Øe-þ-Im-e-hn-\ymkw

Kb-bnse hnjvWp-]m-Z-t£-{X-¯n\v kao-]-apÅ ^mÂKp-\-Zo-Xo-chpw kao-]-¯pÅ ivaim³ L«-pamWv IY-bnse {][m\ kw`-h-§Ä¡v B[m-c- amb Øe-§Ä. Xsâ a\-Ên-ep-Zn¨ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v tNmZy-§Ä¡v D¯cw tXSn kn²mÀ° cmP-Ip-am-c³ F¯n-t¨À¶ AtX Kb-bnte-¡mWv {im² IÀ½-§Ä \S-¯m-\mbn ae-bm-fn-bmb BJym-Xmhpw HUn-j-bnse I«Iv \K-c-

¯n \ns¶-¯p¶ anknkv ]mWn-{Km-lnbpw Nn¯-c-RvP\pw tIm«bwIm-c-

\mb ss\\m\pw hs¶-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hn`n¶ kwkvIm-cs¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I- cn-¨p-sIm−v hyXy-kvX-Ø-e-§-fn \n¶v F¯n-s¸-«-hÀ. anknÊv ]mWn-{Km- lnbv¡pw I¼-\n-Ìm^v Bb ss\\m\pw Ahn-sS-\n¶pw sIm¡-¯-bn-te¡v t]tI-−-Xn-\m Ffp-¸-¯n {im²-IÀ½-§Ä \S-¯p-hm-\mbn AhÀ Xnc¡v Iq«p-¶p. \ZnbpsS adp-I-c-bn \µn-{Km-aw, cwK-b, koXm-IpÞv F¶o Øe-

§-fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. koXm-Ip-Þn sh¨mWv cma-e-£va-W³amÀ Zi-cY alm-cm- Pm-hn\v ]nÞw sh¨Xv F¶v lc¬]mÞ BJym-Xm-hn-t\mSv hyà-am-¡p-

I«Iv \K-chpw anknkv ]mWn-{Km-lnbpw Pmc-\mb ss\\m\pw kwK-an¨

sIm¡¯bpw Øen-I-ambn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¶p-. I«Iv \K-c-¯nsâ lrZ-b-`m- K-¯m-bn-cp¶p ]mWn-{Km-ln-bpsS hoSv F¦nepw NnIn-ÕmÀ°w shdpw ap¸Xv ssa AI-se-bpÅ I«¡v saUn-¡ÂtImtf-Pn t]mImsX Zqsc-bpÅ tem¡Â Unkvs]³k-dn-bn-te¡v sN¶v AbmÄ ac-Ws¯ kzbw hcn-¡p-Im- bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v anknkv ]mWn-{Kmln ss\\m-t\mSv \S-¯p¶ kw`m-j-W-

¯nÂ\n¶pw hyà-am-Ip-¶p-−v. ]mWn-{Km-ln-bpsS acWw kw`-hn-¡p¶ cm{Xn- bn AhÀ ho«n-ep-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]mWn-{Km-ln-bpsS a\-ÊnÂ\n¶pw Abm- fpsS icocw ØnXn sN¿p¶ "I«m-¡n' \n¶pw anknkv ]mWn-{Kmln Hcp t]mse \S-¯nb Øm\m-´-c-amWv Abmsf ac-W-¯n-te¡v XÅn-hn-Sp-¶- sX¶ kqN\ BJym-\-L-S-\sb kwLÀjm-ß-I-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶p.

BJym-\-bn-S-amb ^mÂKp-\-Zn-Xocw IYbv¡v Nne khn-ti-j-am-\-§Ä

\ÂIp-hm³ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p-−v. lcn-t_m hnfn-I-tfmsS ISs¶

¯p¶ ih-a-©hpw Bfn-¡-¯p¶ arX-tZ-lhpw ss\an-jn-I-amb sF-ln-I-Po- hn-Xs¯ [z\n-¸n-¡p¶ kqN-I-§-fm-bmWv BJym-\-L-S-\-bn hn\y-kn-¨n-cn-

¡p-¶-Xv. IY-bpsS XpS-¡-¯n lc¬]m-sÞbpw BJym-Xmhpw X½nÂ

\S-¡p¶ kw`mjWw hf-sc-tbsd {]k-à-amb H¶m-Wv.

""_m_q . . Rms\m¶v tNmZn-¡-s«. hnjaw tXm¶-cp-Xv. CXn-\p-th−n am{X-amtWm Kb-bn h¶Xv?

""am{Xw''

""_m_p-hnsâ \m«nÂ\n¶v Chn-tS¡v F{X-Zq-c-ap−v?

""c−m-bn-c-t¯mfw''. .

""KrYm-[sc . . lco, ]pWvT-co-Im£m . . '' ]mÞ kzbw ]d-ªp.

""kn²mÀ°cm-P-Ip-am-c³ Úm\-¯n-\p-th-−n, t_m[-¯n-\p-th−n X¶nepZn¨ kl{kw tNmZy-§Ä¡v D¯cw In«m³ F¯n-b-Xn-hn-sS-bmWv''⁵ sslµ-h-am-sbmcp ac-Wm-\-´-c-N-S-§ns\ _p²-\p-ambpw t_m[m-Z-b-hp- ambn Iq«n-bn-W-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]nd-In hyà-amb Dt±-iy-ap-s−¶v BJym-\-

¯n ]n¶oSv tImÀ¯n-W-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kw`-h-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-¶p. IY-bn- te¡v {]th-in-¡p-hm³ t]mIp¶ anknkv ]mWn-{Km-lnbv¡pw Imap-I-\mb ss\\m\p Ah-cpsS amdn-a-d-bm³ t]mIp¶ Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-bv¡p-apÅ cwK-k- Öo-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv.

hfsc BËm-Z-hm-\mbn IS-s¶-¯p-Ibpw IuXp-I-t¯msS AÑsâ ]nÞ-IÀ½-§-fn ]s¦Sp¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Nn¯-c-RvP-\n ]Xnsb `mh- amäw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p. {]kvXp-Xm-´-co-£hpw at{´m-¨m-c-Whpw Ip«n-bn Bth-in-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw kz´w ]nXm-hn\v kw`-hn-¨Xv A]-ar-Xyp-hm-sW-s¶mcp t_mt[m-Zbw Ah-\n kw`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. AXp-hsc Ah³ BZ-c- thm-sSbpw kvt\l-t¯m-sSbpw I−n-cp¶ A½bpw ss\\m³ A¦n-fp-amWv Xsâ AÑsâ AIm-e-acW-¯n\v Imc-W-sa¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hv, kn²mÀ°-cm-P-Ip- am-c\v kn²-amb t_mt[m-Zbw t]mse Ah-\n s]mSp-¶s\ kw`-hn-¡p-I-bm- Wv. "Ccn-¡-¸nÞw', "]pcp-jmÀ°w' F¶ Ne-¨n-{X-am-Ip-t¼mÄ kw`-hn¨

IY-bpsS A´À`mh-¯n\v D−mIp¶ amäw {]kvXp-X-kw-`-h-§Ä Ac-t§- dp¶ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nsâ {]k-ànsb FSp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p¶ H¶mWv. cmta-iz-c-

¯nse IS¡c Kb-bnse ^mÂKp-\-Zo-X-cn-¯n\p ]Icw hbv¡p-t¼mÄ Nn¯-c-RvP³ F¶ Ip«nbv¡v kw`-hn-¡p¶ B´-cn-I-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v X\na \jvSs¸Sp-¶p. \Zn-bpsS im´-X-bn \n¶v ISensâ {]£p-_v[-X-bn- te-¡pÅ amäw {it²-bm-Wv. XpS¡¯n im´-amb a\-tÊmsS ]nÞmÀ¸Ww Bcw-`n-¡p¶ Ip«n-bpsS am\-kn-Im-hØsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-

¡m³ hc−v \nÝ-e-am-bn-¡n-S-¡p¶ \Zo-Xo-c-¯n\v Ign-bp-¶p. F¶m ]pcp- jm-À-°-¯nse IS¡-cbv¡v A§-s\-sbmcp `mh-am-äs¯ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m-\m- hp-¶n-Ã. BZy´w B`y-´-c-am-\-kn-I-kw-LÀj-§Ä A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ Nn¯-c- RvP-s\-bmWv Ne-¨n-{X-¯n ImWm-\m-hp-¶-Xv.

Ccn-¡-¸n-Þ-¯nse ]mT-Imew (text time) GXm\pw aWn-¡q-dp-IÄ am{X-am-Wv. IY Bcw-`n-¡p¶ ka-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hyà-amb kqN\ BJym- Xmhv \ÂIp-¶p-−v.

"kabw F«p-a-Wntb Bbn-«p-f-fp-h-¦nepw \Zn-bpsS \Sp-hn hc− aW-en D¨-¡pSw Xpfp-¼p-¶p'.⁶

cmhnse F«p-a-Wnbv¡v tij-amWv anknkv ]mWn-{Km-lnbpw IpSpw- _hpw _en-IÀ½-§Ä¡mbn F¯p-¶-Xv. Hcp aWn-¡q-sd-Sp-t¡− {]kvXp-X- N-S-§ns\ Ah-cpsS Xnc-¡p-Im-cWw ]¯p-an-\n-äm¡n ]mÞ Ipd¨p \ÂIp-I- bmap−m-bXv. AXv Ignªv AhÀ aS-§n-t¸m-Ip-Ibpw anknkv ]mWn-{Kmln Z£nW \ÂIn GÀs¸-Sp-¯nb aq¶p {_mÒ-W-À hnjvWp kl-{k-\maw sNmÃp-hm³ XpS-§p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-tXmsS IY Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ

kn²mÀ°-cm-P-Ip-am-c\v Kb-bn-se¯n t_mt[mZbw kn²n¨ Ime-L-«-s¯-¡q- SmsX Zi-c-Yalm-cm-Pmhn\v a¡Ä ]nÞ-wsh¨ ]ucm-Wn-IImew hsc IY- bn ]cm-aÀin-Xam-Ip-¶p−v. anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln-bpsS I¼-\n-bn ss\\m³ Ìm^v Bbn h¶Xv, ]mWn-{Km-ln-bp-sSbpw `mcy-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-

¯n {]iv\-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv, ]mWn-{Kmln acn-¡p-¶-Xv, anknkv ]mWn- {Kmln aI-t\m-Spw ss\\m-t\mSpw H¶n¨v A]-arXyp kw`-hn¨ `À¯mhn\v ]nÞw hbv¡p-hm\mbn ^mÂKp Xoc-s¯-¯p-¶Xv XpS-§nb {][m-\-kw-`-h-

§Ä \S-¡p-¶Xv Ggp hÀj-§Ä¡p-Ån-em-Wv. Cu kw`-h-§-fpsS Ah-tcm- l-W-{I-a-amWv BJym-\-¯n ]n³Xp-SÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv F¶v ImWmw.

ss\\m\pw anknkv ]mWn-{Km-lnbpw X½n-epÅ Ahn-ln-X-_-Ô-Øm-]-\w, ssewKn-I-thgvN, ]mWn-{Km-ln-bpsS A]-arXyp XpS-§nb kw`-h-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ `qX-Imew IYm-]m-{X-kw-`m-j-W-§n-eqsS kwt£-]n¨v (summary) tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. `qXm-Jym\w (analepsis) kw`-h-§-fpsS kmZriymß-I ⁽paradigmatic)⁸amb _Ô-s¯-bmWv ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv.

lc¬ ]mÞ-bpsS ImÀ-½n-I-Xz-¯n Nn¯-c-RvP³ \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶

]nÞ-aÀ¸n-¡Â hfsc hym]vXn⁹ (stretch)s¸Sp-¯n-bmWv BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨À¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m BJym\w Cg-ªp-\o-§p¶ A\p-`-hw {]Xo- X-am-Ip-¶pan-Ã. adn¨v {Inbm-N-Sp-e-X-¡mWv {]kvXpX kµÀ`-¯nsâ Bhn- jvIm-c-¯n {]mapJyw e`n¨ncn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp kw`-h-¯nsâ {]Xn-]m-Zy-thKw Ipdt¨m Iq«ntbm AÃmsX Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\m-hp-I-bn-à F¶v sP\äv \nco-£n-

¨n-«p−v¹⁰.

hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-¯n\pw `qX-Im-e-¯n\pw ]pdsa `mhn-Im-e-kv]Ài-apÅ {`am-XvI-am-sbmcp Ime-¯nsâ Bhn-jvIm-chpw Ccn-¡-¸n-Þ-¯nsâ Ime-L-S-

\-bn ImWm-\m-hp-¶p-−v.

]nÞmÀ¸W thf-bn Nn¯-c-RvP-\n s]s«¶p kw`-hn-¡p¶ `mh- am-ä-§Ä I−v IÀ½-§Ä \nÀ¯n-h-bv¡p-hm³ anknkv ]mWn-{Kmln {ian-¡p-

¶p-s−-¦nepw AXv km[y-am-hp-¶n-Ã. X¶m h©n¡s¸« `À¯m-hnsâ Bßmhv hni¶pw heªpw Xm³ \n¡p¶ ]S-hn F¯n-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶ Adnhv Ahsf hnlz-e-bm-¡p-¶p.

"AhÄ A¼-c-t¸msS FÃmw t\m¡n \n¶pw. Xsâ BÚ ewLn-¨p-sIm−v Hcp ]nÞw \S-¡p-¶p. \nÊ-lm-bXtbmsS t\m¡n \n¡p-¶p. Xsâ Xs¶ ]nÞw'¹¹.

`oXn-sIm−v he-bp¶ AhÄ, X¶n tI{µo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp¶ A[n- Imcw aIsâ ssII-fn \n£n-]vX-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-X-dn-bp-¶p. AXp-hsc Ah- fpsS \ne acn-¨p-t]mb `À¯m-hn\pw aI\pw Pmc\pw aosX-bm-bn-cp-¶Xn\m AhÀ Ah-fpsS BÚ-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-cmbmWv \ne-sIm−n-cp-¶Xv. B A[n- Imcw Ah-km-\n-¨p-I-gn-ªp-sh¶ Xncn-¨-dnhv Ahsf {`am-ß-I-amb Hcp Ah- Ø-bn F¯n-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS hÀ¯-am-\-Im-ehpw `qX-Im-ehpw DÄs¸- Sp¶ LSn-Im-c-Im-e-¯n \n¶v BJym\w hyXn-N-en-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-Im-e-

¯n am{Xw hymJym-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip¶ `mhn-kq-N-I-amb {`am-XvaIa-Imew BJym-\-¯n DÄt¨-cp-¶p. IYm-´y-¯n Xe DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨v Nn¯-c-RvP³ ]mWn-{Kmln ap³]n \S¶p t]mIp¶ Zriyw ss\an-jn-I--ambn BJym-\-

¯n IS-¶p-h¶ {]kvXp-X-Im-e-hn-ti-js¯ km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

IY-bpsS Bcw-`-¯n BJym-\-¯nse Imen-I-X- ]u-cm-Wn-I-Im-e- t¯mfw Db-cp¶psh¦n IYm-´y-¯n AXv Iev]m-´-¯n-te¡v \ofp-¶p.

"Iev]m´w' F¶-Xp-sIm−v AÀ°-am-¡p-¶Xv {]f-b-Imew AYhm krjvSn- bpsS Imew F¶-Xm-Wv. {_Òm-hnsâ Hcp Znhkw Ign-bp-t¼mÄ Iev]m-´-{]- f-bw-sIm−v kI-eXpw \in¨v {_Òmhv ho−pw krjvSn Bcw-`n-¡pw F¶mWv k¦ev]w.¹²

"B i_vZw Kb-bpsS ]S-hn \ne-bv¡msX \o−p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Iev]m´w htc-bv¡pw. \ne-bv¡msX ZrVXtbmsS hnÚm\¯nsâ Zmlw IeÀ¶v'.¹³

""\o−p-t]mIpw' F¶v ]d-bmsX "t]mIp¶p' F¶ hÀ¯am-\-Im-e-{In- bm-tcm-]-¯n-eqsS {XnIm-e-§-fn-eq-sS-bpÅ AXnsâ \nÝn-X-amb BhÀ¯-\- s¯-bmWv kqNn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv F¶v ImWmw.

3.1.4 ]m{X-krjvSn

{Inb-IÄ¡v {]m[m-\y-ap-Å-Xp-sIm−v Xs¶ IYm-]m-{X-\n-jvT-amb IY- bm-Wv, Ccn-¡-¸n-Þw. IY-bn D¯-a-]p-cp-j-cq-]-¯n ØnXn-sN-¿p¶

BJym-Xm-hn\v A´-co-£-kr-jvSn- \-S-¯p-Ibpw km£nhnh-cWw \S-¯p-

]mWn-{Km-ln-bpw anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln-bp-am-Wv {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ss\\m³ Hcp A\p-_Ô IYm-]m-{X-am-sW-

¦nepw A½-bp-sSbpw aI-sâbpw \ne-hnse Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-IÄ¡v ImcWo-`q-X-

\m-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv Abm-fm-sW-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv.

"]q¡q-S-t]mse' Imad Igp-¯n sI«n-¯q¡n XpÅn-¨mSn hcp¶ Hcm¬Ip-

«n. Gtgm Ft«m hbÊv ImWpw. ]n¶n Hcp kv{Xo, sNdp-¸-am-Wv. \Ã

\ndw. sXfnª I®p-IÄ. kzev]w hoXn IqSnb s\än. Xe-ap-Sn-bpsS DÅv kzev]w Ipd-ªn-«p-−v. AsXm-gn-¨m \à apJw hmÀ¨. IS-sª-Sp-¯-t]m- ses¯ ico-cw. Xe DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨ \S-¯w. AXn kzev]w ]pcp-j-e-

£Ww kv^pcn-¨n-cp-¶p. Xe-bn sI«n-bn-cp¶ kvImÀ^v Agn¨v Igp-¯n- te¡v \o¡n-bn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. kvIu«p-Im-cpsS amXn-cn. kvImÀ^v AaÀ¯n-s¡-

«n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv sIm−m-bn-cn-¡pw. s\än-bnepw Ihn-fnepw Nph¶ hc-IÄ.

IqsS kmam-\y-¯n¡hnª Dbcw tXm¶n-¡p¶ Hcp sNdp-¸-¡m-c³ t]âpw jÀ«pw ssSbpw [cn-¨n-«p-−v. Imep-IÄ am{Xw \á-am-Wv. jqkv A¼-e-¯nsâ ]pd¯v sNm-{I-Isf Gev]n-¨n-cn-¡-Ww. {Iotam, hmkn-ent\m ]pc«n NoInb Abm-fpsS Xe-apSn Cf-sh-bn X«n Xnf-§n-bn-cp-¶p'.¹⁴

IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS _mly-{]-Ir-Xs¯¡pdn¨v C{Xbpw ZoÀLamb hnh- cWw {iocm-asâ asämcp IY-bnepw ImWm-\m-hp-I-bn-Ã. IYm-]m-{X-tI-{µn-X- amb IY-bmWv "Ccn-¡-¸nÞw' -F-¶-Xp-sIm−v XpSÀ¶p-h-cp¶ kw`-h-hn-Im- k-§Ä¡v kpi-à-amb Hcp ASn-¯d Hcp-¡p-I-bmWv Cu hni-Z-amb hÀ®-\- bn-eqsS BJym-Xmhv Dt±-in-¡p-¶-sX¶v hyàw. "XpÅn-¨mSn' IS¶p hcp¶

Ip«n-bn Ah³ \ne-hn A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ kt´mj-{]-Z-amb am\-knImhØ {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p. AXn Ahsâ Ip«n¯-`m-hhpw Ipkr-Xnbpw DÅ-S¡w sN¿-s¸-«n-«p-−v. Ip«n-bpsS sXäp-Iq-Sm¯ Cw¥ojv `mjm D¨m-cWw Ah³ GtXm ]»nIv kvIqfn ]Tn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶ kqN\ \ÂIp-¶p. Xm³ AÑsâ {im²-¯n ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnsâ t^mt«m FSp-¡p-hm-\mbn Iymad ss\\m³ A¦n-fns\ Gev]n-¡p-Ibpw AbmÄ ssIsIm-«p-¶-Xn\v A\p-k-cn¨v

"A]v A]v' F¶v ]dªv c−p ]S-hp-IÄ H¶n¨p NmSp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Ip«n {]kvXp-X-bm-{Xsb Hcp hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-bmbn I−v BtLm-jn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶v hyàw. lc¬]mÞ sNmÃn-¡p¶ a{´w "s]m«n-¨n-cn¨p'sIm−mWv Ip«n Gäp sNmÃp-¶-sX-¶Xpw {it²-b-am-Wv. ]t£, ]Xnsb Ip«n-bpsS sXm−-bn- S-dp-¶p. i_vZw hyà-am-ImsX \n¶p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw AW-s]m-«p¶ t]msemcp Ic-¨n-en Aa-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

"I®nsâ IrjvW-a-Wn-Ifn Dcp-−p-I-q-Snb Hcp I®oÀ¡Ww ]nfÀ¶v c−n- a-I-fn X§n-\n-¶p. ]ns¶ sXdn¨v Ihn-fn hoWp. ]ns¶bpw ]ns¶bpw Ihn-fn-te¡v I®p-\oÀ Ip¯n-sbm-en-¡p-¶p.'¹⁵

C§s\ Ip«n-bpsS hfÀ¨ {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-emWv BJym-\-¯n AS- bmfs¸-Sp-¶-sX¶v ImWmw. AÑsâ ]nÞw \Zn-bn-sem-gp-¡p-t¼mÄ ss\an-jn- I-am-sb-¦nepw Xm³ AZr-iy-ambn A\p-`-hn¨ ]nXr-km-¶n-[y-¯nsâ Fs¶- t¶-¡p-am-bpÅ \jvSs¯ sXm«-dn-ª-Xp-t]mse Ah³ s]m«n-¡-c-ªp- sIm−v ]msÞ-bpsS I¿n-te¡v Ipg-ªp-ho-gp-¶p. Ip«n-¡-fn-bp-ambn h¶v ]Xnsb Hcp apXnÀ¶ hyàn-bn-te-¡v B´-cn-I-]-cn-hÀ¯\w kv]jvS-am-

¡pwhn[w hnhÀ®-amb apJ-t¯m-sSsb¦nepw Xe DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨v Nn¯-c- RvP³, A½bv¡pw A¦n-fn\pw ap³]n-embn \S-¶p-\o-§p-¶p.

amcntbm ¢md-dpsS I-Ym-]m-{X-hÀ¤o-I-c-W-¯nse \mS-Io-b-I-Ym-]m{X (Dramatic character)¹⁶ t¯mSv kmZriyw ]peÀ¯p-¶-XmWv Nn¯-c-RvPsâ ]m{X-krjvSn F¶p ]d-bmw. XpS-¡-¯n {]kvXpX IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ cq]- k-hn-ti-jXIÄ BJym-Xm-hnsâ hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS hnh-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-s−-¦nepw

"Nn¯-c-RvP³' t\Sp¶ B´-cn-I-amb hfÀ¨bpw {]Ir-X-am-ähpw {]kvXpX ]m{X-¯nsâ {Inb-I-fn-eq-sSbpw `mj-W-¯n-eq-sS-bp-amWv A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv. At¸mgpw A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS `mh-\m-ß-I-amb ]¦m-fn-¯s¯ Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbn Nne kq£va-hn-S-hp-IÄ ]m{X-h-fÀ¨- bpsS L«-¯n BJym-Xmhv \nt£-]n-¨p-h-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-−v.

cq]w-sIm−v ]cn-jvIm-cnbpw kpµ-cn-bp-amb IYm-]m-{X-amWv anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln. Ah-cpsS N¦qäw kv^pcn-¡p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ Ah-cpsS Xe DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¨pÅ \S¸pw [mÀjvSyw \ndª s]cp-am-ä-co-Xn-Ifpw IYm-]m-{X- {]-Ir-X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v IqSp-X DÄ¡m-gvN-IÄ \ÂIm³ ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. Xm³ aäp-Å-hÀ¡v "A[n]'bmsW¶ `mhw {]kvXp-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n {]I-S-am-Wv.

lc¬]m-sÞ-tbmSpw {_mÒ-W-tcm-SpapÅ anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln-bpsS kao- ]\w Ah-cnse {]kvXpX IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ A[n-Im-c-KÀÆns\ {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-

¶p. ]nÞmÀ¸W-N-S-§p-IÄ¡v ap³]v AsX-{Xbpw s]s«¶v Ah-km-\n-¸n¨p In«m-\mbn ImWn-¡p¶ hy{K-Xbpw [rXnbpw anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln-bnse kzmÀ°-a-t\m-`m-h-s¯bpw Xm³ aqew A]-arXyp kw`-hn¨ `À¯m-hnsâ Bßm-hn-t\mSpÅ Ah-tl-f-\-s¯bpw hnhr-X-am-¡p-¶p. ]mWn-{Kmln Pohn-

¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ AbmÄ¡v A\p-h-Zn-¡m-³ AhÀ X¿m-dm-Im-Xn-cp¶ Xsâ kabw ac-Wm-\-´-chpw AbmÄ¡v \ÂIp-hm³ X¿m-dà F¶v anknkv ]mWn- {Km-ln-bpsS {]hr-¯n-IÄ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. `À¯m-hnsâ ]nÞ-IÀ½w \S-

¡p¶ ]S-hn Imap-I-t\mSv tNÀ¶n-cp¶v Ggp-hÀj-¯n-\n-S-bn AhÀ¡n-S- bn kw`-hn¨ ssewKn-I-_-Ô-¯nsâ IW-s¡-Sp¸v \S-¯p¶ anknkv ]mWn- {Kmln F¶ IYm-]m{Xw A\p-hm-N-I-cn ISp¯ AaÀjhpw ]pÑhpw \nd- bv¡p-hm³ ]cym-]vX-amb hn[-¯n-emWv IYm-Ir-¯v BJym-\-L-S-\-bn sImcp-¯p-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v ImWmw. F¶m {]kvXpX IYm-]m-{X-

¯nsâ C¯cw {]hr-¯n-Isf hymJym-\n-¡p-hmt\m AXnse A[mÀ½n-I-h- i§sf kqNn-¸n-¡p-hmt\m BJym-Xmhv X¿m-dm-Ip-¶nà F¶Xv {it²-b-am- Wv. "]pcp-jmÀ°-'¯n C§s\sbmcp kµÀ`s¯ ImWp-hm-\m-hp-I-bn-Ã.

tIc-fo-b-cpsS ISp¯ kZm-Nm-c-t_m-[s¯ apdn-th-ev]n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ kwhn-[m-b-Isâ {ia-ambn thWw AXns\ ImWp-hm³. F¶m ]m{X-kr- jvSn-bpsS ]qÀ®-Xbv¡pw tI{µ-{]-ta-b-¯nsâ Bhn-jvIm-c-¯n-I-hn\pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ {iocm-a³ A§-s\-bpÅ bmsXmcphn[ hn«p-ho-gvNbv¡pw X¿m-dà F¶n-hnsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p.

kzmÀ°-Xm-ev]-cy-§-fpsS ]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-¯n-\mbn GXp hn[-¯n-epÅ sImÅ-cp-Xm-bva-bpw sN¿p-hm³ X¿m-dmb "IpSn-eX' \ndª Hcp IYm-]m-{X- amWv ss\\m-tâ-Xv. ss\\msâ Xmev]cyw anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln-bn-eà adn¨v I¼-\n-bn Ah-cn-eqsS Ic-K-X-am-tb-¡m-hp¶ D¶-X-Øm-\-am-\-§-fn-em-Wv.

`mcysb am\kn-Im-ip-]-{Xn-bn {]th-in-¨-btX Znhkw asämcp ]pcp-jsâ

`mcybpw Abm-fpsS Ipªnsâ A½-bp-amb anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln-bp-ambn imco-cn-I-_-Ô-¯n-teÀs¸-Sp-hm³ ss\\m\v bmsXm-cp-hn[ a\-Êm-£n-¡p¯pw A\p-`-hs¸Sp¶nà F¶Xv Abm-fnse kzmÀ°-Nn-´-bpsS B[n-Iy-s¯-bmWv shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.

"Ip«n-bpsS bYmÀ° AÑ\v Ahsâ A½-bpsS Pmc³Xs¶ Bbn-cn¡mw F¶ hn]-coXw IY-bnse kw`-h-¯nÂ\n¶v e`n-¡p-¶p-−v'.¹⁷

F¶ Xc-¯n Nn¯-c-RvPsâ ]nXrXzw ss\\m-\n Btcm-]n-¡p¶

Nne \nco-£-W-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. F¶m Cu A`n-{]m-bs¯ ]qÀ®-ambpw JÞn-¡m-\mhp¶ ]cm-aÀi\-§Ä "Ccn-¡-¸nÞ'¯nsâ ]mT-¯n-Â\n¶v Is−-¯m-\mhpw. \à kuµ-cyhpw shfp¯ \nd-hpapÅ anknkv ]mWn-{Km-

ln-bp-sStbm ss\\m-sâtbm cq]-km-Zriyw H«pw-Xs¶ Nn¯-c-RvP-\n-sö

kqN\ BJym-\-¯n IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-−v.

"Idp¯ \ndw, hfsc sNdnb apJw, hoXn-Ip-dª s\än, Ipdp-Inb I®p- IÄ'¹⁸

C§-s\-bm-Wv BJym-Xmhv Ip«n-bpsS cq]s¯ hÀ®n¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ip«n, ]nÞ-IÀ½-¯n-\nsS ss\\m-t\mSv "bp tKm Fth' F¶v Ae-dp¶

kµÀ`-¯n "Hcp-]mSv I−p aSp¯ apJ-t¯¡v t\m¡p¶ t]mse' anknkv ]mWn-{Kmln Ca-sh-«msX t\m¡p-t¼mÄ `À¯m-hnsâ km¶n-[y-amWv AhÄ B \nan-j-¯n A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bp-¶-sX¶v hyà-am-Wv. ss\\msâ apJw AhÄ¡v I−p aSp-¯n-«n-söv am{X-aà AbmÄ t\m¡p-t¼m-sgms¡ eÖ- sIm−v Nph-¶p-Xp-Sp¯v I®p-IÄ ]n³h-en-¨p-t]m-Ipw-hn[w AhÄ AbmÄ A\p-c-à-bmWv F¶-Xn\v Iev]-S-hnÂsh¨v AhÀ X½n kwkm-cn-¨n-cn-

¡p¶ kµÀ`w sXfnhv \ÂIp-¶pap−v.

XrjvW-bmWv Pohn-X-Zpx-J-§Ä¡v \nZm-\-sa¶pw AXns\ shSn-bp-Im- bmWv ZpxJ\n-hm-c-W-¯n-\mbn sNt¿-−Xv F¶p-apÅ al-XvZÀi-\s¯

ap³t]m«v sh¨ _p²³, "t_mt[m-Zbw' t\Snb AtX a®n InS¶v Bk- àn-I-fpsS ]nSnbnÂs]«v \«w Xncn-bp¶ c−p a\p-jy-Po-hn-I-fm-bmWv {]kvXp- X-I-Ym-]m-{X-§sf BJym-Xmhv cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¶Xv {it²-b- am-Wv. a\p-jysâ A\-´-amb Pohn-Xm-k-àn-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[o-I-c-W-amWv {]kvXpX IYm-]m-{X-§Ä BJym-\-¯n \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶-Xv F¶p ]d-bmw.

s]m«n-¡-c-ªp-sIm−v ss\\msâ apJ-t¯¡v _en-t¨mdv hen-s¨-dn-bpIbpw Abmsf B«n-b-I-äp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ aIsâ {]hr-¯nIfpw Xsâ BÚ ewLn-¨p-sIm−v Ahsâ CÑbvs¡m¯vv XpS-cp¶ ]nÞmÀ¸W NS-§p-Ifpw ImWp-t¼mÄ anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln¡v Xm³ B−pIn-S-¡p¶ Bk-àn-bp- sSbpw Ipä-t_m-[-¯n-sâbpw B[n-Iy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Hcp t_mt[m-Zbw kn²-ambn Xocp-¶p. AXp-t]mse apJ¯v ]Xn¨ _en-t¨mdv tIm]-te-i- sat\y \nÊlm-b-X-tbmsS XpS¨p \o¡p¶ ss\\m-\nepw `oXn-bn A[n- jvTn-X-amsbmcp am\-km-´cw hyà-ambpw ZÀin-¡m-\m-hpw. Nn¯-c-RvP³ ]mWn _mey-Nm-]-ey-§-fnÂ\n¶v hnSpXn t\Sn, ]nXm-hnsâ arXyp-hn\v Imc- W-¡m-cm-b-h-tcmSv hnt[-bXzw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-hm³ X¡-h®w sIev]mÀ¶

Hcp hyàn-Xz-¯n-te¡v ]cn-Wan¡p-¶p. acn-¨p-t]mb `À¯m-hnsâ t{]Xieyw

Z-bm-bn-t¸mb X\n¡v kw`-hn¨ sXäp-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Xncn-¨-dn-hp-ambn aS-

§p¶ anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln-bn At¸mgpw KqV-am-bn-¡n-S-¡p¶ Bk-àn- bpsS asämcp his¯IqSn- FSp¯p ImWn-¨tij-amWvv BJym-Xmhv Ahsc IYm-]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ\n¶v ]d-ª-b-¡p-¶-sX¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. `À¯m- hnsâ Bß-im-´n-¡mbn kl-{k-\maw sNmÃp-hm³ {_mÒ-WÀ¡v \ÂtI-

−p¶ XpIbn hne t]ip-Ibpw t\m«p-IÄ "ho−pw ho−pw' F®n-¯n-«-s¸- Sp¯n \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ anknkv ]mWn-{Kmln F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS IYm-Ir¯v a\p-jysâ Hcn-¡epw HSp-§m¯ Bk-àn-sb- {]Xy£hXvI-cn-

¡pIbmWv F¶v ImWmw. A\p-Xm-]-]qÀ®-am-sbmcp BJym-\-kzcw {]kvXpX kµÀ`-¯nsâ BJym-\-¯n hfsc hyà-am-bn {]I-S-am-Ip-¶p−v.

Hä-t\m-«-¯n k¼¶-sb¶v tXm¶p¶ anknkv ]mWn-{Km-ln-bpsS `À¯m- hn\v _en-XÀ¸Ww \S-¯pI F¶ ZuXy-s¯ AhÀ¡v ap³]v {im²-IÀ½-

§Ä \S-¯p-hm-\mbn Xs¶ kao-]n¨ hyànsb Im¯p-\n¸n-¨p-sIm−v Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ ]mÞbpw CtX Bk-àn-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[o-I-c-W-am-Wv \nÀÆ-ln-

¡p-¶sX¦nepw Zmcn-{Z-kq-N-I-amb Abm-fpsS thjw AXns\ \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-

¶p-−v F¶v ]d-bmw. Nn¯-c-RvP-t\mSv {]kvXpX IYm-]m{Xw ]peÀ¯p¶

"Aenhv' \ndª kao-]-\hpw {i²mÀl-am-Wv.

kl-{k-\maw sNmÃp-hm³ Gev]n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ {_mÒ-W-IYm-]m-{X-§fpw BJym-\-¯n Ah-cp-tS-Xmb [À½w \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶p-−v. hr²-\mb {_mÒ- W\v [\m-kàn BWpÅ-sX-¦n a²y-h-b-kvI\v el-cn-tbm-SmWv BÀ¯n.

F¶m bphm-hmb aq¶m-as¯ {_mÒ-W³ Ch-bn-sem¶pw Bk-àn-bn-Ãm-

¯-h\pw IÀ½\nc-X-\p-am-Wv. BJym-Xmhv BJym-\-¯n-eqsS kwth-Z\w sN¿p-hm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶ Bi-b-¯nsâ aqÀ¯o-I-cn¨ cq]-§-fm-bmWv {]kvXpX IYm-]m{X§sf BJym-\-L-S-\-bn hn\ykn¨psh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

[À½m-\p-jvTm-\-¯n-eqsS A´n-a]p-cp-jmÀ°-amb tam£-¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨- cp-hm³ ZrV-\n-Ýbw ssIs¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ bph-{_m-Ò-W\pw ]pXn-sbmcp kzXz-t_m[w t\SnsbSp¯v Xsâ IS-asb \nÀÆ-ln¨v aS-§n-t¸m-Ip¶ Nn¯-c- RvP\pw IÀt½m-·p-Jamb ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ BJym-Xm-hnsâ {]Xo-

£sb ]qcn-X-am-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{Xm-hn-jvIm-c-§-fm-Wv.

3.1.5 khn-ti-j-amb BJym-\-X{´w

DNn-X-{In-b-I-fpsS k¶n-th-i-¯n-eqsS A\p-{Iaw hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p¶

kwLÀjm-ß-I-X-bm-Wv, "Ccn-¡-¸n-Þ-'¯nse khn-ti-j-amb BJym\

X{´w. ho£-W-tIm-Wnse XncsªSp¸pw ØeIme Bhn-jvIm-c-¯n\v

\ÂIp¶ hnti-j]cn-N-c-W-hpsams¡ AXn\v A\p-_-Ô-am-bmWv hcp-¶-sX-

¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. [À½w, AÀ°w, Imaw, tam£w F¶o \mep ]pcp- jmÀ°-§fpw IY-bn AWn-\n-c-¡p-¶p. "AÀ°'-¯nepw "Ima-'¯nepw Bkà-cmbn [À½hpw tam£hpw A\y-ambn \n¡p¶ a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn- Xm-hØ-bn-emWv BJym\w {i² tI{µo-Icn¡p-¶-Xv. Ccn-¡-¸n-Þ-t¯-¡mÄ

‘]pcp-jmÀ°w’ F¶ t]cv IYbv¡v tbmPn-¡p-sa¶v AXnsâ A\p-hm-Z-\-amb Ne-¨n-{X-\m-a-t[bw sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p-−v.

kn²mÀ° cmP-Ip-am-c³ AÀ°hpw Imahpw shSnªv [À½-¯nsâ ]mX ]n´p-SÀ¶v A`bw tXSnb Øe-amWv BJym-\-bn-S-ambn IY-bn ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. `mc-X-¯nse Gähpw ]pcm-X-\-t£-{X-amb hnjvWp-]m-Z- t£{Xw ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv Kb-bn-em-Wv. _p²³ BZy-ambn F¯n-bXpw Ahn-sS-¯-s¶. AXn\v tij-amWv t_m[n hr£-¯-W-en A`-bw-tX-Sp-¶- Xv.

‘\m\m-`m-j-¡mcpw hnhn[ hkv{X-§-fn s]mXnª tZl-§-fp-ambn kz´w hm¡p-I-fn DWÀ¯p-¶p.

kz´w Bh-iy-§Ä ZpxJ§Ä.....'¹⁹

Imem-´-c-§-fmbn P\-§Ä X§-fpsS B{K-l-]qÀ¯o-I-cW¯n\pw ZpxJ]cn-lm-c-¯n-\p-ambn ]e-t£{Xk¶n-[n-I-fnepw AeªpXncn-bp-I-bmWv F¶ kqN\ IYm-cw-`-¯n¯s¶ sImcp-¯p-h-bv¡m³ BJym-Xmhv hnkva-cn-

¡p-¶n-Ã.

{im²w Bßm-hn\v AYhm acn-¨p-t]mb a\p-jyÀ¡v tam£w \ÂIm-

\mbn \S-¯p¶ IÀ½-am-Wv. Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \m\m-X-c-¯n-epÅ Bk- àn-IÄ¡pw ZpxJ-§Ä¡pw ASn-s¸-«-hÀ¡v ac-Wm-\-´cw tam£w t\Sn-s¡m- Sp-¡m-\mbn _Ôp-P-\-§Ä DZy-an-¡p-¶p. F¶m B hcp-¶-hcpw A´-an- Ãm¯ Pohn-X-Xr-jvW-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn-em-Wv. ivaim³ L«n-te¡v ih-a©w

‘Gän’hcp-¶-hcpw arX-tZlw I¯n-¯oÀ¶p-In-«nbn«v bm{X-bmhm³ [rXn-Im-«p-

¶-hcpw `À¯m-hnsâ ]nÞ-IÀ½NS-§p-IÄ ]qÀ¯n-bm-hm³ Bh-iy-amb Hcp aWn-¡q-dns\ ]¯p-an-\n-ämbn Ipd-bv¡m³ IÀ½nsb \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p¶

anknkv ]mWn-{Km-lnbpw A¡q-«-¯n s]Sp-¶p.

In document m-hn-tijw: kn.-hn. {iocmasâ IY-I-fn - University of Calicut (Page 132-146)