Øen-I-Xbpw Imen-I-Xbpw

BJym-\-¯n Øehpw Imehpw ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-X-ambn InS-¡p-¶-Xm- b-Xn-\m Cu c−p e£-W-§sfbpw H¶n¨v hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I-bmWv DNn- Xw. kw`-hw, Ime-¯n \ne-\n¡p¶XmsW-¦n hkvXp-¡Ä Øe-¯n- emWv \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\m Øen-I-Im-enI k¦ev]w (Chronotope) F¶Xv BJym-\-kw-`-h-§-fpsS Imes¯ Øe-¯n km£m-XvI-cn-¨p-sIm-

−pÅ kaqÀ¯-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-am-Wv. anJm-tb _mIvXn t\mh-ep-I-fpsS BJym-\-L-S-\m-]-{K-Y-\-¯n-emWv, t{ImtWm-tSm¸v F¶ ]cn-I-ev]-\sb ap³t]m«v sh¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.³²

Øen-I-X, IY-bnse kw`-h-§Ä \S-¡p¶ Øes¯bmWv {]Xn-\n-[o- I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nepw IYm-P-\I Øew, IYm-P-\n-X-Øew F¶n-§s\

Ahsb hn`-Pn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. IYmP\-I-¯n-sâbpw IYm-P-\n-X-¯n-sâbpw BJym-\-Øew hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw. Hcp IY, bYmÀ°-¯n \S-¡p-¶, kw`-h-§sf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ Øe-amWv "IYm-P-\I'¯nsâ BJym-\- Ø-ew (narrative place). F¶m AXv IYm P\n-X-¯n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ BJym- Xm-hnsâ `mh-\m-kr-jvSn-bmbn amdp-¶p. AXv A\p-hm-N-I-\n F¯nt¨cp-

t¼m-gm-I-s«, Abm-fpsS A\p-`-h-¯nse Øe-ambn ]ns¶bpw cq]m-´cw {]m]n-¡pw. AXp-t]mse BJym-Xmhv AXv GXp Øe-¯p-\n-¶mWv BJym\w sN¿p-¶Xv F¶- hkvXp-Xbpw ChnsS {]k-à-am-Wv. FÃm BJym-

\hpw Øen-I-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ IYmw-i-§-fm-sW¶v kmcw.

BJym-\-¯n Øem-hn-jvImcw {][m-\-ambpw c−p Xc-¯n-emWv ImWm-\m- hpI; H¶v ]cn-t{]-£o-IrX Øem-hn-jvIm-c-apÅ ]mT-§-fm-Wv. AXm-bXv BJym-Xm-hnsâ hkvXp-\njvT hnh-c-W-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv Øew IrXn-bn AS- bm-f-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. atä-Xv, IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ t_m[-a-\-Ên kw`-h-§Ä {]Xn-^- en-¡p-t¼mÄ, {]Xn-_nw-_-cq-t]W A\p-hm-N-I\v e`y-am-Ip¶ Øen-Im-h-t_m- [-am-Wv. AXns\ "]cn-t{]-£y-c-lnX Øen-Im-hn-jvImcw DÅ ]mT-§Ä' F¶p ]d-bmw.

IY-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-¯n\v A\n-hm-cy-amb Ime-k-¦-ev]-s¯-bm-Wv,

"Imen-IX' F¶-Xp-sIm−v Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw BJym-\-¯n Ime- L-S-\bv¡v c−v Xe-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. BZy-t¯Xv CXn-hr-¯-¯nse kw`-h-§- fpsS Ime-{I-a-am-Wv. AXns\ IYm-Im-e-(story time)sa¶v ]d-bmw. ASp-¯Xv Ch-bpsS Ah-X-c-W-¯nse Ime-{I-a-am-Wv, CXns\ ]mT-Imew (text time) AYhm "Unkv-tIm-gvknsâ Imew' F¶pw hnfn-¡p-¶p. IY-bnse Imew tcJo- b-am-sW-¦nepw Ah-X-c-W-Im-e-¯n A§-s\-sbmcp EPp-hmb {]bmWw I−p-sIm-Å-W-sa-¶n-Ã. ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ BJym-\-X-{´-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv, Ime-

¯nsâ tcJob kz`m-hs¯ inYn-eo-I-cn-¨p-sIm−v BJym-\-bp-ànsb Fgp-

¯p-Im-c³ \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶X.v "^vfmjv_m-¡v', (`q-X-Im-es¯ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-

\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ D]m-[n) "^vfmjv t^mÀhm-ÀUv' (a\Ên-eq-sSbpw kz]v\-¯n- eq-sSbpw aäpw `mhn-Im-es¯ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p), "KXn-amµyw' (retardation)³³ XpS-§n-b-h-sbms¡ C¯-c-¯n-epÅ BJym-\-X-{´-§-fm-Wv.

{Iaw (order) Ime-ssZÀLyw (duration), Bhr¯n (frequency) F¶n-

§s\ aq¶p-X-c-¯n Imes¯ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡m-sa¶v Imen-Im-]{K-Y-\-

¯n sPdmÄUv sP\äv hyà-am-¡nbn«p-−v. "s\td-äohv UnkvtImgvkv' F¶

{KÙ-¯nsâ BZys¯ aq¶v A[ym-b-§-fm-bmWv Chsb ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶- sX-¶Xv BJym-\-im-kv{X-ÚÀ "Imen-IX'bv¡v \ÂInb {]m[m-\ys¯ shfn- s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. IY-bn Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip¶ kw`-h-§-fpsS bYmÀ° {Iahpw

(order) F¶ A[ym-b-¯n ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. IY-bn `qX- Imew Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xns\ `qXm-Jym\w (analepsis) F¶pw `mhn-Imew Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶Xns\ `mhn-I-Y-\w (prolepsis) F¶p-amWv sP\-ddv hnti-jn-

¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.³⁴ `qXm-Jym-\ (analepsis)-¯n ]mT-Im-e-¯nse kw`-h-§Ä hnh-cn-¨-tijw IY-bn ap¼v \S¶ kw`-h-§Ä BJym-Xmhv t\cnt«m IYm- ]m-{X-§Ä aptJ\ Ah-cpsS HmÀ½-I-fn-eq-sStbm kw`m-j-W-¯n-eq-sStbm BJym-\-¯n-te¡v Iq«n-t¨À¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. `mhn-I-Y\w(Prolepsis), ]mT-Im-e-

¯n \n¶p-sIm−v `mhn-bn \S¡m-\n-S-bpÅ kw`-h-§-sf- {]-h-N\w hgntbm kz]v\w hgntbm BJym-\-¯n Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ coXn-bm-Wv.

IYm-P-\-I¯nse kw`-h-§-fpsS Ime-ssZÀLyhpw Ah-X-c-W-¯n ]peÀ

¯p¶ ssZÀLyhpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw "Ime-ssZÀLy' (duration) ¯nepw IYm-P-\-I-¯nepw IYm-P-\n-X-¯nepw Hcp kw`hw F{X-X-hW BhÀ¯n-¨n-cn-

¡p¶p F¶-Xns\ Bhr¯n (frequency) bnepw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-

¶p.³⁵ ({io-cm-asâ IY-I-sf hni-I-e\w sN¿p¶ A[ym-b-§-fn Chsb IqSp- X hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-−v). BJym-\-tem]w (ellipsis), kwt£]w (summary), hym]vXn (stretch), hncmaw (pause) XpS-§nb X{´§Ä (C-h-bn bYm-{Iaw IY-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ kw`-h-§sf Nne-Xns\ hn«p-I-fªp Nne-Xns\

Npcp-¡nbpw hnkvXr-X-s¸-Sp-¯n-bpw)³⁶ D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv {Iahpw Ime- ssZÀLyhpw Bhr-¯nbpw km[y-am¡n BJym-\s¯ bpàn-P-\-Ihpw sshhn-[y-]qÀ®hpw A\-\y-hp-am¡n¯oÀ¡p-¶-sX-¶m-Wv, sP\-änsâ Is−-

¯Â. kn.-hn.-{io-cm-asâ IY-I-fnse Imen-Im-]-{K-Y-\-¯n Chsb khn- kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p-s−-¶-Xn-\m {]kvXpX X{´-§sf ChnsS hni-Zo-I- cn-¡p-¶n-Ã.

1.8. BJym-\-I-ebpw LS-\m-hn-ti-jhpw

Xnc-sª-Sp¯ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§sf Iem-]-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\mbn Hmtcm Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw hyXy-kvX-amb amÀ¤-§-fmWv kzoI-cn-¡p-I. BJym- Xm-hv, BJym-\-¯n kzoI-cn-¡p¶ X{´-§-fpsS sshhn-[yhpw ^e-{]m-]vXn- bp-amWv BJym-\-I-esb \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXpsIm−vXs¶ {]ta-bm-\p-kr- X-amb BJym-\-inev]w sas\-sª-Sp-¡m\pÅ Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ ssh`-h-amWv BJym-\-I-ebv¡v \nZm-\w. cq]-`m-h-§-fpsS sFIyw, BJym-Xm-hnsâ kÀ¤-

ti-jn-bpsS tXmXns\ B{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m AXns\ km[y-am-¡p¶

BJym-\-L-SI§fpsS khn-ti-j-amb tNcp-h-bn Hsc-gp-¯p-Im-csâ BJym-

\-Ie Hfn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v ]dbmw. IYbv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-amb BJym-\-X-{´-

§-fpsS Xnc-sª-Sp-¸nepw CXv {]I-S-am-hpw. Htc {]ta-bs¯ ]e Fgp-¯p- ImÀ ssIImcyw sN¿p-t¼mÄ NneXv D¯-a-kr-jvSn-bmbn amdp-Ibpw aäp Nneh KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd-ª-Xmbn¯ocp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v ]nd-Inse {][m\ ImcWw CXm-Wv. AXvsIm−v Xs¶ BJym-\-im-kv{X-¯ntâXmb hkvXp\njvTkao-]\w BJym-\-I-e-bpsS A]-{K-Y-\-¯n ]qÀ®-ambpw km[ya-ÃmsX hcp-¶p. BJym-Xm-hnsâ {]Xn-`bpw ss\]p-Wyhpw ZÀi-\-hp- sams¡ BJym-\-I-e-bpsS A]-{K-Y-\-¯n {][m-\-]¦v hln-¡p¶hbm-Wv.

BJym-\-]-T-\-¯nÂ\n¶v BJym-\-I-em]T\w hyXn-cn-à-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv Chn-sS-bmWv. F¶m BJym-\-I-e-bnse t_m[mt_m[-t{]-c-W-I-fpsS ASn- Øm-\-¯n Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ \S-¯p¶ krjvSnsb A]-{K-Y-\-hn-t[-b-am¡n amäp-t¼mÄ AXv BJym-\-imkv{X ]T\-am-Ip¶p F¶-Xn-\m Ch ]c-kv]cw A\p-]q-c-I-§-fmWp Xm\pw.

Fgp-¯p-ImÀ, hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp kw`-hs¯ AYhm kµÀ`s¯

Øen-I-ambpw Imen-I-ambpw tImÀ¯n-W¡n A\p-tbm-Py-amb `mj-bn BJym\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ, Bi-b-hn-\n-ab e£y-¯nÂ\n¶pw a\p-jy³ _u²n- I-ambn k©-cn¨p XoÀ¯ Zqchpw a\p-jy-cmin t\Snb ]ptcm-K-Xnbv¡v A\p- kr-X-ambn kw`-hn¨ BJym-\-I-e-bpsS hfÀ¨-bpsS tXmXpw khn-tij {i² AÀln-¡p-¶p-−v.

"BJym-\-Ie a\p-jy-a-\-Ên-epÅ k¦-ev]§sf {]Im-in-¸n-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-

¡p¶ Ie-bpsS ]T-\-amWv'³⁷

F¶ Un.-cm-[m-Ir-jvW³ \mb-cpsS A`n-{]mbw Chn-sS-bmWv {]k-à- am-Ip-¶-Xv. F¶m Bkzm-Z-Isâ A\p-`-h-ambn tNÀ¶p-\n¡p-Ibpw Bhn- jvImccoXn-bpsS hyXykvXX-e-§sf ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mgpw imkv{X-¯nsâ IÀi-\-bp-àn-Isf Ah-ew-_n-¨p-sIm−v kmln-Xy-]m-T-¯nse LS-\sb Iodn-ap-dn¨v ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p¶ BJym-\-im-kv{Xw, krjvSn-{]-Xn-`- bpsS {]m[m-\ys¯ Ah-K-Wn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv F¶Xpw {i²n-t¡-−- Xp-−v. BJym-\-I-ebpw BJym-\-im-kv{Xhpw BJym-\s¯ Ipdn¨pÅ ka-{K- ]-T-\-§fpw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ "BJym-\-hn-Úm-\obw' F¶ hnÚm-\-im-J-

\-§sf Ab-hpÅXm-¡p-Ibpw `mjbv¡v khn-ti-j-amb iàn-hn-ti-jhpw tkzÑm-[n-Im-c-§fpw DÅ-Xp-t]mse IYbv¡pw (B-Jym-\-¯n-\pw) Fgp-¯p-Im- c-\nÂ\n¶v thdn«v Hc-kvXnXzw Ds−-¶p-Å bmYmÀ°ys¯ AwKo-I-cn-¡p- Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ BJym-\-I-em-]-T\w IrXn-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\-

¯n-eqsS km[y-am-bn-¯o-cpw. ChnsS IrXn-bmWv Fgp-¯p-Im-cs\ \nÀ®-bn-

¡p-¶Xv F¶p hcp-¶p. BJym-Xm-hnsâ I¿nÂ\n¶v hgp-Xn-amdn kzbw ap³t]m«p \o§m\pw cN-bn-Xm-hns\ \nb-{´n-¡phm-\p-apÅ Ignhv AXn-\p-−v.

AXo-h-{i-²-tbmsS \nÀ½n-s¨m-cp-¡m-hp¶ Hcp-]-I-c-W-aà IY-sb¶pw BJym-\-I-e-bpsS sshin-jvSy-¯m BJym-Xmhv IYbv¡v A\p-h-Zn-¨p-

\ÂIp¶ kzmX{´yw sIm−v ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-bmWv D¯-a-kr-jvSn- bmbn amdp-¶-sX¶pw Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Xncn-¨-dn-ªn-«p-−v. BJym-\-I-e-þ-kn-²m-

´hpw {]tbm-Khpw F¶ teJ-\-¯n sI.-A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p- ÅXv t\m¡p-I.

IYm-Im-c-\m ]qÀ®-ambpw \nb-{´n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ IY \nÀÖo-h-h-kvXp-hmbn ]cn-W-an¡pw. IYmIr-¯n-s\bpw sIm−v HmSn-t¸m-Im³ {ian-¡p¶

IYm]m{X§sf IYm-Ir-¯n\p \nb-{´n-t¡-−n-h-cp¶ kµÀ`§-fp-−mhmw.

tjIvkv]n-bÀ¡v t^mÄkväm^ns\ hI-h-cp-t¯-−n-h-¶p. ]t£ IY-bpsS KXn-bn Bh-iy-¯n-e-[nIw ISn-ªm¬ apdp¡w Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-Xmhpw \Ã-Xv.

]pcm-W-I-Y-bpsS ]p\-cm-Jym-\-¯nepw \ho\ IYI-fpsS ]pcm-W-I-Y-bpsS ]p\-cm-Jym-\-¯nepw \ho\ IY-I-fpsS ]pcm-W-am-Xr-I-bn-epÅ BJym-\-

¯nepw ISn-ªm "Ab-¨p-ap-dp¡n'¸nSn-¡p-¶-XmWv D¯aw; ISn-ªm¬

A[nIw apdp-¡p-¶Xv a[y-aw, Xosc Ab-ªm A[aw: AXn-ssi-Yneyw hmb-\bv¡v XS-Ê-am-Ipw, AXn-ImÀ¡iyw Atcm-N-I-hpw³⁸.

BJym-\-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ho£W-tIm-Wnsâbpw ]cn-t{]-

£y-¯n-tâbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ, BJym-\-I-e-bn {][m-\-ambpw c−p amÀ¤-

§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. H¶v þ A\p-I-c-Wm-[n-jvTn-X-amWv; atäXv A\zm-Jym-\m-[n-jvTn-X- hpw. _m¡nsbÃw Ch-bpsS Ahm-´-c-hn-`m-K-§Ä am{X-am-Wv. BJym-Xm-hnsâ t\Àkm-¶n[yw {]I-S-am-Im¯ hn[-¯n IYm-]m-{X-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n kw`-h-

§-sfbpw {Inb-Isf A\p-hm-N-I\v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am¡ns¡mSp-¡p-I-bmWv BZy-¯n-te-sX-¦n c−m-a-t¯-Xn BJym-Xm-hnsâ km¶n[yw hyà-ambn A\p-`-h-s¸-Spw. F¶m {KÙ-IÀ¯mhpw BJym-Xmhpw H¶-Ã. IY-bnse BJym-Xm-hnsâ CS-s]-S-emWv hmb-\-¡m-cs\ \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xv. {KÙIÀ¯m- hnsâ BZÀi§Ä¡pw at\m`mh-§Ä¡pw t\Àhn-]-co-X-amb \ne-]m-Snepw

BJym-Xm-hn\v ØnXn sN¿m-\m-Ipw. ]qÀ®-ambpw hmNy-ambn kw`-h-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-sX, hmb-\-¡m-c-\v hyw-Ky-]mTw Is−-¯m\pw ]qcn-¸n-¡m\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡n-s¡m−v Bkzm-Z-I-]-¦m-fn¯w Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p¶ HcmJymXm- hnsâ km¶n-[y-amWv BJym-\s¯ Hcp anI¨ Iem-kr-jvSn-bm¡n amäp-¶-Xv.

AXp-t]mse {KÙ-IÀ¯m-hnsâ kÀÆÚho-£-W-¯nÂ\n¶v `mj-bpsS tkzÑm-]-c-amb kz`m-hhntij§sf kzmwio-I-cn-¨p-sIm−v IpX-dn-am-dp¶

BJym-Xm-hnsâ kÀ¤m-ß-I-amb {]hr-¯nIfmWv BJym-\-I-esb emh-Wym- ß-Ihpw al-¯-c-hp-am¡n¯oÀ¡p-¶-sX¶pw ImWmw. F¦nepw BJym-Xm- hnsâ krjvSn-bnepw cN-bn-Xm-hnsâ hnÚm-\hpw kwkvIm-chpw Pohn-Xm-h- t_m-[hpw at\m-`m-hhpw `mjm-kn-²nbpw ZÀi-\-hp-saÃmw \nÀ®m-b-I-amb kzm[o-\w sNep-¯p-¶p-s−¶ kXyw Ah-K-Wn-¡pI km[y-a-Ã. IY-bnse BJym-Xm-hnsâ \o¡-§Ä¡v A¸pdw IS-¶p-h-cp¶ hnh-c-Whpw hÀ®-\bpw kw`m-j-W-hp-sams¡ {KÙ-IÀ¯m-hnsâ Xocp-am-\-§-f-\p-k-cn-¨mWv kw`-hn-

¡pI F¶Xpw {i²n-t¡-−-Xp-−v. IY-bpsS hnhn-[-L-S-I-§sf Iq«n-bn-W-

¡p¶ Hcp Iem-X-{´-amWv BJym-\-sa-¶-Xn-\m Hcp IYm-Ir-¯nsâ Ie ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv, Abm-fpsS BJym-\-I-em-X{´§fpsS khn-ti-j-amb hn\ym-k-¯nepw BJym-\-L-S-I-§-fpsS ka-\z-bn-¸n-¡-en-ep-am-Wv. ho£-W- Øm-\w, BJym-\-co-Xn, `mjmssi-en, IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-jvIm-cw, Øe-Im-e-§- fpsS k¶n-th-iw, ZÀi\w XpS§nbh BJym-\-¯nse {][m-\-s¸« LS-I-§- fmWv F¶p ]d-bmw. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb kw`-h-§-sfbpw kzm\p-`-h-§-sfbpw k¦-ev]-§-sfbpw A\p-hm-N-Isâ sshb-àn-Im-\p-`-h-am¡n Øm\m-´cw sN¿n-¡p¶ coXn-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\pÅ kn²n-bm-Wv, Hsc-gp-¯p-Im-csâ BJym-\-I-esb A\-\y-am-¡n-XoÀ¡p-¶-Xv.

Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ Pohn-Xs¯ AtX-]Sn ]IÀ¯n-sh-¨-Xm-sW¶v tXm¶n-

¡p¶ IY-I-fnepw Ah-bpsS LS-\bv¡v AI¯v khn-ti-j-amb h{I-X-Ifpw Bkzm-Z-I-cpsS am\-kn-I-{]-hÀ¯\w Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn Im¯p-sh-¨n-cn-

¡p¶ Nne hnS-hp-Ifpw D−m-bn-cn-¡pw. AtXm-sSm¸w {][m-\-ambpw Ahbv¡v angn-th-Ip¶ D]IYIfpw kqN-\-Ifpw ka-\z-bn¨v kwPm-X-am-Ip¶ k¦oÀ®- amb Hcp B´-cn-I-L-S-\bpw ØnXn-sN-¿p¶Xmbn ImWmw. kn.-hn.-{io-cm-asâ IY-IÄ C¯-c-¯n-epÅhbm-Wv. kq£vahpw Øqe-hp-amb BJym-\-L-S-I-

§sf DNn-Xm-\p-]m-X-¯n Iq«n-t¨À¯v kpL-Sn-X-am-sbmcp IYm-inev]w

\nÀ½n-s¨m-cp-¡p-¶-Xn-emWv Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ Ie {]I-S-am-Ip-¶Xv F¶p sXfn-

bn-¡m³ _mly-X-e-¯n kc-f-L-S\ ]peÀ¯p¶ kn.-hn.-{io-cm-asâ IY-I- fpsS A]-{K-Y\w [mcm-f-am-Wv.

DNn-X-amb hmIy-§-fpsS Xnc-sª-Sp-¸v, ssieo{]-tbm-Kw, khn-ti-j- amb hmIy-L-S-\, A\p-tbm-Py-amb Xmfw, {]Xn-am-\-I-ev]\ XpS-§n-b-h-bn- seÃmw Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ hyànXzw ebn-¨p-In-S-¸p-−v. {]ta-b-¯n\v tNÀ¶

cq]inev]s¯ ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ B´-cn-I-tOm- Z-\-IÄ¡pÅ ]¦v A\n-tj-[y-am-sW-¶-Xn-\m {KÙ-Im-csâ acWw (death of the author) F¶ _mÀ¯nsâ ImgvN-¸mSv BJym-\-I-em-]-T-\-¯n A{]-k- à-amWv F¶p ImWmw. kmln-Xy-kr-jvSnsb Hcp b{´-km-a-{Kn-sb-t¸mse Agn-s¨-Sp¯v ]Tn-¡pI F¶ LS-\m-hm-Z-\n-e-]m-Sns\ BJym-\-]-T\w ]qÀ®- ambpw ]n´p-S-cp-¶n-Ã. Hcp Ipªnsâ P\n-X-I-L-S-\-bnÂ\n¶v AXnsâ ]nXr- Xzs¯ Ah-K-Wn-¡pI km[y-a-sÃ-¶ Xncn-¨-dnhn kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb GtIm-]-\-¯n\v ]n¶nse km¶n-[ys¯ khn-ti-j-ambn \ne-

\nÀ¯m-\pÅ Hcp {iaw BJym-\-hnÚm-\o-b-¯n DÅ-S¡w sN¿-s¸«p InS-¸p-−v. (h-fsc kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦n BJym-im-kv{X hpw BJym-\-I-em-]-T-\hpw H¶p-tNÀ¶-XmWv BJym-\-hn-Úm-\obw F¶p ]d-bmw). AXm-bXv ]c-¼-cm-KX kmln-Xy-]-T\ amXr-Isb ]n´p-S-cp-¶p-sh¶

A]-Jym-Xnsb ]n³]äns¡m−v Xs¶ {kjvSm-hnepw krjvSn {]{In-b-bnepw {i²-bq-¶n-bmWv BJym-\-I-em-]-T\w ap³t]m-«v t]m-Ip-¶-sX¶v kmcw.