Øe-þ-Im-e-hn-\ymkw

Øehpw AXp-ambn At`-Zy-amw-hn[w _Ô-s¸-«p--In-S-¡p¶ Imehpw

"hmkvXp-lmc' bpsS BJym-\-L-S-\sb \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ kp{]-[m-\-L-S-I-§- fm-Wv. hn`n-¶-Ø-e-§-fn-epw hyXy-kvX-Im-e-§-fnepambn \ne-sIm-Åp¶

Ht«sd kw`-h-§sf BJym-\-tI-{µ-¯n-te¡v kpL-Sn-X-ambn tNÀ¯p-sh¨v GIm-{K-am-sbmcp cN-\m-in-ev]-ambn "hmkvXp-lmc'sb sa\-sª-Sp¯ncn-

¡p¶Xn-eqsS Xs¶ {iocm-asâ BJym-\-I-e-bpsS t{ijvTX A\mhr-X-am-bn-

¯o-cp-¶p-−v. IY-bpsS ]cn-t{]-£y-¯n-\p-Ånse Øe-cmin krjvSn-¡p¶

c−p-Xcw {]Xo-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Cu \nco-£Ww {it²-b-am-Wv.

"bYmÀY `uXn-I-tem-Is¯ hkvXp-¡fpw kw`-h-§fpw ØnXn-sN-¿p¶

`uXn-I-Ø-es¯ kw_-Ôn-¨-XmWv H¶m-as¯ {]Xo-Xn. hkvXp-¡fpw kw`- h-§fpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpw a\-Ên ØnXn-sN-¿p¶Xmbn A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¯p¶

IY-I-fp-ap-−v. A¯cw IY-I-fn IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ a\-Ên ØnXn-sN-

¿p¶XmWv c−m-as¯ {]XoXn'.³¹

Øe-]-c-am-bpÅ Cu c−p-Xcw {]Xo-Xn-I-sfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ IY- bmWv "hmkvXp-lmc'.

"_\UnIv kv{Soänse kÀZmPn tlm«-en-emWv AbmÄ Xma-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

A¶p thKw aS-§n-sb-¯n-b-Xp-sImt−m asäm¶pw sN¿m-\n-Ãm-¯-Xp- sImt−m AbmÄ¡p tXm¶n sat{Sm-hnsâ ASp-¡-epÅ a{Zmkn tlm«- enÂ\n¶v DuWp-I-gn-¡-W-sa-¶v'.³²

IY-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb thWp Xma-kn-¡p¶ "sIm¡¯' F¶ Øes¯ hyà-ambn kqNn-¸n-¨p-sIm-−mWv IY Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kÀZmPn tlm«epw a{Zmkn tlm«epw c−v hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ kqN- I-§-fm-Wv. kÀZmPn tlm«Â D¯-tc-´ysb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶p; a{Zmkn tlm«Â Z£n-tW-´y-tbbpw. tPmen-bv¡mbn h¶p-s]« Øes¯ ]qÀ®- ambpw DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-ImsX kz´w \mSnsâ cpNn-sbbpw HmÀ½-sbbpw lrZ- b-¯n kq£n-¨p-sIm−v Pohn-¡p-¶-bm-fmWv {]kvXpX IYm-]m{Xw F¶

hkvXp-Xsb [z\n-¸n-¡m\pw GI-Ø-e-tI-{µn-X-aà BJym-\-bnSw (narrative space) Fs¶mcp kqN\ {]mcw-`-¯n¯s¶ \ÂIp-hm\pw Cu kqN-I-§Ä klm-bn-¡p-¶p-−v. s]mXp-hm-bn {iocm-asâ IY-I-fn ImWm-dpÅ IYm-bn-S-

§-fpsS (story space)_lp-eX BJym-\-bn-S-§-fn D−m-Im-dnà F¶Xp sIm−v "hmkvXp-lmc'bnse Øen-IX IqSp-X {it²-b-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.

"lÂZn-_p-\nb' {Kma-¯n P\n-¨v, Um¡-bn hfÀ¶v C´y³ hn`-P-\-

¯n-\p-tijw sIm¡¯-bn A`-bmÀ°n-bmbn F¯n-s¸« kv{XobmWv Bc-Xn-¸-Wn-¡À. Øen-I-ambn Ht«sd Øm\m-´-c-§Ä kw`-hn¨ Hcp IYm- ]m-{X-sa-¶-\n-e-bn BJym-\-L-S-\-bnse Ah-cpsS Øm\w {i²mÀl-am-Wv.

IY-bpsS BJym-\-bn-Ss¯ sIm¡-¯-bnÂ\n¶v tIc-f-¯n-te¡v Øm\-N- e\w sN¿n-¡p-hm³ Imc-W-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv {]kvXp-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv.

sIm¡-¯bpw ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-§fpw BZy´w `uXn-I-Ø-e-am-bmWv BJym-

\-¯n IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-sX-¦n tIc-f-¯nse ae-_m-dn ØnXn-sN-¿p¶

Ipªp-®n-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS Xd-hmSpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-§fpw Bc-Xn-bpsS am\-kn-I- Øew F¶-\n-e-bn-emWv XpS-¡-¯n Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

sIm¡-¯-bn _\UnIv kv{Soänse kÀZmÀPn tlm«Â, kn¯n-¸qÀ t]¸À anÂkn-te¡v t]mIpw-hgn VwUw Gcn-b-bn-epÅ BcXn-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS

B³U-am³ Zzo]n-te-¡p-Å IpSn-tb-ä-¡msc Xma-kn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ A`-bmÀ°n- Iym-¼v, I¸Â _mc¡v XpS-§nb Øe-§-fmWv BJym-\-bn-S-§-fmbn ]mT(text)-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. F¶m BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨À¯n-cn-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-

§-tf-sdbpw Hcp \nÝn-X-Ø-e¯v ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-h-c-Ã. thWp tIc-f-

¯nÂ\n¶v tPmen-t\Sn sIm¡-¯-bn-se-¯p-¶p-. Abm-fpsS A½m-h-·m- cnsemcmfmb A\-´³ sak-s¸m-t«m-an-b-bn-te¡pw atä A½m-h-\mb Ipªp®n Um¡-bn-te¡pw bm{X Xncn-¨-h-cm-Wv. Ah-cpsS acWwt]mepw P·Øet¯m tPmen-Ø-et¯m sh¨Ã kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv F¶Xv {it²-b-am- Wv. apds¸®mb `hm\n ktlm-Z-c-]-Xv\n-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xnsâ hyY kln-¡m-

\m-hmsX \mSp-hn-Sp¶ A\-´³ a[p-c-bn-epÅ Hcp k{X-¯nÂsh-¨mWv Bß- lXy sN¿p-¶-sX¦n Ipªp®n _wKmÄ hn`-P-\m-\-´cw Um¡-bnÂ\n¶pw sIm¡-¯-bn-te¡v A`-bmÀYn-bmbn F¯n "dmWm-L«n'se sd^yqPn Iym¼nÂh¨v tImfd ]nSn-s]-«mWv ac-W-¯n\p Iog-S-§p-¶-Xv. `hm\n ico-cw- sIm−v ae-_m-dnse Hcp DÄ{Km-a-¯n-emWv Pohn-¨n-cp-¶-sX-¦nepw DbÀ¶

hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eqsS kn²n¨ ]mÝm-Xy-`m-jm-]-cn-Úm-\-¯n-eqsS Ic-K-X-am-

¡nb hnim-e-amb hmb-\m-\p-`-hhpw DtZym-K-Ø-]-Z-hn-bn-eqsS e`n¨ ]pdw-tem- I-_-Ô-hpw \nan¯w am\-kn-I-ambn {]kvXpX {]tZ-i-¯nsâ koa-bv¡p-Ån Xf-bv¡-s¸«p InS-¡p-¶-h-f-Ã. AhÀ Ønc-ambn hmbn-¡p¶ Ata-cn-¡-¡m-cn- bmb t]Ä Fkv _¡nsâ t\mh-ep-IÄ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw CXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv.

F¶m thWp-hnsâ A½ imco-cn-I-ambpw am-\-kn-I-ambpw Xm³ Pohn-¡p¶

Øe-¯nsâ CSp-¡-¯n kzbw AI-s¸-Sp¯n sh¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bmWv ImWm-\m-hp-I. AhÀ NnIn-Õbv¡v t]mIm-\m-{K-ln-¡p¶ "shÃqcn'se Bip- ]{Xn aI-t\mSv Imin-\mbn Ie-ln-¡m-\pÅ Hcp-]m[n am{X-am-Wv. Bc-Xnbpw aIfpw aä-t\Iw A`-bmÀ°n-Ifpw kz´w CS-§fpw hkvXp-h-I-Ifpw lcn-¡- s¸«v Øen-I-am-bn Fhn-sSbpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-ImsX \n¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv.

C´y³ hn`-P-\m-\-´-chpw _w¥m-tZiv cq]o-I-c-Wm-\-´-chpw kw`-hn¨

A`-bmÀ°n-Xzw, ]mem-b-\w, {]hmkw, IpSn-tbäw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Ncn-{X-þ-cm- jv{So-b-J-Þ-§Ä \nÝ-bn-¡p¶ hmkvXp-lm-c-bnse Øen-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v hni-I-e\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ Ah-tbmSv At`-Zy-ambn _Ô-s¸«v BhnjvIr-X-am- Ip¶ Imes¯ amän-\nÀ¯pI km[y-a-Ã. C´ym-hn-`-P-\-<sup>33</sup>¯n\v sXm«p- ap³]mWv IY Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

]qÀÆ-_w-Km-fnse Um¡-bn (_w-¥m-tZ-insâ Xe-Øm-\w) Pohn-¨n- cp¶ Bc-Xn-¸-Wn-¡cpw IpSpw-_-hpw hn`-P-\m-\-´cw s]m«n-¸p-d-s¸« el-f-bn-

emWv kz´w \mSp-t]-£n¨v ]Ýn-a-_w-Km-fnse sIm¡-¯-bn F¯n-s¸-Sp-

¶Xv F¶-Xn\v ]mT (text) ¯n hyà-amb kqN-\-bp-−v. AXp-sIm-−p- Xs¶ 1920-þIfntem ap¸-Xp-I-fntem BWv IY Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-sX¶v ImWmw.

BJym-\-¯n DÅ-S¡w sN¿-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ kw`-h-§sf Imen-I-amb _Ôs¯ am{Xw ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n {Iao-I-cn-¡p-hm³ {ian-¡p-¶p.

I. `hm-\n-bpsS kvIqÄ Ime-L«w

II. Iuam-c-¡m-cn-bmb `hm\n Xsâ apd-s¨-dp-¡-·m-cmb A\-´\pw Ipªp-®n¡pw Ah-cpsS `mKn-t\-b-\mb thWp apJm-´ncw Htc-k- abw {]W-b-te-J\w ssIam-dp-¶p.

III. `hm\n A\-´s\ Xgªv Ipªp-®nsb hnhmlw Ign-¡p-¶p.

IV. Ipªp®n hnhm-l-tijw \m«nse tPmen Dt]-£n¨v _wKm-fn- te¡v t]mIp-¶p.

V. sak-s¸m-t«m-an-b-bn-em-bn-cp¶ A\-´³ \m«n-se-¯p-Ibpw hnjaw kln-¡m\mhmsX a[p-c-bnse Hcp k{X-¯nÂsh¨v Bß-lXy sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

VI. Um¡-bnse bqWn-th-gvkn-än-bn ]Tn-¡p¶ Bc-Xn-¸-Wn-¡À hn¹-h- {]-Øm-\-¯n {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw ]n¡-änwKv t]mse-bpÅ ka-c-§- fn ]¦m-fn-bm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

VII. Um¡ bqWn-th-gvknän-bn ¢mÀ¡mbn tPmen-bn {]th-in-¡p¶

Ipªp®n Bc-Xnsb I−p-ap-«p-Ibpw {]W-bn-¡p-Ibpw hnhmlw Ign-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

VIII. Ipªp®n Bc-Xn-bp-ambn ae_mdn ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ Xsâ Xd-hm-

«n-se-¯p-¶p. ho«p-Imcm B«n-¸p-d-¯m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

IX. Um¡-bn Xncn-s¨-¯p¶ Ipªp-®nbpw Bc-Xnbpw {]f-b-¯n Ahn-Sps¯ IpSpw-_mw-K-§-sfm¶msI \jvS-s¸-«-Xm-b-dn-bp-Ibpw PohnXw Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡p-hm-\pÅ {ia-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p.

X. ]T\w XpSÀ¶v hn-hn[ ]co-£-I-fn hnPbw t\Sp¶ Ipªp®n tImtf-Pn A[ym-]-I-\mbn tPmen-bn {]th-in-¡m-s\m-cp-§p-¶p.

XI. 1947-þse C´y³kzX{´y\nb-a-{]-Imcw aXm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n {_n«ojv

_¯n\pw C´y-bn-te¡v ]mem-b\w \St¯−n hcn-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.

XII. A`-bmÀ°n-Iym-¼n sh¨v Ipªp®n tImfd ]nSn-s]«v acn-¡p-¶p.

XIII. Bc-Xn-¸-Wn-¡À `À¯mhv acn¨ hnh-c-¯n\v At±-l-¯nsâ \m«n- te¡v I¼n-b-b-¡p-Ibpw `hm-\n-sbm-gnsI aämcpw {]Xn-I-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-

¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

XIV. sIm¡-¯-bnse sXcp-hp-I-fn ]e ]Wn-Ifpw sNbvXv BcXn IpSpw_w t]mäp-¶p.

XV. Bc-Xn-bpsS aI-fmb Za-b´n Fw.-F.-hsc ]Tn-¡p-¶p; aI³ t]mfn- sS-Iv\n-¡Â tImgvkpw.

XVI. buÆ-\-¯n-se-¯p¶ Za-b-´nbpw A\p-P\pw hn¹-h-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-¯o- cp-Ibpw [mcmfw tIkp-I-fn AI-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Pbn-en-em- hp¶ Za-b´n ]tcm-fn-en-d-§n-sb-¦nepw A\p-P³ Hfnhp PohnXw XpS-cp-¶p.

XVII. 1971-þse _w¥m-tZiv bp²-Im-e¯v C´ybnte¡v ho−pw A`- bmÀYn {]hm-l-ap-−m-hp-Ibpw Ah-cnse Irjn-¡m-cmb iq{Z- hÀ¤¡msc B³Uam³ Zzo]p-I-fn-te¡v sIm−p-t]mbn `qanbpw aäp Pohn-X-ku-I-cy§fpw Hcp¡n kwc-£n-¡m³ C´ym-K-h-s×âv X¿m- dm-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. AXn-\mbn Hm^o-kÀamsc \nb-an-¡p-¶p.

XVIII. Bc-Xn-¸-Wn-¡À \ncm-ew-_bpw hmkvXp-lm-c-bp-amb X\n¡pw Kh-

¬saâv \ÂIp-¶ B\p-Iqeyw A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶ Bh-iy-hp-ambn sd^yqPn Hm^o-k-dmb thWp-hns\ ImWp-hm³ AbmÄ Xma-kn-

¡p¶ tlm«-en-se-¯p-¶p.

XIX. Bc-Xn-¸-Wn-¡-cpw thWphpw kw`m-j-W-¯n GÀs¸-Sp-Ibpw AhtcmSv tXm¶p¶ {]tXyI IuXpIw ImcWw ]n¶oSv Ahsc sN¶v ImWp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

XX. Bc-Xn-¸-Wn-¡À Xsâ A½m-h-\mb Ipªp-®n-bpsS `mcy-bm- sW¶pw Za-b´n aI-fm-sW¶pw thWp Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p.

XXI. BcXn A½m-bn-bp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-¯n-sâbpw Zb-\o-bm-hØ Xncn-

¨-dn-bp¶ thWp Ipªp®n A½m-hsâ kz¯p-hn-hcw Xnc¡n

\m«n-te¡v I¯-b-¡p-¶p.

XXII. {]Xn-Iq-e-a-dp-]Sn e`n-¨Xp \nan¯w thWp \m«n-te¡v Xncn-¡p-¶p.

XXIII. Xsâ ssIh-i-an-cn-¡p¶ `qkz¯v hn«p-\ÂIm-\m-hn-söv thWp- hnsâ A½ XoÀ¯p-]-d-bp-¶p.

XXIV. `hm-\n-b-½m-bn £Wn-¨-X-\p-k-cn¨v Ah-cpsS ho«n sNÃp¶

thWp-hnt\mSv AhÀ \new hn«p-\ÂIm³ X¿m-dm-sW¶v Adn-bn-¡p-

¶p.

XXV. Xd-hm-«n Xncn-s¨-¯p¶ thWp-hp-ambn A½ Ie-l-ap-−m-¡p-¶p.

XXVI. A½-bp-am-bpÅ hmKzm-Z-§Ä¡p-tijw thWp sIm¡-¯-bn-te¡v aS-§p-Ibpw d^yqPn tI¼nse tPmen-I-fn {]hÀ¯\ \nc-X-\m-hp- Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

XXVII. BcXn A½m-bn-bpsS ho«n-se-¯p¶ thWp Xm\m-cm-sW¶v hyà- am-¡p-Ibpw `hm-\n-b½ \ÂInb Bc-Xn-bpsS t^mt«m \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

XXVIII. kz¯v hn«p \ÂIm-sa¶ `hm-\n-bpsS HuZmcyw ssIs¡m-Åm³ X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw BcXn Xsâ `À¯m-hnsâ `mKn-t\-bs\

k¡-cn¨v BZ-cn-¡p-¶p.

XXIX. Za-b´n XpS-¡-¯n thWp-hn-t\mSv Ie-ln-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nepw AÑsâ s]§-fpsS aI³ BsW-¶-dn-bp-¶-tXmsS Abmsf ktlm- Z-c-\mbn I−v kvt\ln-¡p-hm³ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p.

XXX. sd^yq-Pn-Isf Zzo]n-te¡v sIm−p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\v ap³]v sNbvXp- XoÀt¡− Imcy-§-fn thWp hym]r-X-\m-Ip-¶p.

XXXI. A`bmÀ°n-I-fp-ambn I¸Â Zzo]o-te¡v bm{X Xncn-¡p¶ Znhkw Bc-Xnbpw Za-b-´nbpw thWp-hns\ ImWm-s\-¯p-t¼mÄ hr²- bmb A½bv¡v kwc-£Ww \ÂtI-−p-¶-Xnsâ A\n-hm-cy-X-sb-

¸än thWp Za-b-´nsb D]-tZ-in-¡p-¶p.

XXXII. I¸Â_m-c-¡n sh¨v A`-bmÀ°n-Ifpw Poh-\-¡mcpw X½n Iem-]-ap-−m-Ip-¶p.

XXXIII. Iem-]-¯n \nÊw-KX ]peÀ¯p¶ D¶-tXm-tZym-K-Ø-t\mSv thWp apjnªp kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw At±lw thWp-hns\ kam-[m-

\n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

XXXIV. Bc-Xn-b-½m-bn-tbmSpw Za-b-´n-tbmSpw hm¡p-IÄsIm−v bm{X ]d- bp-¶-Xn\p ap³]v I¸Â AI-ep-¶p. Bc-Xnbpw Za-b-´nbpw Ic- bnÂ\n¶v ssIho-ip-¶p.

CXv IY-bnse kw`-h-§-fpsS kl-kw-_-Ôm-ß-I-amb³⁴ (syntagmatic) _Ô-am-Wv. F¶m ]mT (text) ¯n Ch-sb {Iao-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv kmZrimßI (paradigmatic) _Ôs¯ IqsS ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-Wv.

XIX, XIII, XVI, XX, XVI, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, i, II, III, XXVI, III, IV, V, XXVIII, VII, IX, X, VI, VIII, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XXIX, XVIII, XXX, XXI, XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV

Cu hn[-¯n-emWv "]mT'¯n kw`-h-§Ä IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. Ch-bn thWphpw Bc-Xn-b-½m-bnbpw tlm«-enÂsh-¨pÅ I−p-ap-«Â, thWp-hnsâ Krl-k-µÀi\w (B-c-Xn-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS), thWp-hnsâ \m«nÂt]m-¡v, Bc-Xn-b-

½m-bn-bpsS ho«nse ]p\x-k-µÀi-\w, Zzo]n-te-¡pÅ bm{Xm-cw`w F¶nh kl-kw-_-Ôm-ß-I-amb -Im-e-{I-a-¯n Xs¶-bmWv BJym-\-¯n IS-¶p-h- cp-¶-Xv. aäp-Åh kmZriym-ß-I-ambn Ah-bn-te¡v sImcp-¯p-sh-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv.

Chsb ho−pw Cw¥ojv A£-c-ame {Ia-¯ntem atäm hÀ¤o-I-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm- Wv. ]mT-¯n ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ kw`-h-§-fpsS Imen-I-amb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯- en A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v Duln¨v ]qcn-¸n-¡m-\m-bn IYm-Ir¯v hn«p-sh¨ Nne kw`-h-§-fp-ap-−v. ChnsS ]mT-¯nse kw`-h-§sf IYm-Im-e-¯n {Iao-I-cn-

¨p-sIm−v Ah- X-½n-epÅ hnS-hns\ `mh-\-bn-eqsS \nI-¯n-sb-Sp-¡pI A\p- hm-N-I-cpsS D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv. CXnÂ\n¶pw kl-kw-_-Ôm-ß-I-amb IYm- Im-es¯ kmZr-iym-Xva-I-am¡n BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨À¯p-sIm−v Ime (order) {Ia-¯n hcp-¯p¶ hyXn-bm-\-§-fmWv IYsb Hcp anI¨ BJym-

\m-\p-`-h-am¡n amäp-¶-sX¶v ]d-bmw.

C´y³ kzmX-{´y-¯n-\p-ap³]v XpS§n _w¥m-tZiv bp²-¯n-\p-tijw C´y-bn-te-¡p-−m-Ip¶ A`-bmÀ°n {]hmlw hsc \o−p-\n¡p¶ {]ta-bm-

\p-kr-X-amb Ime-amWv "hmkvXp-lmc'bv¡pÅ-Xv. CXnÂ\n¶pw G-I-tZiw A³]Xv hÀj-§-tfmfw \o−pIn-S-¡p¶ kw`-h-§-fm-Wv IY-bn BJym\w sN¿-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v hyà-am-Ip-¶p. tIc-f-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ ^yqU- enÌv hmgvN, sImtfmWnb-enÌv B[n-]-Xyw, _cn-km-ense IÀj-I-k-a-cw,

{_n«ojv C´y-bpsS hn`-P-\hpw A`-bmÀ°n-{]-hm-l-hpw, _w¥m-tZiv cq]o-I-c- Wm-\p-_-Ô-Iem-]hpw A`-bmÀ°n-{]-hm-lhpw XpS-§nb Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-§Ä {]ta-bm-\p-kr-X-amb Imes¯ hnhr-X-am-¡p¶ kqNn-I-I-fm-bmWv BJym-\- L-S-\-bn ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv.

hmkvXp-lmc tIhew Hcp Ncn{Xm-Jym-\-a-Ã. Ncn-{Xhpw cmjv{So-bhpw AXnsâ ]Ým-¯-e-kr-jvSn-bmbn am{X-hp-aà \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. XnI¨pw km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb Hcp Iq«w a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-Xs¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶

IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-te¡v Ncn-{Xs¯ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¨p-sIm−v AXns\ hymJym-\- hn-t[-b-am-¡p¶ \hy-amb Hcp BJym-\m-\p-`-h-amWv "hmkvXp-lmc' ap³t]m-«p- h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. tIc-f-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ ^yqU-enÌv hyh-Øn-Xn-bp-sSbpw PmXo-b-Nn-´-bp-sSbpw k¦p-Nn-Xm-hØ Bc-Xn-¸-Wn-¡-cn-eqsS hnaÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-

¶p. ae-bm-fn-b-S-¡-apÅ Z£n-tW´y¡m-cp-sSbpw _wKm-fn-I-fp-sSbpw cmjv{So- b-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hy-Xym-k-§-sf-bpw- ]-än- Za-b´n hyà-ambn Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv. hn`-P-\hpw Iem-]hpw H¶p-tNÀ¶v kz¯pw kzXzhpw \jvS-am-¡nb A`-bmÀ°n-I-fpsS Zb-\o-b-Po-hn-Xs¯ {]ta- b-ambn kzoIcn¨p-sIm−v Ncn-{X-s¯bpw cmjv{So-b-Im-]-Sy-s¯bpw B´-cn-I- am-sbmcp hnNm-c-Wbv¡v ]cym-]vX-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p¶ BJym-\-L-S-\-bmWv hmkvXp-lm-c-bv¡p-Å-Xv.

IY-bpsS ]mT-Imew (text time) aq¶m-gvN-bm-Wv. thWphpw BcXn-¸-Wn-

¡cpw X½n \S¶ BZy-Iq-Sn-¡m-gvN-bn CXv {]Xy-£-am-bn-¯s¶ kqNn-¸n-

¡p-¶p-−v. thWp Zzo]n-te¡v aS-§n-t¸m-Ip-¶Xv Ft¸m-gm-sW-¶pÅ BcXn- bpsS tNmZy-¯n\v "aq¶mgvN'IqSn sIm¡-¯-bn D−mIpw F¶ D¯-c- amWv AbmÄ \ÂIp-¶-Xv. IY Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-¯n-em-Wv.

thWp-hnsâ Pohn-X-¯n aq¶m-gvN-bv¡p-Ån \S-¡p¶ Nne {][m\ kw`-h-

§sf hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw AbmÄ A`-bmÀ°n-I-fp-ambn Zzo]n- te¡v ]pd-s¸-Sp¶ kµÀ`m-hn-jvIm-c-t¯msS hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-¯n sh¨p- Xs¶ IY Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

IYm-Im-e-¯n\v {Ia-`wKw hcp¯n BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨À¡pI F¶Xv hmb-\-¡m-cn DtZzKw P\n-¸n-¡m³ DX-Ip¶ Hcp BJym-\-X-{´- amWv. IY-bn ap³]v \S¶ kw`-h-§sf Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw ]n¶oSv Bhn-

{][m-\-I-Y-bpsS XpS-¡-¯n\v ap¼v Bcw-`n-¨p-sIm−v IY-bn CS-¡nsS Iq«n- t¨À¡Â \S¯n Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ an{i-`q-Xm-Jym-\-amWv (mixed analepsis)³⁵

"hmkvXp-lmc'bn `qX-Imew BJym\w sN¿m-\mbn BJym-Xmhv D]-bp-à- am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. IY-bnse {][m\ kw`-h-§Ä \S¶v Gsd hÀj-§Ä Ign- ª-ti-j-amWv sd^yqPn Hm^o-k-dmb thWphpw Abm-fpsS A½m-hsâ `mcy- bmb Bc-Xnbpw I−p-ap-«p-¶-Xv. AhnsSsh¨mWv ]mT-Imew (text time) Bcw-

`n-¡p-¶Xv. XpSÀ¶v IYm-]m-{X-§Ä X½n-epÅ kw`m-j-W-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv `qX- Im-e-kw-`-h-§Ä A\m-h-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. F¶m ChnsS `qXm-Jym\w (analepsis) tcJo-b-am-bà kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. hÀ¯-am-\-Ime kw`-h-§Ä¡p- Ån kmZr-iym-ß-I-ambn `qXm-Jym-\s¯ Iq«n-t¨À¡p-I-bm-Wv. BcXn aq¶p L«-§-fm-bmWv X§-fpsS Ign-ª-Im-e-Pohn-X-¯nse kw`-h-§sf thWp- hn\v ap¶n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. `hm-\nbv¡v Ipªp-®n-tbmSpw A\-´- t\mSpw D−m-bn-cp¶ {]W-bhpw AXnsâ A\-´-c-^-e-§fpw thWp-hnsâ kvac-W-bn-eq-sSbpw Abm-fpsS A½bpsS Bß-K-X-cq-t]-W-bpÅ `mj-W-¯n- eq-sSbpw BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨-cp-¶p.

AXp-t]mse Ime-b-f-hnsâ (duration) Bhn-jvIm-c-¯n\v hmkvXp-lm-c- bn hf-sc-tbsd {]k-àn-bp-−v. IY-bnse kw`-h-§-fpsS bYmÀ°-Im-ehpw Ahsb ]mT-¯n Bhn-jvI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Imehpw X½n-epÅ ssZÀLy-

¯nse kmayhpw hyXymkhpw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-eqsS AXv F§s\

BJym-\s¯ sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v Is−-¯m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.

""ssZÀLyw (speed) F¶XvsIm−v Dt±-in-¡p-¶Xv Øe-Im-e-§Ä¡v ]c-

kv]-c-apÅ _Ôw Xs¶-bm-Wv. Hcp BJym-\-¯nsâ ssZÀLys¯ Ime-b- fhpw (sk-¡âp-IÄ, an\n-äp-IÄ, aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ, Znh-k-§Ä, amk-§Ä, hÀj-

§Ä F¶n-h-sIm−v IY-bn Af-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv) \ofhpw (h-cn-IÄ, ]pd-§Ä F¶n-h-sIm−v ]mT-¯n IW-¡m-¡m-hp-¶Xpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯n-eqsS

\nÀh-Nn-¡m-hp-¶XmWv.''³⁶

sPdmÀUv sP\-änsâ \nco-£-Ws¯ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶p-sIm−v "hmkvXp- lmc'bnse Imem-hn-jvIm-cs¯ hni-I-e\w sN¿m-\m-hpw. IYm-Im-e-¯nse kw`-h-§-fn Nne-Xns\ Npcp-¡nbpw Nne-Xns\ ]c-¯nbpw aäp-Nn-e-hsb hn«p-I-f-ªp-sam-s¡-bmWv ]mT-¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. CXn thWp c−m-as¯ XhW Bc-Xn-bpsS ho«n sNÃp¶ kµÀ`w FSp-¯p-]-d-tb−

H¶m-Wv. ]mT-¯nse ]Ip-Xn-`m-Khpw (h-cn-I-fm XoÀ¡p¶ ]pd-hn-kvXr-Xn) {]kvXpX kw`-h-¯nsâ BJym-\-¯n-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ipªp®n A½m-hsâ `mKn-t\-b-\mWv Xms\-¶pÅ thWphnsâ shfn- s¸Sp¯Â, `hm\n \ÂInb t^mt«m ssIam-äw, `hm-\n-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ipi-em- t\z-j-Ww, Ipªp-®n-tbm-sSm-¸-apÅ Bc-Xn-bpsS ae-_mÀ kµÀi-\w, Bc- Xn-bp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-¯n-sâbpw Um¡-bnse Xma-kw, Ipªp-®n-bpsS ac-Ww, hn[-h-bmb Bc-Xn-bp-sSbpw a¡-fp-sSbpw sIm¡¯-bnse Pohn-Xw, Za-b-´n- bpsS BK-a-\w, thWphpw Za-b-´nbpw X½n-epÅ kwhm-Zw, B-c-Xn-bpsS DuWp-\ÂIn-bpÅ k¡mcw, FÃm-hcpw Hcp-an¨v _tÌm-¸n-te¡v \S-¯p¶

bm{X F¶o kw`-h-§sf {]kvXpX kµÀ`m-Jym-\-¯n DÄt¨À¯n-cn-¡p-

¶p. aq¶m-gvN-tbmfw \ofp¶ ]mTIm-e--(text time)¯n {]kvXpX Znh-k-¯n-

\mWv IqSp-XÂ {]m[m\yw kn²n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. FÃm-X-c-¯n-ep-apÅ hn`-P-\-

§fpw Iem-]-§fpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n krjvSn-¡p¶ Xocm-Zp-cn-X-§fpw apdn- hp-Ifpw sshIm-cn-I-Xo-{h-X-tbmsS A\p-hm-N-I-cn-te-s¡-¯p-¶Xv Cu kµÀ`-

¯n-eq-sSbmWv. AtXm-sSm¸w ^yqU-en-k-¯nsâ A[o-i-a-t\m-`m-hhpw PmXo- b-Nn-´-bpsS k¦p-Nn-X-Xzhpw kqNn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. FÃm-än-ep-ap-]cn a\p-jy-lr- Z-b-§Ä¡p-Ånse BÀ{Z-Xbpw kvt\l-Imw-£bpw _Ô-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nse BI-kvan-I-Xbpw A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-ambn¯ocp-¶p. CXv Xs¶- bmWv "hmkvXp-lmc'bpsS BJym-\-¯n-eqsS BJym-Xmhv e£y-an-«n-cn-¡p-

¶Xv F¶-Xn-\m AXns\ km[y-am-¡p¶ {]kvXp-X-Zn-h-k-¯nse kw`-h-

§sf hym]vXn (stretch) hÀ²n-¸n-¨p BJym\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xnse kmwK- Xyw ChnsS shfns¸-Sp--¶p.

IY-bnse {][m-\-I-Ym-X-´p-hmWv hkvXp-¡Ä lcn-¡-s¸«v \ncm-ew-_- cm-bn-¯oÀ¶ A`-bmÀ°n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-{]-iv\-§-sf-¦nepw AXv hfsc kwt£-]n-¨mWv IY-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m A\m-h-iy-hn-h-c- W-§-fpsS \ncm-k-¯n-eq-sSbpw eLp-hm-Iy-§sf am{Xw ]n´p-S-cp¶ cN-\m- ssi-en-bpsS ewL-\-¯n-eq-sSbpw Chsb IqSp-X angn-hmÀ¶ coXn-bn BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨À¡m³ {iocm-a\v Ign-ªn-«p-−v.

"FÃmw Cs«-dnªv I¡-¯-bnse d^yqPn tI¼p-I-fnepw ZÞ-Im-c-Wy-

¯nepw a²y-{]-tZ-inepw aä-t\Iw A`-bmÀ°n-tI-¼p-I-fnepw ASn-ªp-Sªv Ah-km\w {]]-©m-cw`w sXm«v C¶p-hsc a\p-jy-¸mÀ¸v D−m-bn-«n-Ãm¯

Ing-¡³ Zzo]p-I-fn Pohn-X-¯nse Ah-ti-jn¨ `mKw Icp-¸n-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm³ t]mIp-¶p.'³⁷

Cu Hcp k¦oÀ® hmIy-¯n IY-bpsS tI{µ-{]-ta-bs¯ AS-¡w-sN-

¿p-hm³ Ign-ªp-sh-¶Xv {iocm-asâ BJym-\-I-e-bpsS anI-hn-s\-bmWv A\m- hr-X-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

AXp-t]mse BJym-\-¯nse XmevIm-en-I-amb hncm-a-(pause)³⁸¯n- eqsS A\p-hm-N-I-cn DtZzKw P\n-¸n-¡p¶ X{´-s¯bpw "hmkvXp-lmc'bn hfsc ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-−v. sd^yqPn Hm^o-k-dmb thWp Bc-Xn-¸- Wn-¡-sc¶ hn[-h-bpsS ho«n kµÀi-\-¯n-s\-¯n-b-t¸mÄ Ah-cpsS

`À¯mhv ae-_m-dp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw t]cv Ipªp-®n-¸-Wn-¡À F¶m-bn- cp-¶p-sh¶pw Adnbp¶-XmWv kµÀ`w. C\n-sbm¶pw tNmZn-t¡− Bh-iy-an- söv t_m²y-am-sb¶ {]kvXm-h-\-tbmsS AbmÄ B kv{XobpsS ho«nÂ\n¶v Cd-§n-\-S-¡p-¶p. _kvtÌm¸vhsc-bpÅ Ah-cpsS A\p-K-a-\-th-f- bntem XpSÀ¶v AbmÄ \m«n-te¡v Is¯-gp-Xp-t¼mtgm H¶pw ImcWw hni- Zo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. HSp-hn Znh-k-§Ä¡p-tijw adp-]-Sn-¡-¯p-IÄ h¶-ti- j-amWv Abm-fpsS kz´w A½m-h-\mb Ipªp-®n-bpsS _wKm-fn-epÅ c−mw `mcybmWv Bc-Xn-sb¶v hyà-am-hp-¶-Xv. IYm-K-Xn-bn BImw£

P\n-¸n-¡p-hm-\mWv BJym-\-¯n\pÅnse Cu XmevIm-en-I-amb \nÀ¯n-h- bv¸n-(pause)eqsS BJym-Xmhv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-sX¶v hyà-am-hp-¶p.

IY-bn-se {it²-b-amb asämcp hkvXpX "\S¶p' F¶ {Inbm-]-Z-

¯nsâ BhÀ¯\amWv. ]mT-¯n Ft«mfw Xh-W-bmWv {]kvXp-X-{Inb BhÀ¯n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. BJym-\-¯nse Øen-Ihpw Imen-I-hp-amb A´-c-

§sf Ipd-¨p-sIm−v IY-bpsS GIm-{K-Xsb Im¯p-kq-£n-¡p-hm³ ]cym-]vX- amb D]mbw F¶-\n-e-bn-emWv Cu "Bhr¯n' (frequency) {]k-à-am-bn-¯o- cp-¶-Xv. "\S¶p' F¶ {]hr-¯n-bpsS ^ew Øm\m-´-c-am-sW-¶-Xn-\m {]kvXp-X-{Inb Htc-k-abw Ime-t¯mSpw Øe-t¯mSpw _Ô-s¸-«p-\n¡p¶

H¶m-Wv.

"B Znh-k-a-{Xbpw Abmfmhcn-I-fn am{Xw k©-cn-¨p. Ccn-¡-s¸m-dp-Xn-bn-Ãm- Xm-b-t¸mÄ AbmÄ FWo-äp-\-S¶p. AbmÄ ho«n Ft¯-−-Xm-akw FÃm-hcpw HmSn-sb-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.'³⁹

In document m-hn-tijw: kn.-hn. {iocmasâ IY-I-fn - University of Calicut (Page 151-178)