1- O;olk; ,oa midze dh LFkkiuk ls lEcfU/kr ifjHkk"kk,¡
¼Definitions related to establishing business & enterprise½ %&
(ii) izks-mn; ikjhd ,oa euksgj uknd.khZ ¼Prof. Udai Pareek & Manohar Nadkarni½ ds vuqlkj %&
Þm|ferk ls vk'k; lekt esa u;s midze LFkkfir djus dh lkekU; izo`fÙk ls gSAß
¼Entrepreneurship refers to the general trend of setting up new enterprises in a society.½
(i) ,p-,u- ikBd ¼H.N. Pathak½ ds vuqlkj %&
Þm|ferk mu O;kid {ks=ksa dks lfEefyr djrh gS]
ftuds lEcU/k esa vusd fu.kZ; ysus gksrs gSA bu fu.kZ;ksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼1½ volj dk Kku djuk ¼2½ vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ dk laxBu djuk ,oa ¼3½ vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ dks ykHknk;d] xfr'khy ,oa fodkl'khy laLFkk ds #i esa lapkfyr djukAß
¼Entrepreneurship involves a wide range of areas on which series of decision are required, which can be broadly grouped into three categoris, viz relating to (1) perception of an opportunity, (2) organising an industrial unit, and (3) running the industrial unit as a profitable, going and growing concern.½
(i) jksfcUl rFkk dkSyVj ¼Robbins & Coulter½ ds vuqlkj %&
Þm|ferk og izfdz;k gS ftlesa dksbZ O;fDr vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk lewg vius fu;a=.k ds v/khu lalk/kuksa dh ijokg fd;s fcuk] mi;ksfxrk dk l`tu djus ,oa uokpkj }kjk fodkl ds voljksa dks [kkstus esa le; o /ku dk tksf[ke mBkrk gSAß
¼Entrepreneurship is the process where individual or a group of individuals risk time and money in pursuit of opportunities to create value and go through innovation regardless of the resources they currently control.½
(ii) izks-jko ,oa esgrk ¼Prof. Rao & Mehata½ ds vuqlkj %&
Þm|ferk dks okrkoj.k ds l`tukRed ,oa uokpkjh izR;qrj ds #i esa of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSAß
¼Entreprenurship can be described as creative and innovation response to the environment.½
fu"d"kZ #i esa m|ferk og izfdz;k gS ftlesa m|eh voljksa dh [kkst djds l`tukRed uokpkj djrk gS lkekftd uo izoZru djus ,oa O;olk; dks xfr'khy cuk;s j[kus gsrq tksf[ke mBkrk gS] blesa m|eh uohu O;kolkf;d laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk djds mldk lapkyu djrk gS rFkk uohu mRikn ;k lsok izLrqr djus dk lkgl djrk gSA
(i) tkslsQ ,-'kqfEiVj (Joseph A. Schumpeter) ds 'kCnksa esa %&
Þm|ferk ,d uo izoÙkZudkjh dk;Z gSA ;g LokfeRo dh vis{kk usr`Ro dk;Z gSAß
¼Entrepreneurship is an innovative function. It is leadership rather than ownership.½ (ii) ihVj fdyckbZ ¼Peter Kilby½ ds vuqlkj %&
ßm|ferk fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dk lfEeJ.k gS] ftlesa cktkj voljksa dk Kku izkIr djuk] mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk lek;kstu ,oa izca/k djuk] mRiknu] rduhd ,oa oLrqvksa dks viukuk lfEefyr gSAß
¼Enterpreneurship involves a wide range of activities which includes perception of market opportunity, compesing & mananging the factors of production and introduction of the production, techniques and products.½
(i) gkWoMZ tkWulu ¼Howard Johnson½ ds erkuqlkj
%&
Þm|ferk rhu ewyHkwr rRoksa vkfo"dkj] uokpkj ,oa vaxhdj.k dk feJ.k gSAß
¼Entrepreneurship is the composit of three basic elements invention, innovation and adaptations.½
(ii) Ýsdfyu fy.Mls ¼Franklin Lindsay½ ds vuqlkj
%&
Þm|ferk lekt dh Hkkoh vko';drkvksa dk iwokZuqeku yxkuk rFkk mUgsa lalk/kuksa ds u;s l`tukRed ,oa dYiuk'khy la;kstuksa ds }kjk lQyrkiwoZd iwjk djuk gSAß
¼Entrepreneurship is the anticipating the future requirements of society and successfully meeting these needs with new, creative and immaginative combinations of resources.½ 2- dk;Z ,oa fØ;kvksa ls lEcfU/kr ifjHkk"kk,¡
¼Definitions related to functions & activities½ %&
3- laxBu ,ao la;kstu ls lEcfU/kr ifjHkk"kk,¡
¼Definitions related to organisation of combination½ %&
4- fu.kZ; ysus ls lEcfU/kr ifjHkk"kk,¡
¼Definitions related to decision-making½%&
5- uokpkj lEcU/kh ifjHkk"kk,¡ %&
1- uokpkj ¼Innovation½ %&
orZeku esa m|ferk dsoy ijEijkxr dk;ksZa dks lEiUu djus dh fdz;k ugha gS vfirq blesa uohu rduhd]
uohu mRikn ;k vU; fdlh izdkj ds uokpkj dk lekos”k gksrk gSA m|eh vius O;olk; esa tc fdlh uokpkj dk viukrk gS rc gh mls m|eh dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkuk U;k;ksfpr gksrk gSA ihVj Mªdj us fy[kk gS fd **uokpkj m|ferk dk fof”k’V midj.k gSA**
2- l`tukRed fdz;k ¼Creative Activity½%&
m|ferk esa m|eh }kjk oLrq ;k lsok ds LFkku] jax]
:i vkfn mi;ksfxrkvksa dk l`tu djds mldks lekt ds fy;s vf/kd mi;ksxh cuk;k tkrk gSA fgtfjp ,oa ihVlZ ¼Hisrich and Peters½ ds eqrkfcd **m|ferk mi;ksfxrk l`ftr djus dh izfdz;k gSA** m|ferk }kjk vuqi;ksxh oLrqvksa dks mi;ksxh oLrqvksa esa ifjofrZr djds l`tukRed dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA ihVj ,Q- Mªdj Hkh Li’V djrs gS fd **--- m|ferk feV~Vh ds <+sj dks Hkh lksus esa cny ldrh gSA**
3- tksf[ke ogu djuk ¼Risk Bearing½%&
m|ferk tksf[ke mBkus dh {kerk dk i;kZ; gSA ,d m|eh uohu midze dh LFkkiuk ,oa lapkyu] cktkj esa uohu mRiknu dk izLrqfrdj.k] cktkj dh vfuf”prrkvksa ds e/;
ewY; fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy;s mlesa viuk /ku] le; o esgur dk fuos”k dj tksf[ke mBkrk gSA ,d m|eh ewY;ksa esa mPpkopu] xkzgd dh :fp;ksa esa ifjorZu] izfrLi/kkZ] cnyrh ljdkjh uhfr;ksa vkfn dh tksf[ke ls lnSo f?kjk gqvk jgrk gS ,oa og u dsoy vkfFkZd tksf[ke vfirq ekufld tksf[ke dks Hkh ogu djrk gSA
4- volj [kkstus dh izfdz;k
¼A Process of Searching Opportunity½
%& m|ferk volj ryk”kus dh izfdz;k gSA ,d m|eh O;fDr;ksa dh leL;kvksa] mudh vko”;drkvksa o vkdka{kkvksa]
lkekftd o rduhdh ifjorZuksa] izfrLi/kkZ vkfn esa Hkh m|ferk ds volj [kkstrk gS ,oa mUgsa fdz;kfUor djrk gSA tSls ,d vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa [kkus gsrq NksVk gksVy ;k jsLVksjsUV ugha gS rks O;fDr;ksa dh bl leL;k esa m|eh fVfQu lsUVj [kksydj u;s volj [kkst ysrk gSA
5- midze dh LFkkiuk o lapkyu
¼Establishment and Operation of Enterprises½%&
m|ferk O;olk; iz/kku vfHko`fÙk gSA ;g O;fDr;ksa dks bl ckr dh izsj.kk nsrh gS fd os uohu O;olk;ksa dh LFkkiuk djsa ,oa mldk lQyrk iwoZd lapkyu djsaA m|ferk }kjk gh lekt esa uohu midzeksa dh LFkkiuk lEHko gks ikrh gS blds vHkko esa uohu vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa dk fuekZ.k vlEHko gSA
m|ferk dh fo’ks”krk,a¡@izd`fr
¼
Characterstics/Nature of enterpreneurship½
m|ferk ds vFkZ o ifjHkk’kk dk v/;;u djus ds i”pkr m|ferk dh fuEu izeq[k fo”ks’krk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gS%&
6- mPp miyfC/k dh vkdka{kk dk ifj.kke
¼It is the result of high achievement/ambition½%&
m|ferk mPp miyfC/k dh vkdka{kk dk ifj.kke gksrh gSA m|eh viuh mPp miyfC/k dh egRokdka{kk dks iwjk djus ds fy;s dM+h esgur ,oa la?k’kZ dks lnSo rRij jgrs gSA os vius y{; dks ;su&dsu&izdkjs.k gkfly djuk pkgrs gSA xSyjeSu us fy[kk gS fd ** m|eh mPp miyfC/k;ksa ds y{; ds izfr lefiZr gksrs gS] rFkk bUgsa izkIr fd;s fcuk larq’V ugha gksrs gSA**
7- fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr u fd vUrZKku ij
¼Based on Principles not on Intuition ½%&
m|ferk fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr fØ;k gSA ;g fdlh O;fDr ds vUrZKku ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrh gSA m|ferk O;olk;”kkL=] vFkZ”kkL=] euksfoKku] dkuwu] lkaf[;dh] izcU/k
“kkL= vkfn ds fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA
8- is’ksoj fdz;k ¼Professional Activity½ %&
orZeku ;qx esa m|ferk ,d is”ksoj ,oa vftZr ;ksX;rk gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr bl ;ksX;rk dks izkIr djuk pkgrk gS rks fofHkUu f”k{k.k&izf”k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa f”k{k.k&izf”k{k.k izkIr dj bl ;ksX;rk dks vftZr dj ldrk gSA ;gh ugha orZeku esa fofHkUu ljdkjh laxBu Hkh m|ferk izo`fÙk dks fodflr djus ,oa blesa #fp tkx`r djus gsrq vusd dk;Zdzeksa rFkk ;kstukvksa dk lapkyu dj jgs gSA
9- ;g ifjorZuksa dk ifj.kke gS
¼It is result of different changes½%&
m|ferk Rofjr xfr ls gks jgs lkekftd] vkfFkZd]
jktuSfrd] rduhdh] ljdkjh uhfr;ksa o fu;e vkfn esa gks jgs cnyko dk ifj.kke gSA ifjorZuksa ds dkj.k O;fDr;ksa ds fopkj ,oa n`f’Vdks.k esa ifjorZu vk jgk gS ftlls m|ferk dk fodkl gks jgk gSA
10- m|ferk ,d O;ogkj gS
¼Entrepreneurship is a Practice½%&
m|ferk m|eh ds }kjk fd;k x;k O;ogkj gksrk gS u fd mlds O;fDrRo dk y{k.kA tks m|eh vius O;ogkj ls ftruh vf/kd tksf[ke ogu djsxk] uohu dk;Z djsxk] uokpkj
djsxk] og mruk gh iz[kj o cM+k m|eh curk tkrk gSA izcU/k fo"ks'kK Mªdj us fy[kk gS fd ** m|ferk u foKku gS vkSj u dykA ;g rks O;ogkj gSA**
11- lHkh O;olk;ksa esa vko’;d
¼Essential in all types of Business½%&
m|ferk lHkh izdkj ds O;olk;ksa esa vko”;d gksrh gSA O;olk; pkgs NksVk gks ;k cM+k gks] fuekZ.k izfdz;k ls lacaf/kr gks ;k foi.ku izfdz;k ls lacaf/kr gks] fodkl”khy vFkZO;oLFkk esa lapkfyr gks ;k fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk esa lapkfyr gks] m|ferk lHkh txg vko”;d gksrh gSA
12- lHkh fdz;kvksa esa vko’;d
¼Essential in all activities½%&
m|ferk dsoy vkfFkZd fdz;kvksa esa gh vko”;d ugha gS vfirq ;g izR;sd fdz;k esa vko”;d gksrh gSA O;fDr vkfFkZd {ks= ds vykok ftl Hkh {ks= esa dksbZ lkgfld dk;Z] tksf[ke mBkus dk fu.kZ; ;k uokpkj djrk gS ogkW Hkh m|ferk dh furkUr vko”;drk gksrh gSA
13- m|ferk ds dbZ Lo:i gksrs gS
¼Different types of Entrepreneurship½%&
izR;sd ns”k o lekt dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd]
jktuSfrd] oS/kkfud fLFkfr;k¡ o ogkW ds O;fDr;ksa dk n`f’Vdks.k vyx&vyx gksrk gS ,slh fLFkfr esa m|ferk ds izdkjksa esa fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA bls futh m|ferk] la;qDr m|ferk]
dsUnzhd`r m|ferk] fodsUnzhd`r m|ferk] y?kq m|ferk] o`gr m|ferk] ijEijkxr m|ferk] uohu m|ferk vkfn izdkjksa ls tkuk tk ldrk gSA
mijksDr eq[; fo”ks’krkvksa ds vfrfjDr fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj m|ferk dh fo”ks’krkvksa esa ;g “kkfey fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g Kku ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS ,oa O;fDrRo fuekZ.k dh fdz;k dks laikfnr djrh gSA
m|ferk fdlh Hkh ns”k dh vkfFkZd ,oa vkS|ksfxd izxfr dk vk/kkjLrEHk gksrh gSA ;g ns"k ds vkfFkZd ,oa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk izfrfcac gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh jk’Vª dh vFkZO;oLFkk pkgs og fodflr gks ;k fodkl”khy gks] ml jk’Vª dh fopkj/kkjk pkgs i¡wathoknh gks ;k lkE;oknh ;k lektoknh gks] ml jk’Vª dk usr`Ro pkgs iztkrkfU=d ;k jkt”kkgh ;k vf/kuk;doknh gks lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa m|ferk dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ;g fdlh O;fDr fo”ks’k ds thou dks gh ifjekftZr ugha djrh gS vfirq lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dks fodklkRed fn”kk iznku djrh gSA blh dkj.k ;sy czkstu us dgk gS fd **m|ferk vkfFkZd fodkl dk vfuok;Z vax gSA**