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)NTRODUCTION

4RANS(IMALAYAN 3KIN 4RAIL !SIAN "IG #ATS 5NDER 4HREAT ,AWS "UT ,IMITED %NFORCEMENT

4IGER AND ,EOPARD 3KIN

-ARKETS IN #HINA

4HE 3KIN 4RADE

/THER 7ILDLIFE 0RODUCTS 3NOW ,EOPARD 3KINS IN #HINA

3KIN #HUPAS

&ESTIVALS

0AGE

!WARENESS #AMPAIGNS

(ISTORICAL 5SE OF 3KINS #ASHING IN ON #ATERPILLARS 4RANSNATIONAL /RGANISED #RIME

)NDICATORS

#ASE 3TUDY

(OW THE 4RADE /PERATES

3ARISKA 4IGER 3LAUGHTER

0OACHING /RGANISED

AND /PPORTUNISTIC

#ONFESSIONS OF A 4IGER 0OACHER

0AGE 4URNING #OMMITMENT )NTO !CTION

#ONCLUSIONS AND 2ECOMMENDATIONS

!PPENDIX

4ABLE OF 3IGNIlCANT 3EIZURES

2EFERENCES

!CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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4HE FUNDAMENTAL REASON FOR THIS IS THAT THE GOVERNMENTS IN QUESTION HAVE FAILED TO IMPLEMENT AN ADEQUATE ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE AT DOMESTIC OR REGIONAL LEVELS 7ILDLIFE CRIME REMAINS A LOW PRIORITY IN TERMS OF POLITICAL COMMITMENT AND INVESTMENT AND IS RARELY SUBJECTED TO SUSTAINED AND SPECIALISED ENFORCEMENT EFFORT

!T SENIOR POLITICAL LEVELS WILDLIFE CRIME IS OFTEN VIEWED AS LOCALISED AND OPPORTUNISTIC A SIMPLE MATTER OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND AND AN INEVITABLE RESULT OF POVERTY IN RANGE STATES )N FACT IT IS FAR MORE COMPLICATED 4HE 5. RECOGNISES WILDLIFE CRIME AS A FORM OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME OF A SERIOUS NATURE WITH SIGNIlCANT NEGATIVE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

)NDIA .EPAL AND #HINA ARE ALL SIGNATORIES TO BOTH THE 5. #ONVENTION ON )NTERNATIONAL 4RADE IN %NDANGERED 3PECIES #)4%3 AND THE 5. #ONVENTION AGAINST 4RANSNATIONAL /RGANISED #RIME #4/# BUT TO STOP THE SKIN TRADE THEY NEED TO MAKE GREATER EFFORT TO CONVERT THESE COMMITMENTS INTO ACTION 3INCE THE 0ARTIES TO #)4%3 HAVE REPEATEDLY CALLED FOR THE URGENT CREATION OF NEW ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS TO COMBAT THE ILLICIT TRADE IN SKINS BONES AND OTHER PRODUCTS OF TIGERS AND THOSE OF OTHER CRITICALLY ENDANGERED !SIAN BIG CAT SPECIES 4HESE RECOMMENDATIONS WERE MADE FOLLOWING INDEPTH MISSIONS TO THE RELEVANT COUNTRIES CONDUCTED BY THE #)4%3 3ECRETARIAT WITH ENFORCEMENT AND TRADE EXPERTS

"UT WHILE THE #)4%3 -ANAGEMENT !UTHORITIES OF )NDIA #HINA AND .EPAL HAVE ALREADY AGREED THAT MORE EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT IS NEEDED

THEY APPEAR TO HAVE

INADEQUATE SUPPORT FROM THEIR RESPECTIVE GOVERNMENTS 7HILE THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL SIGNIlCANT SKIN SEIZURES OVER THE LAST DECADE NEITHER )NDIA .EPAL NOR #HINA HAVE SHOWN THE POLITICAL WILL AT THE HIGHEST LEVELS NEEDED TO COMBAT WILDLIFE CRIME 1UESTIONS MUST NOW BE ASKED OVER HOW SERIOUSLY THESE NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS TREAT

#)4%3 COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT )N THE CONTEXT OF OTHER THREATS FACING THE ENDANGERED BIG CATS OF !SIA ENFORCEMENT IS NOT CONTROVERSIAL NOR IS IT THE SUBJECT OF SCIENTIlC DEBATE IT IS QUITE SIMPLY ESSENTIAL 4IME IS RUNNING OUT FOR SPECIES LIKE THE TIGER AND THERE IS ONLY SO MUCH MORE TALKING THAT CAN BE DONE )N THE PRESENT SCENARIO WE WILL SOON BE IN AN INDEFENSIBLE POSITION EXPLAINING WHY WILD TIGERS WERE ALLOWED TO GO EXTINCT 4HIS ISNT JUST ABOUT SAVING WILD TIGERS LEOPARDS SNOW LEOPARDS AND OTHER SPECIES THREATENED BY TRADE IN THE REGION )T IS ABOUT GOOD GOVERNANCE AND STAMPING OUT TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME 7HAT GOVERNMENT DOES NOT WANT THAT

;<99@< 98EBJ s 3ENIOR #AMPAIGNER

%NVIRONMENTAL )NVESTIGATION !GENCY %)!

9<C@E;8 NI@>?K s %XECUTIVE $IRECTOR 7ILDLIFE 0ROTECTION 3OCIETY OF )NDIA 703)

3EPTEMBER

4HE ILLEGAL TRADE IN POACHED SKINS BETWEEN )NDIA .EPAL AND

#HINA IS THE MOST SIGNIlCANT

IMMEDIATE THREAT TO THE CONTINUED EXISTENCE OF THE TIGER IN THE WILD 7HILE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE

PROBLEM HAS BEEN RECOGNISED AND PLENTY OF INFORMATION IS ALREADY AVAILABLE THE LUCRATIVE ILLEGAL TRADE CONTINUES

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4HE TRANS(IMALAYAN SKIN TRADE IS NOT AN OVERNIGHT OR OPPORTUNISTIC PHENOMENON )T IS A WELL ESTABLISHED CRIMINAL BUSINESS BEARING ALL THE HALLMARKS OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME

7ITH THE OUTLAWING OF TIGER HUNTING IN )NDIA IN AND THE PROHIBITION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TIGER AND LEOPARD PARTS ENTERING INTO FORCE IN UNDER #)4%3 TRADITIONAL SKIN DEALERS IN )NDIA FOUND THEMSELVES FALLING FOUL OF THE LAW -OST OF THEM SHUT DOWN THEIR SKIN BUSINESSES SOME DID NOT /NE SUCH DEALER WAS 3ANSAR #HAND WHO HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN A STRING OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES STARTING WITH A ARREST FOR SKINS INCLUDING A TIGER THREE LEOPARD AND OTTER SKINS

)N THE SUBSEQUENT YEARS #HAND AND HIS RIVALS HAVE ESTABLISHED COMPLEX INTERLINKING SMUGGLING NETWORKS TO SATISFY THE DEMAND FOR TIGER AND LEOPARD PARTS AND OTTER SKINS OUTSIDE )NDIAS BORDERS /VER TIME OCCASIONAL SEIZURES IN )NDIA HAVE REVEALED THE IDENTITIES OF MANY KEY PLAYERS "UT IT WAS NOT UNTIL WITH THE SEIZURE OF THREE TIGER SKINS LEOPARD SKINS AND lVE OTTER SKINS IN

'HAZIABAD NORTHERN )NDIA THAT THE WORLD WAS lRST ALERTED TO THE VOLUME OF SKINS BEING TRAFlCKED AND THE SOPHISTICATION OF THE CRIMINAL NETWORKS INVOLVED

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4HE 'HAZIABAD SEIZURE SIGNIlED A TURNING POINT IN THE TRADE AND WAS THE lRST TIME THAT SIGNATURES WERE FOUND ON THE BACKS OF SKINS 4HE PAPERTHIN TANNING AND THE PRECISE FOLDING OF THE SKINS THAT ALLOWED A LARGE NUMBER TO BE PACKED INTO RELATIVELY SMALL BUNDLES POINTED TO A LEVEL OF ORGANISATION THAT HAD NOT BEEN SEEN BEFORE

%MBOLDENED BY THE ABSENCE OF SIGNIlCANT ENFORCEMENT THE CRIMINAL SKINTRADE NETWORKS HERALDED THE NEW MILLENNIUM BY SHIFTING LARGER AND LARGER CONSIGNMENTS SIGNED OR MARKED BY BUYERS OR THEIR REPRESENTATIVES 4HE EVIDENCE FROM A SERIES

KI8EJ$?@D8C8P8E JB@E KI8@C

*UST OVER A CENTURY AGO THERE WERE AN ESTIMATED WILD TIGERS WORLDWIDE 4ODAY THERE ARE PROBABLY FEWER THAN

!CROSS THEIR RANGE TIGERS ARE SERIOUSLY THREATENED BY POACHING TO CATER FOR THE ILLEGAL TRADE IN SKINS AND BONES HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND THE DECLINE IN NATURAL PREY POPULATIONS 4IGERS 0ANTHERA TIGRIS HAVE BEEN LISTED ON

!PPENDIX ) OF #)4%3 SINCE WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE 3IBERIAN SUB SPECIES WHICH WAS ADDED IN 4HUS ALL INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN TIGER

PARTSANDPRODUCTSISPROHIBITED

$ESPITETHISTHEDEMANDFORTIGER BONEFORTRADITIONALMEDICINEAND THEBURGEONINGDEMANDFORSKINSHAS LEDTOACONTINUINGDECLINEINWILD TIGERNUMBERS

)N )NDIA HOME TO NEARLY HALF OF THE WORLDS REMAINING WILD TIGERS THE CURRENT POPULATION IS OFlCIALLY ESTIMATED TO BE THOUGH LEADING EXPERTS CLAIM THAT THE lGURE IS LIKELY TO BE CLOSER TO n

!SIAN LEOPARDS 0ANTHERA PARDUS AND SNOW LEOPARDS 5NCIA UNCIA FACE THE

SAME THREATS 4HERE ARE NO RELIABLE ESTIMATES FOR LEOPARD POPULATIONS ACROSS !SIA BUT SEVERAL !SIAN SUBSPECIES ARE LISTED AS ENDANGERED OR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED BY THE 7ORLD

#ONSERVATION 5NION )T IS THOUGHT THAT THERE ARE CURRENTLY TO SNOW LEOPARDS SPREAD ACROSS THE CENTRAL !SIAN MOUNTAIN RANGES FROM

!FGHANISTAN TO -ONGOLIA ,EOPARDS AND SNOW LEOPARDS HAVE BOTH BEEN ON

!PPENDIX ) OF #)4%3 SINCE

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OF SEIZURES IN )NDIA .EPAL AND #HINA FOLLOWING 'HAZIABAD POINTED TO ,HASA IN THE 4IBET !UTONOMOUS 2EGION 4!2 AS A PRIMARY DESTINATION AND DISTRIBUTION POINT

!NCIENT TRADE ROUTES FOR SALT SPICES AND WOOL ARE USED TO SMUGGLE SKINS AS ARE THE TRADING COMMUNITIES IN THE REGION ! NUMBER OF THESE ROUTES ARE PICTURED ON THE MAP IN THE INSIDE COVER OF THIS REPORT 4HIS KIND OF INFORMATION HAS BEEN WIDELY PUBLICISED IN INDIVIDUAL SEIZURE REPORTS AND IN %)!S REPORT4HE 4IGER 3KIN 4RAIL

/VER THE LAST THREE YEARS %)! AND 703) HAVE DOCUMENTED TRADERS IN ,HASA OFFERING TIGER LEOPARD AND OTTER SKINS TO LOCAL PEOPLE WESTERN TOURISTS AND #HINESE BUYERS

&ROM ,HASA SKINS ARE DISPATCHED TO OTHER TRADE HUBS INCLUDING .AGCHU ALSO IN 4!2 AND ,INXIA IN 'ANSU 0ROVINCE

7HILE #HINESE AND WESTERN TOURISTS BUY SKINS FOR HOME DÏCOR AND #HINESE PEOPLE MAY ALSO BUY SKINS FOR GOOD LUCK +HAMPA 4IBETANS AND OTHER 4IBETAN COMMUNITIES BUY SKINS TO DECORATE THEIR CHUPAS TRADITIONAL COSTUMES 4HE SHEER SCALE OF THE 4IBETAN MARKET AND ITS SIGNIlCANCE AS A DRIVING FORCE BEHIND POACHING AND TRADE WAS NOT DOCUMENTED UNTIL "Y THIS TIME THE WEARING OF TIGER AND LEOPARD SKINS HAD REACHED EPIC PROPORTIONS )T WAS NOT JUST A HANDFUL OF PEOPLE WEARING TIGER LEOPARD AND OTTER SKINS AS A FASHION STATEMENT AND A SYMBOL OF WEALTH BUT HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE AT A SINGLE FESTIVAL 4HE GROWING THREAT POSED BY ORGANISED NETWORKS IN THE SKIN TRADE HAS BEEN DISCUSSED AT #)4%3 SINCE %)! AND 703) HAVE PROVIDED REPORTS OF INVESTIGATION lNDINGS TO THE RELEVANT AUTHORITIES IN #HINA )NDIA AND .EPAL AT THE TH -EETING OF THE

#ONFERENCE OF THE 0ARTIES TO #)4%3 IN TO THE #)4%3 4IGER %NFORCEMENT 4ASK &ORCE IN -AY AND AT THE 3ILK 2OAD #)4%3

%NFORCEMENT 3EMINAR IN !UGUST 7HILST EFFORTS TO RAISE AWARENESS AMONG THE 4IBETAN CONSUMERS OF SKINS HAVE HAD AN IMPACT ON THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WEARING SKINS THE SAD TRUTH IS THAT IN SEVEN YEARS AFTER THE ALARM WAS INITIALLY RAISED THE TRADE CONTINUES 4HE CRIMINAL NETWORKS HAVE INVESTED TOO MUCH IN THE BUSINESS TO LET IT GO )N THE ABSENCE OF TARGETED AND SUSTAINED ENFORCEMENT THEY CONTINUE TO PLY THEIR TRADE ENCOURAGED BY INCREASING INTEREST FROM CUSTOMERS FROM "EIJING #HENGDU AND (ONG +ONG

C8NJ#9LKC@D@K<;<E=FI:<D<EK

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5NDER 4HE 7ILDLIFE 0ROTECTION !CT 70! MOST RECENTLY AMENDED IN THE PENALTIES FACED BY TIGER LEOPARD AND SNOW LEOPARD SKIN TRADERS IS THREE TO SEVEN YEARS IMPRISONMENT AND A MINIMUM lNE OF ).2 ^53 &OR SUBSEQUENT OFFENCES THE lNE RISES TO A MINIMUM OF ).2 ^53 0ROPERTY DERIVED FROM ILLEGAL TRADE CAN ALSO BE CONlSCATED 4HE RECENT AMENDMENTS TO THE 70! PROVIDE A LEGISLATIVE BASIS TO ESTABLISH A MULTIAGENCY ENFORCEMENT UNIT AND A .ATIONAL 4IGER

#ONSERVATION !UTHORITY TO ENSURE BETTER PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT

! DRAFT AMENDMENT TO INCORPORATE #)4%3 PROVISIONS IS PENDING

E<G8C

! lFTH AMENDMENT TO .EPALS .ATIONAL 0ARKS AND 7ILDLIFE #ONSERVATION

!CT IS IN PROCESS THROUGH WHICH IT IS HOPED THAT THE LEOPARD WILL BE ADDED TO THE 3CHEDULE OF PROTECTED SPECIES )N THE MEANTIME TRADING IN TIGER SNOW LEOPARD AND OTHER ENDANGERED CATS CARRIES A lNE OF .02 TO ^53 n ^53 OR A PRISON TERM OF lVE TO YEARS OR BOTH

:?@E8

4HE #RIMINAL ,AW AMENDED IN 7ILDLIFE 0ROTECTION ,AW AMENDED IN #USTOMS ,AW AMENDED IN AND THE NEW 2EGULATION ON THE

!DMINISTRATION OF THE )MPORT AND %XPORT OF %NDANGERED 3PECIES PROVIDE FOR SEVERE PENALTIES AGAINST THOSE ENGAGED IN THE TRAFlCKING AND SALE OF TIGER LEOPARD AND SNOW LEOPARD SKINS $EPENDING ON THE SCALE AND NATURE OF THE OFFENCE TRADERS CAN FACE lNES CONlSCATION OF PROPERTY lVE TO TEN YEARS IMPRISONMENT OR EVEN THE DEATH PENALTY

Ÿ9\c`e[XNi`^_k&NGJ@

*

4HERE WAS NEVER ANY DOUBT THAT SKINS WERE ENTERING #HINA BUT WHERE THE MAJORITY WENT FROM THERE WAS OPEN TO SPECULATION )N %)! AND 703) JOINED FORCES TO BUILD A MORE COHERENT PICTURE OF THE MAIN CONSUMER MARKETS AND lNAL DESTINATIONS "ETWEEN AND %)! AND 703) INVESTIGATORS TRAVELLED TO 4!2 3ICHUAN 0ROVINCE AND 'ANSU 0ROVINCE TO DOCUMENT THE NATURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE TRADE 7E VISITED BOTH MAJOR AND REMOTE MARKETS AND ATTENDED HORSE FESTIVALS WHERE SKINS WERE BEING OPENLY WORN AND SOLD

)N THE LAST TWO YEARS WE HAVE SEEN MORE DEAD TIGERS AND LEOPARDS THAN ANY OF US WILL EVER SEE ALIVE 4HE FOLLOWING SECTION PROVIDES AN ACCOUNT OF OUR lNDINGS

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4HE RELATIVELY OPEN AND ACCESSIBLE MARKETS FOR TIGER LEOPARD SNOW LEOPARD AND OTTER SKINS ARE ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR DRIVING THE POACHING OF THESE ENDANGERED SPECIES IN THE WILD

4RADERS IN ,HASA 4!2 ,INXIA AND 'ANSU 0ROVINCE TOLD INVESTIGATORS THAT ALL OF THE TIGER AND MOST OF THE LEOPARD SKINS HAD COME FROM )NDIA USUALLY VIA .EPAL -OST OF THE TRADERS ALSO CLAIMED TO HAVE CONNECTIONS IN BOTH COUNTRIES WHILE AT LEAST ONE TRADER CLAIMED TO HAVE VISITED )NDIA PERSONALLY TO LIAISE WITH DEALERS THERE -OST OF THE SKINS WERE ALSO WELL TANNED AND SOME BORE STRETCH AND TACK MARKINGS STRIKINGLY SIMILAR TO THOSE SEEN ON SKINS SEIZED IN )NDIA

!CCORDING TO THE TRADERS INTERVIEWED IN SKINS ARE NOW TRAFlCKED IN SMALL CONSIGNMENTS ACROSS MOUNTAIN PASSES AND OFlCIAL BORDER CROSSINGS THROUGH A CHAIN OF COURIERS TO AVOID DETECTION 3OME OF THE TRADERS IN ,HASA CLAIMED THEY HAD GOOD CONTACTS AMONG CUSTOMS OFlCIALS ON THE

#HINA.EPAL BORDER PARTICULARLY AT ONE NAMED CROSSING TO FACILITATE SAFE PASSAGE OF THE SKINS /NE TRADER INDICATED THAT COMPANIES REGULARLY TRADING OTHER GOODS BETWEEN .EPAL AND 4!2 SMUGGLE SKINS ON BEHALF OF ,HASA TRADERS

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,OCAL TRADERS WILL SELL THE SKINS TO ANYONE WITH MONEY BUT THEIR MAIN MARKETS INCLUDE FOREIGNERS LOOKING FOR SOUVENIRS (AN

#HINESE VISITORS BUYING SKINS FOR PRESTIGIOUS GIFTS OR HOME DÏCOR AND 4IBETANS MOSTLY +HAMPA 4IBETANS PURCHASING SKINS TO DECORATE THEIR CHUPAS

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gfc`Z\ i\Zfm\i\[ X k`^\i jb`e ]ifd k_\ _fd\

f] X dXafi Zi`d\ Yfjj `e O`Xd\e# =la`Xe Gifm`eZ\% Dfi\ i\Z\ekcp# X [i\jj\[ k`^\i jb`e _Xj Y\\e X[m\ik`j\[ fe k_\ `ek\ie\k ]fi jXc\

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/NE TRADER STATED THAT PER CENT OF HIS CUSTOMERS WERE MAINLAND #HINESE WHILE OTHERS SAID LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFlCIALS AND ARMY OFlCERS ARE AMONG THEIR #HINESE CUSTOMERS !NOTHER TRADER CLAIMED THAT A BUSINESSMAN FROM .AGCHU IN 4!2 RECENTLY BOUGHT PIECES OF TIGER SKIN AS GIFTS FOR HIS STAFF

-OST OF THE TRADERS %)! AND 703) MET OFFERED ADVICE ON ESTABLISHED METHODS BY WHICH SKINS COULD BE SMUGGLED OUT OF THE COUNTRY 3OME SUGGESTED CONCEALING IN PASSENGER LUGGAGE INCLUDING SLEEPING BAGS /THERS SAID THEY COULD ARRANGE DELIVERY THROUGH THE POSTAL SYSTEM INCLUDING OVERSEAS WHILE OTHERS SAID THEY COULD EASILY ARRANGE TRANSPORTATION TO TOWNS LIKE #HENGDU AND "EIJING

4HE TRADERS IN ,HASA INTERFACE WITH THEIR CUSTOMERS PRIMARILY THROUGH THE SHOPS IN THE "ARKHOR AREA 7HILE LEOPARD SKINS ARE OFTEN KEPT ON THE PREMISES MOST OF THE TIGER SKINS SHOWN TO %)! AND 703) WERE KEPT AT RESIDENTIAL OR BUSINESS PREMISES ELSEWHERE 3OME SKINS WERE OWNED BY THE SHOP OWNERS THEMSELVES WHILE OTHERS CLAIMED THEY WERE SELLING THE STOCK ON BEHALF OF ANOTHER TRADER

!RRANGEMENTS WERE MADE WITH THE TRADERS TO BRING SKINS TO A SHOP PREMISES OR AN APPOINTMENT MADE FOR THE CUSTOMER TO

MEET THE TRADER TO GO TO ANOTHER LOCATION TO VIEW THE SKIN

7HILE THE TRADERS APPEAR TO RUN SEPARATE BUSINESSES AND HAVE THEIR OWN STOCKS THERE WAS ALSO EVIDENCE OF COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH TRADERS SHARING COMMODITIES POOLING RESOURCES AND HOARDING STOCKPILES FROM WHICH OTHER TRADERS OFTEN FROM OUT OF TOWN WOULD SELECT THE SKINS

4RADERS WERE AWARE OF THE ILLEGALITY OF THEIR OPERATIONS BUT WERE UNCONCERNED ABOUT THE THREAT OF ARREST OR OF DISRUPTION BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES 4HE BUSINESS WAS CERTAINLY NOT UNDERGROUND CLOSED OR INACCESSIBLE ONE TRADER EVEN JOKED ABOUT BEING QUITE COMFORTABLE CARRYING A TIGER SKIN IN A BAG FROM HIS HOUSE TO HIS SHOP )N A RECORDED

89FM< c\]k kf i`^_k 1

K_\ dXafi`kp f] j_fgj k_ifl^_ n_`Z_ <@8 Xe[

NGJ@ d\k kiX[\ij j\cc`e^ n_fc\ jb`ej n\i\ `e k_\ 9Xib_fi Xi\X f] C_XjX%

@e )''- <@8 Xe[ NGJ@ `em\jk`^Xkfij n\i\

j_fne (( n_fc\ k`^\i jb`ej Xe[ \`^_k n_fc\

c\fgXi[ jb`ej% @e )'', `em\jk`^Xkfij n\i\

j_fne k_i\\ n_fc\ k`^\i jb`ej Xe[ j\m\e n_fc\ c\fgXi[ jb`ej% Gi`Z\j ]fi n_fc\ jb`ej _Xm\ `eZi\Xj\[ j`eZ\ )'',%

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,

CONVERSATION HE TOLD INVESTIGATORS THAT h4HESE PAST TWO YEARS ENFORCEMENT HAS SLACKED OFFv

4HOUGH THE TRADERS SHOWED NO MORE THAN ONE OR TWO TIGER SKINS EACH THEY ALL CLAIMED THEY HAD MORE IN STOCK WHILE ONE TRADER CLAIMED THAT HE SELLS lVE TO SIX TIGER SKINS EVERY TWO MONTHS /NLY WHEN A BUYER ACTUALLY PAYS FOR A SKIN WILL THEY SHOW THE REST OF THEIR STOCK 4HE ABSENCE OF EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT IN ,INXIA MEANS THAT THE SALE OF LEOPARD OTTER AND SNOW LEOPARD SKINS REMAINS EASY FOR ETHNICALLY APPROPRIATE INVESTIGATORS TO DOCUMENT ,EOPARD AND OTTER SKINS WERE OFTEN PRECUT AS TRIM FOR CHUPA 7HOLE LEOPARD AND SNOW LEOPARD SKINS WERE ALSO AVAILABLE IN SIGNIlCANT QUANTITIES IN ,INXIA WHICH IS A WELLESTABLISHED FUR MARKET WITH LARGE QUANTITIES OF LEGAL FUR AS WELL AS ENDANGERED SPECIES

4HE SHOP OWNERS IN ,INXIA ARE PREDOMINANTLY FROM THE (UI -USLIM#HINESE MINORITY AND ARE HIGHLY SKILLED TANNERS WITH GENERATIONS OF EXPERIENCE IN TURNING OUT SOFT PLIABLE SKINS -OST OF THE SKINS THAT WERE READY FOR SALE WERE FAR BETTER TANNED THAN THE ONES ON OFFER IN ,HASA OR THAN SKINS RECOVERED IN SEIZURES IN )NDIA AND .EPAL

%)! AND 703) LEARNED FROM TRADERS THAT DEALERS FROM ,HASA BRING TIGER LEOPARD AND OTTER SKINS TO ,INXIA TO SELL TO THE (UI WHO IN TURN SELL THESE TO 4IBETANS IN 3ICHUAN 'ANSU AND 1INGHAI PROVINCES FOR WHOM ,INXIA IS MORE ACCESSIBLE THAN ,HASA

/N MORE THAN ONE OCCASION TRADERS IN ,INXIA CLAIMED THAT THERE ARE SPECIAL PROVISIONS UNDER THE LAW THAT ALLOW ETHNIC 4IBETANS AND (UI -USLIM#HINESE TO TRADE IN SMALLER PIECES OF SKINS ALTHOUGH WHOLE SKINS ARE STILL PROHIBITED )NVESTIGATORS WERE INFORMED THAT ONE METHOD USED TO AVOID PROSECUTION IS TO ENSURE THAT THE PAWS ARE CUT OFF SO THAT TRADERS CAN ARGUE THAT THE SKIN IS A FAKE (OWEVER THERE ALSO APPEARS TO BE A MARKET FOR CLAWS ATTACHED PAWS n TO PROVE THAT THE CLAWS ARE GENUINE )N A SEIZURE IN )NDIA IN KG OF TIGER AND LEOPARD PAWS WERE RECOVERED ALONG WITH SKINS OF TIGER LEOPARD OTTER AND SNOW LEOPARD AT A WAREHOUSE RUN BY THE 3ANSAR #HAND GANG

7HOLE LEOPARD SKINS WERE ALSO DOCUMENTED FOR SALE IN 3ONGPAN +ANDING AND ,ITANG IN 3ICHUAN AND .AGCHU IN 4!2 !S WITH THE ,HASA TRADERS THE SELLERS OF LEOPARD AND SNOW LEOPARD SKINS IN ,INXIA AND ELSEWHERE WERE NOT PARTICULARLY CONCERNED ABOUT MARKET OFlCIALS OR ENFORCEMENT OFlCERS

89FM<1

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$URING INVESTIGATIONS IN AND %)! AND 703) ALSO WITNESSED OTHER WILDLIFE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE FOR SALE IN ,HASA ,INXIA AND AT THE HORSE FESTIVALS )N ,HASA LARGE QUANTITIES OF !FRICAN AND !SIAN ELEPHANT IVORY WERE OPENLY ON SALE 4HE ITEMS WERE MAINLY WORKED ORNAMENTS AND JEWELLERY BUT TRADERS TOLD INVESTIGATORS THAT UNWORKED IVORY IS IMPORTED AND CARVED IN ,HASA

3EVERAL LEOPARD AND SNOW LEOPARD PAWS SIXTY LEOPARD AND SNOW LEOPARD

CLAWS ONE TIGER SKULL AND ONE LEOPARD SKULL WERE ALSO SEEN IN ,HASA WHILE IN ,INXIA SEVERAL LEOPARD SKULLS A FEW PIECES OF IVORY AND THE SKINS OF VARIOUS OTHER CAT SPECIES WERE DOCUMENTED INCLUDING CLOUDED LEOPARD AND LYNX 7HILE OTTER SKINS WERE SEEN FOR SALE IN ,HASA AND AT ALL THE HORSE FESTIVALS VISITED BY %)! AND 703) THE BIGGEST MARKET APPEARED TO BE IN ,INXIA WHERE OVER OTTER SKINS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES INCLUDING %URASIAN AND SMOOTHCOATED OTTER WERE DOCUMENTED

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)N ,INXIA IN 'ANSU 0ROVINCE OF #HINA LOCAL (UI -USLIM#HINESE TRADERS CONTROL THE TRADE IN SNOW LEOPARD SKINS -OST OF THESE SKINS ARE BOUGHT BY LOCAL PEOPLE INCLUDING WHOLE SKINS COMPLETE WITH PAW PADS AND CLAWS AS WELL AS SKINS CUT AND MADE INTO RUGS AND CLOTHING

4RADERS REPORTED THAT MOST OF THE SNOW LEOPARD SKINS HAD ARRIVED VIA 8INJIANG 0ROVINCE IN THE NORTHWEST BUT COULD NOT CONlRM THE SOURCE 4HE PRICE FOR A SINGLE SNOW LEOPARD SKIN IN AND WAS AS LITTLE AS 9UAN

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)N %)! AND 703) DOCUMENTED SIXTY SNOW LEOPARD SKINS AND FOUR SNOW LEOPARD WAISTCOATS ON SALE IN ,INXIA

)N !UGUST %)! AND 703) FOUND THAT THE TRADE WAS LESS OPEN THAN THE YEAR BEFORE AND TRADERS MORE RELUCTANT TO ENGAGE WITH NON4IBETAN VISITORS .EVERTHELESS NINE SKINS WERE SEEN ON SALE IN ONLY A PARTIAL SURVEY AND ADDITIONAL SNOW LEOPARD SKINS WERE DOCUMENTED IN 3ONGPAN AND +ANDING IN 3ICHUAN 0ROVINCE OF #HINA

3NOW LEOPARD SKINS ARE ALSO TRADED BETWEEN -ONGOLIA AND #HINA ! RECENT STUDY INTO THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE IN -ONGOLIA DOCUMENTED FRESH SNOW LEOPARD SKINS

FOR SALE IN A SMALL WESTERN BORDER TOWN IN #HINA 4HE ANIMALS WERE REPORTEDLY POACHED IN -ONGOLIA

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5NTIL EARLY THE PRIMARY MARKET FOR TIGER AND LEOPARD SKINS WAS FOR DECORATING CHUPAS 4HE ,OSAR 4IBETAN .EW 9EAR SUMMER HORSE FESTIVALS AND WEDDINGS ARE THE OCCASIONS WHEN PEOPLE ARE MOST LIKELY TO WEAR THEM

&ORTUNATELY THE IMPACT OF AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS HAS RESULTED IN A SIGNIlCANT DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF SKIN CHUPAS OPENLY FOR SALE IN THE MARKETS INVESTIGATED BY %)!

AND 703) IN MID

%)! AND 703) INVESTIGATORS SAW ONLY ONE TIGER SKIN CHUPA THREE LEOPARD SKIN CHUPAS AND OTTER SKIN CHUPAS IN THE "ARKHOR AREA OF ,HASA 4HIS IS IN CONTRAST TO !UGUST WHEN TIGER SKIN CHUPAS LEOPARD SKIN CHUPAS AND OVER OTTER SKIN CHUPAS WERE OPENLY DISPLAYED FOR SALE IN SHOP DOORWAYS AND ON MANNEQUINS OUTSIDE SHOPS 4HOUGH FAR FEWER LEOPARD SKIN CHUPAS AND NO TIGER SKIN CHUPA WERE OBSERVED IN

"ARKHOR IN IT IS POSSIBLE THIS IS DUE TO THE IMPACT OF SEASONALITY ON SUPPLY AND DEMAND THE SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED IN -AY AFTER THE ,OSAR CELEBRATIONS AND BEFORE THE HORSE FESTIVALS

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4HE SUMMER FESTIVALS ARE ANNUAL GATHERINGS WHERE PEOPLE MEET TO TRADE AND RACE HORSES COMPETE IN HORSE RIDING STUNTS AND CELEBRATE THEIR CULTURE WITH MUSIC AND DANCE 4HEY ARE ALSO OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE TO MEET FUTURE HUSBANDS AND WIVES AND DISPLAY THEIR WEALTH

)N !UGUST %)! AND 703) ATTENDED THE ,ITANG &ESTIVAL IN 3ICHUAN 0ROVINCE AND THE +OLUK 3ANGSHUNG AND .AGCHU &ESTIVALS IN 4!2 "ETWEEN ALL FOUR FESTIVALS OVER TIGER SKIN CHUPAS OVER LEOPARD SKIN CHUPAS AND SEVERAL HUNDRED OTTER SKIN CHUPAS WERE SEEN

!CCORDING TO THE TIGER AND LEOPARD SKIN WEARERS THAT %)! AND 703) SPOKE TO IN THEY HAD BOUGHT THEIR SKINS WITHIN THE PREVIOUS MONTHS /NLY A FEW WERE AWARE THAT THE SKIN ORIGINATED IN ANOTHER

COUNTRY AND WHEN ASKED THEY SIMPLY STATED WHETHER THEY BOUGHT THE SKIN IN ,HASA ,ITANG OR ,INXIA

)N %)! AND 703) INVESTIGATORS RETURNED TO THE ,ITANG FESTIVAL AND FOUND A SIGNIlCANT DECLINE IN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WEARING SKINS .EVERTHELESS PEOPLE WERE STILL SEEN WEARING SKINS lVE PEOPLE WEARING TIGER LEOPARD AND OTTER

! LOCAL SOURCE IN ,ITANG REPORTED THAT FOLLOWING AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS LAUNCHED IN HUNDREDS OF

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PEOPLE FROM ACROSS THE REGION HAD GATHERED TO BURN THEIR SKINS AT A WELLORGANISED EVENT IN

&EBRUARY !S A RESULT PRICES FOR WHOLE SKINS HAS DECLINED LOCALLY AND THE MARKET HAS PHYSICALLY SHIFTED TO TOWNS LIKE +ANDING AND

"ATANG IN 3ICHUAN WHERE PREVIOUSLY SKINS WERE TOO EXPENSIVE FOR LOCAL BUYERS

%)! AND 703) SPOKE TO A NUMBER OF SKIN WEARERS IN !UGUST AND NONSKIN WEARERS IN !UGUST INCLUDING ONE INDIVIDUAL IN ,ITANG WHO HAD BURNED HIS TIGER SKIN EARLIER THAT YEAR 4HESE CONVERSATIONS REVEALED A MUCH GREATER AWARENESS AMONG FESTIVAL PARTICIPANTS REGARDING THE SOURCE OF THE SKINS AND THE IMPACT ON WILD POPULATIONS

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! NUMBER OF SKIN WEARERS AND FORMER SKIN WEARERS ALSO REPORTED THAT THEY HAD BEEN ENCOURAGED TO WEAR SKINS AT THE BEHEST OF LOCAL OFlCIALS WHO DIRECTED BY THEIR SUPERIORS ARE KEEN TO PROMOTE AN IMAGE OF 4IBETANS PROSPERING ECONOMICALLY AND CULTURALLY

!T THE ,ITANG &ESTIVAL IN THE %)! AND 703) TEAM ALSO DOCUMENTED A CEREMONIAL TENT CONSTRUCTED FROM APPROXIMATELY TIGER SKINS !LTHOUGH IT IS CLAIMED TO BE ANTIQUE IT IS APPARENT THAT MANY OF THE SKINS ARE RELATIVELY NEW 4HIS IMPLIES THAT THE REPLACEMENT SKINS HAVE BEEN PROCURED WHILST THE TENT WAS IN THE POSSESSION OF THE LOCAL #HINESE AUTHORITIES 4HE TENT WAS BEING SHOWN AT THE FESTIVAL BY THE ,ITANG #ULTURAL 4OURISM "OARD

4HE +OLUK AND 3ANGSHUNG FESTIVALS WERE NOT HELD AT THE TIME OF THE %)! AND 703) VISIT IN BUT THE TEAM DID RETURN TO THE .AGCHU &ESTIVAL AND DOCUMENTED lVE PEOPLE WEARING TIGER SKIN CHUPAS WEARING LEOPARD SKIN CHUPAS AND DOZENS WEARING OTTER SKIN CHUPAS n ROUGHLY lFTY PER CENT LESS THAN A YEAR EARLIER

7HILE AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS HAVE HAD AN IMPACT ON ONE PARTICULAR GROUP OF CONSUMERS THE SKIN TRADE IS CLEARLY DYNAMIC 4IGERS AND LEOPARDS CONTINUE TO BE POACHED IN )NDIA AND OTHER RANGE STATES 3EIZURES OF SKINS CONTINUE TO BE MADE IN )NDIA AND .EPAL AND FRESH SKINS ARE STILL AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET PLACE

! NUMBER OF FACTORS COULD BE AT PLAY INDEPENDENTLY OR COMBINED INCLUDING AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF #HINESE OR FOREIGN

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4HERE HAVE BEEN A NUMBER OF AWARENESS INITIATIVES UNDERTAKEN BY .'/S AND GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIONS TARGETING THE CONSUMERS OF TIGER AND OTHER ENDANGERED

!SIAN BIG CAT SKINS ACROSS THE 4IBETAN 0LATEAU

4HESE INITIATIVES ILLUSTRATE THE IMPACT OF THE MARKET ON WILD TIGERS AND OTHER ENDANGERED SPECIES AND OFTEN INCORPORATE

"UDDHIST TEACHINGS WHICH HIGHLIGHT RESPECT AND REVERENCE FOR ALL LIFE FORMS )NFORMATION HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED ACROSS THE REGION THROUGH POSTERS AND LEAmETS AWARENESS lLMS APPEALS BY RELIGIOUS LEADERS AND BY DIRECT OUTREACH TO CONSUMERS AT FESTIVALS -ANY SKIN DEALERS ORIGINATE WITHIN 4IBETAN EXILE COMMUNITIES IN )NDIA AND .EPAL AND THESE HAVE ALSO BEEN TARGETED BY .'/ CAMPAIGNS )N *ANUARY THERE WAS A SIGNIlCANT OUTREACH EFFORT BY .'/S AT THE +ALACHAKRA "UDDHIST FESTIVAL HELD IN SOUTH )NDIA 4HE EVENT ATTRACTED OVER 4IBETAN "UDDHISTS FROM AROUND THE WORLD INCLUDING MANY FROM 4IBET ITSELF

! NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL AND 4IBETAN .'/S HOSTED STALLS AND INFORMATION TENTS WHERE AWARENESS MATERIALS WERE DISTRIBUTED $URING THE FESTIVAL THE $ALAI ,AMA MADE A SPEECH THAT CALLED UPON 4IBETANS TO hNEITHER USE SELL OR BUY WILD ANIMALS THEIR PRODUCTS OR DERIVATIVESv

4HESE AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS HAVE HAD A POSITIVE EFFECT ACROSS THE 4IBETAN 0LATEAU AND AMONGST 4IBETAN

COMMUNITIES IN )NDIA AND .EPAL ,ARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE VOLUNTARILY BURNED THEIR SKINDECORATED COSTUMES ON HUGE BONlRES 4HE AWARENESS HAS ALSO RESULTED IN FEWER PEOPLE WEARING SKIN DECORATED COSTUMES AT 4IBETAN HORSE FESTIVALS IN COMPARED TO AND A DECLINE IN THE OPEN DISPLAY AND AVAILABILITY OF SKINS IN MARKETS

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BUYERS A DELAY IN COMMUNICATING THE COLLAPSE OF THE +HAMPA MARKET TO DEALERS AND POACHERS AND A CRIMINAL NETWORK WITH TOO MUCH INVESTED TO LET THE TRADE GO

&OR A CRIMINAL THERE IS LITTLE INCENTIVE TO GET OUT OF THE TRADE OR SWITCH TO ANOTHER FORM OF CRIME %NFORCEMENT EFFORTS AT A DOMESTIC AND REGIONAL LEVEL ARE PATCHY AND UNCOORDINATED 3EIZURES ARE ISOLATED AND RARELY FOLLOWED UP WITH CROSS REFERENCE ANALYSIS OR INVESTIGATION "ORDER OFlCIALS CAN OFTEN BE PERSUADED TO LOOK THE OTHER WAY WHEN ILLEGAL CONSIGNMENTS GO THROUGH 4HE JUDICIAL PROCESS IN )NDIA IS SLOW AND IT IS A WIDELY HELD VIEW THAT WITH CASES PENDING IN THE COURTS FOR UP TO YEARS IT OFFERS LITTLE DETERRENT TO WILDLIFE CRIMINALS 4HOSE INVOLVED ARE FREE TO REOFFEND WHILST OUT ON BAIL ! COMBINATION OF THESE FACTORS MEANS THE KEY CRIMINAL lGURES OPERATE WITH LITTLE FEAR OF BEING CAUGHT AND ARE ABLE TO SMUGGLE ENOUGH SKINS SUCCESSFULLY TO COMPENSATE FOR THE CONSIGNMENTS THAT ARE SEIZED 0UTTING AN END TO THIS TRADE WILL REQUIRE MORE EFFORT THAN THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF CONlSCATING SKINS EN ROUTE TO OR IN THE MARKET PLACE -ORE SOPHISTICATED AND INTELLIGENCELED OPERATIONS ARE ESSENTIAL 4HIS WILL ONLY HAPPEN IF THE POLITICAL WILL EXISTS TO INVEST IN A PROFESSIONAL ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE

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4HE HISTORICAL USE OF SKINS IN INNER !SIA CAN BE TRACED THROUGH RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL PRACTICES OVER THE CENTURIES

s 4HE #HINESE GOD OF WEALTH #AI 3HEN 9E TRADITIONALLY RIDES ON THE BACK OF A TIGER OTHER DEITIES ARE SEEN SITTING ON SKINS OR WEARING THEM

s 4RADITIONAL WEALTHY MARRIAGE RITUALS IN 4IBET REQUIRED THE BRIDE TO STEP DOWN OFF HER HORSE ONTO A TIGER SKIN

s "ETWEEN THE ^NDAND ^THCENTURIES THE 9ARLUNG +INGS PRESENTED VICTORIOUS WAR COMMANDERS WITH PATCHES OR STRIPS OF SKIN TO ADORN THEIR CHUPAS 4HE TIGER CARRIED THE GREATEST MERIT FOLLOWED BY LEOPARD BUT THERE ARE NO RECORDS OF THIS PRACTICE BEING EXTENDED BEYOND THE POLITICAL AND MILITARY ELITE DURING THIS TIME

s )N THE S REPORTS STARTED lLTERING OUT OF #HINA THAT SOME +HAMPA 4IBETANS WERE INCORPORATING WHOLE LEOPARD AND OTTER SKINS INTO THEIR CHUPAS 0HOTOGRAPHS FROM "ALDIZZONES h4IBET /N 4HE 0ATHS OF 4HE 'ENTLEMAN "RIGANDv SHOW +HAMPA MEN IN THEIR FESTIVAL ATTIRE DECORATED WITH WHOLE TIGER AND LEOPARD SKINS

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7ILDLIFE PRODUCTS INCLUDING TIGER BONE AND SKINS WERE ONCE BARTERED FOR SHAHTOOSH THE UNDER mEECE OF THE 4IBETAN ANTELOPE AND OTHER ITEMS AT THE BORDERS BETWEEN )NDIA .EPAL AND 4IBET 4ODAY A HEALTHY CASH ECONOMY IS ALSO INVOLVED AT ALL STAGES OF THE WILDLIFE TRADE

3OME OF THIS CASH COMES FROM DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE REGION !CCORDING TO THE #HINESE MEDIA THE 4!2 HAS BEEN THE RECIPIENT OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF BOTH DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN A VARIETY OF SECTORS INCLUDING MINING MANUFACTURING CONSTRUCTION AND TOURISM "UT PERHAPS THE LARGEST AND FASTESTGROWING SOURCE OF CASH ON THE 4IBETAN PLATEAU TODAY IS THE HARVESTING OF A CATERPILLAR FUNGUS

%VERY YEAR BETWEEN !PRIL AND *ULY A CURIOUS EVENT TAKES PLACE #HILDREN ARE GIVEN SPECIAL HOLIDAYS AND THOUSANDS OF 4IBETAN NOMADS AND FARMERS AS WELL AS SOME CITY DWELLERS SET OUT ON FOOT OR ON HORSEBACK TO SEARCH FOR THE HIGHLY COVETED YASA GOMBE #ORDYCEPS SINENSIS KNOWN ASDONGCHONG XIACAO IN 4RADITIONAL #HINESE -EDICINE 4#- )N SOME AREAS HORDES OF TEMPORARY PICKERS FROM OUTSIDE THE REGION INVADE THE GRASSLANDS RESULTING IN VIOLENT CONFRONTATION WITH LOCALS

9ASA GOMBE @SUMMERGRASS WINTER WORM IS THE RESULT OF A PARASITIC FUNGUS WHICH FEEDS ON GHOST MOTH LARVAE LYING DORMANT IN THE ALPINE SOIL

!FTER INFECTING THE LARVAE THE FUNGUS STEERS THE MUMMIlED CATERPILLARS TO THE SURFACE WHERE IT IS THEN ABLE TO SPREAD ITS SPORES 4HE YASA GOMBE HARVEST PROVIDES LARGE NUMBERS OF 4IBETAN NOMADS WITH AS MUCH AS HALF OF THEIR ANNUAL CASH INCOME

4HE MEDICINAL USE OF#ORDYCEPS SINENSIS AS A STRENGTHENING TONIC HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED FOR OVER YEARS AND THE COLLECTION AND TRADE OF CATERPILLAR FUNGUS FROM 4IBET TO #HINA n OFTEN IN EXCHANGE FOR TEA OR OTHER LUXURY GOODS

HAS BEEN GOING ON FOR CENTURIES "UT THE DEMAND AND THE AMOUNTS OF MONEY INVOLVED HAVE RISEN DRAMATICALLY IN RECENT YEARS

! DECADE AGO A KILO OF YASA GOMBE FETCHED 9UAN ^53 TODAY A KILO CAN SELL FOR ANYWHERE BETWEEN TO 9UAN 53 n 53 /NE TRADER IN ,ITANG CLAIMED TO HAVE A STOCK OF KG VALUED AT APPROXIMATELY 53 )NCREASING NUMBERS OF PEOPLE ARE BEING ATTRACTED TO THE HARVEST EVERY YEAR AND IT IS NOW ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SOURCES OF REVENUE ON THE ENTIRE 4IBETAN PLATEAU

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4O DATE THE RESPONSE TO THE ILLEGAL TRADE IN TIGER AND LEOPARD SKINS HAS BEEN MOSTLY RESTRICTED TO CHANCE SEIZURES AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS AND THE PROSECUTION OF POACHERS AND COURIERS "UT IT IS THE TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIMINAL NETWORKS THAT HAVE ALLOWED THE TRADE TO PERSIST AND mOURISH 4HE KEY INDIVIDUALS WHO CONTROL THE TRADE FROM URBAN AND CROSS BORDER AREAS ARE LARGELY UNAFFECTED BY EXISTING ENFORCEMENT EFFORT

)F REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS ARE TO COMBAT THE ILLEGAL SKIN TRADE THEY MUST ACKNOWLEDGE THE EXISTENCE AND ROLE OF SUCH NETWORKS AND DIRECT THEIR ENFORCEMENT TEAMS TO ADOPT AN INTELLIGENCELED PROACTIVE RESPONSE 4ACKLING ORGANISED CRIME IS A PRIORITY FOR ALL GOVERNMENTS IN THE REGION AND THE KEY 0ARTIES TO #)4%3 ARE ALSO 0ARTIES TO THE 5. #ONVENTION ON 4RANSNATIONAL /RGANISED #RIME #4/#

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!33%-",9IShSTRONGLY CONVINCEDv THAT THE 5NITED .ATIONS #ONVENTION AGAINST 4RANSNATIONAL /RGANIZED #RIME WILL CONSTITUTE AN EFFECTIVE TOOL AND THE NECESSARY LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN COMBATING INTER ALIA SUCH CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES ASx ILLICIT TRAFlCKING IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD mORA AND FAUNAx AND THE GROWING LINKS BETWEEN TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME AND TERRORIST CRIMESv

4HE 5NITED .ATIONS #ONVENTION AGAINST 4RANSNATIONAL /RGANISED #RIME STATES THAT AN/2'!.)3%$ #2)-).!, '2/50IS vA STRUCTURED GROUP OF THREE OR MORE PERSONS EXISTING FOR A PERIOD OF TIME AND ACTING IN CONCERT WITH THE AIM OF COMMITTING ONE OR MORE SERIOUS CRIMES OR OFFENCES ESTABLISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THIS #ONVENTION IN ORDER TO OBTAIN DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY A lNANCIAL OR OTHER MATERIAL BENElTv

3%2)/53 #2)-%IShCONDUCT CONSTITUTING AN OFFENCE PUNISHABLE BY A MAXIMUM DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY OF AT LEAST FOUR YEARS OR A MORE SERIOUS PENALTYv

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)T IS COMMON KNOWLEDGE THAT THOSE IN CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIMINAL NETWORKS ARE ATTRACTED TO WILDLIFE CRIME BECAUSE IT OFFERS HIGH PROlT WITH LITTLE RISK OF DETECTION AND PROSECUTION ! POACHER IN )NDIA COULD BE PAID 53 FOR ONE TIGER SKIN WHILST A TRADER IN #HINA MAY OFFER THE SAME SKIN FOR AS MUCH AS 53 A PROlT MARGIN OF OVER PER CENT 4HIS PROlT GREATLY OUTWEIGHS THE POTENTIAL lNANCIAL PENALTIES UPON PROSECUTION &INES IN )NDIA CAN BE AS LITTLE AS 53 AND EVEN THE MAXIMUM lNE OF 53 IN .EPAL IS LESS THAN THE VALUE OF A SINGLE SKIN

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4HE #)4%3 3ECRETARIAT CONCERNED GOVERNMENTS AND .'/S HAVE URGED )NDIA .EPAL AND #HINA TO WORK MORE CLOSELY TOGETHER TO TRACK TARGET AND BREAK THE CRIMINAL NETWORKS THAT CONTROL THE TRADE

!NALYSIS OF HOW SOME OF THESE NETWORKS HAVE OPERATED IN THE PAST PROVIDES AN INSIGHT INTO THE TYPES OF VALUABLE HISTORICAL ACTIONABLE AND DEVELOPMENTAL INTELLIGENCE THAT GOVERNMENTS SHOULD BE SHARING 4HE CASE STUDY ON PAGE OFFERS AN EXAMPLE OF A TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIMINAL GROUP THAT WAS ENGAGED IN THE POACHING AND TRAFlCKING OF TIGER LEOPARD AND OTTERS SKINS OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME WITH LINKS TO A NUMBER OF KEY SKIN CASES ALL OF WHICH SHOW AN AGONISINGLY SLOW RATE OF PROSECUTION 4HOSE CONVICTED AND THOSE ON TRIAL HAVE

CONNECTIONS IN )NDIA .EPAL AND #HINA /THER MEMBERS OF THE NETWORK ARE OUT ON BAIL THEIR WHEREABOUTS UNKNOWN 7ITH NUMEROUS EXAMPLES OF CRIMINALS COMMITTING OFFENCES WHILST ON BAIL IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT AUTHORITIES TRACK AND MONITOR THEM

4HERE IS A WEALTH OF EXISTING DATA ALREADY AVAILABLE IN POLICE AND COURT RECORDS WHICH COULD BE ANALYSED TO BEGIN THE PROCESS OF SHUTTING DOWN THESE CRIMINAL NETWORKS !T THE TIME OF WRITING HOWEVER THERE IS NEITHER A NATIONAL NOR A REGIONAL AGENCY DEDICATED TO COLLATING ANALYSING AND ACTING UPON INFORMATION AND INVESTIGATING KNOWN AND SUSPECTED OFFENDERS .'/S TRY TO lLL THIS GAP BUT WITHOUT THE ENFORCEMENT CAPACITY THERE IS ONLY SO MUCH THAT CAN BE DONE

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4HE #)4%3 3ECRETARIAT HAS IDENTIlED KEY INDICATORS OF ORGANISED CRIME TO FACILITATE MORE TARGETED AND SPECIALISED ENFORCEMENT RESPONSES AGAINST WILDLIFE CRIME 3OME OF THESE INDICATORS WERE ILLUSTRATED IN AN ENFORCEMENT TRAINING lLM ON THE !SIAN BIG CAT SKIN TRADE DISTRIBUTED BY THE #)4%3 3ECRETARIAT TO THE #)4%3 -ANAGEMENT !UTHORITIES OF )NDIA .EPAL AND #HINA IN -AY 4HE FOLLOWING ARE PREVALENT IN THE SKIN TRADE

s /RGANISED STRUCTURE TO POACHING USE OF GANGS SUPPLY OF VEHICLES WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION

s %XPLOITATION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES s 0ROVISION OF HIGH QUALITY LAWYERS

s 6IOLENCE TOWARDS ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL s #ORRUPTION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL s %XPLOITATION OF CIVIL UNREST

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$ETAILED STATISTICS ON THE SKIN TRADE IN )NDIA HAVE BEEN MAINTAINED THROUGH 703)S

$ATABASE ON 7ILDLIFE #RIME ! GLANCE AT THE lGURES REVEALS A STAGGERING TRADE !S WITH OTHER CONTRABAND THESE STATISTICS PROBABLY REPRESENT A FRACTION OF THE ACTUAL TRADE

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&ROM THE POACHER TO THE BUYER THERE IS A WELLOILED SYSTEM THAT IS NONETHELESS PENETRABLE GIVEN THE VAST AMOUNT OF INFORMATION THAT EXISTS ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE BUSINESS

7HILE SOME POACHING MAY BE OPPORTUNISTIC OR IN RESPONSE TO HUMANANIMAL CONmICT THERE ARE ALSO WELLORGANISED GANGS OF PROFESSIONAL POACHERS WHO MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE SETTING UP CAMPS IN VULNERABLE AREAS )N EVIDENCE WAS GATHERED OF ESTABLISHED POACHING GANGS FROM )NDIA EXPANDING THEIR ACTIVITIES INTO .EPAL AND ENGAGING DIRECTLY WITH BUYERS

'ANGS OF POACHERS WILL NOT THINK TWICE ABOUT USING VIOLENCE AGAINST UNARMED UNDERRESOURCED FOREST GUARDS .UMEROUS PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED OR INJURED IN THE LINE OF DUTY

4HERE IS AN ESTABLISHED NETWORK OF TANNING CENTRES IN )NDIA TO WHICH SKINS THAT ARE ROUGHCURED IN THE lELD CAN BE SENT BY DEALERS TO BE STRETCHED AND TREATED "UYERS OR THEIR REPRESENTATIVES EITHER CHOOSE THEIR SKINS FROM THE MAIN DEALERS OR FROM TANNERIES MARKING THEM TO ENSURE THAT THEIR SELECTED SKINS ARE DELIVERED 4HE MAIN DEALERS AND BUYERS AVOID TAKING RISKS AND RARELY HANDLE THE SKINS THEMSELVES

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)N *ANUARY NEWS OF THE ELIMINATION OF EVERY TIGER IN 3ARISKA 4IGER 2ESERVE IN 2AJASTHAN )NDIA mASHED ACROSS THE WORLD 4HE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE OF GOVERNMENT OFlCIALS AT THE 3TATE AND #ENTRAL LEVEL WAS DENIAL AND SUGGESTIONS THAT THE TIGERS HAD SIMPLY REMAINED IN THE HILLS AFTER THE MONSOON

5LTIMATELY THE 3TATE %MPOWERED #OMMITTEE 3%# CONSTITUTED BY THE #HIEF -INISTER IN

&EBRUARY CONlRMED THAT THE TIGERS HAD BEEN POACHED OUT OF EXISTENCE AS A RESULT OF NEGLIGENCE !FTER EXAMINING REPORTS FROM THE

&OREST $EPARTMENT 7ILDLIFE )NSTITUTE OF )NDIA THE #ENTRAL "UREAU OF )NVESTIGATION #") AND .'/S THE 3%# REPORTED A DEPRESSING SERIES OF EVENTS

)N -AY THE &IELD $IRECTOR &$ OF 3ARISKA REPORTED A REDUCED CENSUS lGURE OF TO TIGERS COMPARED TO IN THOUGH IT IS NOW BELIEVED THAT BOTH THESE lGURES WERE UNREALISTIC AND CALLED FOR URGENT ASSISTANCE 4HE #HIEF 7ILDLIFE 7ARDEN OF THE 3TATE IGNORED HIS PLEA AND DOWNPLAYED THE SITUATION IN A REPORT TO 0ROJECT 4IGER 4HE 3%# FOUND NO RECORD OF A RESPONSE FROM THE #ENTRAL AUTHORITIES DESPITE THE REPORTED DECLINE IN TIGER NUMBERS

4HE SITUATION CONTINUED TO DETERIORATE )N A LETTER DATED !UGUST A LOCAL MAN PROVIDED THE &$ WITH DETAILS OF AN ACTIVE GANG OF NINE POACHERS OPERATING IN 3ARISKA 2ECEIVED ON 3EPTEMBER THE LETTER SAT FOR DAYS BEFORE BEING DISPATCHED TO THE SPECIlC 2ANGE &OREST /FlCE ON THE /CTOBER 4HE /FlCER DID NOT RESPOND UNTIL &EBRUARY

)N .OVEMBER THE 7ILDLIFE )NSTITUTE OF )NDIA HELD A lELD TRAINING PROGRAMME IN 3ARISKA AND REPORTED THE ABSENCE OF TIGER PUGMARKS "UT IT WAS NOT UNTIL A PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL REPORTED THAT ALL THE TIGERS HAD hVANISHEDv IN A LETTER DATED $ECEMBER THAT THE NEWS STARTED TO SPREAD 4HE UPROAR THAT FOLLOWED RESULTED IN THE POLICE AND THE #") BEING DRAFTED IN TO DETECT AND ARREST THE POACHERS "UT IT WAS TOO LATE FOR THE TIGERS 4HE POIGNANT TRAGEDY OF 3ARISKA IS THAT FOUR OF THE POACHERS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RECENT KILLING SPREE WERE ALSO INVOLVED IN A TIGER POACHING CASE IN

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)N )NDIA SOME MEMBERS OF TRADITIONAL HUNTING COMMUNITIES THAT ORIGINATE FROM -ADHYA 0RADESH 2AJASTHAN AND (ARYANA HAVE BECOME FULLTIME PROFESSIONAL TIGER AND LEOPARD POACHERS -OVING AROUND THE COUNTRY IN FAMILY GROUPS AND SETTING UP CAMP THEY ARE RENOWNED FOR INTENSIVE POACHING USING STEEL JAW TRAPS POISONING ELECTROCUTION AND lREARMS

4HEYSOURCEINTELLIGENCEFROMLOCAL COMMUNITIESABOUTPROTECTEDAREA MANAGEMENTSTATUSASWELLASTIGER ANDLEOPARDACTIVITY)NCONTRASTTOTHEIR IMPOVERISHED APPEARANCE MEMBERS OF THESE COMMUNITIES OFTEN TURN UP AT COURT WITH MOBILE PHONES AND LARGE SUMS OF CASH IN ORDER TO OBTAIN BAIL /NCE RELEASED ON BAIL THEY SELDOM APPEAR FOR SUBSEQUENT TRIAL AND BEING NOMADIC ARE DIFlCULT TO LOCATE 4HERE ARE OVER INDIVIDUALS FROM AROUND +ATNI IN -ADHYA 0RADESH CENTRAL )NDIA WHO

ARE KNOWN OR SUSPECTED POACHERS ORIGINATING FROM JUST VILLAGES /F THESE

INDIVIDUALS HAVE BEEN ARRESTED AS FAR AlELD AS +ARNATAKA !NDHRA 0RADESH -AHARASHTRA

#HATTISGARH 'UJARAT 5TTARANCHAL AND (ARYANA AS WELL AS IN THEIR HOME STATE OF -ADHYA 0RADESH ! SIMILAR NEXUS OF MORE THAN POACHERS FROM HUNTING COMMUNITIES OF 2AJASTHAN AND (ARYANA IS IN OPERATION

%VEN OPPORTUNISTIC FORESTBASED TIGER POACHERS ARE ENCOURAGED AND FACILITATED BY THE NETWORKS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN THESE COMMUNITIES AND MAJOR TRADERS LIKE 3ANSAR

#HAND 4HOUGH OPPORTUNISTIC POACHERS OFTEN SET UP LIVE ELECTRIC WIRE TRAPS TO KILL DEER AND WILD BOAR THEY END UP KILLING BIG CATS 4HERE HAVE BEEN MANY CASES OF POACHERS POISONING KILLS OF TIGERS AND LEOPARDS IN RETALIATION FOR CATTLE KILLED BUT THEIR SKINS AND BONES STILL END UP IN THE TRADE AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE

#ONFESSIONS OF A 4IGER 0OACHER BOX BELOW

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/N -ARCH YEAROLD TIGER POACHER 2AMPRATAP -EENA CONFESSED TO THE $EPUTY &IELD $IRECTOR OF 3ARISKA 4IGER 2ESERVE HOW HE HAD TRAPPED AND KILLED A TIGER IN THE DEAD OF NIGHT AND LATER SOLD THE SKIN AND BONES TO TRADERS (EARING THAT A NEIGHBOUR HAD LOST A BUFFALO TO A TIGER 2AMPRATAP AND A FRIEND ,OHARYA -EENA WENT TO SEE THE KILL 4HEY FOUND THE CARCASS NEXT TO A WATERHOLE WITH FRESH TIGER PUGMARKS "ACK IN THE VILLAGE 2AMPRATAP BOUGHT AN IRON SPRING TRAP FOR ).2 ^53 AND ARMED WITH THE TRAP 2AMPRATAPS GUN A SMALL AXE AND A THREE CELL TORCH THE TWO MEN RETURNED TO THE KILL 4HEY PLACED BRANCHES AROUND IT LEAVING ONLY ONE PATH OPEN n WHERE THE TRAP WAS LAID ,OHARYA MADE A PLATFORM IN A NEARBY CHILA TREE AND THE DUO SETTLED DOWN TO WAIT

!T AM THE TIGER RETURNED AND WAS IMMEDIATELY TRAPPED 4HE TWO MEN WATCHED UNTIL ITS ROARS OF PAIN STOPPED 4HEY THEN SWITCHED ON THEIR TORCH AND SAW THAT THE TIGERS RIGHT FOOT WAS CAUGHT 2AMPRATAP lRED THREE TIMES 4HE TIGER FELL BACK AS THE BULLETS SHOT THROUGH IT

!T DAWN THEY CLIMBED DOWN AND REMOVED THE TIGER FROM THE TRAP ,OHARYA HAD TO FETCH SOME MEN FROM THE VILLAGE TO LIFT IT 4HEY CARRIED THE TIGER TO A NEARBY RAVINE AND THERE WHILE SKINNING IT THEY SAW IT WAS A FEMALE 4HE MEN HID THE TIGERS HEAD IN THE FOREST THE mESH AND SKELETON IN TALL GRASS AND THE SKIN WRAPPED UP IN POLYTHENE IN A CORNlELD NEAR THE VILLAGE

4HE NEXT DAY 2AMPRATAP MADE A DEAL WITH +ALYA "AWARIA A LOCAL WILDLIFE DEALER FOR ).2 ^53 3IX DAYS LATER +ALYA AND THREE MEN DRESSED IN TROUSERS AND SHIRTS CAME TO 2AMPRATAPS HOUSE ENQUIRING ABOUT THE TIGERS BONES 2AMPRATAP TOOK THE MEN TO THE PLACE AND THEY TOOK AWAY THE BONES IN A CLOTH

/NCE CAUGHT IN A DEADLY TRAP THE ANIMAL CANT ESCAPE )N THIS CASE THE TIGER WAS SHOT BUT THERE ARE OTHER EXAMPLES OF TIGERS AND LEOPARDS BEING CLUBBED TO DEATH

OR SPEARED THROUGH THE MOUTH TO PROTECT THE SKIN 4HE TELLTALE EVIDENCE OF HOW THE ANIMALS WERE KILLED WAS OBSERVED IN SOME OF THE SKINS SEEN IN THE MARKETS ACROSS THE 4IBETAN 0LATEAU

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)F THE WORLD WANTS TO SAVE WILD TIGERS THEN WE HAVE TO MOVE BEYOND THE DIALOGUE ACCEPT THAT ORGANISED CRIMINAL NETWORKS CURRENTLY HAVE THE UPPER HAND AND IMMEDIATELY IMPLEMENT MORE EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT MEASURES 4HIS IN NO WAY DETRACTS FROM THE COMMENDABLE EFFORTS OF THOSE IN GOVERNMENT WHO HAVE MADE SIGNIlCANT SEIZURES OVER THE PAST DECADE

%)! AND 703) ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THERE HAS BEEN RECENT ACTIVITY PARTICULARLY BY )NDIA AND

#HINA IN RECOGNITION OF THE ONGOING TRADE IN TIGER AND LEOPARD SKINS 7E ARE AWARE THAT THE 0RIME -INISTER OF )NDIA INSTRUCTED THE COUNTRYS OVERSEAS MISSIONS IN .EPAL AND

#HINA TO GATHER INTELLIGENCE ON THE TRADE 4HE 0RIME -INISTER ALSO CALLED FOR THE CREATION OF A MULTIAGENCY ENFORCEMENT UNIT TO BE EXPEDITED ORDERED AN ENQUIRY INTO THE DISAPPEARANCE OF TIGERS IN 3ARISKA 4IGER 2ESERVE IN 2AJASTHAN AND SET UP A COMMITTEE TO REVIEWINTER ALIA DOMESTIC ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS

(OWEVER IN A REPORT TO THE 0RESIDENT OF )NDIA IN !UGUST THE #OMPTROLLER AND

!UDITOR 'ENERAL #!' OF )NDIA CITED A LACK OF FOCUS COMMITMENT AND CAPACITY AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT AS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE TIGER DECLINE 4HE hINORDINATE DELAYv IN CREATING SPECIALISED ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS YEARS AFTER THEY WERE lRST DISCUSSED FEATURED ALONGSIDE INADEQUATE PATROLLING MANPOWER AND TRAINING AS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS 4HE #!' NOTED THAT AS A RESULT hPOACHING AND UNNATURAL DEATHS OF TIGERS OUTNUMBERED THE NATURAL DEATHSv^A 4HE #)4%3 -ANAGEMENT !UTHORITY OF #HINA HAS RECENTLY ENGAGED IN CONSUMER AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS AND PROVIDED TRAINING ON THE BIG CAT SKIN TRADE TO POLICE CUSTOMS AND FOREST OFlCERS IN 4!2 'ANSU 1INGHAI 3ICHUAN AND 9UNNAN "EIJING ALSO REPORTS THAT DIRECTIVES WERE SENT TO PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS INSTRUCTING THEM TO ENFORCE THE LAW )NDIA AND #HINA HAVE ALSO REVIVED THE )NDO3INO 0ROTOCOL ON TIGERS WHILE A BILATERAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN )NDIA AND

#HINA ON SECURITY INTELLIGENCE EXCHANGE PROVIDES A MECHANISM FOR EXCHANGING WILDLIFE CRIME INTELLIGENCE

0OLITICAL UPHEAVAL IN .EPAL HAS RESULTED IN POSTS ALONG THE BORDER WITH 4!2 BEING LARGELY UNMANNED (OWEVER THE AUTHORITIES HAVE CONTINUED TO MAKE SEIZURES OF SKINS

DESPITE THE LIMITATIONS ON RESOURCES AS A RESULT OF OTHER NATIONAL PRIORITIES )N THE DAWN OF A NEW .EPAL IT IS HOPED THAT ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS TO COMBAT THE ILLEGAL SKIN TRADE WILL RECEIVE ADEQUATE POLITICAL ATTENTION 7HAT IS URGENTLY REQUIRED IS STRAIGHTFORWARD AND GENUINE COMMITMENT TO TURN STATED INTENTIONS INTO EFFECTIVE ACTION

&OREMOST ARE COMMITMENTS TO ESTABLISH SPECIALISED ENFORCEMENT UNITS AND IMPROVE REGIONAL COMMUNICATION AND COOPERATION 4HE FORMER WAS A RECOMMENDATION APPROVED BY THE TH #ONFERENCE OF THE 0ARTIES TO

#)4%3 IN !T THE SAME MEETING THE 0ARTIES APPROVED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AD HOC 4IGER %NFORCEMENT 4ASK &ORCE WHICH DREW UP GUIDELINES FOR SPECIALISED ENFORCEMENT UNITS AT ITS lRST MEETING IN $ELHI IN

)F THESE UNITS ARE TO BE EFFECTIVE AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIMINAL NETWORKS THEY MUST BE DEDICATED AND MULTIAGENCY WITH ADEQUATE RESOURCES AND AUTHORITY TO COORDINATE EFFORTS WITH COUNTERPARTS IN THE REGION !FTER YEARS OF DISCUSSION )NDIA IS ON THE VERGE OF ESTABLISHING SUCH A UNIT BUT AT THE TIME OF WRITING IT IS STILL NOT IN PLACE )MPLEMENTATION MUST BE SWIFT AND .EPAL AND

#HINA SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO FOLLOW SUIT AS A MATTER OF URGENCY

$ESPITE THE EXISTENCE OF FORMAL CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION SUCH AS THE 7ORLD #USTOMS /RGANISATION AND 2EGIONAL )NTELLIGENCE ,IAISON /FlCERS )NTERPOL #)4%3 AND BILATERAL AGREEMENTS THESE ARE RARELY IF EVER USED FOR CROSSBORDER ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AGAINST THE SKIN TRADERS

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s )NVESTIGATIONS BY %)! AND 703) INDICATE THAT TIGERS AND OTHER !SIAN BIG CATS CONTINUE TO BE THREATENED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ILLEGAL TRADE FOR THEIR SKINS s 7HILE THE OPEN USE OF TIGER AND LEOPARD SKINS FOR

4IBETAN CHUPAS APPEARS TO BE IN DECLINE TRADERS ARE CATERING FOR AN INCREASING DEMAND FOR SKINS AS HOME DÏCOR AND PRESTIGIOUS GIFTS

s 3INCE UNDER THE 5. #ONVENTION ON

)NTERNATIONAL 4RADE IN %NDANGERED 3PECIES #)4%3 RESOLUTIONS RELATING TO THE ILLEGAL TRADE IN AND CONSERVATION OF TIGERS AND OTHER !SIAN BIG CATS HAVE RECOMMENDED SPECIlC ACTIONS BY 0ARTIES TO IMPROVE ENFORCEMENT AGAINST ILLEGAL TRADE

s "Y FAILING TO IMPLEMENT THESE RECOMMENDATIONS 0ARTIES HAVE LEFT THE TRAFlCKING OF TIGER AND LEOPARD SKINS IN THE TRANS(IMALAYAN REGION OPEN TO THE CONTROL OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIMINAL NETWORKS WHO ARE ATTRACTED BY HIGH PROlTS AND LOW RISKS

s 4HE 5. HAS RECOGNISED THE SIGNIlCANT NEGATIVE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME INCLUDING ILLICIT TRAFlCKING OF ENDANGERED mORA AND FAUNA AND PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK FOR STRENGTHENING REGIONAL COOPERATION TO COMBAT SUCH CRIMES

s )NTELLIGENCELED PROACTIVE RESPONSES BY

ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN )NDIA .EPAL AND #HINA ARE URGENTLY REQUIRED TO COMBAT THE ILLEGAL SKIN TRADE s -ORE EFFECTIVE REGIONAL COOPERATION AND INTELLIGENCE

SHARING BETWEEN ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES AND THEIR COUNTERPARTS ABROAD IS ESSENTIAL TO COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED WILDLIFE CRIME

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s -EMBERS OF THE #)4%3 3TANDING #OMMITTEE AND OTHER 0ARTIES SHOULD ENDORSE THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF 3# $OC 3# $OC NOTE THE

CONCERNS IN 3# $OC AND PROVIDE TECHNICAL AND lNANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT THE FOLLOWING

! HIGHLEVEL SUMMIT BETWEEN SENIOR ENFORCEMENT OFlCIALS OF RELEVANT 0ARTIES AS A MATTER OF PRIORITY ! SERIES OF TIMEBOUND ENFORCEMENT MEASURES

TO COMBAT ILLEGAL TRADE IN TIGERS AND OTHER !SIAN BIG CATS

4ARGETED HIGHLEVEL POLITICAL MISSIONS TO RELEVANT 0ARTIES

s 4HE GOVERNMENTS OF )NDIA .EPAL AND #HINA ARE ACCOUNTABLE TO #)4%3 AND #4/# AND SHOULD PROVIDE DOCUMENTED EVIDENCE OF THE FOLLOWING

)MPLEMENTATION OF NEW AND EFFECTIVE ANTIPOACHING MEASURES IN THE lELD

%STABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL DATABASES OF TIGER AND OTHER BIG CAT SEIZURES AND A REGIONAL INFORMATION NETWORK

!RREST AND PROSECUTION OF KEY DEALERS AND DISRUPTION OF THEIR NETWORKS

)NCREASED BORDER SECURITY AND VIGILANCE IN TRAIN STATIONS AIRPORTS AND MAIL SERVICES

#ROSSBORDER COOPERATION TO COMBAT TRAFlCKING INCLUDING IDENTIlCATION AND ARRESTS OF CORRUPT BORDER OFlCIALS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DEDICATED

"ORDER ,IAISON /FlCES

$EVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ENFORCEMENT TOOLS SUCH AS $.! MAPPING

s 3UPPORT FROM THE HIGHEST POLITICAL LEVELS IN )NDIA .EPAL AND #HINA IS URGENTLY REQUIRED TO ENSURE THE IMMEDIATE ESTABLISHMENT OF FULLTIME WELLRESOURCED MULTIAGENCY WILDLIFE ENFORCEMENT UNITS THAT HAVE THE CAPACITY TO

$EVELOP AND MANAGE A VARIETY OF INTELLIGENCE SOURCES

#OORDINATE AND CONDUCT INTELLIGENCELED PROACTIVE OPERATIONS

#ONDUCT REGULAR AND FREQUENT HIGHPROlLE PATROLS OF KNOWN CENTRES OF ILLEGAL TRADE

5TILISE LEGISLATION TO SEIZE ASSETS AND THE PROCEEDS OF CRIME

#OORDINATE AND DRIVE REGIONAL COOPERATION AND INTELLIGENCE SHARING BETWEEN NATIONAL AGENCIES AND THEIR COUNTERPARTS ABROAD

s ! THOROUGH SURVEY SHOULD BE CONDUCTED ACROSS THE 4IBETAN 0LATEAU TO QUANTIFY THE IMPACT OF SEASONALITY ON SUPPLY AND DEMAND AS WELL AS THE GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD OF THE TRADE IN TIGER AND LEOPARD SKINS s 4HE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY SHOULD FULlL ITS

COMMITMENTS UNDER #)4%3 AND #4/# TO ENGAGE PROFESSIONAL ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN THE lGHT AGAINST WILDLIFE CRIME

s 4HE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY SHOULD SUPPORT TARGETED CONSUMER AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS

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k`^\ic\fgXi[Yfe\j+'#+(#+)#+*#++

- DXp )''' ?Xc[nXe`#@e[`X ,'c\fgXi[jb`ej<sup>+,</sup> )( DXp )''' ?Xc[nXe`#@e[`X *'c\fgXi[jb`ej^+-

)( DXi )''( EX^gli#@e[`X (k`^\ijb`e#,k`^\ijb\c\kfej#+c\fgXi[jb`ej^+.

).8gi )''( BXegliClZbefn#@e[`X )+c\fgXi[jb`ej#(k`^\ijb`e#('k`^\iZcXnj@EI\hl`m%f]uLJ('#,''ZXj_#g`jkfc<sup>+/#+0</sup> (+ DXp )''( 8ccX_XYX[#@e[`X )k`^\ijb`ej^,'

/ 8l^ )''( O`X^lXe#:_`eX )*k`^\ijb`ej#**c\fgXi[jb`ej(*+fkk\ijb`ej^,(

, AXe )''* ClZbefn#@e[`X ()c\fgXi[jb`ej@EI\hl`m%f]LJ('#'''ZXj_^,)#,*

(( =\Y )''* J`c`^li`#@e[`X )'c\fgXi[jb`ej(0fkk\ijb`ej^,+#,,#,- + 8gi )''* BXk_dXe[l#E\gXc ('0c\fgXi[jb`ej(+fkk\ijb`ej^,.#,/#,0 ))DXp )''* JXdXcb_X#@e[`X .c\fgXi[jb`ej(/fkk\ijb`ej^-'

/ FZk )''* JXe^jXe^#K8I *(k`^\ijb`ej#,/(c\fgXi[jb`ej#../fkk\ijb`ej#)cpeojb`ej(]Xb\k`^\ijb`e<sup>-(#-)</sup> )'8gi )''+ BXk_dXe[l#E\gXc -c\fgXi[jb`ej#g`\Z\jf]Xggifo`dXk\cp)+c\fgXi[fkk\ijb`ej^-*

(( Ale )''+ 9XifkX#@e[`X (,c\fgXi[jb`ej0cXi^\jk\\ckiXgj^-+

)+Ale )''+ BXke`J_X_[fc#@e[`X .c\fgXi[jb`ej<sup>-,</sup> )-Ale )''+ :_\eeX`#@e[`X )k`^\ijb`ej^--

) Alc )''+ BXegli#@e[`X +,-c\fgXi[Xe[k`^\iZcXnjXe[@EI\hl`m%f]uLJ(*#'''ZXj_^-.

- Alc )''+ :_\eeX`#@e[`X )k`^\ijb`ej#(c\fgXi[jb`e/+k`^\iZcXnj^-/

(( Alc )''+ BXk_dXe[l#E\gXc *k`^\ikifg_`\j#((fkk\ijb`ejÔm\jXZbjf]k`^\iYfe\j^-0

*( AXe)'', ;\c_`#@e[`X */c\fgXi[jb`ej#(jefnc\fgXi[jb`e#)k`^\ijb`ej#+)fkk\ijb`ej#*b^k`^\iZcXnj#(+k`^\i ZXe`e\j#('k`^\iaXnYfe\j#-'b^k`^\ic\fgXi[gXnj^.'

/ DXi )'', ;\c_`#@e[`X *c\fgXi[jb`ej+fkk\ijb`ej^.(

- 8gi )'', ;\c_`#@e[`X +,c\fgXi[jb`ej(+fkk\ijb`ej^.) 8gi )'', KXkfgXe`#E\gXc )k`^\ijb`ej^.*

0 Alc )'', @[lbb`#@e[`X (k`^\ijb`e#+k`^\iZXe`e\j(-k`^\iZcXnj^.+

/ 8l^ )'', ?p[\iXYX[#@e[`X )k`^\ijb`ej^.,

(' 8l^)'', BXk_dXe[l#E\gXc (k`^\ijb`e#(c\fgXi[jb`e#('*g`\Z\jf]Yfe\^.-

) J\g)'', IXjlnX#E\gXc ,k`^\ijb`ej#*-c\fgXi[jb`ej#)*/fkk\ijb`ej((*b^k`^\i&c\fgXi[Yfe\j^..

(( J\g )'', Q_Xe^dl#K8I ()k`^\ijb`ej#-'c\fgXi[jb`ej#)'fkk\ijb`ej(+b^k`^\iYfe\^./

(' FZk )'', Bi`j_eXEX^Xi#@e[`X (k`^\ijb`e*c\fgXi[jb`ej<sup>.0</sup> ).FZk )'', LkkXiXeZ_Xc#@e[`X ,c\fgXi[jb`ej^/'

/ ;\Z )'', DX_\e[iXeX^Xi#E\gXc +c\fgXi[jb`ej^/(

)0;\Z )'', ;XiZ_lcX#E\gXc .c\fgXi[jb`ej^/)

(' AXe )''- =Xk\_gli#@e[`X (+c\fgXi[jb`ej(fkk\ijb`e^/*

* =\Y )''- ;\c_`#@e[`X *+c\fgXi[jb`ej+fkk\ijb`ej^/+

)/8gi )''- 9`i^lea#E\gXc )k`^\ijb`ej*c\fgXi[jb`ej^/, (* DXp )''- DXbnXegli#E\gXc (k`^\ijb`e,b^k`^\iYfe\j<sup>/-</sup> - Alc )''- AXcgX`^li`#@e[`X (k`^\ijb`e(,k`^\iZcXnj^/.

(+ Alc )''- AXcgX`^li`#@e[`X +c\fgXi[jb`ej#(k`^\ijb\c\kfei_`efjb`ej^//

( 8l^ )''- BXegli#@e[`X +c\fgXi[jb`ej^/0

, 8l^ )''- G`c`Y_`k#@e[`X )k`^\ijb`ej(b^k`^\iYfe\j<sup>0'</sup> )*8l^ )''- B_Xe[nX#@e[`X (k`^\ijb`e(c\fgXi[jb`e⁰⁽

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