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_oao AnZo {dMma _| n{ÌH$m _| Am{W©H$ {df`m| na H$_ go H$_ EH$ H$hmZr hmoZr Mm{hE Omo n{ÌH$m H$mo Am¡a amoMH$ ~Zm Xo&
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J«m_-H$H$mobr {Obm-\¡$Om~mX (CÎma n«Xoe)
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n[aàoú` _| ~mgob-III … Xg àíZ {OZH$m CÎma h_| OmZZm Mm{hE' n‹T>m& `h boI Bg A§H$ H$m gd©loð> boI h¡& Bg boI Ho$ _mÜ`_ go boIH$ Zo ~mgob-III go g§~§{YV Xg àíZ d CÎma XoVo hþE EH$ AbJ A§XmO _| ^anya OmZH$mar àñVwV H$s h¡& CZHo$ Bg AZyR>o A§XmO H$mo
^r bmS>r H$m gbm_&
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"B{Vhmg Ho$ nÝZm| go' Ho$ VhV lr_Vr gm{dÌr qgh Zo ñQ>oQ> ~¢H$ Am°\$ _¡gya Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ gμ\$a H$mo àñVwV H$a nmR>H$m| H$mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ OmZH$mar àXmZ H$s h¡& lr Ho$. gr. _mbnmZr Zo "Ky_Vm AmB©Zm' Ho$ VhV ZdrZV_ Am{W©H$-{dÎmr` J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$ ~mao _|
Cn`moJr OmZH$mar àñVwV H$s h¡&
Bg A§H$ _| em{_b AÝ` boI ^r ~{‹T>`m h¢& Hw$b {_bmH$a `h EH$ ~ohVarZ n{ÌH$m h¡& AmnH$m CÔoí` AÀN>m h¡& CËH¥$îQ> g§nmXZ Ho$ {bE _oar d ""AmbamD±$S> AH$mX_r'' H$s Amoa go AmnH$mo T>oam| ew^H$m_ZmE±&
A{_V Hw$_ma bmS>r _w»` g§nmXH$ ""AmbamD±$S>'' μ\$arXH$moQ> (n§Om~)
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Ûmam {H$`m OmVm h¡ `m {\$a gaH$ma `h H$m`© Xoe Ho$ Ho$ÝÐr` ~¢H$
H$mo AWdm {H$gr AÝ` g§ñWm H$mo gm¢n XoVr h¡& ^maV gaH$ma Zo H$a|gr ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd Xoe Ho$ Ho$ÝÐr` ~¢H$ `m{Z
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$mo gm¢nm h¡&
H$a|gr ZmoQ> h_ g~Ho$ OrdZ H$m A{^Þ A§J hmoVo h¢& nm±M, Xg, ~rg, nMmg, EH$ gm¡, nm±M gm¡ Am¡a EH$ hOma én`o Ho$ ZmoQ>
h_ g~Zo XoIo h¢ Am¡a CZH$m Cn`moJ ^r H$aVo h¢& bo{H$Z BZ ZmoQ>m|>
Ho$ ~mao _| AŠga g~Ho$ _Z _| `o àý CR>Vo h¢ {H$ `o ZmoQ> H$m¡Z N>mnVm h¡, ZmoQ> h_mao nmg VH$ H¡$go nhþ±MVo h¢, BZ ZmoQ>m| H$mo H$m¡Z Zï> H$aVm h¡ Am¡a `o ZmoQ> H¡$go Zï> {H$E OmVo h¢?
EH$ H$a|gr ZmoQ> H$s OrdZ `mÌm _| AZoH$ n‹S>>md hmoVo h¢& àog _| EH$ H$a|gr ZmoQ> Ho$ N>nZo Ho$ nhbo Am¡a N>nZo Ho$ ~mX ^r AZoH$m|
{Z`_-H$mZyZm| Ho$ Xm¡a go Cgo JwμOaZm hmoVm h¡& H$a|gr ZmoQ> H$m {S>OmBZ H¡$gm hmo, ZmoQ> {H$VZr _mÌm _| N>mno OmE§, MbZ _| ZmoQ>m|
H$s JwUdÎmm H¡$go ~ZmE aIr OmE, Ombr ZmoQ>m| H$s g_ñ`m go H¡$go {ZnQ>m OmE, ZmoQ> {H$VZr _mÌm _| Zï> {H$E OmE§ Am{X Zr{VJV H$m`© h¢ Omo {H$ ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Am¡a ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam V`
{H$E OmVo h¢& XaAgb àog _| NnZo Ho$ ~mX EH$ gwÝXa, M_H$sbo Am¡a H$‹S>H$ ZOa AmZo dmbo H$a|gr ZmoQ> H$s OrdZ `mÌm H$s ewéAmV Bg àH$ma hmoVr h¡& àog go Cgo g~go nhbo ^maVr`
[aμOd© ~¢H$ Ho$ H$m`m©b` _| bm`m OmVm h¡& CgHo$ ~mX {d{^Þ ~¢H$m|
H$s _m±J Ho$ AZwgma ZmoQ>m| H$mo H$a|gr MoñQ>m| _| ^oOm OmVm h¡ Ohm± go dh Am_ AmX_r Ho$ hmWm| _| nhþ±MVm h¡& ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ go ^r Am_ OZVm H$mo ZE ZmoQ> Omar {H$E OmVo h¢& BgHo$ ~mX O~ VH$
CgH$s pñW{V AÀN>r ahVr h¡ V~ VH$ dh EH$ hmW go Xygao hmW VH$ AmVm-OmVm ahVm h¡& Yrao-Yrao Cg gwÝXa, M_H$sbo Am¡a H$‹S>H$ ZmoQ> H$s gyaV EH$ J§Xo, H$Q>o-\$Q>o ZmoQ> _| ~Xb OmVr h¡&
EH$ H$a|gr ZmoQ> H$s OrdZ `mÌm - N>nZo go Zï> hmoZo VH$
Ama. Eg. {Vdmar
ghm`H$ à~§YH$
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$, M§S>rJ‹T>
V~ Cgo A§{V_ g\$a Ho$ {bE ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ ^oO {X`m OmVm h¡ Ohm± CgH$s OrdZ brbm g_má H$a Xr OmVr h¡& AÝ` Xoem| H$s Anojm h_mao Xoe _| boZXoZ Ed§ ^wJVmZ Ho$ {bE ZH$Xr H$m à`moJ A{YH$ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Bg{bE H$a|gr ZmoQ> H$s bmB\$ H$_ h¡& A~
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Am_ boZXoZ Am¡a ^wJVmZ Ho$ {bE S>o{~Q>
H$mS>©, H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©, _mo~mBb ~¢qH$J, BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ ^wJVmZ Am{X H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$a ahm h¡&
H$a|gr ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma
h_mao Xoe _| ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo H$m EH$m{YH$ma ^maVr` [aμOd©
~¢H$ Ho$ nmg h¡& `h A{YH$ma ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$mo ^maVr`
[aμOd© ~¢H$ A{Y{Z`_, 1934 Ûmam àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& ^maVr`
[aμOd© ~¢H$ H$s ñWmnZm go nyd© H$a|gr ZmoQ> N>mnZo H$m A{YH$ma gaH$ma Ho$ nmg Wm& ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$mo ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo H$m EH$m{YH$ma àmá hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r EH$ én`o H$m H$mJO H$m ZmoQ>
^maV gaH$ma Ûmam hr N>mnm OmVm Wm& ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$mo Xmo én`o go A{YH$ _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ> N>mnZo H$m hr A{YH$ma àmá h¡&
Bgr{bE Xmo én`o go A{YH$ _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ>m| H$mo ~¢H$ ZmoQ> ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a BZ ZmoQ>m§o na ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Ho$ JdZ©a Ho$
hñVmja hmoVo h¢&
ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmpñV`m±
H$a|gr ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmpñV aIZo Ho$ g§~§Y _|
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ A{Y{Z`_ _| Amdí`H$ àmdYmZ {H$E JE h¢&
1956 go Xoe _| H$a§ogr ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo Ho$ {bE ""Ý`yZV_ AmajU àUmbr'' (Minimum Reserve System) AnZmB© Om ahr h¡&
Bg àUmbr Ho$ AZwgma ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo Ho$ {bE [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$mo AmpñV Ho$ ê$n _| gmoZm, {dXoer à{V^y{V`m±, én`o Ho$ {gŠHo$ Am¡a
én`o dmbr à{V^y{V`m± aIZm Amdí`H$ h¡ {Og_| gmoZo Am¡a {dXoer à{V^y{V`m| H$m Hw$b _yë` 200 H$amo‹S> én`o VWm Bg_| gmoZo H$m _yë` 115 H$amo‹S> én`o go H$_ Zht hmoZm Mm{hE& 1956 go nyd©
""AmZwnm{VH$ AmajU n«Umbr'' (Proportional Reserve System) AnZmB© OmVr Wr& Bg àH$ma AmpñV aIZo Ho$ ~mX
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Amdí`H$VmZwgma ZmoQ> N>mn gH$Vm h¡&
ZmoQ>m| H$m _yë`dJ©
ZmoQ> {H$VZo _yë`dJ© Ho$ N>mno OmZo Mm{hE BgH$m {ZU©`
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$s {g\$m[ae na H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ AZw_moXZ go {H$`m OmVm h¡& ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$mo Xmo, nm±M, Xg, ~rg, nMmg, EH$ gm¡, nm±M gm¡ Am¡a EH$ hOma, nm±M hOma Am¡a Xg hOma én`o _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ> Omar H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma àmá h¡&
dV©_mZ _| Xoe _| nm±M, Xg, ~rg, nMmg, EH$ gm¡, nm±M gm¡
Am¡a EH$ hOma én`o Ho$ ZmoQ> hr Omar {H$E Om aho h¢& EH$ Am¡a Xmo én`o Ho$ ZmoQ>m| H$m àMbZ BZ ZmoQ>m| H$s N>nmB© _| ~‹T>Vo IM© VWm CZHo$ OëXr Iam~ hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU nyar Vah go ~§X H$a {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ ñWmZ na {gŠHo$ Omar {H$E Om aho h¢&
ZmoQ>m| H$s d¡YVm (Legal Tender)
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$s {g\$m[ae na ^maV gaH$ma ^maV Ho$ amOnÌ _| A{YgyMZm Ûmam {H$gr ^r _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ>m| H$s d¡YVm g_má H$a gH$Vr h¡& h_mao Xoe _| EH$ hOma Am¡a Xg hOma én`o _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ> MbZ _| Wo bo{H$Z gaH$ma Zo BZ ZmoQ>m| H$m MbZ OZdar 1946 _| ~§X H$a {X`m Wm& 1954 _| EH$
hOma, nm±M hOma Am¡a Xg hOma én`o _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ>m| H$m MbZ Ama§^ {H$`m J`m bo{H$Z OZdar 1978 _| Xoe _| H$mbo YZ H$s g_ñ`m Ho$ H$maU BZH$m MbZ EH$ ~ma {\$a ~§X H$a {X`m J`m& Aºy ~a 1987 _| nm±M gm¡ én`o H$m ZmoQ> Omar {H$`m J`m VWm df© 2000 go EH$ hOma én`o H$m ZmoQ> nwZ… Omar {H$`m Om ahm h¡&
ZmoQ>m| H$s {S>OmBZ
ZmoQ>m| H$s {S>OmBZ H$m {ZU©` ^r ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ H$s {g\$m[ae na H|$Ð gaH$ma Ho$ AZw_moXZ go {H$`m OmVm h¡& {d{^Þ _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ>m| H$s$ {S>OmBZ H$m {ZU©` H$aVo g_` AZoH$ ~mVm|
H$m Ü`mZ aIm OmVm h¡& g~go _hËdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ ZmoQ>m| H$s {S>OmBZ Bg àH$ma H$s hmo {Oggo {d{^Þ _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ>m| _|
AmgmZr go A§Va g_P Am gHo$& Xygar _hËdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$
ZmoQ> H$s {S>OmBZ _| {deof àH$ma Ho$ gwajm \$sMa S>mbo OmE§ Vm{H$
CZH$s AmgmZr go ZH$b Z H$s Om gHo$& h_mao Xoe _| ZH$br H$a|gr ZmoQ> EH$ ~‹S>r g_ñ`m h¡ Bg{bE ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ ZmoQ>m|
H$s {S>OmBZ _| Amdí`H$VmZwgma n[adV©Z H$aVm ahVm h¡& gZ
1949 _| AemoH$ ñV§^ Ho$ {MÌ dmbo$ ZmoQ> Omar H$aZm Ama§^
{H$`m J`m Wm& df© 1996 go Xoe _| _hmË_m Jm±Yr ûm¥§Ibm Ho$ ZmoQ>
Omar {H$E Om aho h¢& `hr Zht, X¥{ï>hrZ ì`{º `m| Ho$ {bE nMmg, EH$ gm¡, nm±M gm¡ Am¡a EH$ hOma én`o _yë`dJ© Ho$ ZmoQ>m§o na {deof àH$ma Ho$ {Mh²Z ~ZmE JE h¢& `o {Mh²Z C^ar hþB© AmH¥${V _| hmoVo h¢
{Oggo X¥{ï>hrZ ì`{º AnZo ñne© _mÌ go ZmoQ>m| Ho$ _yë`dJ© H$mo nhMmZ gH$Vo h¢&
ZmoQ>m| H$s _m±J H$m AmH$bZ
ha gmb {H$VZo H$a|gr ZmoQ> N>mnZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡, BgH$m
\¡$gbm gaH$ma Am¡a ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ {_bH$a H$aVo h¢& Xoe _|
_wÐmñ\$s{V H$s Xa Am¡a VoOr go hmo aho {dH$mg H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Xoe _| H$a|gr ZmoQ>m| H$s _m±J H$m AmH$bZ H$aVm h¡& `h AmH$bZ nyao gmb H$s _m±J H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cgr _m±J Ho$ AZwgma H$a|gr ZmoQ> N>mnZo H$m AmS>©a àog H$mo ào{fV {H$`m OmVm h¡&
H$a|gr ZmoQ> N>mnZo Ho$ àog
Xoe _| n`m©á _mÌm _| ZmoQ>m| H$s N>nmB© Ho$ {bE Mma àog ñWm{nV {H$E JE h¢& BZ_| go Xmo àog ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam VWm Xmo àog ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ ZmoQ> _wÐU àmBdoQ> {b{_Q>oS> Ho$ Zm_ go
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Ûmam ñWm{nV {H$E JE h¢& `o Mma àog {ZåZ{b{IV eham| _| pñWV h¢Ÿ…
^maV gaH$ma Ûmam ñWm{nV àog-
Zm{gH$, _hmamï´>
Xodmg, _Ü` àXoe>
^maV [aμOd© ~¢H$ Ûmam ñWm{nV àog-
_¡gya, H$Zm©Q>H$
gmb~moZr, n{ü_ ~§Jmb
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ go àmá AmS>©a Ho$ AZwgma àog _| ZmoQ>
N>mno OmVo h¢ Am¡a N>mnZo Ho$ ~mX CÝh| ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Ho$
H$m`m©b`m| _§o ^oO {X`m OmVm h¡&
ZmoQ>m| H$m {dVaU
àog Ûmam H$a|gr ZmoQ>m| H$s Amny{V© {H$E OmZo Ho$ Cnam§V ^maVr`
[aμOd© ~¢H$ nyao Xoe _| H$a|gr ZmoQ>m§o H$s Amny{V© gw{Z{üV H$aVm h¡&
àog _| N>nZo Ho$ ~mX ZmoQ>m| H$mo ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Ho$ H$m`m©b`m| _|
bm`m OmVm h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE Zm{gH$ pñWV àog _| N>mno JE ZmoQ> ZB© {Xëbr pñWV ^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Ho$ H$m`m©b` _| bm`o OmVo h¢ Am¡a dhm± go ZmoQ>m| H$mo {d{^Þ H$a|gr MoñQ>m| _| ^oOm OmVm h¡&
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ AnZo 18 {ZJ©_ H$m`m©b`m| `Wm- Ah_Xm~mX, ~§Jbwé$, ~obmnwa (_w§~B©), ^monmb, ^wdZoœa, M§S>rJ‹T>, MoÞ¡, JwdmhmQ>r, h¡Xam~mX, Oå_y, O`nwa, H$mZnwa, H$mobH$mVm, _w§~B©, ZmJnwa, ZB© {Xëbr, nQ>Zm VWm {VédZ§Vnwa_
Am¡a bIZD$ pñWV Cn-H$m`m©b`m| VWm H$mopÀM pñWV H$a|gr MoñQ> Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nyao Xoe _| ZmoQ>m| H$s Amny{V© gw{Z{üV H$aVm h¡&
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Zo nyao Xoe _o§ ^maVr` ñQ>oQ> ~¢H$ Am¡a CgHo$ gh`moJr ~¢H$m|, amï´>r`H¥$V ~¢H$m| Ed§ {ZOr ~¢H$m| H$s emImAm|
_| H$a|gr MoñQ> ñWm{nV {H$E h¢& BZHo$ _mÜ`_ go H$a|gr ZmoQ>m| H$s Amny{V© H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡& ~¢H$ AnZr emImAm| Am¡a EQ>rE_
Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Xoe Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo _| Am_ OZVm H$mo ZmoQ>m| Ho$
{dVaU H$m H$m`© H$aVo h¢&
^maVr` [aμOd© ~¢H$ Zo 2012-13 H$s dm{f©H$ _m¡{ÐH$ Zr{V _| H$a|gr ZmoQ>m| Ho$ {dVaU H$s dV©_mZ ì`dñWm _| ~Xbmd H$aZo H$s KmofUm H$s h¡& dmñVd _| dV©_mZ ì`dñWm _| ZmoQ>m| Ho$
{dVaU _| H$m\$s g_` Zï> hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE ^maVr` [aμOd©
~¢H$ Zo ZmoQ>m| H$mo àog go grYo H$a|gr MoñQ> _| ^oOZo H$m {ZU©`
{H$`m h¡& BgHo$ {bE ~¢H$m| H$mo àog go grYo ZmoQ> àmá H$a CÝh|
aIZo H$s ì`dñWm H$aZo VWm CZH$m C{MV àH$ma go {dVaU H$aZo Ho$ g§~§Y _| `moOZm ~ZmB© Om ahr h¡& `h ZB© ì`dñWm OëXr hr bmJy H$aZo H$s `moOZm h¡&
MbZ _| ~¢H$ ZmoQ> - 31 _mM© 2012 H$s pñW{V _yë`dJ© ZmoQ>m| H$s g§»`m ({_{b`Z ZJ)
2 Am¡a 5 én`o 11,540
10 én`o 23,002
20 én`o 3,510
50 én`o 3,488
100 én`o 14,119
500 én`o 10,256
1000 én`o 3,469
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