ENERGY SCENARIO & ENERGY POLICY OF INDIA
M. Syed Jamil Asghar
Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
PRESENT SCENARIO
• Energy consumption: 4th largest in world
• Primary consumption: 1106 b units
• Power generation: 267.6 GW (March 2015)
PRESENT SCENARIO
Primary Power generation (sources):
• Coal (164.6GW): 61.5%
• Hydro: 15.4%
• RES: 11.8%
• Natural gas: 8.6%
• Nuclear: 2.2%
• Oil: 1.2%
Note: 70% from fossil fuels.
PRESENT SCENARIO
India: Energy deficit & load shading country.
No power available:
• 35% population
• 80,000 villages
• 18,000 villages (not even in near future)
• Load shading (available on shared basis)
• Blackout (Not available at all)
PRESENT SCENARIO
• 31% forex go for oil import
• Coal shortage (6th reserve of world but problems of transportation, management & corruption)
• 73 m‐Ton coal is being imported in 2015‐16
• In 2015‐16, 4.2% energy deficit to connected load (Forget about 80,000 un‐electrified villages).
• In many states, load shading is as high as 40%
to connected load (Even in Agra load shading for 10Hrs is common)
SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES:
• Power purchase of utilities (govt.) not adequate due to subsidies. (June 2015, plant factor=54%)
• Tariff issues: NTPC/PSU sale at high rates (open market: Rs 3.20)
• Power Cos want guarantee for buy‐back, tariff & escalation rates.
FUTURE POLICY & PLANNING
• Rapid economic expansion of India (7.4% GDP)
• Fastest energy growing market
• Second largest energy demand in 2035
• Surplus power expected by 2017 (better transportation of coal)
• Energy trading with natural gas rich
neighboring countries (Myanmar, Bangladesh)
• Target: to generate 9% surplus power by 2040
• Focus of Govt. on alternative sources of energy:
Nuclear, solar & wind
Future Planning for Alternative Energy Sources (GOI)
• Nuclear Power: many issues
• Solar Power: Plenty, easy harnessing &
everywhere
• Wind Power: Plenty, location based
Renewable Energy Sources (SOLAR)
•4‐7.5 units/m2/day
•270‐300 sunny days
•Simple system
S.No. Type ( all in GW) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 1 Utility grid power
including rooftop
1‐2 4‐10 20
2 Off‐grid 0.2 1 2
3 Solar collector (in m‐m2)
7 15 20
Solar Energy: Major initiatives (GOI)
Renewable Energy Sources (Wind)
•5th in world
•Potential=45 GW
•Harnessed=20 GW
S.No. State / UT Wind Power Small Hydro Power Biomass Power
1. Andhra Pradesh 3.50 /kwh; fixed for 10 yrs 2.69 (04‐05) 2.63 (05‐06),Esc @ 1% for 5 yrs
1. Chhatisgarh ‐ ‐ 2.71 (05‐06)
1. Gujarat 3.56 /kwh; fixed for 20 yrs ‐ 3.00; No escalation.
1. Haryana 4.08
escalation 1.5%
base year 07‐08
2.25 (94‐95) 4.00 –biomass 3.74 ‐cogeneration Esc. @ 2% (base 2007‐08)
1. Himachal Pradesh ‐ 2.50 ‐
1. Karnataka 3.70
fixed for 10 yrs
2.90 2.74 ‐cogeneration
2.88 ‐biomass
Esc @1% for 10 yrs(base04‐05)
1. Kerala 3.14
fixed for 20 yrs
‐ 2.80 (2000‐01)
Esc @ 5% for 5 yrs
1. Madhya Pradesh 4.03 ‐3.36 (constant)
Reducing @ 0.17 per yr for first 4 years
2.25 3.33‐5.14
Esc. @ 0.03‐0.08 for 20 yrs.
1. Maharashtra 3.50 / kwh
Esc. @ 0.15/yr for 13 yrs from DOC of the project
2.25 (99‐00)
3.05‐cogen.
3.04‐3.43‐biomass Esc @ 1% for 13 yrs
1. Punjab 3.66 with five annual escalation @ 5%
upto 2012
2.73 (98‐99) 3.01 (01‐02); Esc @ 3% for 5 yrs, limited to 3.48
1. Rajasthan 4.50 for Jaisalmer, Jodhpur etc. and 4.28 for other districts (base yr 08‐09)
2.75 (98‐99) 3.60‐3.96 water‐air cooled
1. Tamil Nadu 3.39 / kwh (Levelised) ‐ 2.73 (2000‐01)*
Esc @ 5 % for 9 yrs
1. Uttar Pradesh ‐ 2.25 2.86 –existing plants
2.98 –new plants Esc @ 0.04/ year
1. West Bengal 4.00 / kwh
To be decided on case to case
2.25 2.86 –existing plants 2.98 –new plants
Esc @ 0.04/ year
RENEWABLE POWER POLICIES‐PROGRAMME‐WISE Buy‐back rate: Rs /unit
* Rs.2.48 per unit at 5 % escalation for 9 years (2000‐01) for off‐season power generation using coal/lignite (subject to ceiling of 90% of HT tariff). Also, policies for wheeling/ banking/ third part sale vary from state to state
AIR POLLUTION (Satellite picture)
Thick haze & black C smoke (India & other Asian countries).
INDIA KSA
AIR POLLUTION (Satellite picture)
• Problem is severe along the Ganges Basin.
• Particulate matter & aerosols are smoke from biomass burning in rural parts of India,
• and air pollution from large cities in northern India.
Particulate matter, is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets.
It is made up of
• acids (NOx, Sox etc.),
• organic chemicals,
• metals, and
• soil /dust particles.
It is also known as particle pollution or PM.
Aerosols are colloidal form of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. It can be natural or artificial/ man made effects.
Natural aerosols:
• fog,
• forest exudates and
• geyser steam.
Artificial aerosols:
• haze,
• dust,
• particulate air pollutants &
• smoke.
Different types of pollutions & pollutants.
