Bfl-hm-ZsØ Xnc-kvI-cn-®p.
""Cu temI-Øn-ep-≈-sX¥pw tlXp-^ew F∂-Xn-\m-ep-f-hm-Ip-∂- XmWv. \√ tlXp \√ ^e-ap-f-hm-°p-∂p. NoØ tlXp NoØ ^e-hpw.
\ΩpsS I¿Ω-ß-fmWv \ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øn\pw ]p\¿÷-∑-߃°pw tlXp-hmbn `hn-°p-∂-Xv. \ap°p \ΩpsS tlXp-^-e-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p- hm≥ Ign-bpw. Cu tlXp ˛^e ss\c-¥-cy-Øn¬ ÿmbn-bmb Hcm-flm- hn-s‚tbm AZriy-amb, {]]-©m-Xo-X-amb Hcp i‡n-bp-sStbm Bhiyw hcp--∂n-√.''40
Pohn-X-Øns‚ KXn-hn-K-Xn-Isf√mw Bflm-hns‚ klm-b-an-√m-sØ- bmWv \S-°p-∂-sX∂pw Hcm-fpsS hn[n \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv Abm-fpsS I¿Ω- ß-fm-sW∂pamWv _p≤-X-Xzw.
1.3.6 \n¿hmWw
_p≤-a-XØns‚ Z¿i-\-{]-Imcw BXy-¥n-I-e£yw \n¿hmW ]Z-{]m- ]vXn-bm-Wv. \n¿hmWw B\-μ-Øns‚ Zp¿{K-lhpw AtX-k-a-bw-Xs∂
BI¿j-I-hp-amb Hc-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. "hmW' F∂m¬ XrjvWbpw "\n' F∂m¬
C√ F∂p-am-Wv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. \n¿hmW F∂m¬ XrjvW-bn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w e`n® Bƒ F∂m-Wv A¿∞w. AjvSmw-K-am¿§w A\p-jvTn°p∂- h≥ {]m]n-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv \n¿hm-Ww. XrjvW-bpsS A`m-h-sa∂pw ]dbmw. kn≤m¿∞≥ [ym\-Øn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-SpØ ZpxJ-\n-tcm-[-\-amWv
\n¿hm-W. AsXm-c-h-ÿ-bm-Wv AhnsS `qan-tbm, sh≈-tam, A·n-tbm, hmbpthm, A\-¥-amb BIm-itam A\-¥-amb t_m[-tam, iq\y-X-tbm, C{μn-b-⁄m-\-tam, A≤ym-flnI ⁄m\tam C√. Cu Ah-ÿsb hc-hm- sW-t∂m, \nev]msW-t∂m, t]m°m-sWt∂m XmgvN-bm-sW-t∂m, Db¿®-bm-
sWt∂m ]d-bpI km[y-a-√. F∂m¬ CXv ASn-ÿm-\hpw ÿnc-Xbpw Ne-
\hpw C√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. ZpxJn-X-ß-fpsS A¥-am-WnXv F∂mWv \n¿hm-W-sa-
¥m-sW∂ tNmZy-Øn-\p-Ø-c-ambn _p≤≥ ]d-™-Xv. ""\n¿hmWw {]m]n®
Hcmƒ \njv{In-b-\mb Hcm-f-√. A\p-Zn\ I¿Ωßfn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-cn-°p∂, [ym\n Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw.'' _p≤≥ kzPo-hn-Xw-sIm≠v CXv sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. \n¿hmWw B\-μ-Øns‚ Zp¿{K-lhpw AtX-k-a-bw-Xs∂
BI¿j-I-hp-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. \n¿hm-W-Øns‚ ]mX-bn¬ \mev [ym\- ]-Sn-Iƒ D≠v. {]m]-©nI Pohn-Xm-k‡n C√m-Xmbn ]c-a-amb im¥n-bn¬
FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xm-Wv \n¿hmWw. cmK-tZz-j-ß-tfm, tcmK-tam, ]oU-\-ßtfm thZ-\tbm P\-\tam ac-Wtam C√mØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv AXv. Cu Ahÿ P\n-ar-Xn-Isf Ipdn-®p≈ A⁄X AI-‰n, ]p\¿÷∑-N-{IsØ adn-I-S∂v t_mt[m-Zbw F∂ ]ca e£ysØ ]p¬Ip-∂p. [¿Ω-]-Z-Ønse ]m]-h¿§- Ønepw `n£p-h¿§-Ønepw \n¿hm-WsØ \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂p-≠v. Xy‡-Xr-jvW-
∑m¿, hmk-\m-ap-‡-∑m¿ F∂n-h¿ \n¿hm-WsØ {]m]n-°p-∂-Xm-bmWv _p≤≥ ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xv.41
1.3.7 I¿Ω-kn≤m¥w
temI-Ønse kIe Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw _m[-I-amWv Cu I¿Ω \nbaw.
\∑-bn¬ \n∂pw \∑bpw Xn∑-bn¬ \n∂v Xn∑bpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. CXmWv Pohn-X-\n-baw F∂mWv _p≤≥ D]-tZin-®-Xv. I¿Ω k¶-ev]-Øn\v _p≤-a- X-Øn¬ AXp-ey-amb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. kXvI¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-amWv I¿Ω- k-¶-ev]-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-ambn _p≤≥ \n¿tZ-in-®-Xv. CXns\ Hcp ]pWy {]hr- Øn-bm-bn-´mWv _p≤-aXw Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. kIe Ncm-N-c-ßfpw Af-h‰ `uXn- Im-ÿn-Xz-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂p F∂ Bi-b-amWv ]p\¿P-∑w ]¶p- sh-bv°p-∂-Xv. ]p\¿P∑ k¶-ev]hpw I¿Ω k¶-ev]hpw ]c-kv]cw _‘- s∏-´-Xm-bmWv _p≤s‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. ]p\¿P-∑-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø-\-߃°v BZntbm A¥ytam Cs√∂pw AhnZybn¬ apgp-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Hcp P∑-
Øn¬\n∂pw as‰mcp P∑-Øn-te°v amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bp-am-sW∂v _p≤≥
hmZn-°p-∂p. kXvI¿Ωw Poh-lm\n kw`-hn-°mt\m lnwkn-°p-hmt\m A\p- h-Zn-°p-∂n√. Hcp Pohn \ΩpsS amXmthm ]nXmthm _‘pan-{Xm-Zn-Itfm Bbn-cn-°m-sa∂pw AXv I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-s√∂pw AXp-sIm≠v ]p\¿P∑ XXz-Øn-e-Sn-bp-d®p \n∂p-sIm≠v F√m-‰n-t\mSpw k¬{]-hr-Øn- bn-eqsS kl-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.
] p \ ¿ P - ∑ - I m - c W w c m K - t Z z - j - ß - f m - s W ∂ p w A X p - t ] - £ n - ® m ¬ ]p\¿P∑\ntcm[w km[n-°m-sa∂pw _p≤≥ Xncn-®-dnbp-∂p. ]p\¿P∑ k¶- ev]sØ \n¿hmW k¶-ev]-hp-am-bmWv _p≤≥ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. XrjvW
\in-®m¬ hnj-b-kw-{Kl \ntcm-[hpw AXn¬\n∂v `h-\n-tcm-[hpw `h \ntcm- [-Øn¬ \n∂v ]p\¿P∑ \ntcm-[hpw km[y-am-Ip-sa-∂p-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS- bmWv ]p\¿P-∑-k-¶ev]w _p≤≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-®-Xv.
I¿Ω-sØ-°p-dn®pw I¿Ω-^-e-sØ-°p-dn®pw _p≤\p hy‡-amb Nn¥bpw [mc-Wbpw D≈-Xmbn ImWmw. I¿Ω-sØ-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-amb Xe-Øn-eqsS t\m°n-Im-Wp-∂p-≠n-hn-sS. I¿Ωw aq∂v hn[-Øn-em-sW-∂mWv _p≤s‚ Is≠ج. I¿Ω-Øns‚ {][m\ LS-I-ß-fmbn a\- v, hm°v, icocw F∂n-h-bm-sW∂v ImWmw. AXn-\m¬ I¿Ωw D¬Ir-jvS-am-I-W-sa-
¶n¬ Imcy-£-a-X-tbmsS {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\mWv _p≤-aXw a\p-jys\ D]- tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv. CXv I¿Ω-Øns‚ {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bn-ep≈ hnizm-k-amWv ImWn-
°p-∂-Xv. temI-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]v I¿Ωw sIm≠m-sW-∂mWv _p≤≥ ]d-
™n-´p-≈-Xv. Ah-\-hs‚ I¿Ω-amWv Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw P∑sØ \n¿Æ- bn-°p-∂-sX∂pw P∑w-sIm≠v am{Xw Hcph≥ PmXn t{iWn-bn¬ hcn-s√∂pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw I¿Ω-amWv Ah-c-h¿°p≈ ÿm\w e`n-°m≥ tbmKy-
\m-°p-∂-sX-∂p-amWv _p≤-Z¿i-\w.
1.3.8 [¿Ωw
_p≤-a-X-Øns‚ ic-W-ÿm-\-amWv "[¿Ωw'. {Xnc-Xv\-ß-fn¬ _p≤-
\nepw [¿Ω-Ønepw kwL-Øn-ep-amWv icWw tXSp-∂-Xv. _p≤-a-X-Øns‚
Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-I-fmb lo\-bm-\w, alm-bm-\w, h{P-bm\w F∂o aq∂p hn`m-K-
°m-scbpw [¿Ωw Hcp-t]mse Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.42 [¿Ω \njvT-bn-eqsS kwkm- c-Pn-hn-X-Øn¬\n∂v ap‡n-t\-Sm≥ _p≤≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. kZm-Nm-c-\n-jvTambn [¿Ω-a-\p-jvTn-°p-I-bmWv \n¿hm-W-Øn-se-Øm\p≈ am¿§-sa∂pamWv _p≤≥ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂p. [¿Ω-Øn-\mWv _p≤≥ D∂-X-ÿm\w \¬In- bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmK-tZz-j-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\-am-bn-cp∂ _p≤s‚ ap∂n¬
k∑m¿§n-I-X. kZm-Nm-c-\njvT, _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ Gsd {][m-\-am-Wv. {]]-
©-Øn-ep≈ F√m hkvXp-°-fp-sSbpw ASn-bn-ep≈ ]c-a-amb bmYm¿∞y- amWv [¿Ωw. _p≤≥ Xs‚ injy-∑m-tcmSv \S-Ønb kw`m-j-W-ßsf [¿tΩm-]-tZiw F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. "[¿Ωsa¥m-sW∂v Rm≥
\n߃°p ]Tn-∏n®p Xcmw: AXv Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v CXv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. AXv Aß-s\-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠v CXv Bhn¿`-hn®p. AXv C√m- bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v CXp-≠m-bn-√. CXmWv [¿Ωw. [¿Ωw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂- h≥ {]Xo-Xy-k-apXv]mZw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-s\bpw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß- sfbpw \bn-°p∂ {]m]-©nI \nb-asØ [¿Ωw F∂p ]d-bmw. {]Ir-Xn- tbmSpw {]]-©-tØmSpw CWßn Pohn-°m-\p≈ Hcp ]mX-bm-Wn-Xv.
I¿Ω-ßsf hnti-jn-∏n-°m-\mbn AIp-ieI¿Ω-߃, Ipi-e-I¿Ω-߃ F∂n-ßs\ ]Z-߃ _p≤[¿Ω-Nn-¥-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. a\x-im-¥n, kvt\lw, ⁄m\w F∂o am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fm¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-ambn \ap°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°pw kt¥mjw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ I¿Ω-ß-fmWv Ipi-e-I¿Ω-߃.
AXym¿Øn, hntZzjw F∂o am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fm¬ {]tNm-ZnXambn sNøp∂ I¿Ω-߃ ZpJ-Im-c-W-ambnØocp-∂p.
_p≤≥ Xs‚ [¿Ω kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ G‰hpw A[nIw {]m[m\yw \¬In- bXv ssa{Xn, Icp-W, apZn-X tam-Zw, Dt]£ F∂o D∂X `mh-\-Isf a\- n- ep-W¿Øn _e-∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xn-\m-Wv. ssa{Xn, Icp-W, apZn-X, Dt]£
F∂o am\-knI `mh-\-I-fmWv _p≤≥ ]cn-io-en-∏n-®-Xv. _p≤-Z¿i-\-Øn¬
kqNn-X-am-bn-cn-°p∂ {_lva hnlmc k¶ev]w Poh-Pm-e-ß-fn¬\n∂pw IjvS-Xbpw thZ-\bpw AI‰n Ahbv°v kt¥m-jhpw B\-μhpw h¿≤n-∏n-
°p-I-bm-Wv.
1.3.9 {_“-hn-lm-c-k-¶ev]w
"{_lvaw' F∂ ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv "al-Øm-bXv' F∂m-Wv. hnlmcw F∂ ]Z-Øn\v _p≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ hnNmcw F∂ A¿∞-amWv Iev]n-
°p-∂-Xv. al-Ømb hnNm-c-߃ \mse-Æ-am-Wv. ssa{Xn (kvt\-lw), IcpW, apZnX (tamZw), Dt]£ ({]-im-¥n) F∂n-h-bm-Wv NXp¿hn-lm-c-߃.
\n o-a-\n-e-b-߃ F∂pw Chsb hnti-jn-∏n-°pw.43 1.3.9.1 ssa{Xn (kvt\-lw)
kvt\lw \ncp-]m-[nIhpw hym]-I-hp-am-Ip-tºmƒ lnwk°v ÿm\-an-
√m-sX-bm-Ip-∂p. im¥n-bmWv AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. k¿Δ-Po-h-Pm-e-ß-sfbpw kvt\ln-°m≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ `mh-\-bmWv ssa{Xo-`m-h-\. km¿h-{Xn-I-amb kvt\l-amWv ssa{Xn-bn¬ \mw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. ssa{Xn-bpsS {]mtbm-KnI cq]-amWv Alnw-k. a‰v Poh-Pm-e-ß-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lw AYhm Pohs‚
sFIyw Hcmƒ°v ssa{Xo-`m-h-\-bn-eqsS A\p-`-hn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p. ssa{Xo-
`m-h\ lrZ-b-Øn-emsI \ncp-]-{Z-h-amb kvt\lw \nd-°p-∂p. Cu Ah-ÿ- bn¬ kzm¿∞X ]cm¿∞-Xbv°v hgn-am-dn-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sshb-‡n-IX AI- ep-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
1.3.9.2 IcpW
kvt\l-Øns‚ AXyp-∂X cq]-amWv Icp-W. _p≤-a-X-Ønse Icp-W- bn¬ ZmXmhpw kzoI¿Ømhpw IqSn-t®-cp-∂p. A\p-`m-h-]-c-amb k¥m-]-
Øns‚ aq¿Øn-aXv `mh-amb IcpW {_“-hn-lm-c-Ønse kp{]-[m\ LS-I- am-Wv. IcpW km∑m¿§n-I-X-bp-sS ASn-Ø-dbpw B¿{Z-X-bpsS BI-Øp-I- bp-amWv. {]im-¥-amb kvt\l-Øns‚ D-Zm-c-Xbn¬ \n∂mWv Icp-W-bpsS D¤hw. A[xÿn-XtcmSpw Nhn-´n-sa-Xn-°-s∏-´-h-tcmSpw {]Xo-£bv°v hI- bn-√msX XI¿∂-h-tcmSpw klm-\p-`q-Xn-bp≈h-cm-bn-cn-°m≥ IcpW A\p-im- kn°p-∂p. kvt\l-Øns‚ `mcw \nd™ lrZbwsIm≠v kakvX Poh-Pm-e- ß-sfbpw Xtem-Sp-hm-\mWv IcpW \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. X∂n¬\n∂pw `n∂- c√ a‰p-≈-h¿ F∂ t_m[-tØmsS \S-Øp∂ tkh-\-amWv Icp-W.
1.3.9.3 apZnX (tam-Zw)
A\p-`m-h-]-camb B\-μ-amWv apZn-X. {]oXn-bm-Wn-Xns‚ apJy kz`m-hw. \ΩpsS D≈n¬ A\p-I-º-bp-s≠-¶n¬ \Ωn¬ A\p-tam-Z-\-sa∂
hnNm-chpw cq]w sIm≈p-∂p-sh-∂mWv _p≤-Z¿i-\w ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. apZnX Akq-bsb \in-∏n-°p-∂p. AjvSmw-K-am¿§-Øns‚ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS apZn-Xsb hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°mw. hntZz-jsØ XpS-®p-\o-°-emWv CXns‚
{]I-S-`m-hw. ]c-t£-ta-—-bmWv AXns‚ aqe-tl-Xp. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS B\-μsØ ]¶n-Sm-\p≈ am\-kn-Im-h-ÿsb apZnX tamZw F∂p ]d-bmw.
1.3.9.4 Dt]£ ({]-im-¥n)
ka-Z¿i\w AYhm Dt]-£-bmWv \mem-asØ {_“hnlmc k¶-ev]w.
sshIm-cnI _‘-ß-tfmSv \njv]-£X ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hnIm- c-ß-fn¬ `mK-`m-°m-IpIbpw sNøp∂ am\-knI `mh-\-bmWv Dt]-£. a‰p-
≈-hsc t`Z-_p≤n IqSmsX ImWpI F∂-Xm-Wn-Xns‚ [¿Ωw. Pohn-X-Øns‚
Db¿®-Xm-gvN-Itfm Pb-]-cm-P-b-ßtfm _m[n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, ka-\ne ]men-
°pI F∂-XmWnXv. apJ-kvXp-Xnbpw hntZz-jhpw D]-i-an-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wn-Xns‚
{ ] t X y - I - X . F √ m X X z - ß - f p - a m b n _ ‘ - s ∏ - S p Ø n N n ¥ n - ° p - t º m ƒ Dt]£bv°v ]c-a-amb kXyw {Kln-°m\pw {]_p-≤m-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øm\pw
km[n-°pw. `n£p [ym\-]-cn-io-e\w t\Sn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ Abm-fpsS a\ v ka-Nn-Ø-X-sIm≠v \nd-™n-cn-t°-≠-XmWv.