1- O;fDrxr xq.k
¼Personal ability or quality½
usr`Ro usrk dk O;fDrxr xq.k gSA ;g usrk dk HkkSfrd xq.k ugha gS vfirq mldk O;kogkfjd xq.k gSA usrk vius O;ogkj ls vU; O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djrk gS ,ao mUgsa fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq izsfjr djrk gSA cukMZ us Hkh fy[kk gS fd] ßusr`Ro fdlh O;fDr ds O;ogkj dk og xq.k gS ftlds }kjk og nwljs O;fDr;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrk gSAÞ
usrk dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk gksrh gS fd mlds vuq;k;h gksukA fcuk vuq;kf;;ksa ds usrk dh dYiuk Hkh laHko ugha gSA vuq;kf;;ksa ds fcuk usr`Ro ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA v/khuLFkksa dk vFkok vuq;kf;;ksa dk lewg gksus ij gh usr`Ro fd;k tk ldrk gS] buds vHkko esa ;g viw.kZ gh jgrk gSA
usr`Ro esa usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks bl izdkj ls izHkkfor djrk gS fd os usrk dh bPNkuq:i LosPNk ls dk;Z djus dks rRij gks tkrs gSaA usrk viuh bPNk v/khuLFkksa ij Fkksirk ugha gS vfirq og ges'kk deZpkfj;ksa dks LosPNk ls laLFkk ds y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, vius O;ogkj ;k ekxZn'kZu ls izHkkfor djrk gSA
usr`Ro ,oa mlds vuq;kf;;ksa ds fgr ,d leku gksus pkfg;sA fdlh laxBu esa ;fn usrk ,oa mlds vuq;kf;;ksa ds fgr vyx&vyx gS rks ogk¡ usr`Ro dk dksbZ Hkh
izHkko ugha jgsxkA tktZ vkj- VSjh us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd]
ß usr`Ro ikjLifjd mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq O;fDr;ksa dks LoSfPNd iz;kl djus dh izsj.kk nsrk gSAÞ
ijEijkxr vo/kkj.kk ;g jgh gS fd usrk iSnk gksrs gS] cuk;s ugha tkrs] fdUrq vk/kqfud ifjos'k esa ;g /kkj.kk cny xbZ gSA vc usr`Ro dk f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k ds }kjk O;ofLFkr fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl {kerk dh izkfIr ds fy, usr`Ro dk;Z okrkoj.k] vf/kdkj] igyiu]
vkRefo'okl vkfn rRoksa dks dke esa ys ldrk gSA izks- jkWl ,oa gSUMªh ¼Ross & Hendry½ dk er gS] ßusr`Ro {kerk tUe ysrh gS] fodflr gksrh gS rFkk bls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSAÞ
usr`Ro ijLij rFkk vkilh laca/kksa ij fuHkZj gSA ;s vkilh laca/k vuq;kf;;ksa rFkk usrk ds e/;] usrk ,oa usrk ds e/;]
vuq;kf;;ksa ,oa vuq;kf;;ksa ds e/; vFkok vuq;kf;;ksa ds ,d fo'ks"k lewg ,oa usrk ds e/; vkfn esa ik;s tk ldrs gSaA
usrk ds vuq;k;h lokZf/kd mlds vkpj.k ls izHkkfor gksrs gSA vr% usrk dk vkpj.k bl izdkj dk gksuk pkfg;s tks mlds vuq;kf;;ksa ds le{k ,d vkn'kZ gksA usrk dh dFkuh ,oa djuh leku gksuh pkfg;sA mls viuk vkpj.k lnSo ,d vkn'kZ vkpj.k ds #i esa izLrqr djuk pkfg;s] ftlls v/khuLFk mldk vuqlj.k dj ldsA ,y-,Q- mfoZd ds vuqlkj] ßvuq;kf;;ksa dks dsoy ;g izHkkfor ugha djrk gS fd mldk usrk D;k djrk gS]
og D;k fy[krk gs] cfYd og D;k gS] og dkSu ls dk;Z djrk gS] og fdl izdkj dk O;ogkj djrk gS] vkfn rF; izHkkfor djrs gSaAÞ
usr`Ro ,d xfr'khy ,oa lrr~ izfØ;k gSA usr`Ro dk dk;Z laxBu dh LFkkiuk ls ysdj mldh fo|ekurk rd lnSo pyrk gh jgrk gSA usr`Ro dh lHkh 'kSfy;ksa ,ao rduhdksa dks leku #i ls ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS]
bls le;&ifjfLFkfr ds vuq:i ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA
usr`Ro vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd nksuksa #iksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA laLFkk ds izca/kd dh fLFkfr vkSipkfjd gksrs gq;s Hkh dHkh&dHkh mls vukSipkfjd #i ls usr`Ro iznku djuk gksrk gSA
usr`Ro dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd lHkh izca/kd usrk ugha gksrs gSA izca/kd ds ikl vU; O;fDr;ksa ls dk;Z djokus gsrq vf/kdkj izkIr gksrs gS ysfdu usr`Ro O;fDr;ksa dks LosPNk ls dk;Z djus ds fy, rRij djrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks usr`Ro ,oa izca/k esa vUrj gksrk gSA
fdlh O;kolkf;d laxBu dh lQyrk ;k vlQyrk usr`Ro ds xq.kksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% lQyrk dh izkfIr gsrq usr`Ro esa vusd fof'k"V xq.kksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA fofHkUu fo}kuksa us usr`Ro ds vusd xq.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA dqN izeq[k fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj usrk esa fuEu xq.k gksus pkfg;s %&
2- vuq;k;h ¼Followers½
3- izHkkfor djus dh dyk ¼Art of influencing½
4- fgrksa dh ,drk ¼Community of interests½
5- usr`Ro {kerk fodflr ,oaaa izkIr dh tk ldrh gS ¼Leadership ability can be developed & achieved½
6- ijLij laca/kksa ij vk/kkfjr
¼Based on interpersonal relations½
7- vuqdj.kh; vkpj.k ¼Exemplary conduct½
8- xfr'khy izfØ;k ¼Dynamic process½
9- vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd ¼Formal & Informal½
10- lHkh izca/kd usrk ughaaaa gksrs gS ¼All managers are not leaders½
usr`Ro ds xq.k
¼Characteristics of leadership½1- gsujh Qss;kssy ¼Henri Fayol½ dssss vuqlkj usrk esaas fuEu xq.k gksus pkfg;s %&
1- LokLF; ,oa 'kkjhfjd {kerk 2- ;ksX;rk ,oa ekufld larqyu 3- uSfrd xq.k
4- Kku ,oa
5- izca/kdh; ;ksX;rk
2- vksMZos VhM¼Ordway Tead½ dssss erkuqlkj ,d usrk eassaasas fuEu xq.k gksus pkfg;ssss %&
1- mns~'; ,oa fn'kk dh psrurk 2- 'kkjhfjd o Luk;q'kfDr 3- eS=hHkko o Lusg 4- mRlkg
5- f'k{k.k {kerk 6- fu.kZ;u {kerk 7- ckSf)d pkrqZ;
8- pfj=oku 9- fo'oluh;rk 10- ifjiDork 11- rduhdh {kerk
3- psLVj vkbZ- cukZM ds vuqlkj usrk esa fuEu xq.k gksus pkfg;s
1- fu.kZ;u {kerk 2- mRrjnkf;Ro 3- fouezrk 4- ckSf)d {kerk 5- LQwfrZ ,ao lgu'khyrk 6- Lkkekftd psruk 7- lqUnj O;fDrRo
4- LVkssxfMy ¼Stogdill½ dssss vuqqlkj usrk esa fuEu xq.k gksuk pkfg;ssss %&
1- 'kkjhfjd ,oa ljapukRed xq.k 2- ckSf)d {kerk
3- vkRefo'okl 4- bPNk'kfDr 5- igyiu 6- izHkqRo {kerk 7- meax o mRlkg 8- ekSfydrk ,oa lrdZrk 9- lkekftdrk
5- lh-,y-mfoZZd ¼C.L. Urwick½ ussss ,d usrk esa fuEu xq.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k gS %&
1- lkgl 2- bPNk'kfDr
3- efLr"d dh yksp'khyrk
4- Kku ,oak dssss fuEu xqqq.kkasassasa dk o.kZZu fd;k gSSSS %&
5- Pkkfjf=d cy
6- tktZZZZ vkj- VSjh ¼George R. Terry½ ussss usrk eassasaas fuEu xq.kksa dh vko';drk crkbZZZZ gSSSS %&
1- 'kfDr
2- HkkoukRed fLFkjrk 3- Ekkuoh; laca/kksa dk Kku 4- O;fDrxr vfHkizsj.kk 5- lEizs"k.k ;ksX;rk 6- f'k{k.k ;ksX;rk 7- lkekftd ;ksX;rk 8- rduhdh {kerk
,d usrk dk LokLF; mRre o 'kjhj lqxfBr gksuk pkfg;s A dgk tkrk gS fd LoLFk 'kjhj esa gh LoLFk efLr"d dk fuokl gksrk gSA og 'kkjhfjd #i ls vius dk;ksZ ds fu"iknu gsrq l{ke rFkk LQwfrZoku gksuk pkfg;sA ;fn usrk dk LokLF; mRre ugha gksxk rks og vius dk;ksZa dks iw.kZ djus esa dfBukbZ vuqHko djsxkA
usrk dh lQyrk ds fy;s mldk cqf)eku gksuk furkUr vko';d gSA usrk dq'kkxz cqf)okyk gksus ij gh fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh /kS;Z o xaHkhjrk ls leL;kvksa dk lek/kku dj ikrk gSA vusd v/;;uksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ vk;k gS fd usrk gh vuq;kf;;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd cqf)eku gksrk gSA
bu fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ge ;g dg ldrs gS fd ,d usrk esa fuEu xq.kksa dk gksuk vko';d gS %&
,d dq'ky usrk esa vkRe fo'okl ,oa bPNk 'kfDr gksuh pkfg;sA ,d usrk ftlesa vkRefo'okl gksrk gS og nwljksa dks fo'okl thrus esa Hkh lQy gksrk gSA ,y-,Q- mfoZd us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd] ßvuq;kf;;ksa dk iw.kZ fo'okl izkIr djus ds fy, usrk esa vkRe fo'okl gksuk pkfg;sAÞ fdlh us lgh gh fy[kk gS fd lQyrk dh igyh lh<+h vkRefo'okl gksrk gSA bPNk 'kfDr ds vHkko esa dksbZ Hkh usrk vius y{; dks izkIr djus esa lQy ugha gks ikrk gSA lqn`<+ bPNk'kfDr ds dkj.k dfBu o nqxZe dk;ksZa dks Hkh vklku cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
,d dq'ky usrk esa vkRe fo'okl ,oa bPNk 'kfDr gksuh pkfg;sA ,d usrk ftlesa vkRefo'okl gksrk gS og nwljksa dks fo'okl thrus esa Hkh lQy gksrk gSA ,y-,Q- 1- mRre LokLF; ¼Sound health½
2- dq'kkxz cqf) ¼Sharp intelligent½
3- vkRe fo'okl ,oaaaa bPNk 'kfDr ¼Self confidence & willpower½
4- LQwfrZ ,oa lfg".kqrk ¼Vitality & Tolerance½
dks izsfjr dj ldsA
,d lQy usrk }kjk vius vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk ekuoh; O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA usrk dk izeq[k dk;Z vius vuq;kf;;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu dj muls bfPNr dk;Z ysuk gSA vr% mls vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh :fp;kW] Hkkouk,¡]
{kerk] dfe;k¡ vkfn dk iwjk Kku gksuk pkfg;sA ;gh ugha] mls
;g Hkyh Hkkafr Kkr gksuk pkfg;s fd mlds vuq;kf;;ksa dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd] ekufld vko';drkvksa dks dSls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA mijksDr of.kZr rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh ,d usrk Js"B ekuoh; laca/kksa dh LFkkiuk dj ikrk gSA
,d vPNk usrk nwjn'khZ gksuk pkfg;sA mls Hkfo"; dk iwokZuqeku yxkdj mlds vuqlkj ;kstuk ,oa mldk fdz;kUo;u djuk pkfg;sA orZeku le; esa ifjorZu brus rhozxkeh gS fd tks usrk bu ifjorZuksa dk vuqeku yxkdj dk;Z djrk gS og lQyrk dks vklkuh ls izkIr dj ysrk gSA
,d usrk esa mRrjnkf;Ro dks Lohdkj djus ,oa mudh iwfrZ djus dh Hkkouk gksuh pkfg,A tks usrk mRrjnkf;Roksa ls nwj jguk pkgrk gS] og dHkh ,d dq'ky usrk ugha cu ldrk gSA usrk viuh fLFkfr ds dkj.k vf/kdkj lEiUu gksrk gS fdUrq vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk gh mRrjnkf;Ro Hkh c<+rs tkrs gSaA
,d usrk dk O;fDrxr fgrksa dh ctk; lkewfgd fgrksa dks izkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg;sA mls lnSo bl ckr ij cy nsuk pkfg;s fd laxBukRed y{;ksa dh izkfIr esa gh O;fDrxr fgr fufgr gksA ;fn usrk vius fgrksa ds fy, lewg ds fgrksa dks R;kx nsrk gS rks og dHkh vPNk usrk ugh cu ldrk gSA
,d usrk feyulkj ,oa O;ogkj dq'ky gksuk pkfg;sA mlesa O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk feytqy dj jgus ,oa izseiwoZd O;ogkj djus dh Hkkouk gksuh pkfg;sA mls vius vuq;kf;;ksa dk lg;ksx tgkW rd laHko gks mudk eu izlUu djds gh ysuk pkfg;sA blds fy, usrk dks viuh thou 'kSyh ,oa vkpj.k O;ogkj esa ifjorZu djuk gksxkA
mfoZd us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd] ßvuq;kf;;ksa dk iw.kZ fo'okl izkIr djus ds fy, usrk esa vkRe fo'okl gksuk pkfg;sAÞ fdlh us lgh gh fy[kk gS fd lQyrk dh igyh lh<+h vkRefo'okl gksrk gSA bPNk 'kfDr ds vHkko esa dksbZ Hkh usrk vius y{; dks izkIr djus esa lQy ugha gks ikrk gSA lqn`<+ bPNk'kfDr ds dkj.k dfBu o nqxZe dk;ksZa dks Hkh vklku cuk;k tk ldrk gSA rFkk lfg".kqrk dk rkRi;Z fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa /kS;ZiwoZd dke djus ,oa fu.kZ; ysus ls gSA ,d usrk dks lnSo ltx jguk pkfg;s ,oa vkifRr;ksa rFkk dfBukb;ksa esa Hkh viuk /kS;Z cuk;s j[kuk pkfg;s rHkh og vius vuq;kf;;ksa dk mfpr ekxZn'kZu dj ldrk gSA
,d usrk dk pfj= lnSo izsj.kknk;h gksuk pkfg;sA
;fn usrk dk pfj= nqcZy gksxk rks mlds }kjk vuq;kf;;ksa dks izHkkfor djuk vlaHko gksxkA dgk Hkh tkrk gS fd ;fn pfj=
[kks fn;k rks lc dqN [kks fn;kA vr% usrk dks ges'kk mPp pfj= okyk gksuk pkfg;sA
,d izHkkodkjh usr`Ro ds fy, usrk esa vlk/kkj.k fu.kZ;u {kerk gksuh pkfg;sA ,d usrk dks fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, orZeku o Hkkoh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s miyC/k fodYiksa esa ls Js"B fodYi dk p;u djuk gksrk gSA ;g p;u usrk viuh nwjnf'kZrk ,oa fu.kZ;
ysus dh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij gh djrk gSA usrk esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks le>us rFkk mlds vuq:i ;Fkkle; fu.kZ;
ysus dh {kerk ds vHkko esa midze ds y{;ksa dks izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,d usrk esa vius vuq;kf;;ksa ds dk;kZs dk voyksdu djus] mudh =qfV;ksa dk irk yxkus ,oa buesa vko';d lq/kkj djus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg;sA usrk esa vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh ftKklk dks 'kkar djus ,oa vPNk ekxZn'kZu djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg;sA usrk dks vius dk;Z ls lacaf/kr dk;Z&fof/k;ksa] rduhdh Kku] fu;e ,oa dkuwu vkfn dh tkudkjh Hkh gksuh pkfg;s vU;Fkk og rduhdh#i ls vius vuq;kf;;ksa dk lgh ekxZn'kZu ugha dj ik;sxkA
,d usrk esa vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr y{; ds vuq:i dk;Z djus gsrq izsfjr djus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg;sA mls vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh #fp;kas] fopkjksa]
Hkkoukvksa] vko';drkvksa vkfn dks le>us ,ao mUgas larq"V djus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg;s ftlls og vius vuq;kf;;ksa 5- pfj=oku ¼Sound character½
6- fu.kZ;u {kerk ¼Capacity to take decision½
7- f'k{k.k o rduhdh ;ksX;rk
¼Teaching & technical ability½
8- vfHkizsj.k ;ksX;rk ¼Motivating Ability½
9- nwjnf'kZrk ¼ Foresightedness ½
10- ekuoh; n`f"Vdks.k ,oa ekuoh; laca/kksa ds fuekZ.k dh {kerk
¼Human approach and capacity to build human relation½ &
11- mRrjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk ¼Sense of responsibility½
12- lewg Hkkouk ¼Team spirit½
13- feyulkfjrk ,oaaaa O;ogkj dq'kyrk ¼Sociable and tactful½
1- usr`Ro dk vFkZ crkb;sA
2- fdlh ,d izca/k'kkL=h }kjk nh xbZ usr`Ro dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k;sA
3- usr`Ro dh dksbZ nks fo'ks"krk, crkb;sA 4- usrk ds dksbZ nks xq.k crkb;sA
5- usrk esa mÙke LokLF; xq.k dh vko';drk crkb;s 1- usr`Ro dk vFkZ Li"V dhft;sA
2- usr`Ro dh fo'ks"krk, crkb;sA
3- gsujh Qs;ksy ds }kjk usrk esa gksus okys xq.kksa dh foospuk dhft;sA
4- usr`Ro ds fdUgh ik¡p xq.kksa dh foospuk dhft;sA 5- tktZ vkj- VSjh ds vuqlkj usrk esa fdu xq.kksa dks gksuk vko';d gS \
1- izca/k esa usr`Ro ls vki D;k le>rs gS \ bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dh foospuk dhft;sA
2- izca/k esa ,d dq'ky usrk ds xq.kksa dh foospuk dhft;sA vfry?kwÙkjkRed iz'u
y?kwÙkjkRed iz'u
fuca/kkRed iz'u