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Department of Computer Science Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh

COURSE WORK – Ph.D. in Computer Science Paper-I (COURSE PHDCS-101: Research Methodology) UNIT-III: Research Tools

 Advanced Searching Methods for searching research materials in online repositories/consortium, like inflibnet, Indest, Scopus, etc., Meta search engines and techniques.

 Tools for Editing, Presentation, Data visualization-Monitoring research experiments, Collecting data, Writing Research Paper-Hands-on with LaTeX. Syntax of Research Paper-Hands-on with Grammarly.

 Data representation and visualization-Hands-on with Tableau, Hands-on with Google Charts.

 Referencing Tools-Introduction, Importance and citation, Hands-on with MendeleyorZotero.Plagiarism- Introduction and Hands-on with Turnitin tool or any other tool.

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Advanced Searching Methods for searching research materials in online repositories/consortium, like inflibnet, Indest, Scopus, etc.

Research tools-

There are several standardized instruments that are frequently used in our research. Several of these instruments have been translated into a number of different languages according to the location of participating research centres.

The instruments below are available in English and several other languages, and may be useful to researchers, clinicians and other health professionals. Translation of instruments from English was performed according to a standard translation protocol.

Classification of Research Tools

According to the Functional perspective (specific function):

 Search Tools

 Editing (Reporting) Tools

 Presenting Tools

 Analysis Tools

 Visualization Tools

 Modelling Tools

 Simulation Tools

Searching/ Online Searching

Searching is a powerful tool, that allows you to easily find information from a web site. Most searches work by asking you to enter a keyword. The search engine then looks through the entire site, and returns to you all the pages of that site that contain the keyword you typed in. Some searches are more sophisticated than others, allowing you to use more than one word, operators like "and" and "or" , or other options to customize your search.

Internet Research/ Searching

Internet research or searching is the practice of using the Internet, especially the World Wide Web, for research. The internet is widely used and readily accessible to hundreds of millions of people in many parts of the world. It can provide practically instant information on most topics, and has a profound impact on the way ideas are formed and knowledge is created.

A systematic and effective search is an iterative process of finding some relevant information, revising your search statements based on what you did or did not find, and then searching again. It is also a process of modifying your basic search to match the requirements of the different access tools you are using. Once

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you learn this process, you will be able to develop a search strategy for most access tools you may encounter.

Most internet searchers waste lots of resources, while sourcing for academic materials. Most spent lots of time trying to download materials for their project, thesis, term papers etc. The truth is, if you don’t have the key, you can’t get the most out of it! Lets starts from here:

#BREAK IT DOWN

When searching for materials on the internet, you have to understand what is called OUTLINE. The outline is the breakdown of what you want to search on the internet. This also emphasize that you have to DO lots of planning before you start sourcing for information.

You need to write down what you need from the internet before you start surfing. You may easily get distracted if you don't prepare well for what you're sourcing for.

#SELECT

Though search engine such as google, yahoo, ask and webcrawler have large database for research purpose, you need to consult some search engine that deals with online journals etc.

While you are breaking down your search term also list the search engines you are going to use so that you may have a direction of search. Though you are not restricted to the search engines or websites you have listed, you may still visit other search engines or websites you discover while doing INTERNET Search.

#KEYWORD

Keyword is one of the major secrets of internet academic search because it determines the ability to get what you are looking for. Search engines deal with keywords and this is often referred to as SEARCH TERM.

The database of the search engine has been designed in such a way that it majorly deal with keywords.

Sometimes when you type a sentence in the search term box, you will discover that some keywords or some terms in your sentence are highlighted. Sometimes, you may refer to search terms as query, it’s like you are getting what you request for OR SUBMITTING A QUERY

#SEARCH SYNONYMS

When searching for materials on the internet, you don’t restrict yourself to only one keyword or search terms; use other words that are related to the word or key terms you are looking for. Write down many words that have the same meaning with the word you are looking for. The dictionary may be useful in this regards.

When you restrict yourself to only one keyword or search term, you may end up not getting what you need because you will have to spend more time extracting and selecting what you actually need.

For example, when you are looking for a term such as “Adolescents”, you may use other words such as young boy or “young girl” depending on what gender you are searching for.

You may also use many words i.e. teenagers, young child young adult etc.

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The essence of search synonym is that the information may be stored or published on the internet using different words which may be related to what you need.

ADVANCE SEARCH ENGINE STRATEGY, TIPS AND TECHNIQUES

 Let us take a look at knowledge to help you search the web with search engines with better results:

1. Keyword Searching

Keyword searching is using a key word to find what you are looking for. It's perhaps the most common form of search engine searching.

Here are some Hints can be used with keyword searches:

1. Search your own mind and determine the most unique keyword you can think of. This will help lower the hit rate.

2. Know if upper and lower case mean anything on the search engine you are using.

3. Check a few like sites and see what keywords are used for those sites.

4. If at first you don't get what you want, try again and again.

5. Know your search engine. Almost all of them have help menus and how to do it pages. Take the time to read them.

2. PHRASE SEARCHING

Surrounding a group of words with double quotes tells the search engine to only retrieve documents in which those words appear side-by-side. Phrase searching is a powerful search technique for significantly narrowing your search results, and it should be used as often as possible.

Generally, phrases are placed in “” that is:

“Intrusion detection”

"Global warming"

3. AND SEARCHING

When you place the word AND between two key words, you are telling the search database that you want to pull only listings with those key words. The most common way this is done is with a + For example: +investigative +resources.

You will find that some search engines make it easy to use the AND search by offering you a click option.

4. OR SEARCHING

To example the hit list, We use OR. it's like saying find anything with this OR that.

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5. NOT SEARCHING

Not gives you the ability to weed out certain key words on your final list. You usually put a negative sign in front of your word for this search.

For example: let us say you want to search the word investigator but not private investigators. You might use this: investigator-private. The database will pull up all investigator pages but not private investigator pages.

6. NEAR SEARCHING

What if we are looking for a sequence of words that are normally connected, but that may be split by other words?

Example: If we were looking for information on the inventor Thomas Alva Edison…

Solution: We could possibly search for a phrase, like this:

"Thomas Alva Edison“

But this search would not bring us pages where the name is given as Thomas A. Edison or Thomas Edison.

This problem could be solved by entering:

"Thomas Alva Edison" OR" Thomas A. Edison" OR" Thomas Edison"

Solution: The best solution for this search is use the NEAR search operator. NEAR means show pages where these words are near each other,

Tomas NEAR Edison: How near is NEAR? That depends on the search engine. (I.e. AltaVista the words used to be less than 10 words apart) or we can specify how much it near:

Dog near/3 cats: This finds documents in which dog and cat occur within three words of each other 7. WILDCARD SEARCHES

Wildcards searching generally places the symbol "*" after a word. It tells the database to look for variations of that word.

For Example:

Investigate*

Might pull sites with words such as investigation, investigator, and investigative.

8. NESTED SEARCHING

Nested searching is usually one or more of the specialized search strategies just described together. It might look something like this:

Investigator NEAR (Texas OR Tx)

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In the above example, you should pull investigators in Texas or TX.

9. TITLE SEARCH

Field searching is one of the most effective techniques for narrowing results and getting the most relevant websites listed at the top of the results page.

A web page is composed of a number of fields, such as title, domain, host, URL, and link.

For example, if you wanted to find information about George Washington and his wife Martha, you could try the following search:

+title:"George Washington" +President +Martha

title:"George Washington" and President and Martha

The above TITLE SEARCH example instructs the search engine to return web pages where the phrase George Washington appears in the title and the words President and Martha appear somewhere on the page

10. DOMAIN SEARCH

In addition to the title search, other helpful field searching strategies include the domain search, the host search, the link search, and the URL search.

The DOMAIN SEARCH allows to limit results to certain domains such as websites from the United Kingdom (.uk), educational institutions (.edu), or government sites (.gov).

Example:

+domain:uk +title:"Queen Elizabeth"

same as

domain:uk and title:"Queen Elizabeth"

+domain:edu +"lung cancer" +smok*

same as

domain:edu and "lung cancer" and smok*

11. HOST SEARCH

The HOST SEARCH comes in handy when you need to find something located at a large site that does not have an internal search engine. With this search technique, you can search all the pages at a website (contained in the engine's database) for keywords or phrases of interest.

Example:

+host:www.disney.com +"special offer"

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host:www.disney.com and "special offer"

12. LINK SEARCH

Use the LINK SEARCH when you want to know what websites are linked to a particular site of interest.

For example, if you have a home page and you are wondering if anyone has put a link to your page on their website, use the Link search. Researchers use link searches for conducting backward citations.

Example:

link:www.pepsi.com link:www.ipl.org/ref/

Subject Directories (i.e. BusyBits, Yahoo, etc.

In general are smaller and selective than search engines. They use categories To focus your search, and their sites are arranged by categories, not just by

Keywords: Usually choose the subject option when we want to cover a broad range of information.

MetaSearch Tools (i.e. Mamma Metasearch, InfoMine, Dogpile, MetaGlossary, etc…) Is a search tool that get their search results from several search engines? Users will receive the Best hits to their keywords from each search engine. Metasearch tools are a good place to start For very broad results.

NOTE: these Web search tools used to scour different parts of the Web, obtain different types of information, and broaden your Web search horizons.

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Article Databases

 Can be defined as a bibliographic database that contains predominantly articles.

 More precisely, it defined as a catalogue of references to articles that were originally published in other sources such as magazines, journals and newspapers.[5]

 NOTE: Some article databases only give citations (i.e. Thomson Reuters) and others are full-text (i.e. IEEE Xplore, Springer, etc. Also called a periodical index.

Encyclopaedias:

Can be defined as a type of reference work or a compendium which holding a summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge.

Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopaedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe.

Online Repository/Consortium

In information technology, a repository is defined as a central place in which an aggregation of data is kept and maintained in an organized way, usually in computer storage.

INFOMINE Repository Example

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INFLIBNET Repository

Oration and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre is an autonomous Inter-University Centre of the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India. It is a major National Programme initiated by the UGC in March 1991 with its Head Quarters at Gujarat University Campus, Ahmedabad. Initially started as a project under the IUCAA, it became an independent Inter-University Centre in June 1996.

INFLIBNET is involved in modernizing university libraries in India and connecting them as well as information centres in the country through a nation-wide high speed data network using the state-of-art technologies for the optimum utilisation of information. INFLIBNET is set out to be a major player in

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promoting scholarly communication among academicians and researchers in India. It is a Gateway to India’s Academic and Research community…

The idea behind it, is involved in modernizing university libraries in India and connecting them through a national high speed data network.

It is set out to be a major player in promoting scholarly communication among academicians and researchers in India.

In order to fulfil the board objectives, it will do the following:

 Promote and implement computerization of operations and services in the libraries and information centres of the country, following a uniform standard.

 Evolve standards and uniform guidelines in techniques, methods, procedures, computer hardware and software, services and promote their adoption in actual practice by all libraries, in order to facilitate pooling, sharing and exchange of information towards optimal use of resources and facilities.

 Promote and implement computerization of operations and services in the libraries and information centres of the country, following a uniform standard.

Evolve standards and uniform guidelines in techniques, methods, procedures, computer hardware and software, services and promote their adoption in actual practice by all libraries, in order to facilitate pooling, sharing and exchange of information towards optimal use of resources and facilities.

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INDEST- AICTE Consortium

The "Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST) Consortium" was set-up in 2003 by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) on the recommendation of an Expert Group appointed by the Ministry. The IIT Delhi has been designated as the Consortium Headquarters to coordinate its activities. The Consortium enrolls engineering and technological institutions as its members and subscribes to electronic resources for them at discounted rates of subscription and favourable terms and conditions. The Ministry provides funds required for subscription to electronic resources for 62 centrally-funded Government institutions including IITs, IISc Bangalore, NITs, IIITs, IIMs and few other Institutions that are considered as core members of the Consortium. The benefit of consortia-based subscription to electronic resources is not confined to its core members but is also extended to all educational institutions under its open-ended proposition. 60 Govt. / Govt.- aided engineering colleges are provided access to selected electronic resources with financial support from the AICTE and 1015 engineering colleges and institutions have joined the Consortium under its self-supported category. The total number of members in the Consortium has now grown to 1269. The Consortium was re-named as INDEST-AICTE Consortium in December 2005 with the AICTE playing a pivotal role in enrolling its approved engineering colleges and institutions as members of the Consortium for selected e-resources at much lower rates of subscription. IIT Delhi is also the headquarters of the Joint Project of INDEST &

INFLIBNET under NME-ICT for Cross-subscription of Eresources, entitled National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content (NLIST).

The IIT Delhi Library System comprises of a Central Library and 18 departmental libraries collectively supporting the teaching, research and extension programmes of the Institute. The Central Library houses a large collection of documents comprising of books, theses, journals, compact discs, etc. in the field of engineering, science & technology, humanities, social sciences, and management. All in-house operations in the library are fully computerized using the LibSys 7 library management software that also provides web-based access to the catalog of Library. It has a RFID based automated library system and a wide variety of printed and electronic collections catering to the needs of all the stakeholders. The library is the early adapter of new and emerging technologies and services. It works on the vision to satisfy the requirements of the users using its collection and innovative services and become one of the leading libraries in the country in the field of resources, services, and technology. The Library has also served as the Headquarters to the INDEST-AICTE Consortium, one of the earliest and most successful consortia initiatives so far taken in India.

The Library uses Libsys software package which is an integrated multi-user library management system that supports all in-house operations of the Library. The Libsys consists of modules on acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials, article indexing and OPAC. Retrospective conversion of bibliographic records has been completed and 1,30,000 bibliographic records of books available in the Library, can now be accessed through the Libsys OPAC. The database of books available in the Library is being updated on day to day basis with details of recently acquired books. Records of all the Library patrons have also been created in the Libsys package. The editing and updating activities are in progress.

The Libsys package has been successfully implemented for the circulation activities, initially for faculty and staff. All faculty and staff members are being migrated to the new computerized circulation system.

The package has also been implemented for Acquisition and Cataloguing activities. The data entry work for Serials System is in progress.

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The Library is a part of the fibre optic-based campus-LAN. It has 20 Information Outlets (IOs) which link a computing node to the Campus LAN and to the Internet. The Library has its own sub-LAN consisting of 20 terminals, two terminal controllers and two servers to support Libsys OPAC services and other in-house computerization activities within the Library. The Library has 97 PCs including 65 exclusively earmarked for the users for Internet searches. All 20 terminals, 65 PCs and five servers available in the Library are connected to the Campus LAN. The terminals in the Library can also be used for Internet access in textual mode using Lynx browser:

 Optical fibre based campus LAN connected to 2 Mbps VSNL radio link for faster access to the Internet through VSNL gateway.

 The Education & Research in Computer Network (ERNET), a project initiated by the Deptt. of Electronics during the seventh plan period (1985-90) with grant-in-aid from the UNDP. IIT Delhi was one of the first eight beneficiaries of the ERNET project. The ERNET, has connectivity to 120 networks through gateway at the National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), Bombay in other countries all over the world including Internet, UUNET, CSNET, BITNET, etc.

 The Delhi Library Network (DELNET) initiatives. DELNET's Activities and services can be viewed at DELNET's Home Page. The DELNET's databases can be accessed through a telnet link application software at IP address delnet.ren.nic.in. Login and Password for the IIT Delhi is "iit" and "arora"

respectively.

The Library's Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) can be accessed on Intranet and Internet to search all the bibliographic records available in the Central Library database through a web-based search interface or with window client of the LibSys. The OPAC can be searched by author, title, subject, keywords, classified number and publisher. The OPAC also provides information about new arrivals ofjournals/books, etc. in the Library.

The WebOPAC can be accessed at: http://libcat.iitd.ac.in:8080/opac/

Library’s Web OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) facilitates browse and search of database of books available in the Central Library, IIT Delhi. The Web OPAC of the library can be accessed at http://10.116.2.6:8080/webopac/html/SearchForm on the Internet or Intranet.

Searching LibSys WebOPAC

Title: Author: Library’s Web OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) facilitates browse and search of database of books available in the Central Library, IIT Delhi. The Web OPAC of the library can be accessed at http://10.116.2.6:8080/webopac/html/SearchForm on the Internet or Intranet. LibSys provides online facility to search the bibliographic databases extensively. While making a search, it is possible to see the complete bibliographic information of a specific title including the status of each copy indicating whether it is “Out on loan”, or “On shelf” or “Lost” or “Missing” or “In bindery”, etc. While searching books “On order” are also retrieved.

Online searches can be made on various LibSys databases, like Books, Conferences, Theses, or combined database. The database holds indices / catalogues for the followings:

 Title: Arranged alphabetically by title and series.

 Author: Arranged alphabetically by personal and corporate author name. In case of videos, Producer’s name is used.

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 Classified: Subject: Search Results and Display of Records Organized list of class numbers as per the Classification rules (UDC). Positioning can be done more precisely by entering first three characters of author’s name.

 Subject: Alphabetic list of subject headings along with number of titles available under each heading. The titles under a particular subject heading can be seen on further selection. These indices / catalogues can be positioned anywhere by entering as many characters of the corresponding information as known.

Scopus

Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature: scientific journals, books and conference proceedings. Delivering a comprehensive overview of the world's research output in the fields of science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and arts and humanities, Scopus features smart tools to track, analyze and visualize research.

Scopus offers free features to non-subscribed users, and is available through Scopus Preview. Researchers may use Scopus to assist with their research, such as searching authors, and learning more about Scopus content coverage and source metrics.

As research becomes increasingly global, interdisciplinary and collaborative, you can make sure that critical research from around the world is not missed when you choose Scopus.

The A&I research discovery solution for academia, business and government. From researchers pursuing scientific breakthroughs to academic institutions and government agencies evaluating research, Scopus is the abstract and indexing database of choice. Worldwide, Scopus is used by more than 3,000 academic, government and corporate institutions and is the main data source that supports the Elsevier Research Intelligence

Follow these steps to search for a document:

1. Go to Scopus. The default page is the Document search.

2. Enter your terms on the Search terms line 3. Select the search fields from the drop-down list.

Note: If you want additional search terms, click the '+' icon to enter an additional search term line.

4. Click 'Search'. For information about how to work with document search results, see document search results.

Note: You can also set the date range, subject area, and document type to further narrow your results.

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Tools for Editing, Presentation, Data visualization-Monitoring research experiments, Collecting data, Writing Research Paper-Hands-on with LaTeX. Syntax of Research Paper-Hands-on with Grammarly.

While the paradigm of "more data is better" might look good from the executive suite, there's a challenge that many front-line business managers are encountering once they dig into this trove of new information:

how to turn all of those numbers into something useful. Data isn't worth much if you can't use it to affect your business decisions and, while spreadsheets have long served as an acceptable, if mediocre, way for rank-and-file business users to present data, the new data deluge is pushing this tool beyond its practical limits. What's needed is a way for everyday business people to build not only pleasing but informative data visualizations that they can present to their leadership and co-workers quickly and easily, or showcase on their company websites, which are supported by web hosting services that can reliably store large data visualization files on their servers. While heavy-duty data analysis can still be the purview of hardcore business intelligence (BI) analysts, the ability to visualize large gobs of data in new ways needs to be democratized. And for small to midsize businesses (SMBs), the road to this new visualization vernacular needs to start with some free tools so they can touch, learn, and understand this new discipline before they have to invest in it.

Before we go any further, let's understand what we're talking about here. The term "data visualization"

doesn't necessarily refer to an arcane melding of SQL and PC graphics modeling. It's really just a general term that applies to any graphic that explains the significance of a new insight or data set visually rather than simply numerically. Technically, that simple pie chart you can one-click using Microsoft Excel is a data visualization. But, as technology has suddenly begun evolving in leaps and bounds over the traditional databases and spreadsheets to which we're accustomed, new kinds of data visualizations have become possible using a host of new tools and tech. And that's created a mystique around them that's kept many users from trying them, even though the basic tools to do so are already in their hands.

Even if you don't have access to one of the new breed of self-service BI tools that have fairly advanced data visualization baked in, you can still experiment with the concept because there are a host of third- party visualization tools available to anyone with a web browser. I've listed 10 of them below.

1. Tableau Public. This is right at the top because it's essentially the same platform as our self-service BI tool Editors' Choice winner Tableau Desktop. The company chose not to make its free version feature- poor. Instead, this is the full version of Tableau that's available for free download, with only one caveat:

Everything you create with it is public, which means you'll automatically be making it available on the web via Tableau's visualization gallery.

2. Tableau Gallery. Tableau's gallery is cool enough to warrant a mention all its own because you don't need to download the tool nor use it to benefit from the gallery. Every visualization here can be downloaded into documents and email, or embedded into webpages with code snippets provided by Tableau. Other folks have done tremendous work on some truly impressive data visualizations and Tableau has curated that content and made it available for download. This is a great resource, not only for business people but also for researchers, students, and journalists looking for ways not just to flesh out and beautify their content but to keep it current, too.

3. Microsoft Power BI. This is the last shameless plug for one of our reviews but I have to include it because, just like Tableau, Microsoft Power BI can be downloaded for free. And also just like Tableau,

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Microsoft has a visualization gallery that can be accessed by both Power BI users and folks simply looking for freely available visualizations.

4. Google Data Studio. Part of the Google Marketing Platform, Google Data Studio lets users build multiple views of their data as well as dashboards rather than one-time, publication-ready visualizations. While it follows the Google tradition of requiring somewhat of a learning curve, it's nevertheless not that difficult to use. It's also well integrated with Google Analytics, which can make for quite a powerful pairing—

especially since both tools are available in free-to-play versions.

5. Openheatmap. This one purports to transform your spreadsheet, presumably encumbered with some kind of geographical data, into a functioning heat map with just one click. It works with Google Spreadsheets so you'll have to import your Microsoft Excel spreadsheet there if you want to use Openheatmap. But that's a relatively trivial requirement considering the possible results.

6. Leaflet. This is definitely not a tool for complete newbies because it's just a JavaScript library that you'll need to incorporate into your data visualization framework on your own. But it's well-known because it's super lightweight (only 33 KB), and it's aces for building not just maps but interactive mapping visuals aimed specifically for mobile devices. That can be a tall order even for some of the commercial BI tools we've reviewed. So, if you're not scared of the command line or making an application programming interface (API) call, then check it out.

7. Datawrapper. Backed by Berlin, Germany-based Company Datawrapper GmbH, Datawrapper is nevertheless multinational, having been built by a team of designers, developers, and journalists from a number of European countries as well as the United States. The tool is specifically built for journalists looking to create fast, easily digestible visualizations to accompany their articles; however, it's useful for anyone requiring similar data views. While there is a paid version that supports the company, there's also a free plan that tops out at 10,000 charts, which should keep many SMB operators happy for quite some time. The tool is entirely web-based, and the website includes not only access mechanics but also an Academy area in which you can take online learning classes on how to use Datawrapper. There's a Gallery area, too, called the River, in which users can upload data and their visualizations for sharing.

8. Chartbuilder. This is a well-known chart-creation tool that was made publicly available by financial news website Quartz in 2013. Quartz had developed the tool in-house so its journalists could quickly render numerical data visually to make their stories stand out. Ironically, Chartbuilder isn't very pretty itself and also is not the easiest tool for rank beginners to use. You'll need to understand how to download the tool and activate a Python script to get it running.

But after that, it's simply a matter of cutting and pasting data into the tool (also not pretty but very easy), and then generating a graphic that you can tweak via the tool or via style sheets. The only downside to the tool (aside from a little upfront complexity) is that it doesn't generate interactive visualizations like most of the other tools on this list do. Chartbuilder creates only static charts, though these are very polished, as befits something intended to go from numbers to slick published content in just a few steps.

9. Information is Beautiful. This is simply a growing library of striking, prebuilt visualizations that other people have created by using a variety of tools. The gallery is fun and everything is downloadable, though you'll need to pay attention to the licensing agreements. These agreements give free access to individuals (especially students and academics) but, if you're looking to use these visualizations for commercial work,

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then you'll need to fork over some dough. Exactly how much depends on who you are and on an email exchange with the website's owner. Just to warn you: We had asked to pay for a visualization for this story, and two weeks after the request, we still hadn't heard back. So, if fast turnaround is part of your agenda, then look elsewhere.

10. Open Refine. There's an oft-overlooked underpinning to a successful data visualization: data transformation. That's especially true today when big data is trying to provide insights across different data sources, maybe a spreadsheet, maybe a long transaction log gleaned from a machine learning (ML) algorithm.

Transforming data generally refers to the painful (for normal people) process of taking a whole bunch of disparate numbers and turning them into a sleek set of relatable data. That means cleaning data (formatting and error checking), transforming it (changing from one format such as native Microsoft Excel to another, such as XML), and then making it available to external services such as webpages and those BI tools you're using. If you're thinking this can be a painstaking, eye-watering, brain-bending task, then you'd be right, unless you use a data transformation tool such as Open Refine. This tool began life under Google's flag but was rebranded to stand on its own. It's still both free and easy to use so, if you're banging your head against a mountain of mismatched data, then check it out.

Editing and writing tools:

#1 Hemingway Editor

Hemingway Editor http://www.hemingwayapp.com scores the readability of your writing. It shows the grade level a person needs to be at to read your essay. Also, it highlights the things in your writing that you can change to make your writing clearer.

All writing (even academic writing) should be clear and easy to understand. Just because you’re writing a college paper it doesn’t mean only professors, teachers and scholars should be able to read it. See how Hemingway Editor works in my post: “Hemingway Editor: The Secret Online Editing Tool for Powerful Writing” https://www.academicwritingsuccess.com/hemingway-editor-secret-online-editing-tool- powerful-writing/

The elements that Hemingway Editor highlights are the things that determine your readability score. On the right side, you can see that each of these things is highlighted in different colors.

Blue—adverbs

Green—passive voice

Purple—phrases with a simpler meeting

Yellow (Peach)—sentences that are hard to read

Red (Pink)—sentences that are very hard to read

Hemingway Editor marks these in your writing. Then you can edit your text there. If you like the free online tool you can also buy the desktop app. I have only used the free online tool, and I find it suits me fine.

Hemingway Editor is a good place to start with for revising and editing your writing. But nothing can replace a person when it comes to revision. Don’t rely on Hemingway alone.

#2 Google Docs with Video Conferencing Software (Google Hangouts, Skype, or Zoom)

Of all the online tools on my list this is the only one that is collaborative. With Google Docs you can edit with another person in real time. Add video conferencing to Google Docs, and you get a powerful revising and editing resource because you can have other people look at your writing and talk about it with you.

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And because you’re editing with another person this approach to editing is the most fun.

Google Docs by itself is great for revising and editing. It makes it easy to collaborate on writing, revising and editing because you can share your text with anyone who has a shareable link. Once you have that share link you can both work together on revising and editing a piece of writing.

Process for Sharing Google Docs:

1. Click on the blue share button.

2. This gives you the choice of sharing by email or copying a shareable link. You can share by email, but the fastest way to do this with video conferencing is to click the sharable link.

3. Copy the link, and select the option: “Anyone with the link can edit.” But if you want people to write comments and not make any changes to your writing select, “Anyone with the link can comment.”

4. Now, when you share a paper written in Google Docs with other people, you have a virtual revision partner or group. Getting ideas, comments, and revision help from other people is the best way to advance your skills as a writer.

Process for Using Google Docs with Video Conferencing:

1. Open your video conferencing software of choice (Google Hangouts, Skype, or Zoom).

2. Open the chat feature, and paste the link. Now, everyone on the video call can click on it and open the document at the same time.

3. Select “share screen”, and then read it, comment and revise your work together.

Google Hangouts, Skype, and Zoom are each a little different, but these options are available in all them.

Skype and Google Hangouts have free group calls. Zoom has a free version that allows free person-to- person calls and group calls for up to 40 minutes. The paid version has unlimited group calls.

I use Google Docs and Zoom in my online tutoring sessions. I think the connectivity and sound are better.

I also like the whiteboard feature with markup and commenting tools.

If you haven’t done online revision and editing with a partner or group, I encourage you to do it. Other people can give you feedback and spot things you didn’t see in your writing. The advantage of doing this online together is it saves you time editing. When you finish working with other people online you have a paper with changes already in it.

#3 Grammarly

Grammarly http://www.grammarly.com finds issues an average spell checker and grammar checker cannot. It corrects contextual spelling, grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and style. You can use it in MS Word and Google Docs.

Also, it checks your online writing. (This is great when you’re emailing a professor, a teacher, or anyone else who will point out all your grammar mistakes.)

I have mine personalized so Grammarly can keep track of how many mistakes I make, and the type of mistakes I make. This week, I learned my vocabulary was above 97% of other Grammarly users. But the number of times I misused commas is embarrassingly high. So, I won’t tell you that number.

I recommend using Grammarly for your academic writing. It’s more accurate at finding mistakes than other grammar and spell checkers.

#4 After the Deadline

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After the Deadline http://www.afterthedeadline.com/ analyzes your text and looks for issues with the writing style, spelling, and grammar. It shows you where you have spelling and grammar errors. It also makes suggestions for changing the style of your writing. The great thing about After the Deadline is it explains why you should change something.

Here’s how After the Deadline works:

1. Visit the website and click on the menu choice that says demonstration or visit this URL http://www.polishmywriting.com/.

2. Copy and paste your text into the box.

3. Click “check writing.”

4. Go through the areas After the Deadline underlines and correct errors and look at the suggestions for grammar changes and style changes.

5. Make changes and then copy and paste your text into your document.

There are also extensions and add-ons you can get for your browser etc. I haven’t tried these, so you need to investigate those options on your own.

# 5 Slick Write

Slick Write https://www.slickwrite.com/ is an awesome online editing tool. I just discovered Slick Write, and I’m very excited about everything it does. Slick Write checks your grammar, writing style, sentence structure and the vocabulary you use. It underlines and highlights different issues in the text.

Here’s how it works:

1. Visit the website homepage and then click on the button that says “start writing” https://www.slickwrite.com/#!edit

2. Copy and paste your writing into the text box. Click check.

3. You will see at the top of menu bar that there is a choice of features, structure, and vocabulary.

4. Click on one button and then view it and make changes. Do this for each category.

5. Now you can save your text and download it in a text file or copy and paste it into your document.

6. Also, you can upload your document into Slick Write. Just click on the option says that “open” on the menu on the left. Then select your file. Once it uploads the rest of the process is the same.

My favorite thing about Slick Write is that it explains the issues it underlines and highlights. It’s a very informative online tool!

#6 Cliché Finder

Cliché Finder http://www.clichefinder.net/ looks at your text and finds clichés. Clichés are common expressions that people overuse. You hear clichés in daily conversation. They are a quick way to convey a concept or idea to another person. For example Laughter is the best medicine.

The problem with clichés is when they appear in writing. A cliché makes your writing seem amateurish. A better way to write is to describe exactly what you mean. However, clichés are hard to spot in your own writing.

Cliché Finder will do that for you. Copy and paste your text into the box and click find clichés.

#7 Wordcounter

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Wordcounter http://www.wordcounter.com examines the words in your paper and reports how frequently you use words. You’ll find out if you repeat words many times in your writing. This helps you determine if you want to change words, or remove them.

To use Wordcounter copy your text and paste in the text box, and then click go. Wordcounter analyzes your words and generates a report.

But, if you’re writing an academic paper that has subject-area vocabulary, don’t try to change too many of those words. It’s vocabulary you need to use in your paper. Wordcounter is a good guide for you, but make your own judgments about when to change words.

#8 Viper Plagiarism Checker

Viper Plagiarism Checker http://www.scanmyessay.com scans your text and spots all signs of plagiarized text. It generates a report that tells you the percentage of text that comes from other sources. And it tells you the source of the plagiarism.

Plagiarism is academic dishonesty. If you’ve plagiarized part or all your essay or paper you will be caught.

Professors and teachers check for plagiarism. A plagiarized paper can result in failing that paper, the course or even being expelled from your school. See the “Consequences of Plagiarism” https://www.scanmyessay.com/plagiarism/consequences-of-plagiarism.php for details about how horrible your academic life could be if you plagiarize.

LaTex:

LaTeX is a high-quality typesetting system; it includes features designed for the production of technical and scientific documentation. LaTeX is the de facto standard for the communication and publication of scientific documents. LaTeX is available as free software.

LaTeX, which is pronounced «Lah-tech» or «Lay-tech» (to rhyme with «blech» or «Bertolt Brecht»), is a document preparation system for high-quality typesetting. It is most often used for medium-to-large technical or scientific documents but it can be used for almost any form of publishing.

LaTeX is not a word processor! Instead, LaTeX encourages authors not to worry too much about the appearance of their documents but to concentrate on getting the right content. For example, consider this document:

Cartesian closed categories and the price of eggs Jane Doe

September 1994 Hello world!

To produce this in most typesetting or word-processing systems, the author would have to decide what layout to use, so would select (say) 18pt Times Roman for the title, 12pt Times Italic for the name, and so on. This has two results: authors wasting their time with designs; and a lot of badly designed documents!

LaTeX is based on the idea that it is better to leave document design to document designers, and to let authors get on with writing documents. So, in LaTeX you would input this document as:

\documentclass{article}

\title{Cartesian closed categories and the price of eggs}

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\author{Jane Doe}

\date{September 1994}

\begin{document}

\maketitle Hello world!

\end{document}

Or, in English:

 This document is an article.

 Its title is Cartesian closed categories and the price of eggs.

 Its author is Jane Doe.

 It was written in September 1994.

 The document consists of a title followed by the text Hello world!

LaTeX Features

 Typesetting journal articles, technical reports, books, and slide presentations.

 Control over large documents containing sectioning, cross-references, tables and figures.

 Typesetting of complex mathematical formulas.

 Advanced typesetting of mathematics with AMS-LaTeX.

 Automatic generation of bibliographies and indexes.

 Multi-lingual typesetting.

 Inclusion of artwork, and process or spot colour.

 Using PostScript or Metafont fonts.

LaTeX is free software under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL). LaTeX is distributed through CTAN servers or comes as part of many easily installable and usable TeX distributions provided by the TeX User Group (TUG) or third parties. If you run into trouble, visit the help section.

LaTeX is not a stand-alone typesetting program in itself, but document preparation software that runs on top of Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting system. TeX distributions usually bundle together all the parts needed for a working TeX system and they generally add to this both configuration and maintenance utilities. Nowadays LaTeX, and many of the packages built on it, form an important component of any major TeX distribution.

If you’re new to TeX and LaTeX or just want an easy installation, get a full TeX distribution. The TeX Users Group (TUG) has a list of notable distributions that are entirely, or least primarily, free software.

Some notable TeX implementations that are entirely, or least primarily, free software:

TeX Live is a distribution provided by most TeX user groups which supports many Unix systems, MacOSX, and Windows.

MacTeX, TeX Live with additions and easy installation for MacOSX.

MiKTeX, an independent distribution for Windows with a flexible package manager.

proTeXt, MiKTeX with additions and a thorough installation guide for Windows.

KerTeX, from Thierry Laronde, a TeX kernel system.

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Knoppix, a live GNU/Linux system on a bootable CD that includes TeX.

TeX-FPC, from Wolfgang Helbig, change files for TeX to work with Free Pascal compiler, along with installation scripts.

Wallstone Creativity Desktop, a large free software collection for dealing with documents, photos, video, project planning, and more; includes (La)TeX.

CTAN

You can obtain LaTeX from CTAN, which is the primary source of distribution for LaTeX. In order for your downloaded LaTeX to be of any use, you have to obtain and set up a TeX system first. You can either install a TeX distribution (see above) or get a TeX system from CTAN. If you use a TeX distribution then it will include a version of LaTeX so this will probably make things easier for you; but you may have a reason not to do this.

The LaTeX Git Repository

These days the LaTeX development sources are kept in a GitHub repository (previously we used SVN).

Anyone can access it and download the files, but submission is restricted to team members. The repository is located at https://github.com/latex3/latex2e and from that browser page you may explore the files, clone the repository or download the files in a .zip archive (roughly 25Mb) by using the appropriate buttons.

If you are familiar with Git you can also clone the repository using the command line or your favorite Git fontend tool, e.g.,

git clone https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git

which needs about 50Mb of space. Alternatively, you can do a Subversion checkout from the command line, e.g.,

svn co https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git/trunk

which will just checkout the current files. But be aware that a SVN checkout of the form svn co https://github.com/latex3/latex2e.git

will download all files including their history (back to 2009) and amounts to roughly 1.4Gb so that is quite large.

Note: If you had bookmarked the old SVN repository please update that bookmark to the new GIT repository as we have finally removed it.

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Google Charts

Google Charts is a pure JavaScript based charting library meant to enhance web applications by adding interactive charting capability. Google Charts provides wide variety of charts. For example, line charts, spline charts, area charts, bar charts, pie charts and so on.

It supports a wide range of charts. Charts are drawn using SVG in standard browsers like Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer (IE). In legacy IE 6, VML is used to draw the graphics.

Features

Following are the salient features of Google Charts library.

Compatability − Works seemlessly on all major browsers and mobile platforms like android and iOS.

Multitouch Support − Supports multitouch on touch screen based platforms like android and iOS.

Ideal for iPhone/iPad and android based smart phones/ tablets.

Free to Use − Open source and is free to use for non-commercial purpose.

Lightweight − loader.js core library, is extremely lightweight library.

Simple Configurations − Uses json to define various configuration of the charts and very easy to learn and use.

Dynamic − Allows to modify chart even after chart generation.

Multiple axes − Not restricted to x, y axis. Supports multiple axis on the charts.

Configurable tooltips − Tooltip comes when a user hover over any point on a charts. googlecharts provides tooltip inbuilt formatter or callback formatter to control the tooltip programmatically.

DateTime support − Handle date time specially. Provides numerous inbuilt controls over date wise categories.

Print − Print chart using web page.

External data − Supports loading data dynamically from server. Provides control over data using callback functions.

Text Rotation − Supports rotation of labels in any direction.

Supported Chart Types

Google Charts library provides following types of charts − Sr.No. Chart Type & Description

1 Line Charts

Used to draw line/spline based charts.

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2 Area Charts

Used to draw area wise charts.

3 Pie Charts

Used to draw pie charts.

4 Sankey Charts, Scatter Charts, Stepped area charts, Table, Timelines, TreeMap, Trendlines Used to draw scattered charts.

5 Bubble Charts

Used to draw bubble based charts.

6 Dynamic Charts

Used to draw dynamic charts where user can modify charts.

7 Combinations

Used to draw combinations of variety of charts.

8 3D Charts

Used to draw 3D charts.

9 Angular Gauges

Used to draw speedometer type charts.

10 Heat Maps

Used to draw heat maps.

11 Tree Maps

Used to draw tree maps.

Install Google Charts

There are two ways to use Google Charts.

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Download − Download it locally from https://developers.google.com/chart and use it.

CDN access − You also have access to a CDN. The CDN will give you access around the world to regional data centers that in this case, Google Chart host https://www.gstatic.com/charts.

Using Downloaded Google Chart

Include the googlecharts JavaScript file in the HTML page using following script −

<head>

<script src = "/googlecharts/loader.js"></script>

</head>

Using CDN

We are using the CDN versions of the Google Chart library throughout this tutorial.

Include the Google Chart JavaScript file in the HTML page using following script −

<head>

<script src = "https://www.gstatic.com/charts/loader.js"></script>

</head>

What is referencing?

When you are writing a piece of work and use someone else's words or ideas you must reference them.

This means that you need to include detailed information on all sources consulted, both within your text (in-text citations) and at the end of your work (reference list).

Why is it important?

Referencing

 Is crucial to successful research.

 Helps the reader to find the original source if they wish.

 Improves your writing skills

 Adds authenticity to your argument.

 Shows that you have read widely.

 Can help you get better marks.

Which system should I use?

There are several different referencing styles that are being used, therefore you must check your module, or consult your supervisor or mentor to clarify which system to use. It is important to use the referencing style consistently throughout your piece of work.

Referencing is one of the most important aspects of any academic research and poor or lack of referencing will not only diminish your marks, but such practices may also be perceived as plagiarism by your university and disciplinary actions may follow that may even result in expulsion from the course.

Difference between References and Bibliography

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It is very important to be able to distinguish between References and Bibliography. Under References you list resources that you referred to within the body of the work that also include quotations. For example, It has been noted that “time and the management of time is an important issue, and the supply of time management products – books, articles, CDs, workshops, etc. – reflects the huge demand for these products” (Walsh, 2007, p.3).

Interchangeability of identical parts and a high level of straightforwardness of attaching these parts through the assembly line can be considered as revolutionary components of Fordism for the first part of the 20th century (Nolan, 2008).

Under Bibliography, on the other hand, you need to list resources that you have read during the research process in order to widen your knowledge about the research area, but specific piece of information from these resources have not been used in your research in the direct manner. You do not need to refer to Bibliography within the body of the text.

There are various methods of referencing such as Harvard, APA and Vancouver referencing systems. You should check with your dissertation handbook for the exact type of referencing required and follow this requirement thoroughly.

Referencing can be described as giving credit, with citation, to the source of information used in one’s work. Research is a buildup on what other people have previously done thus referencing helps to relate your own work to previous work. Unacknowledged use and presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own can be used to describe plagiarism. The University of Pretoria takes plagiarism very seriously and could lead to the loss of marks or exclusion from the university. Referencing is important for a number of reasons, some of which include:

It allows for acknowledgement of the use of other people’s opinions, ideas, theories and inventions.

Helps readers understand what influenced the writer’s thinking and how their ideas were formulated.

Helps the readers evaluate the extent of the writer’s reading.

Enables readers to visit source materials for themselves and verify the information.

Citation

A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of someone else's idea in your work, an in-text citation should follow. An in-text citation is a brief notation within the text of your paper or presentation which refers the reader to a fuller notation, or end-of-paper citation that provides all necessary details

about that source of information.

Direct quotations should be surrounded by quotations marks and are generally used when the idea you

want to capture is best expressed by the source.

Paraphrasing and summarizing involve rewording an essential idea from someone else's work, usually to either condense the point or to make it better fit your writing style.

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You do not have to cite your own ideas, unless they have been published. And you do not have to cite common knowledge, or information that most people in your audience would know without having to look it up.

In-Text Citations

In-text citations alert the reader to an idea from an outside source.

Parenthetical Notes

In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations usually appear as parenthetical notes (sometimes called parenthetical documentation). They are called parenthetical notes because brief information about the source, usually the author's name, year of publication, and page number, is

enclosed in parentheses as follows:

MLA style: (Smith 263)

APA style: (Smith, 2013, p. 263)

Parenthetical notes are inserted into the text of the paper at the end of a sentence or paragraph:>

In MLA and APA styles, in-text citations are associated with end-of-paper citations that provide full details about an information source.

Note: Different source types and situations require different information within the parentheses. Refer to a style guide for the style you are using for details.

Note Numbers

In Chicago and CSE styles, in-text citations usually appear as superscript numerals, or note numbers, as follows:

These note numbers are associated with full citations that can appear as footnotes (bottom of page), endnotes (end of chapter or paper), or lists of cited references at the end of the paper.

Footnotes

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Endnotes

End-of-Paper Citations

End-of-paper citations, as well as footnotes and endnotes, include full details about a source of information. Citations contain different pieces of identifying information about your source depending on what type of source it is. In academic research, your sources will most commonly be articles from scholarly journals, and the citation for an article typically includes:

author(s)

article title

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publication information (journal title, date, volume, issue, pages, etc.)

and, for online sources:

o DOI (digital object identifier).

o URL of the information source itself

o URL of the journal that published the article

There are many other types of sources you might use, including books, book chapters, films, song lyrics, musical scores, interviews, e-mails, blog entries, art works, lectures, websites and more. To determine which details are required for a citation for a particular source type, find that source type within the style

guide for the citation style you are using.

At the end of your research paper, full citations should be listed in order according to the citation style you are using:

In MLA style, this list is called a Works Cited page.

In APA style, it is called a References page.

In CSE style, it is called a Cited References page.

And, in Chicago style, there may be both a Notes page and a Bibliography page.

MLA

APA

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CSE

Chicago

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Citations In Library Databases

When you search the library's databases for articles or e-books, the list of search results you see is actually a list of full citations. Instead of being formatted according to MLA, APA, CSE, or Chicago style, these citations are formatted according to the database vendor's style.

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It is up to you to take the source information you find in a library database (or elsewhere) and format it according to the citation style you are using.

Mendeley

Mendeley is a free reference manager and academic social network that can help you organize your research, collaborate with others online, and discover the latest research:

Automatically generate bibliographies

Collaborate easily with other researchers online

Easily import papers from other research software

Find relevant papers based on what you're reading

Access your papers from anywhere online

Read papers on the go, with our iOS and Android apps Mendeley allows RESEARCHERS to:

Conduct initial research

Search for research

Organize research

Read and collect thought Write a paper, review or grant proposal

Compile a bibliography

Organize references

Cite and write

Submit a dissertation for review

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Create a private group

Invite advisors and reviewers

Track and respond to commentary Collaborate in project teams or lab groups

Create a private group

Add research and draft papers

Annotate/ write papers together Identify collaboration partners

Build your researcher profile

Search the people directory

Join/ follow interesting people and groups Create awareness

Create a public group

Add content and stir debate

Promote it: Mendeley and beyond Promote yourself and your research

Build your researcher profile

Embed your profile elsewhere

Track your readership

Mendeley also provides LECTURERS with a chance to manage their curriculums:

Create an (invite-only) public group

Add course materials

Communicate with your class

With its advanced analytics and collaboration features, the Mendeley Institutional Edition also supports LIBRARIANS:

Get real time usage information

Track the reach of your institution’s research

Facilitate social connections

Here are some terms you should be familiar with:

Mendeley Desktop: Mendeley Desktop is the downloaded part of the software installed onto your computer.

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Mendeley Web: This is the Mendeley website where you can access the web version of your library, edit your profile and search for papers, groups or people. You can also access

Mendeley's social features.

Sync: The process of synchronizing your Mendeley data across devices.

Web Importer: The browser extension that lets you quickly add references to your library from anywhere on the web.

Citation Plugin: A plugin you can install that allows you to create and format your citations and bibliography according to your chosen style.

1. Add files menu - use this to add new entries to your Mendeley library - see 02. Adding documents for more details.

2. Folders menu - use the ‘Add folder’ button to create a new folder to organize your Mendeley library. This will create a folder within whatever you’re currently viewing - if used on All Documents, it will create a new top-level folder. If used on an existing folder, it will create a nested folder with the current folder as the parent.

Use the ‘Remove folder’ button to remove the folder you are currently viewing. Note that this will not affect any documents within the folder.

3. Sync - use this button to force Mendeley to perform a sync. This will push any changes you’ve made to your library up to the cloud for storage, making them available on other devices and computers.

You should sync frequently in order to ensure that your most recent changes are saved to the cloud.

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4. Search - Use this field to search your Mendeley library. Note that Mendeley Desktop’s search function is context-specific – performing a search while viewing a particular folder will only search within that folder. Make sure ‘All documents’ is selected if you want to search your entire library.

Click into the search field to set it as active. Additional search modifiers can also be selected using the dropdown menu that appears next to the magnifying glass while the field is active.

Note that Mendeley Desktop search function will also return results within the text of PDF documents within your library, in addition to the contents of the document’s details.

5. Discovery – Mendeley allows you to discover new references in a number of different ways. From within Mendeley Desktop, you can use ‘Literature Search’ to search within Mendeley’s crowd- sourced catalog. Alternatively, you can use ‘Mendeley Suggest’ to receive bespoke recommendations based on your area of study and the contents of your library.

6. My Library – View the entire contents of your personal library by selecting ‘All Documents’.

Mendeley also offers a number of ways to filter your library. Any folders you create will also be listed under the ‘My Library’ section.

7. Groups – Any groups you join or create will be listed under this heading. The icon that appears next to the group’s name indicates the group type.

8. Main panel – when in browsing mode, the main panel of Mendeley Desktop will display the contents of the selected view. You can use the column headings to quickly reorder the contents.

Double click an entry with a PDF attached (indicated by an icon) to open it in the PDF reader (see below).

9. Details panel – the right-most panel of Mendeley Desktop contains the details of whichever library entry you currently have selected. This will show the relevant detail fields for the document type, along with their contents. You can use this panel to modify an entry’s details.

The ‘Notes’ tab that appears at the top will allow you to view any notes you’ve created for the entry.

10. Filter panel – The filter panel offers several different options to allow you to quickly filter your current view. Note that, like search, the filtering is context specific - the panel will only display filtering options relevant to your current view. For example, when viewing a particular folder, only the authors of entries within that folder will appear as options for filtering.

Drag and drop files or folders

Add papers to Mendeley by dragging and dropping a PDF into the Mendeley Desktop window. Mendeley will automatically extract the details from the document and create a library entry.

You can also drag and drop a folder containing multiple papers – Mendeley will work its way through the contents, creating library entries for the PDFs it finds.

References

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