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A STUDY OF THE TECHNIQUE OF THE HINDI DRAMA POST PRASAD PERIOD (1935 - 1965)

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MORAL VALUES IN THE

POST INDEPENDENT HINDI DRAMAS

THESIS

Submitted to the

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

By

'z- €r- W3”

A. J. ABRAHAM

Supervising Teacher .'

Dr. N. RAMAN NAIR Dr. P. A. SHEMIM ALIYAR

PROFESSOR AND HEAD OF THE READER. DEPARTMENT OF HINDI

DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT or HINDI

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COCHlN- 682 022

1991

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C E h_T I F I C A T A‘I

This is to certifiy that this TH£SIS is a

bonafide record of work carried out by A.J. ABRAAAM

under~my supervision for Pn.D.(Doctor of Philosophy) and no part of this has hitherto been submitted for

a Degree in any University.

J

Department of Hindi Dr.P.A.SH£MIM ALIYAR

Cochin University of Reader

Science & Technology KOCHI, Pin 682 022 Date: O§.O4.1991

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1. "Value is the most important word in the whole science

of economics".

Encyclopedia Americana, voL.27, Page 867

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and scarcity". Encyclopedia Americana,vo1.27,p.867

3. "value is a determination or quality of an object which involves any sort of appreciation or interest.

Such appreciation, however, involves feeling and

ultimately desires or tendencies underlying the feelin Therefore value is the feeling“.

Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol.22, p.962.

4. "There are three distinct things signified by the term value, all of which are the subject of discussion in political economy inherent utility, cost of

prodfic on in purchasing power."

The Americana Vol.l9

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5. "As wealth and services are exchanged the amount of other things which any commodity or service will procure is known as it value and value expressed in money is price."

The Americana, vol.l9

6. "Market value is sometimes distinguished from value in use, or the utility of a commodity for satisfying a human want, which is subjective."

The Columbia Encyclopedia. Vol.5. p.2226

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3- @133 a'~j:;1°r f‘ra°r- ah s1'- 31-23 afirfi, {-2.72 9» Modern Reference Encyclopedia, Vol.7, p.210

10. "Ethics, the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of those concepts which we use to evaluate human activities, in particular the concept of good­

ness and obligation.“

The new caxton Encyclopedia, Vol.7, p.224S

11. “Ethics developed when men began to study the motives behind their actions and the results of them."

New standard Encyclopedia, Vol.5, p.218

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12. "Ethics, also called moral philosophy, the branch of philosophy that is concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong."

The New Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol.4, p.578 13. "Ethics has developed as man has raflected on the

intentions and consequences of his acts. From this reflection on the nature of human behuiour,theories of conscience have developed,giving direction to much ethical thinking".

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Vol.2, p.674

14. “In ethics, posited categorical imperative, as basis of moral acti0n.".

Collins Concise Encyclopedia, p.304

15. New standard Encyclopedia, Vol.5, p.218

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16. "Hidohism, in philosophy, the doctrine that pleasure is the central significance in human existence."

New Standard Encyclopedia, Vol.7, p.H.122

(18)

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17. “Epicurus taught that pleasure is the chief good. He defined pleasure asthe ‘freedom of the body from pain

and the soul from anxiety.‘ The chief evil is fear of the gods, and fear of death."

New standard Encyclopedia Vol.5, p.E.190 13. Fara'Fas11=1 afin guaumpg an-,1 _ 3 ,1,”

19. "The greatest good pleasure, is to be realised through prudence, the wise avoidance of physical pain and spiritual anxiety. The prudent man

cultivates justice, temperance and friendship. He also cultivates a knowledge of science to end fear

of the unknown."

New standard Encyclopedia, Vol.5, p.191

20. "Epicurus held that all pleasant sensations are good and all unpleasant ones are evil, but he also held that not all pleasures are to be chosen nor all pains

avoided."

The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.10, p.613

(19)

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21. "Egoism holds that the individual should seek his own happiness."

New Standard Encyclopedia, Vol.5, p.E.2l9

22. "A thing may have great value and still be used in ways which harm mankind. For example, drugs and

alcohol posses great utility. They are of benefit

to man when used properly. But they become harmful when people misuse them or become addicted to them."

The world Book Encyclopedia, Vol.19, p.212

23. "Ancient philosophers as Epicurus believed in ethical hedonism that is, that pleasure is the only moral

good. In J

New standard Encyclopadia, Vol.7, p.H.122

'\

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24. "I know that there is no good in them, but for a man to rejoice, and to do good in his life."

The Thompson Chain Reference Bible, Forth improved

edition, p.633.

25. "English philosophers of the 17th and 18th Centuries developed psychological hedonism, the theory that humans are incapable of desiring anything other than pleasure."

New standard Encyclopaedia, Vol.7, p.H.l22

26. “In the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, the conception of the moral objectives is formulated as the greatest good of the greatest number: but it is doubtful if the meaning of the good

is clarified by this quantitative formulation.”.

Modern Reference Encyclopedia, Vol.7, p.211

27. "utilitarianism defines the 'Summum bonnum' as ‘the greatest good for the greatest number."

New standard Encyclopedia, Vol.5, p.219

(21)

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New Standard Encyclopedia Vol.5/ p.E.219

(23)

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only thing good in itself and without qualifications is a good will. That will is good which acts out of a sense of duty."

The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.10, p.616

(24)

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33. "Theories of obligation may be teleological, that is, the rightness or wrongness of an action is held to be determined solely by its consequences actual or

expected."

The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.10, p.610

34. "Moral Principles may be viewed either as the standard of conduct which the individual has constructed for himself or as the body of obligations and duties which a particular society requires of its members."

The Columbia Encyclopedia Vo1.2/ p.674

35. "Duty is the only moral good for some people. This doctrine holds that a person should follow the

dictates of his conscience instead of giving primary consideration to the consequences, possibly unpleasant to him, of his conduct."

I49“ Standard Encyclopedia Vol.5,p.219

(25)

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33- Fa'=a'°r 2=ITFra:I as?:1=rI=I - I, 341-, {-353

39. "One of the main concepts which underlies the Hindu

attitude to life and daily conduct is that of the four ends of man - Purushartha - The first of

these is characterized by considerations of righteous­

ness, duty and virtue. This is called dharma, There are

other activities, however, through which a man seeks to gain something for himself or pursue his own pleasure.

when the object of this activity is some material gain,

it is called artha; when it is love or pleasure, it is

Kama. Finally, thee is the renunciation of all these acti­

vities in order to devote oneself to religious or spiri­

tual activities with the aim of liberating oneself from the wordly life: this is moksha".

Social Change in India : B. Kuppuswamy, p.68

(27)

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(28)

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(29)

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51. "The Power of the purse is always a great power."

wit And wisdom Of Nehru : N.B. Sen, p.603

(30)

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55

52- was cgrrrn - 3.19.37

53. "A fortune made by a lying tongue is a fleeting vapor and a deadly snare.”

The Holy Bible New International Version (Proverbs 21:6) p.741, Year 1978.

54. "Better is a little with righteousness than great revenues with injustice."

The Holy Bible Standard - Edition, p.712, year 1901 55. "As the partridge which gathers a brood that she did not hatch and sits on eggs which she has not laid,

so , is he who gets riches and not by right.

He will leavethem, or they will leave him, in the midst of his days, and at his end he will be a fool."

The Amplified old Testament - Jeremiah l7:l1,p.699

Year 1962

(31)

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individual and social relations of man which discloses his power of activity, of acquiring property, or

establishing a home, of awakening altruistic senti­

ments toward a person of the opposite sex, and toward his own issue as well as toward the whole human

race. Sexual feeling is really the root of all ethics, and no doubt of aestheticism and religion."

Psychopathia sexualis : Dr.Richard Von Krafftebing, p.29-30, Bdn.1965, Printed in U.S.A.

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(34)

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"Man puts himself atonce on a level with beast if he seeks to gratify lust alone, but he elevates his superior position when by curbing the animal desire

he combines with the sexual functions ideas of morality, of the sublime and the beautiful."

64­

Psychopathie Sexualis E Dr.Richard Von Krafftebing

p.29

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69. "Salvation in the sense of the New Testament is salvation from sin."

The Christian Doctrine of Salvation : sigfrid

Estborn, p.22, (C.L.S. Madras,Year 1958)

(37)

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(38)

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70. "Life is a shuttle"

Merry wives of Windsor Shakespeare. Act.5,

Scene I, p.62

(39)

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"The time of life is very short. To spend that shortness basely were too long; if life did ride upon a dials point still ending at the arrival of

an hour".

First part of King Henry IV : Shakespeare, Act 5,

Scene 2, The Complete works of shakespeare,p.409

72. "Life and death are but links in an endless chain.

Life is inevitable, for it canes and cannot be declined. It goes and cannot be stopped."

Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics : Vol.8, p.15

Edn.l97l

73. “Our days upon earth are a shadow".

Holy Bible : Job 8:9, p.659

74. "Life is like a river that is often in flood."

Encyclopaedia Britanica,14th Edition,Vol.14/ p.42 75. "Life which must be envisaged as a drama on a crowed

stage."

Encyclopaedia Britanica,l4th Edition,Vol.14,p.42

(40)

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76. "values exist in the sense that they are operative

and effective in and on human minds and in human action, and find embodiment in the objective

institutions of society."

Bncyclopaedia Britanica, Vol.22, p.962

(41)

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77. “values are not mere subjective incidents, more or less gratuitously super added to fact, but are inherent in the structure of reality."

Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol.22, p.962

78. "All known codes insist on some measure of internal peace and order and tend to sanction whatever helps to satisfy social needs and to ensure the group's survival, while censuring whatever disturbs the social peace."

Encyclopaedia Britanica,Vol.8, p.756

79. "As we extend our moral rules to wider groups, so we refine our notion of the human person."

Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol.8,p.756

(42)

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80. Surely there comes a time when counting the cost and paying the price aren't things to think about any more.

All that matters is value - the ultimate value of

what one does.“

The International Dictionary of thoughts, p.748,year'69 81. "A good deed is never lost. He who sows curtesy;

reaps frindship, he who plants kindness, gathers love: pleasure bestowed upon a grateful mind was never sterile, but generally gratitude begets

reward."

Ibid, p.331

82. "Morality is the basis of things and truth is the substance of all morality".

Ibid, p.498

83. "As soon as we lose the moral basis, we cease to be religious. There is no such thing as religion over­

riding morality. Man, for instance, cannot be

untruthful, cruel or in continent and claim to have God on his side."

Ibid, p.498

(43)

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irefr nr<:°Ta‘$ cm-émagahvrfiz-fiané 3' I arr? a'na-‘ffiaaar 84. No article will have any v§£§§}}7ZE3§S7fi§§TE5ET1E°

have no money or commodities to offer in exchange

for it."

The world Book Encyclopedia Vol.19, p.212, Year 1970

85. “One curious restriction on marriage is ‘Cross­

Cousin' marriage, meaning that a man marries the daughter of his mother's brother or of his father's

sister.".

Customs and cultures Eugene A. Nida, p.101

References

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