Ô kzcq]w
3.3. NnZw-_cw
3.3.3 Øe-þ-Ime hn\ymkw
"Øe'¯n\v khn-ti-j-amb Øm\w kn²n-¡-s¸-«n-«pÅ IY-bmWv
"NnZw-_cw'. NnZw-_-csa¶ ]pWy-Ø-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ A¿-¸-Zo-£n-X-cpsS hcn-Isf D²-cn-¨p-sIm-−mWv IY Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-sX-¶Xv {]kvXpX Øe-¯n\v BJym-\-¯n-epÅ {]m[m-\y-s¯-bmWv shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. NnZw-_cw F¶
]Z-¯nsâ AÀ°w "_p²n-bpsS A´-co£w' F¶-XmWv. Nn{X-¼ew AYhm NnX-¼ew F¶ Xangv]Z-¯n \n¶mWv CXv cq]w sIm−n-«p-Å-Xv. NnXv F¶-Xn\v _p²n, t_m[w, Adnhv F¶n-§s\ ]e AÀ°-§-fp-−v. A¼ew F¶Xv A´-co-£s¯ AYhm tÌPns\ Ipdn-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm−v Xs¶
\S-cm-Psâ B\-µ-\-S-\-¯n-\pÅ thZn-bmbpw CXns\ k¦-ev]n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-−v.
ssih-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw NnZw-_ckµÀi\w tam£-Zm-b-I-amb H¶m-Wv.
AXp-t]mse a\-Êm-Ip¶ BImiw Ft¶m BIm-iw-t]mse hnim-e-amb lrZbw Ft¶m DÅ AÀ°hpw "NnZw-_cw' (NnXv+Aw_-cw) F¶
kwkvIrX ]Z-¯n-\p-−v. Cu c−v Xe-¯n-epÅ AÀ°-§fpw {]kvXp-X-I- Ybv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-amWv F¶n-S-¯mWv NnZw-_cw F¶ ioÀj-Iw \ÂIn-b- Xnsâ HuNnXyw hyà-am-bn Xocp-¶-Xv.
"AbmÄ¡v Npäpw It®m-Sn¨p. A¼-cn-¸n-¡p¶ BIm-c-`o-I-c-X. Aw_-c-Npw- _n-I-fmb \mev tKm]p-c-§Ä. ImgvN-bn kam-\-sa-¦nepw `n¶-kvX-amb inem-in-ev]-§Ä. tKm]p-c-§sf \men-s\bpw tImÀ¯n-W-¡p¶ kwJy-bpsS Ad-Ifpw \S-¸p-c-Ifpw tImÀ¯n-W-¡p¶ kwJy-bä Ad-Ifpw \S-¸p-c-Ifpw t£{X-t¯-¡m-tfsd ZpÀ¤ kZr-iy-am-bn-t¯m-¶n.'68
C§-s\-bmWv IYm-cw-`-¯n NnZw-_-c-t£-{Xhpw ]Ým-¯m-ehpw hnh- cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. DÅnse Ipä-t_m-[hpw Bß-\n-µbpw AI-äp-hm\pw imco-cn-I- hym-[n-I-fn \n¶v tamN\w t\Sp-hm\pw th−n-bmWv AbmÄ NnZw-_-c¯v F¯p-¶-Xv. BJym-\-Øew (narrative space) NnZw-_-c-t£-{X-]-cn-k-c-am-sW-
¦n IY-bnse {][m-\-kw-`-h-§Ä \S¶ CSw B³U-am³-þ-\n-t¡m-_mÀ
Zzo]p-I-fpsS Xe-Øm-\-amb "t]mÀ«vs»bÀ ]«-W'-¯nse "sltUm' F¶
Øe-am-Wv. AhnsS tImf-ss\-tk-j³ Hm^o-k-dm-bn-cp¶ AbmÄ Xma-kn-
¡p¶ hoSnsâ adp-h-i-s¯ apdn-bn-te¡vv Nm¯w Zzo]nse kÀ¡mÀ tkman- Ãn tPmen-¡m-c\mb sh¨m-]p-cnbpw `mcybpw Xma-k-¯n\v F¯p-¶-XmWv Abm-fpsS Pohn-Xs¯ amän adn-¨pI-fbp-¶-Xv. Xan-gv\m-«nse aW-eqÀ{Km-a-¡m- cn-bmb AJn-em-Þ-½m-Ä "sltUm'bnte-¡v \S-¯p¶ Øm\m-´-c-amWv IYm-tlXphmbn Xocp-¶-sX¶v kmcw.
skÃp-emÀ Pbn-en\pw t]mÀ«vs»bÀ ]«-W-¯n\pw "Imem-]m\n' F¶
t]cv h¶Xv Idp-¯-\nd-apÅ IS-en-t\mSv AXnÀ¯n ]¦p-h-bv¡p-¶Xv sIm−m- Wv. sltUm-bn-epÅ Ip¶n³ sNcp-hp-Ifpw Idp¯v \pc-bp¶ IS-epw BWv Abm-fnepw AJn-em-Þm-½m-fnepw hnjmZw \nd-bv¡p-¶-Xv. Øe-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-sIm−v A\p-`-h-s¸« khn-ti-j-amb am\-kn-Im-h-Ø-bmWv GIm- In-I-fmb Ahsc ]c-kv]cw ASp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv F¶v ]d-bmw. Ahn-Sps¯
te_À_m-c¡pw ae-bmfn tlm«epw Bip-]-{Xn-bpw ImÀ_¬kvtIm IS-tem- chpw Aävemâms_bnse skänÂsaâp-sams¡ Øen-I-ambn IY-bn AS-bm- f-s¸-Sp-¶p-−v. IYm-´-co-£s¯ {]km-Zm-ß-Ihpw DtZz-K-P-\-I-hp-ambn \ne-
\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ Øe-Nn-{X-Ww \nÀ®m-bI ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p-
−v. IY-bnse Hmtcm kw`-h-¯n\pw \nZm\w IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v Øen-I-ambn kw`-hn-¡p¶ Øm\m-´-c-am-sW-¶Xv BJym-\-L-S-\-bn "Øe'¯n\pÅ {]m[m-\y-s¯-bmWv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
X\n¡v Dt]-£n¨v t]mtc-−n-h¶ Xan-gv\m-«nse kz´w {Kma-s¯-¡p-dn-
¨pÅ HmÀ½-IfmWv AJn-em-Þm-½m-fns\ IqSp-X hnjm-ZmIp-e-bm-¡p-¶Xv.
\m«n-te¡v CS-¡nsS I¯p-I-sf-gpXn AXns\ adn-I-S-¡p-hm³ AhÄ {ian-¡p-
¶p. \m«nse taÂhn-emkw Ipdn-¡p-hm³ AhÄ CS-¡nsS "Abmsf' kao-]n-¨- XmWv AhÀ¡n-S-bnse _Ôs¯ hfÀ¯p-¶-Xv.
"hgn-h-¡n aW-eqÀ {Kma-¯nsâ t_mÀUv I−-t¸mÄ HmÀ¡msX Dcp-hn«p t]mbn.
kÀ¸-®³ sit¦m-S³ tIm\mÀ Np®m-¼p-ImÀ sXcq
t]mÌv aW-eqÀ, hbm NnZw-_cw
As¶ms¡ AJn-em-Þ-½mÄ Fgp-Xn-s¡m-−n-cp¶ C³eân AbmÄ Cu
Cu taÂhn-em-k-¯nsâ HmÀ½-bmWv hÀj-§Ä¡v tijw "NnZw-_c' t£{Xs¯ XoÀ°m-S-\tI{µambn Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-hm³ Abmsf t{]cn-X-\m-
¡n-b-sX¶ kqN\ BJym-\-¯n ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶p-−v.
AJn-em-Þ-½mÄ sh¨m-]p-cn-tbm-sSm¸w te_À_m-c-¡n-te¡v Xmakw amdp-¶-tXm-sS-bmWv {]iv\-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. AhÄ ]g-b-ho-«n-te¡v Abmsf ImWp-hm³ h¶-tXmsS sh¨m-]p-cnbv¡v cm{Xn tPmen-bpÅ Znh-k-§- fn Abmfpw te_À_m-c-¡n-se¯n Ahsf kÔn-¡pI ]Xn-hm-¡n. CXmWv sh¨m-]p-cn-bn kwibw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXv taep-tZym-K-Øs\ sImÃp-hm-
\pÅ {ia-¯nepw `mcysb sh«n-\p-dp-¡p-¶-Xnepw kzbw -lXy \S-¯p-¶-Xn-ep- amWv shÃm-]p-cnsb sIms−-¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. Xsâ `mcy-bp-sSbpw taep-tZym-K-Ø- sâbpw ASp-¸-¯n\v Imc-W-ambn `hn¨ AtX Idp¯ IS-ens\ km£n-bm-¡n- sb-t¶m-W-amWv {]kvXpX-Xo-cs¯ ta³tKmhv ac-s¡m-¼n sI«n-¯q§n shÃm-]pcn Bß-lXy sN¿p-¶-sX-¶Xv BJym-\s¯ [z\ymßI-am-¡n-
¯oÀ¡p-¶p-−v. "NnZw-_c'¯nsâ Ne-¨n-{Xm-Jym-\-¯n IYm-bn-Ss¯ am«p- s]-«n-bn-te¡v amän-Øm-]n-¨-t¸mÄ \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-bXv C¯cw [z\-\-km-[y-X- I-fm-Wv.
NnZw-_cw t£{X-¯nse sNcn-¸p-t\m-«-¡m-cn-bmb kv{Xobn AJn-em- Þ-½msf Xnc-bp-hm³ Abmsf t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw AhÀ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶
Øe-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. Ah-cpsS cq]-km-Zr-iy-s¯-¡m-tfsd ]gb {]W-bn-\n-bpsS \m«n-emWv Xm³ F¯n-s¸-«-sX¶ Nn´-bmWv A¯-c-samcp am\-kn-Im-h-Ø-bn Abmsf sIms−-¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. AbmÄ sNcp¸p kq£n-
¸p-Im-cn-bpsS t]cv Xnc-¡p-t¼mÄ AhÀ \njvI-cpWw Abmsf B«n-b-I-äp- hm³ Imc-W-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xpw Øe-]-c-amb khn-ti-jX Xs¶-bm-Wv. "NnZw- _c'¯nsâ B²ym-ßnI ]Ým-¯-e-¯n tam£-Nn-´-bv¡v am{Xta {]k- àn-bp-Åqsh¶pw Cl-tem-Im-k-àn-IÄ¡v {]m[m-\y-an-söpw AhÀ Xsâ adp-]-Sn-bn-eqsS [z\n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
{][m-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-amb "AbmÄ' NnZw-_ct£{X-¯n F¯p-¶Xv sXm«v aS-§p-¶Xv hsc-bpÅ Npcp-§nb kabw am{X-amWv "]mT'Ime (text time) ambn-cn-¡p¶Xv. F¶m IYm-Imew (story time) AYhm kw`-h-§Ä¡v B[m-c-amb Imew hfsctbsd hnkvXr-X-a-Wv. AbmÄ tPmen sN¿p¶
t]mÀ«v s»b-À \K-c-¯nse sltUm-bn-te¡v sh¨m-]p-cnbpw `mcy AJn-em-
Þ-½mfpw hcp-¶-Xv, AJn-em-Þ-½mÄ Abmsf ImWp-hm³ ho«n-se-¯p-¶- Xv, AbmÄ te_À_m-c-¡n sN¶v AJn-em-Þ-½msf ImWp-¶-Xv, sh¨m-]p- cn kz´w Xma-k-Ø-e-s¯-¯p¶ Abmsf It¿msS ]nSn-Iq-Sp-hm³ {ian-¡p-
¶-Xv, AbmÄ ae-bmfn tlm«-en A`bw tXSp-¶-Xv, sh¨m-]pcn `mcysb sh«n-\p-dp-¡n sIme-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian¨ tijw Bß-lXy sN¿p-¶-Xv, AJn- em-Þ-½mÄ ac-W-t¯mSv aÃn«v Bip-]-{Xn-bn Ign-bp-¶-Xv. AbmÄ Øew amäw t\Sn sltUm-bn \n¶pw t]mIp-¶-Xv, \m«n-se¯n aZy-]m-\-¯n apgpIn PohnXw XÅn \o¡p-¶-Xv, tcmK-i-a-\-¯n-\mbn tUmIvS-dpsS \nÀt±- imÀ°w XoÀ°m-S-\-¯n\v ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶Xv XpS-§nb Ht«sd kw`-h-§Ä "IYm- Ime'¯n ØnXn-sN-¿p¶p−v. Ch \S¶ hÀj-§-fpsS IrXy-amb IW- s¡m¶pw "]mT'(text)¯n \n¶v e`n-¡p-¶n-à F¶Xv {it²-b-amWv.
IY-bnse kw`-h-§-fpsS a[y-`m-K¯v sh¨mWv BJym\w Bcw-`n-¡p-
¶-Xv (in medias res). NnZw-_-c-t£-{X-k-µÀi-\-¯n\v F¯p¶ "Abmsf' bm{Xm-at²y ]n¶n« aW-eqÀ {Kmahpw (Im-ap-In-bmbncp¶ AJn-em-Þ½m- fpsS {Kmaw) sXt¡-tKm-]p-c-\-S-bn Ccp¶ sNcp-¸p-kq-£n-¸p-Im-cnbpw `qX-Im- e-kva-c-W-I-fn-te¡v sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶p. `qXm-Jym-\-¯n\v (Analepsis) tcJo-b- amb LS-\-bm-Wp-Å-Xv. kl-kw-_-Ôm-ß-I-am-bmWv(syntagmatic) Hmtcm kw`- h-§fpw LSn¸n¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. F¶m DuÀÖ-kz-ecpw ZrV-Km-{X-cp-amb k\ym-kn-amÀ kw`m-j-W-¯n-teÀs¸-Sp¶ kµÀ`hpw AbmÄ Xsâ IcÄhym- [nsb NnIn-Õn-¡p¶ tUmIvS-dp-ambn \S-¯p¶ IqSn-¡m-gvN-Ifpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw kmZr-iym-ß-I-amWv (paradigmatic) F¶v ImWmw.
AbmÄ NnZw-_cw t£{XkµÀi\w \S-¯nb Znh-ks¯ kw`-h-§- fmWv ]mT-(text)¯n Gähpw IqSp-X Øe-sa-Sp¯v BJym\w sNbvXn-cn-
¡p-¶-Xv. tKm]p-c-\-S-bn-eqsS t£{X-¯n-\p-Ån-te¡v \S-¡p-¶-Xv, Ipf-¸-S-hn Ccn-¡p-¶-Xv, thZm-´nbpw t{imXmhpw X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-Ww, ]mÝm-Xy³ A¼-e-Du-cm-f-\p-ambn \S-¯p¶ hne-t]-iÂ, sNcp¸p kq£n-¸p-Im-cn-bmb kv{XotbmSv \S-¯p¶ Ipi-em-t\z-jWw F¶n-§s\ BJy-m\-Im-e-¯n Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip¶ kw`-h-§Ä¡mWv IqSp-X {]mapJyw e`n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
sP\-änsâ \nco-£-W-{]-Imcw {]Xn-]m-Zy-kw-`-h-§-fpsS thKw Ipd-bv¡-em-Wv ChnsS \S-¡p-¶-Xv. IYbnse kw`h§sf Npcp¡n BhnjvIcn¡pt¼mÄ
]dbmw. F¶m IYbnse kw`h§sf hniZoIcn¨v {]Xn]mZn¡pt¼mÄ BJym\thKw Ipdbp¶p. CXns\ A]XzcnX{]Xn]mZ\w (deceleration) F¶p hniZoIcn¡mhp¶XmWv.70 sh¨m-]pcn Xsâ `mcy-bp-ambn Ahn-ln-X-
¯n-teÀs¸« Abmsf hI-h-cp-¯p-hm³ Dt±-in¨v ]n´p-S-cp-¶Xpw AbmÄ {]mW-c-£mÀ°w HmSn ae-bm-fn-tlm-«-en A`bw {]m]n-¡p¶-Xp-amb kw`- hs¯ hfsc hym]vXn (stretch) hÀ²n-¸n-¨mWv BJym\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
AXn-\p-ap¼v AJn-em-Þ-½m-fp-ambn am\-kn-I-ambn cq]-s¸-Sp¶ ASp¸w imco- cn-I-_-Ô-ambn Xocp-¶Xpw aäp-amb kw`-h-§Ä hfsc kwt£-]n-¨mWv (summary) BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨À¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. IYm-cw-`-¯n AbmÄ aW- eqÀ {Kmaw ]n¶n-«-t¸mÄ AJn-em-Þ-m½mÄ¡v taÂhn-emkw Fgp-Xn-s¡m-Sp-
¯Xv HmÀ¡p¶Xmbn ]cm-aÀi-ap-s−-¦nepw AXn\v tijw t£{X-]-cn-k- cs¯ ImgvN-I-fn-te¡pw Abm-fpsS tcmK-¯n\v tUmIvSÀ \nÀt±-in-¡p¶
NnIn-Õm-hn-[n-I-fpsS HmÀ½-I-fn-te-¡p-amWv BJym\w {i² tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶- Xv. AXm-bXv ChnsS {][m-\- kw-`-hm-Jym-\-¯n\v Xm¡m-en-I-amb Hcp hncmaw (pause) \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-eqsS AJn-em-Þ-½mÄ Bcm- sW-¶-dn-bp-hm-\pÅ BImw£ A\p-hm-N-I-cn hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn IYm- Ir¯v hnP-bn-¡p-¶p. C§s\ khn-ti-j-am-bmWv IYm-Im-e-kw-`-h-§fpw ]mT-Im-e¯n Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip¶ kw`-h-§fpw X½n-epÅ Ime-b-f-hns\
(duration) BJym-Xmhv ka-c-k-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv F¶v ImWmw.
sXs¡ tKm]p-c-\-S-bn-eqsS Ib-dnb {]hr¯n Hcp Xh-Wtb IY-bn kw`-hn-¡p-¶pÅq F¦nepw AXv BJym-\-¯n ho−pw ho−pw IS¶p hcp-
¶p. IY-bnse kw`-h§Ä ]mT-¯n BhÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ASn-Øm-\-
¯n sP\äv Bhr-¯nsb GIm-ß-I -B-hr¯n (singulative frequency) F¶pw BhÀ¯-\m-ßI Bhr¯n (repetative frequency) F¶n-§s\ Xcw Xncn-¨n-«p-−v. IY-bn Hcp XhW IS-¶p-h-cp¶ kw`hw ]mT-¯n H¶n-tesd XhW BhÀ¯n-¡mw. AXp-t]mse IY-bn \nc-h[n XhW BhÀ¯n-
¡p¶ kw`hw ]mT-¯n Hcp XhW am{Xta ]cm-aÀin-X-am-hp-¶pÅq F¶v ]d-bmw.71
NnZw-_-c-¯nse sXs¡ tKm]p-c-\-S-bn sh¨v sNcp¸v kq£n-¡p-hm³
\ÂInb sNcp-¸p-kq£n-¸p-Imcn kzckmay-X-sIm−v AJn-em-Þm-½m-fpsS HmÀ½ Abm-fn DWÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-¯n\v DÅn Nne-h-gn¨ ka-b-
s¯m-s¡bpw B kv{XobpsS HmÀ½ Abm-fn-te¡v IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. F¶m A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS BImw-£sb \o«n-sh-¨p-sIm−v sXt¡-tKm-]p-c-\-S-bn sh¨v F´mWv kw`-hn-¨sX¶-Xnsâ hni-Zo-I-cWw IYm-´y-¯n am{X- amWv D−m-Ip-¶-Xv. {]kvXp-X-{]-hr-¯n-bpsS Bhr-¯n-bn-eqsS AJn-em-Þm-
½m-fpw Abm-fp-w X½n-epÅ _Ôm-Jym-\-¯n\v DNn-X-amb `qanI krjvSn-¡p-I- bmWv {iocm-a³ sNbvXXv F¶v hyà-am-Ip-¶p.
3.3.4 ]m{X-krjvSn
kw`-h-{]-[m-\-amb IY-bmWv NnZw-_-cw. F¦nepw kpL-Sn-X-am-sbmcp CXn-hr-¯-cq-]o-I-c-W-t¯-¡mÄ ]m{X-§-fpsS `mhm-hn-jvIm-c-¯n-\mWv BJym-\-¯n angn-th-dn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcn-S¯pw t]sc-Sp¯p ]d-ªn-«n-Ãm¯
"AbmÄ' BWv NnZw-_-c-¯nse {][m-\-I-Ym-]m-{Xw. "AbmÄ' F¶ ]m{X- krjvSn Bß-I-Ym-]m-{X-h-Xv¡-cW (self characterisation)¯nemWv DÄs¸-Sp-
¯m-\m-hp-I. "Abm-fpsS' _mly-cq-]-s¯-¡p-dn¨v bmsXmcp kqN-\bpw ]mT-
¯n ImWm-\m-hp-I-bn-Ã. Abm-fpsS {]hr-¯n-bn-eqsSbpw Bß-K-X-¯n-eq- sS-bp-amWv kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä hnhr-X-am-bn-¯o-cq-¶-Xv. AJn-em-Þm-½mÄ, sh¨m-]pcn XpS-§nb IYm-]m-{X-§sf {]Xy-£o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xpw "AbmÄ' F¶
IYm-]m{Xw Xs¶bm-Wv.
t]mÀ«v_v-sf-bÀ ]«-W-¯n Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ Ime¯v "AbmÄ' Xsâ IogvPo-h-\-¡m-c-\mb sh¨m-]p-cn-bpsS `mcy-bmb AJn-em-Þm-½m-fp-ambn ASp¸w Øm]n-¡p-¶p. B _Ôw sh¨m-]pcn I−p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-tXmsS {]mW- c-£mÀ°w Ahn-sS-\n¶v Hfn-t¨m-Sp-Ibpw AJn-em-Þm-½msf `À¯mhv sh«n-
\p-dp-¡n-sb-¶-dn-ªn«pw Ahsf Dt]-£n¨v Øew amäw hm§n A]-hm-Z-{]-N-c- W-¯nÂ\n¶pw c£ t\Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶m kzmÀ°\pw `ocp-hp-amb AbmÄ¡v ]n¶oSv Ipä-t_m-[-¯nÂ\n¶pw c£ t\Sm-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. AXv aZy- ]m-\-¯nepw aäpw apgpIn kz´w ico-c-s¯bpw a\-Ên-s\bpw \in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn- te¡mWv Abmsf F¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. CutKm(Ego)bpw -C-±pw(id) X½n-epÅ kwLÀj-amWv ChnsS \S-¡p-¶-Xv. kpJ-X-Xz-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb C±nse P·- hm-k\¡v hnt[-b-\m-bn-t]m-sb-¦nepw kaqlw \nÀ½n-¨p-sh-¨n-cn-¡p¶
km·mÀ¤n-I-X-Xzs¯ Dew-Ln¨p F¶ Nn´ Abm-fn Bß-kw-LÀjw \nd-
¡p-¶p. sh¨m-]p-cnbpsS Bß-lXy Abm-fn ISp¯ Ipä-t_m-[-amWv Df- hm-¡p-¶-Xv. AtXm-sSm¸w Xsâ `ocp-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Xncn-¨-dnhv Bß-\nµ
k½m-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. sh¨m-]p-cn-sb¶ ]mh-s¸« a\p-jy-t\mSpw AJn- em-Þm-½m-fn-t\mSpw ISp¯ A\oXn ImWn¨n«pw AbmÄ Hcp EWm-ß-I I- Ym-]m-{X-ambn amdm¯Xvv AbmÄ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ Bß-kw-L-Àjw Xo{h-ambn BhnjvIcn¡-s¸-«n-«p-f-f-XpsIm-−m-Wv.
"a\-Ên\v kzØXtbm, AbmÄ ]nt¶bpw Nncn¨p. CjvSm-\n-jvS-§Ä s¡m¯v hf-s¨m-Sn-¨-t¸m-sgms¡ a\Êv F¶ H¶ns\¸än Nn´n-¨n-«p-t−m, tam£tam, X\n¡v th−n ]m]w ]¦n-Sm³ h¶ Bcp-sS-sb-¦nepw tam£-
¯n\v Xm³ C¶p-hsc {]mÀ°n-¨n-«pt−m?72
AXp-hsc A\p-`-hn¨p XoÀ¯ Pohn-X-t¯m-SpÅ ià-amb shdp¸v AbmÄ t\Snb kzbm-h-t_m-[-¯nsâ sXfn-hm-Wv. Imai-a-\mÀ°hpw GIm- In-Xm-\n-hm-c-WmÀ°hpw cq]w sIm− Hc-Sp¸w am{Xta AbmÄ¡v AJn-em- Þ-½msf ]ncn-bp-¶Xv hsc D−m-bn-cp-¶sX-¦n ]n¶oSv AXv ]Xnsb ]Xnsb Xo{h-am-sbmcp {]W-b-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS \m«nse taÂhn-emkw AWp-InS sXämsX a\-Ên kq£n¨phbv¡p-hm\pw ho−pw I−p-ap-«n-tb-¡m-sa¶ {]Xymibn NnZw-_cw kµÀin-¡p-hm\pw Abmsf t{]cn-¸n-¡p¶ hkvXpX Ipä-t_m[w am{X-a-söv hyàw.
"\c¨ Xe-ap-Sn-¡p-ÅnÂ, NoÀ¯ aS-¡p-IÄ hoW Ihnį-S-§-fn AhÄ Fhn-sS-sb-¦nepw Xsâ ]m¸sb Hfn¨v ]nSn-¡p-¶pt−m?73
hÀj-§Ä¡n-¸p-dhpw Xsâ ]g-b-Ime Ahn-ln-X-_-Ô-¯nse ]¦m- fnsb "Xsâ ]m¸' F¶v AbmÄ¡v kwt_m-[\ sN¿p-hm³ ]äp-¶p F¶Xv {]kvXp-X -_-Ô-¯nsâ Imem-´-c-¯n kw`-hn¨ [\m-ß-I-am-sbmcp ]cn- Wmas¯bmWv shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv.
AJn-em-Þm-½m-fpsS ]m{X-krjvSn A\y-I-Ym-]m-{X-h¡c-W-s¯- bmWv ]n³Xp-SÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. "AbmÄ' F¶ BJym-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-¯nsâ hm¡p-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv {]kvXpX IYm-]m{Xw BJym-\-¯n {]Xy-£o-I-cn-¡p-
¶-Xv. XpS-¡-¯n AhÄ \nÊm-l-b-X, GIm-In-I, XpS-§nb Ah-Ø-I-sf- bmWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nepw ]n¶oSv tkzÑm-X-ev]-cbpw Xtâ-Sn-bp-ambn cq]m-´cw {]m]n-¡p-¶p.
"Hcp -h³ NpaSv Xe-ap-Sn-bp-s−-¶-sXm-gn-¨m BIÀjn-¡-¯-¡-sXm¶pw Ah- fn CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. bp-hXn F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xnepw t`Zw Hcp henb s]¬Ip-«n- sb-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.'74
C§-s\-bmWv BJym-Xm-hn\v Ahsf BZyw I−-t¸mÄ tXm¶n-b-Xv.
F¶m `À¯m-hn-t\m-sSm¸w te_À _mc-¡n-te¡v Xmakw amdn-b-tijw AbmÄ £Wn-¡msX Xs¶ AÀ²-cm{Xn Abm-fpsS ho«n F¯p¶
XneqsS {]kvXpX IYm]m{Xw Hcp apXnÀ¶ bph-Xn-bn-te-¡pÅ Xsâ amä- s¯-bmWv AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. `À¯m-hn-\m ]qcn-X-am-¡m-\m-ImsX t]mb imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb XrjvW-IÄ Ahsf Akz-Ø-bm-¡p-¶p.
Ipä-t_m-[w GXpanÃmsX kaqlw Iev]n¨ kZm-Nm-c-ko-a-Isf \nÀ`bw ewLn¨v Xsâ kvss{XW-Im-a-\-Isf Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ AhÄ X¿m-dm-hp-¶p.
`À¯mhv sh«n-\p-dp-¡n-bn«pw Abmsf \nÀ±bw Dt]-£n-¡-s¸-«n«pw AJn-em- Þm-½mÄ ac-W-¯n\v Iog-S-§msX ]nSn-¨p-\n¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS N¦q-ä-¯n- sâbpw AXn-Po-h-\-Xz-c-bp-sSbpw km£y-]{Xw F¶ \ne-bn-emWv IYm-
´ys¯ {Iao-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
"AbmÄ' AJn-em-Þm-½m-fn-s\-bmWv NnZw-_-cs¯ sXt¡ tKm]p-c-\- S-bn sh¨v I−p-ap-«p-¶-sX-¶-Xn hyàX hcp-¯p-hm³ BJym-Xmhv X¿m- dm-hp-¶n-Ã. F¶m A§s\ Ønco-I-cn-¡p-hm³ hI \ÂIp¶ kqN-I-§Ä BJym-\-L-S-\-bn \nt£-]n-¨p-h-bv¡p-hm\pw hnkva-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. kzc-km-ay-X- sIm−pw kc-k-X-sIm−pw am-{X-aà B kv{Xo Abm-fpsS ]m¸-bm-sW¶
kwibw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Igp-¯n a^vtfÀ Npän, ssI sI«n-bmWv Ah-cpsS Ccn-s¸¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. AXn-t\mSv sh¨m-]p-cn-bpsS sht«äv AJn-em-Þm-
½m-fpsS Igp-¯n Kpcp-X-c-amb apdnhp−msb¶pw I¿nse c−v hnc-ep-IÄ
\ntÈjw Aäp-t]m-sb-¶p-apÅ ap³hn-h-c-W-s¯- Iq«nhmbn-t¡-−-Xp-−v. Hcn-
¡Â X\n¡v A`n-Im-ay-\m-bn-cp¶ ]pcp-js\ hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw I−-t¸mÄ kz´w kzXzs¯ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ t]mepw X¿m-dm-ImsX \njvI-cpWw B«n- b-I-äp-hm³ Ahsf ]cym-]vX-bm-¡n-¯oÀ¶Xv ac-W-t¯mSpw GIm-In-X-tbmSpw aÃn«v t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ B´-cn-I-I-cp-¯m-sW-¶p- hyàw.
sNcp-¸p-Ip-¯n-bpsS cq]-¯n AJn-em-Þm-½mÄ IYbnte¡v
\S¯p¶ ]p\x{]thiw BJym\LS\sb kwhmZmßIam¡n¯oÀ¡p¶p.
kv{Xosb D]t`mKhkvXphm¡n amänb kmaqlnIm\oXns¡Xnscbpw ]pcpj tI{µoIrXhyhØbpsS kzmÀ° Xmev]cy§Äs¡Xnscbpw aqIsa¦nepw kpiàamb tNmZy§Ä DbÀ¯phm³ {]kvXpX IYm]m{X¯n\v km[y amIp¶p−v. AXneqsS NnZw_cw F¶ IYbpsS BJym\e£ys¯
kv^pSoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p−v F¶v ]dbmw. Ad¡anÃnse sXmgnem
fnbpw AJnemÞm½mfpsS `À¯mhpamb "sh¨m-]pcn' IY-bnse Hcp
\nÀ®m-b-I-I-Ym-]m{Xw Xs¶-bm-Wv. IY-bn Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip¶ kw`-h-§- fpsS KXn \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶Xv {]kvXp-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv. sh¨m-]pcn AJn-em- Þm-½m-fns\ hnhmlw Ign¨v \m«nÂ\n¶v t]mÀ«v_v-fb-dn-te¡v sIm−v hcp-
¶-XmWv IYm-P\-I-ambn-¯o-cp¶ bYmÀ° kw`-hw F¶p ImWmw.
Abmfpw Ahfpw I−p-ap-«p-¶Xpw Ahn-ln-X-_-Ô-¯n GÀs¸-Sp-¶Xpw sh¨m-]p-cnbv¡v `mcysb sh«n-s¡m¶v Bß-l-Xy-sN-t¿−n hcp-¶-Xp-sams¡
AXp-sIm-−m-Wv. --kz´w \mSn-s\bpw ho«p-Im-scbpw Dt]-£n¨p h¶ AJn- em-Þm-½m-fpsS hnc-l-th-Z-\sb ian-¸n-¡p-hmt\m ]pXnb Pohn-X-¯n thcp-d-¸n-¡p-hm³ Ahsf {]m]vX-bm-¡p-hmt\m sh¨m-]pcn {ian-¡p-¶n-Ã.
`À¯m-hnsâ \nÊw-¤-Xbpw Icp-X-en-Ãm-bva-bp-amWv Ahsf GIm-In-bm-¡n-
¯oÀ¡p-¶Xpw A\y-]p-cp-j-\n-te¡v ASp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw. `mcysb ssewKn-I- ambn Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xnepw {]kvXpX IYm-]m{Xw ]cm-Pn-X-\m-bn-¯o-cp-¶- Xnsâ kqN-\-bmWv AhÄ AÀ²-cm-{Xn-bn ]qÀÆ-Im-ap-Is\ tXSn-t¸m-Ip-¶- XnÂ\n¶pw e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m `mcy-bpsS Pmcs\ I− am{X-bn Abmsf sImÃp-hm³ {ian-¡p-¶ sh¨m-]pcn AbmÄ D¶--tXmtZym-K-Ø-\m-sW¶
hkvXpXsb ]cnKWn-¡p-t¶-bn-Ã. hn[n-sb¶v kam-[m-\n-¡mt\m \nhr-¯n- tI-Sn-\m au\-k-½Xw ]peÀ¯p-hmt\m sh¨m-]pcn X¿m-dm-bn-söv kmcw.
Xsâbpw `mcy-bp-sSbpw CS-bn-te¡v Ibdn h¶ A[n-Im-cs¯ AwKo-I-cn-¡p- hm³ sh¨m-]pcn Hcp-¡-aÃm-bn-cp-¶p. IYm-L-S-\-bn {][m-\-I-Ym-]m-{Xs¯
{]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p¶ IYm-]m{Xw (Antogonisit) F¶ \ne-bn-emWv "sh¨m-]pcn' bpsS Øm\w F¶p ImWmw. kz]-Xv\n-bn \n¶v t\cn« h©-\sb sNdp-
¡m-\m-hmsX Ahsf sh«n-s¡m-e-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p¶ sh¨m-]pcn Abm- fnse Bßm-`n-am-\-¯nsâ DbÀ¶ tXmXn-s\-bmWv shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.
F¶m {]kvXpX {]hr-¯nbn a\w s\m´v kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp-¡phm\pÅ sh¨m-]pcnbpsS Xocp-am\w `mcy-tbm-SÅ \nÊo-a-amb kvt\l-s¯-bpw {]Im- in-¸n-¡p-¶p−v. C¯-c-¯n \nÊ-lm-b-amb a\p-jym-h-Øsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-
¨psIm-−mWv sh¨m-]pcn F¶ IYm-]m{Xw BJym-\-L-S-\-bn ØnXn-sN-¿p-
¶Xv F¶v ImWmw. sh¨m-]p-cn-bpsS {]kvXpX {]hr-¯nIÄ "AbmÄ' F¶
IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ ]n¡m-e-Po-hn-X-Zp-c´¯n\pw Imc-W-ambn amdp-¶p. AXp- t]mse BJym-Xm-hns\ ]pWy-Ø-e-k-µÀi-\-§Ä¡v t{]cn-¸n-¡p¶
tUmIvSdpw NnZw-_-ck-¶n-[n-bnse L\-Km-{X--\mb kzmanbpw Aä-vem-tâ-t_-bn-
te¡v ]pXnb tPmen Xc-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶ Abm-fpsS taep-tZym-K-Ø\pw
\nÀWm-b-I-amb IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Xs¶bm-Wv.
3.3.5 khn-ti-j-amb BJym-\-X{´w
bm{X, HmÀ½ F¶o kt¦-X-§-sf-bmWv NnZw-_-c-¯nsâ BJym-\-¯n-
\mbn kn.-hn. {iocm-a³ D]-bp-à-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. thZ-\n-¸n-¡p¶ HmÀ½-I- fnÂ\n¶v c£-s¸-Sm-\mbn aZy-]m-\-¯n A`bw {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw AXv k½m-
\n¨ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb hym[nIfnÂ\n¶v tamN\w t\Sm-\mbn AbmÄ Ime-¯n-eqsS ap³t]m«p \S-¯p¶ bm{X-bmWv "NnZw-_cw' F¶
IY-bpsS BJym-\s¯ km[y-am-¡n¯oÀ¡p-¶-sX¦n "NnZw-_c'¯nse A¼-e-¡p-f-¸-S-hn-en-cp¶v AbmÄ HmÀ½-I-fn-eqsS ]nt¶m«p \S¯p¶ bm{X- bmWv BJym-\-L-S-\sb AÀ°-h-¯m-¡n amäp-¶-sX¶v ImWmw. IYbv¡v Bkv]-Z-amb kw`-h-§-fn-sem-s¡bpw hgn-¯n-cn-hp-IÄ krjvSn¡p-¶Xv "bm{X-' I-fm-sW¶Xv {it²-b-amWv. AJn-em-Þm-½mÄ, `À¯mhn-s\m¸w \m«nÂ
\n¶pw t]mÀ«v_v-f-bÀ ]«-W-¯nse sltUm-hn-te¡v \S-¯p¶ bm{Xbv¡pw hn[-h-bmbn \m«n-te¡v Xncn¨p \S-¯p¶ bm{Xbv¡pw CS-bn-emWv Ah-fp- sSbpw BJym-Xm-hn-sâbpw Pohn-X-¯nse kp{]-[m-\-kw-`-h-§sfm-s¡bpw
\S-¡p-¶-Xv. AhÀ ]c-kv]cw Xma-k-bn-S-§-fn-te¡v \S-¯p¶ AKay-K-a-
\hpw BJym-\-¯n-\p-Ån \nÀ®m-b-I-amWv. HSp-hn BJym-Xmhv \S-¯p¶
NnZw-_cw bm{XbmIs« Ah-cpsS ]p\-xk-am-K-a-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. bm{X F¶Xv cXn-bp-sSbpw arXn-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-tXm- sSm¸w khn-ti-j-am-sbmcp kt¦-X-am-bn-¯s¶ BJym-\-L-S-\sb \nb-{´n-
¡p-¶-Xm-bmWv NnZw-_-c-¯n ImWp-hm³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp Øe¯v \n¶v asämcp Øe-¯n-te¡v Ime-¯n-eqsS kw`-hn-¡p¶ Øm\m-´-c-amWv "bm{X' F¶-Xn-\m {]kvXpX BJym-\-¯nse Øen-I-X-sbbpw Imen-I-X-sbbpw
\nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn "bm{X' F¶ kt¦Xw kp{]-[m\ ]¦p hln-¡p¶p-sh¶v ]dbmw.
IYm-Ime(sotry time)¯n AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ `qX-Im-e-kw-`-h-§sf ]mT-Im-e(text time)-t¯¡v ]cn-hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-hm-\pÅ Hcp {][m\ BJym-\-X- {´-am-bmWv "HmÀ½' {iocm-asâ IY-I-fn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv.
"sXs¡ tKm]p-c-\-S-bn-eqsS Ibdn h¶-t¸mÄ tXm¶nb Nn´-IÄ Abm-fpsS a\-Ên \n¶pw Øe-sam-gn-bp-¶n-Ã. ad-¡m³ {ian-¡p-tXmdpw \m\m-ap-J- ambn Nn´m-hyq-l-§Ä B{I-an-¨p-I-b-dp-¶p.'75
C§-s\-bmWv "NnZw-_-c-¯nse `qXm-Jym\w (Analepsis) Bcw-`n-¡p-¶- Xv. BJym-Xm-hnsâ bm{X `qX-Imew k½m-\n¨ B[n-Isf ian-¸n-¡p-hm-
\mtWm AtXm Xzcn-¸n-¡p-hm-\mtWm F¶ ktµ-ls¯ P\n-¸n-¡p-hm\pw {]kvXpX kt¦-X-¯n\v Ign-bp-¶p-−v. AXp-t]mse IY-bnse {][m\ kw`-h-
§-fp-sS a[y-`m-K-¯p-\n¶v Bcw-`n-¡p¶ C³ aoUn-bmkv -sdkv (IYm-a-[ym-cw-
`w) kt¦-Xhpw A\p-hm-N-Isâ BImw-£sb Xzcn-¸n-¡p-hm-\mbn {iocm-a-³ NnZw-_-c-¯n ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-bp-à-am-¡n-bn-«p-−v.
AXp-t]mse IYm-´y-¯n ImWp¶ sNcn¸p kq£n-¸p-Imcn AJn-em- Þ-½m-fmtWm AÃtbm F¶-Xn Ahy-àX krjvSn-¨p-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw Hcp khn-ti-j-amb BJym-\-X-{´-am-Wv. CXv A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡mbn BJym-\-
¯n A\p-h-Zn-¨p-sh-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp hnShv BWv. AXns\ "]mT'(text)¯nÂ
\n¶v kqNn-IIÄ (indices)76 Is−¯n ]qcn-¸n-s¨-Sp-t¡-− D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw A\p-hm-N-I-\n \n£n-]vX-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. IY-bn krjvSn¡p¶ kwth-Z-\- hnLv\w A\p-hm-N-I-]-¦m-fn-¯s¯ Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-hm-\pÅ Hcp D]m-[n-bm- sW¶v kmcw.
3.3.6 `mjbpw ssienbpw
IY-bpsS kpZr-V-amb CXn-hr-¯-L-S-\bv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-
¯n kw£n-]vXhpw [z\-\-km-[y-X-bpÅXpamb `mj-bmWv {iocm-a³ "NnZw- _c'¯n D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb Abm-fpsS hym[nbpw B[nbpw AI-äp-hm-\pÅ D]m[n F¶ \ne-bn kzoI-cn-¡p¶
XoÀ°m-S-\-tI-{µ-k-µÀi-\-¯n\v "NnZw_cw' Xs¶ Xnc-sª-Sp-¯-Xnsâ {]k- ànsb hyà-am-¡p-hm³ A¿-¸-Zo-£n-X-cpsS hcn-Isf D²-cn-¨p-sIm−v IY-bn- te¡v {]th-iIw krjvSn¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS \nÊm-c-ambn {iocm-a\v km[n-¨n-cn-
¡p¶p F¶XpXs¶ {]kvXpX IY-bpsS inev]anI-hns\bmWv Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xv.
AXp-t]mse IYm-ioÀj-Ihpw ZzbmÀ°-kq-N-I-am-Wv. XoÀ°mS-\-tI{µw F¶-Xn-t\m-sSm¸w BJym-Xm-hnsâ "Nn¯m-Imi'sa¶ AÀ°-Xes¯ IqsS DÄs¡mÅp¶ {]kvXp-X-ioÀjIw BJym-\-bn-Ss¯ IqsS hyRvPn-¸n-¨p-sIm-
−mWv \nesImÅp-¶-Xv. IY-bpsS A´À`m-hs¯ hyRvPn-¸n-¡p-hm³ AXy-