in the Conference Hall of the department

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1 Minutes

of the special meeting of the Board of Studies of the Department of Botany held on Saturday, 03^rd June, 2017 at 10:30 a.m. in the Conference Hall of the department. The following were present:

1. Prof. Mohammad Anis 2. Prof. Nafees Ahmad Khan 3. Prof. (Mrs.) Ghazala Parveen 4. Prof. Mansoor A. Siddiqui 5. Prof. M. Badruzzaman Siddiqui 6. Prof. Abrar A. Khan

7. Prof. Hisamuddin

8. Prof. Tabreiz Ahmad Khan 9. Prof. M. Masroor Akhtar Khan 10. Prof. Samiullah Khan

11. Prof. Zaki A. Siddiqui 12. Prof. Shamsul Hayat 13. Prof. Moinuddin

14. Prof. (Mrs.) Akhtar Inam 15. Prof. Fareed A. Khan

16. Prof. (Mrs.) Razia Khatoon Zaidi 17. Prof. (Mrs.) Sheila Shahab 18. Dr. (Mrs.) Kiran Lata Chauhan 19. Dr. Athar A. Khan

20. Dr. Qazi Fariduddin 21. Dr. Anwar Shahzad 22. Dr. (Mrs.) Shahla Faizan 23. Dr. Asim Masood 24. Dr. Tariq Aftab 25. Dr. Mu. Naeem 26. Dr. (Mrs.) Rose Rizvi 27. Dr. (Mrs.) Sana Choudhary 28. Dr. Saad Bin Javed 29. Dr. Faheem Ahmad

30. Prof. M. Yunus Khalil Ansari (In the Chair)

At the outset of the meeting the Chairman on his behalf and on the behalf of the members of Board of Studies congratulated Prof. Mohammad Anis over his appointment as Dean, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh.

On the other hand the Chairman on his behalf and on the behalf of faculty members expressed grief over the retirement of Prof. Mohammad Anis on 03.07.2017 and bid farewell to him for attending the last meeting of Board of Studies.

The Chairman also welcome the new incumbents as Assistant Professors Dr. MU. Naeem, Dr. (Mrs.) Rose Rizvi, Dr. (Mrs.) Sana Choudhary, Dr. Saad Bin Javed and Dr. Faheem Ahmad.

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2 The following items were considered and approved:

Item No. 1

The Teaching allocation for Under-graduate and Post-graduate courses for the session 2017-2018

was considered and approved. (Annexure I)

Item No. 2

The board considered and approved the revision of syllabi of Under-graduate and Post-graduate classes according to the Choice Based Credit system (CBCS). (Annexure II)

Item No. 3 Matter related to research:

The board considered and recommended minor changes (specifications)/ major changes in the title of Ph.D. programme of the following students.

(a) Minor changes/specifications

1. Mr. Sheikh Altaf Ahmad (D.O.R:. 22.12.2014, En. No. GH-3369) Prof. Mohammad Anis New Topic

“In vitro studies on morphogenesis, biochemical assessment and validation of genetic fidelity in Tecoma stans (L.)”

Old Topic

“In vitro studies on growth and morphogenesis of some potential medicinal plants”

(b) Major changes

1. Ms. Ghazala Ambrin (D.O.R:.05.12.2015, En. No.GE-5851) Prof. Altaf Ahmad New Topic

"Development of genetically encoded FRET based nanosensor for the authentication of some medicinal plants"

Old Topic

"Development of Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) Markers for the DNA Based Authentication of Some Medicinal Plants"

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3 The board authorized the chairman to finalize and implement the syllabi in the coming session 2017- 2018.

(M. Yunus Khalil Ansari) Professor & Chairperson Copy to:

1. All members of Board of Studies.

2. Dean, Faculty of Life Sciences.

3. Deputy Registrar (Councils).

(M. Yunus Khalil Ansari) Professor & Chairperson

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4 Held on 03.06.2017 ALLOCATION OF TEACHING WORK

FOR THE SESSION 2017-2018 B.Sc. (Hons) I Semester Course – 1: Cell Biology and Basic Biochemistry

Section – I: BTB, BCB, ZYB (Mains) 1. Dr. Tariq Aftab 2. Dr. Mu Naeem 3. Dr. Saad Bin Javed

Lab. – I: BTB, BCB, ZYB (One register) Section – II: CHB (Mains)

1. Prof. Hisamuddin 2. Dr. Mu Naeem 3. Dr. Saad Bin Javed Lab – I: CHB (One register)

B.Sc. (Hons) II Semester Course – 3: Diversity and Classification of Plant Kingdom Section – I: BTB, BCB, ZYB (Mains)

Bryophytes - Dr. Mu. Naeem

Fungi - Prof. Zaki Anwar Siddiqui

Angiosperms - Dr. Athar A. Khan

Algae - Dr. Rose Rizvi

Pteridophytes - Dr. Anwar Shahzad Gymnosperms - Dr. Anwar Shahzad

Lab. - II: BTB, BCB, ZYB (Mains) - One register

Section-II : CHB (Mains)

Fungi - Dr. Faheem Ahmad

Bryophytes - Dr. Faheem Ahmad

Angiosperms - Dr. Athar A. Khan

Algae - Dr. Tariq Aftab

Pteridophytes - Dr. Tariq Aftab Gymnosperms - Dr. Tariq Aftab Lab. – II: CHB (Mains) - One register

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5 B.Sc. (Hons) III Semester

Course – 5: Plant Physiology and Ecology Section – I: BTB, BCB, ZYB (Mains)

1. Prof. Firoz Mohammad 2. Dr. Qazi Fariduddin 3. Dr. Tariq Aftab

Lab-III: BTB, BCB, ZYB (Mains) - One register Section – II: CHB (Mains)

1. Prof. M. Masroor A. Khan 2. Dr. Tariq Aftab

3. Dr. Mu Naeem

Lab – III: CHB (Mains) - One register

Course – 7: Methods of Environmental Analysis (Skill Enhancement Elective 1) 1. Dr. Rose Rizvi

2. Dr. Faheem Ahmad

Course – 8: Techniques in Plant Breeding (Skill Enhancement Elective 2) 1. Dr. Mu Naeem

2. Dr. Faheem Ahmad

B.Sc. (Hons) IV Semester Course - 9: Development of Plants and their Utilization Section – I: BTB, BCB, ZYB (Mains)

1. Dr. Rose Rizvi 2. Prof. Fareed A. Khan 3. Dr. Tariq Aftab 4. Dr. Sana Choudhary

Lab – IV: BTB, BCB, ZYB (Mains) - One register

Section – II: CHB (Mains)

1. Prof. Fareed A. Khan 2. Dr. Qazi Fariduddin 3. Dr. Asim Masood

Lab – IV: CHB (Mains) - One register

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6 Course – 11: Experiments in Cytology and Genetics (Skill Enhancement Elective 1)

1. Dr. Asim Masood 2. Dr. Sana Choudhary

Course – 12: Study of Plant Diseases and their Management (Skill Enhancement Elective 2) 1. Prof. Hisamuddin

2. Prof. Tabreiz A. Khan 3. Dr. Faheem Ahmad

Course – 13: Basic Concepts in Botany (Open Elective) 1. Dr. Asim Masood

2. Dr. Mu Naeem

B.Sc. (Hons.) V Semester Course – 14: Biology of Cryptogams

1. Prof. Irshad Mahmood 2. Prof. Mansoor A. Siddiqui 3. Dr. Mu. Naeem

Lab – V: Course 14 - One register

Course – 15: Systematics of Angiosperms and Environmental Botany 1. Prof. M. B. Siddiqui

2. Dr. Athar A. Khan 3. Dr. (Mrs.) Shahla Faizan

Lab – X: Course 23 - One register

ELECTIVE DISCIPLINE CENTRIC

Course – 19: Microbiology and Plant Pathology 1. Prof. Tabreiz A. Khan

2. Prof. Zaki A. Siddiqui 3. Dr. Rose Rizvi

Lab – VII: Course 16 - One register

Course – 20: Fundamentals of normal and anomalous plant anatomy 1. Prof. Fareed A. Khan

2. Dr. Athar A. Khan 3. Dr. Rose Rizvi

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7 Course – 21: Techniques in Tissue Culture

1. Dr. Saad Bin Javed 2. Dr. Rose Rizvi 3. Dr. Sana Choudhary

B.Sc. (Hons.) VI Semester Course – 22: Genetics and Plant Breeding

1. Prof. Altaf Ahmad 2. Dr. Asim Masood

Lab – VIII: Course 21 - One register

Course – 23: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 1. Prof. Nafees A. Khan

2. Prof. Shamsul Hayat 3. Prof. Altaf Ahmad 4. Dr. Qazi Fariduddin

Lab – IX: Course 22 - One register ELECTIVE DISCIPLINE CENTRIC

Course – 27: Biology of Seed Plants 1. Dr. Asim Masood 2. Dr. Tariq Aftab

3. Dr. (Mrs.) Shahla Faizan 4. Dr. Faheem Ahmad

Lab – VI: Course 15 - One register Course – 28: Introduction to Mycology

1. Prof. Tabreiz A. Khan 2. Prof. Hisamuddin 3. Dr. Rose Rizvi 4. Dr. Faheem Ahmad Course – 29: Introduction to Environment

1. Prof. Fareed A. Khan 2. Dr. Athar A. Khan

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8 M. Sc. I Semester

Course – 1: Diversity of Microbes (Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes) 1. Prof. Irshad Mahmood

2. Prof. Hisamuddin 3. Prof. Tabreiz A. Khan Course – 2: Plant Pathology

1. Prof. Irshad Mahmood 2. Prof. Abrar A. Khan 3. Prof. Hisamuddin 4. Prof. Tabreiz A. Khan Course – 3: Algae and Bryophytes

1. Prof. Mansoor A. Siddiqui 2. Prof. M. Masroor A. Khan

Course – 4: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms 1. Prof. Shamsul Hayat

2. Dr. (Mrs.) Shahla Faizan 3. Dr. Asim Masood Course – 5: Taxonomy of Angiosperms

1. Prof. M. B. Siddiqui 2. Dr. Athar A. Khan

C-6 Lab – I: Course 1 & 2 (One register) C-7 Lab – II: Course 3 & 4 (One register) C-8 Lab – III: Course 5 (One register)

M.Sc. II Semester Course – 9: Plant Resource Utilization and Conservation

1. Prof. Irshad Mahmood 2. Dr. Rose Rizvi

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9 Course – 10: Reproduction in Flowering Plant

1. Prof. Samiullah Khan 2. Dr. Tariq Aftab 3. Dr. Sana Choudhary Course – 11: Plant Development

1. Prof. Fareed A. Khan 2. Dr. Tariq Aftab 3. Dr. Mu Naeem

Course – 12: Cell and Molecular Biology 1. Prof. Altaf Ahmad 2. Dr. Anwar Shahzad 3. Dr. Saad Bin Javed

Course – 13: Plant Physiology & Metabolism 1. Prof. Firoz Mohammad 2. Prof. Nafees A. Khan 3. Prof. M. Masroor A. Khan 4. Prof. Shamsul Hayat

C-14 Lab – IV: Course 9, 10 & 12 (One register) C-15 Lab – V: Course 11 & 13 (One register)

C-16 Seminar (Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric)

M.Sc. III Semester Course – 17: Genetics and Cytogenetics

1. Prof. Samiullah Khan 2. Dr. Anwar Shahzad 3. Dr. Sana Choudhary

Course – 18: Plant Biotechnology 1. Prof. Altaf Ahmad 2. Dr. Anwar Shahzad 3. Dr. Saad Bin Javed

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10

Course – 19: Environmental Sciences 1. Prof. Abrar A. Khan 2. Dr. (Mrs.) Shahla Faizan Course – 20: Ecology

1. Prof. Fareed A. Khan 2. Dr. Athar A. Khan 3. Dr. Qazi Fariduddin 4. Dr. Faheem Ahmad Course – 21: General Botany (CBC)

1. Prof. Zaki A. Siddiqui 2. Dr. Qazi Fariduddin 3. Dr. (Mrs.) Shahla Faizan 4. Dr. Faheem Ahmad

C-22 Lab - VI : Course 17 & 18 (One register) C-23 Lab - VII: Course 19 & 20 (One register)

C-24 Seminar (Ability Enhancement Discipline Centric)

M.Sc. IV Semester Course – 25: Communication Skill / Viva-voce

All teachers involved in respective elective papers (Course 27 & 28)

Course – 26: Field Work

All teachers involved in respective elective papers (Course 27 & 28)

Elective Papers I & II (Specialization)

Course – 27 & 28: Plant Pathology Papers 1. Prof. Irshad Mahmood I & II 2. Prof. Mansoor A. Siddiqui I & II

3. Prof. Abrar A. Khan I & II 4. Prof. Hisamuddin I & II 5. Prof. Tabreiz A. Khan I & II 6. Prof. Zaki A. Siddiqui I & II

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11 Course – 27 & 28: Advanced Plant Physiology Papers

1. Prof. Firoz Mohammad II 2. Prof. Nafees A. Khan II 3. Prof. M. Masroor A.Khan II 4. Prof. Shamsul Hayat I 5. Dr. Qazi Fariduddin I Course – 27 & 28: Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding Papers

1. Prof. M. Y. K. Ansari I & II 2. Dr. Samiullah Khan I & II 3. Dr. Sana Choudhary

Course – 27 & 28: Environmental Botany Papers 1. Prof. M.B. Siddiqui I & II 2. Prof. Abrar A. Khan I & II 3. Dr. (Mrs.) Shahla Faizan I & II Course – 27 & 28: Plant Biotechnology Papers

1. Prof. M. Y. K. Ansari I 2. Prof. Samiullah Khan I

3. Prof. Altaf Ahmad II

4. Dr. Anwar Shahzad I & II 5. Dr. Saad Bin Javed I & II

Teachers associated with the aforesaid course will also supervise project work.

C-29 Lab - VIII: Course 27 & 28

(For all five elective papers separately)

1. Plant Pathology I & II (One register) 2. Advanced Plant Physiology I & II (One register) 3. Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding I & II (One register) 4. Environmental Botany I & II (One register) 5. Plant Biotechnology I & II (One register)

Note: The CBCS open elective course will be run when a minimum 05 and maximum 30 students are enrolled.

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12 Held on 03.06.2017

B.Sc. (Hons.) Ι Year (Ι Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 COURSE 1: CELL BIOLOGY AND BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit Ι Physico-chemical aspects: Structure, properties and biological significance of water, pH and its significance, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, isoelectric point, buffers (inorganic and organic) and their importance.

Techniques in cell biology: Principles of light and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), cell fractionation (homogenisation and centrifugation), chromatography (paper chromatography and TLC) and spectrophotometry.

Unit ΙΙ Energy flow and enzymology: Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy transfer and redox potential, ATP-the energy currency; enzymes-nature catalytic action,;

nomenclature and classification of the enzymes, cofactors and isoenzymes, factors affecting enzyme activity, effects of substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, pH and inhibitors on biochemical reactions.

Unit ΙΙΙ The Cell:Cell theory, comparative account of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell;

characteristics of archaebacteria; various stages of mitotic and meiotic cell divisions; role of centromere, kinetochore and spindle apparatus; mechanism of cell cycle control;chemical constituents of cell wall; Singer and Nicolson model of cell membrane, role of various membrane proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.

Unit ΙV Nucleus: Ultra structure, nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex, nucleosome and higher level of organization of chromosomes;prokaryotic, eukaryotic and organellar ribosomes and their functions.

Mitochondrion and chloroplast: Organelle structure and biogenesis, organization of macromolecular complexes, variation in size, shape, number and types of plastids.

Other sub-cellular organelles: Golgi complex, endoplasticrecticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.

Suggested Books

1. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evaluation and Ecology by Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. (2006). S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

2. Cell and Molecular Biology by Gupta, P.K. (2003). Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

3. Cell and Molecular Biology by Rastogi, S.C. (2003). New era International (Pvt.)Ltd., (4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi.)

4. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L., and Cox, M.M. (2004). W. H. Freeman & Company, U.S.A.

5. The Cell, A Molecular Approach 5^th Edition by Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). ASM Press Washington, D.C.

820 pp.

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13 B.Sc. (Hons.) Ι Year

(ΙI Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 COURSE 3: DIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLANT KINGDOM

Unit Ι Plant Kingdom: Criteria of classification of living organisms into five kingdoms and the concept of three domain system.

Algae: General characters, an outline classification of algae (by Fritsch, 1935 economic importance important features and life history of Chlorophyceae (Chlamydomonas), Xanthophyceae (Vaucheria), Phaeophyceae (Ectocarpus), Rhodophyceae (Batrachospermum).

Unit ΙΙ Fungi: General characters, important features (in brief) and life history of Mastigomycotina (Phytophthora), Zygomycotina (Rhizopus), Ascomycotina (Saccharomyces), Basidiomycotina (Puccinia) and Deuteromycotina (Colletotrichum).

Bryophytes: Outline classification, study of morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Hepaticopsida (Riccia), Anthocerotopsida (Anthoceros) and Bryopsida (Funaria).

Unit ΙΙΙ Pteridophytes: A general study of morphology, anatomy, and reproductive structure of Psilopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteropsida (Dryopteris); stellar evolution.

Gymnosperms: General study of morphology, anatomy and reproductivestructures of Cycadales (Cycas) and Coniferales (Pinus).

Unit ΙV Angiosperms: Identification, nomenclature, classification:(Bentham and Hooker),primitive and advanced features, salient features of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; diagnostic features (with reference to local flora) and economic importance of Ranunculaceae, Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Papilionaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae and Liliaceae.

Suggested Books

1. Fungi by Vashishta, P.C. (1992). S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

2. Bryophyta by Vashishta, B.R., Sinha, A.K. and Kumar, A. (1992). S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

3. Algae by Vashishta, B.R., Sinha, A.K. and Singh, V.P. (2008). S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

4. Botany Vol. II by Pandey, S.N., Trivedi, P.S. and Mishra, S.P. (1994) Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 5. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Lawrance, G.H.M. (1951). The Macmillan Compnay New York, 823 pp.

6. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Pandey, B.P. (1999). S. Chand and Company, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 600 pp.

7. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Singh, V. and Jain, D.K. (1981). Deep and Deep Publications, 489 pp.

8. An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms by Shukla, P. &Misra, S.C. (1991). Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd.

(576, Masjid Road, Jangpura, New Delhi-110014).

9. The Gymnosperm by Bishvas, C. and Johri, B.M. Narora Publishing House, New Delhi.

10. Morphology of Gymnosperms by Sporne, K.R. Hutchinson and Company (Publisher) Ltd., London.

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14 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙI Year

(ΙII Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 COURSE 5: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Unit Ι Plant water relations: Diffusion, osmosis and imbibitions, elementary idea of chemical, water and osmotic potential, absorption of water by cell and root; ascent of sap, transpiration and its significance, mechanism of stomatal movement.

Mineral nutrition: Criteria of essentiality of elements, macro and micronutrients, role of essential elements, mineral deficiency symptoms and plant disorders, elementary idea of nutrient uptake and transport mechanism, role of cell membrane and ion pumps, carries and channels.

Photosynthesis: Electromagnetic spectrum and light quality, photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic pigments, light reaction, C3 and C4 cycles, crassulacean acid metabolism, photorespiration, components of phloem and their role in translocation of photosynthates.

Unit ΙΙ Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, cyanide-resistant respiration.

Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, reduction of nitrogen into ammonia, ammonia assimilation and nif genes.

Growth and development: Definition and phases of growth, seed germination, photoperiodism, vernalisation, general aspects of phytohormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene) and their roles, plant movements, biological clock.

Unit ΙΙΙ Adaptations: Concepts, ecads, ecotypes and ecoclines; adaptations in relation to soil oligotrophy.

Population: Concept of density patterns, population growth and carrying capacity.

Indicators and amplitude:Plant indicators and their role in environmental monitoring;

ecological amplitude.

Unit ΙV Ecosystems: Concept and structure (abiotic and biotic components, food chain, food web and ecological pyramids); ecosystem function, energy flow, ecological efficiencies and productivity concept.

Ecological succession: Types and mechanism of succession.

Community: Characteristics and their measurement, niche concept, species diversity (alpha, beta and gamma).

Suggested Books

1. Plant Physiology by Devlin, R.M. and Witham, F.H. (1983). Prindle Weber and Schmidt, 577 pp.

2. Plant Physiology by Pandey, S.N. and Sinha, B.K. (2009). Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 680 pp.

3. Plant Physiology by Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Wadsworth Publishing Company, 682 pp.

4. Ecology and Environment by Sharma, P.D. (2005). Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut.

5. Ecology and Utilization of Plants by Sharma, P.D. (2006). Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut.

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15 B.Sc. (Hons) II Year

III Semester (Skill Enhancement Elective)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 40 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 02 Course – 07: Methods of Environmental Analysis

Unit Ι Techniques in Environmental Analysis: Cell fractionation (homogenization and centrifugation), paper chromatography and spectrophotometry.

Unit ΙΙ Water Pollution Analysis: Colour, conductivity, temperature, odour, turbidity, hardness, determination of calcium, carbonate, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand.

Unit ΙΙΙ Air Pollution Analysis: Analysis of aerosol, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and ozone.

Unit ΙV Soil Pollution: Colour, moisture, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, determination of magnesium, chloride, biological preparation and inoculation of culture media.

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III Semester (Skill Enhancement Elective)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 40 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 02 Course – 08: Techniques in Plant Breeding

Unit Ι Hybridization: Hybridization programme and procedure choice of parents, Evaluation of parents, Emasculation (Hand Emasculation, Suction Method, Hot water Emasculation, Alcohol treatment, Cold treatment), Bagging, Tagging, Pollination, Harvesting of F1 seeds, Raising the F2 generation.

Unit ΙΙ Procedure for Mutation Breeding: Objectives of the programme physical and chemical mutagens, Selection of the variety for Mutagen treatment, parts of the plant to be treated, Doses of the Mutagen, Giving Mutagenic treatment, Handling of the Mutagen – treated population, Gamma Garden.

Unit ΙΙΙ Polyploidy: Origin and production of Auto polyploidy – Spontaneous mutation, Physical &

chemical agents, Regeneration in vitro, Colchicines treatment: Seed treatment, Seedlings, Growing Shoot apices, other chemical agents.

Unit ΙV Field plot techniques in plant Breeding: Priniciples of Experimental Designs - Replication Randomization, Complete Block & Split Plot Designs.

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17 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙI Year

(ΙV Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 COURSE 9: DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS AND THEIR UTILIZATION

Unit Ι Organization of higher plant body and adaptive systems: Tissue systems and their functions in stems of maize and sunflower, leaf of sugarcane, root of maize and ficus,plant adaptations (Nymphaea as aquatic, Cucurbita as mesophyte, Nerium as xerophyte, Bryophyllum as succulent and Rhizophora as halophyte).

Unit ΙΙ Shoot and root apices and lateral meristems: Organization, functions and theories of shoot and root apex (apical cell theory, histogen theory, tunica corpus theory, cyto-histo- zonation theory of shoot apex; Korper-kappe theory,queiscentcentre concept in root apex), origin of lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium), structure and functions of vascular cambium and their derivatives (basic structure of wood and bark components), structure and functions of periderm.

Unit ΙΙΙ Industrial use plants: General account of the natural rubber (Heveabrasiliensis), essential oils- lemon grass, an insecticide-neem and dyes-saffron and turmeric, extraction and uses of cotton fibre.

Medicinal Plants: General account of the important plant drugs and their chief constituents used in indigenous and allopathic systems of medicines, viz. Papaver somniferum, Rauvolfia serpentina, Vinca rosea, Catharanthus roseus and Atropa belladonna.

Unit ΙV Cereals, pulses and oilseeds: General account of botany, cultivation and uses of cereals (wheat and rice, a legume (Chickpea/Bengal gram) and a vegetable oil source (Mustard).

Timber plants: General account of the properties and uses of teak, sal, shisham and chir woods.

Suggested Books

1. A hand book for field identification of fifty important timbers of India by Rao, K.R. and Juneja, K.B.S. (1971). FRI and Colleges, Dehradun.

2. Plant Anatomy by Pandey, B.P. (1994). S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi, 644pp.

3. Plant Anatomy by Esau, K. (1965). John Wiliy and Sons.

4. Plant Anatomy by Fahn, A. (1990). Pergamin Press.

6. Economic Botany in the tropics by Kochhar, S.L. Macmillan Publishers India Ltd.

7. Economic Botany by Pandey, S.N. and Chadha Ajanta, Vikas publishing House, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

8. Economic Botany by Hill Albert, F. and Sharma, O.P., Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, Ltd.

9. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants by Foryter, A.S. and Giffords,Jr. E.M., VakilsFeffers and Simons Pvt. Ltd.

Bombay

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IV Semester (Skill Enhancement Elective)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 40 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 02 Course – 11: Experiments in Cytology and Genetics

Unit Ι Chromosome Morphology: To study generalised plant cell, cell division (Meiosis and Mitosis) (polytene chromosomes, Sex chromosomes).

Unit ΙΙ Chromosome Methodologies: Prefixation, Fixation, Staining, Preparation of slide for mitotic study, Preparation of slide for meiotic study, Preparation of permanent slide.

Unit ΙΙΙ Hybridization technique, Intervarietal hybridization in self pollinated crops, Estimation of pollen viability and pollen size in flowering plants, Estimation of seed viability.

Unit ΙV Monohybrid cross, Dihybrid cross, Test cross methods, Floral biology and Floral morphology, Effect of chemical / physical mutagens on seed germination and seedling growth.

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IV Semester (Skill Enhancement Elective)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 40 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 02 Course – 12: Study of Plant Diseases and Their Management

Unit- I A. Plant Viruses – Structure of Viruses, Viral Parasitism and Morphological Symptoms B. Disease caused by Viruses and their Management:

a. Yellow Vein Mosaic of Okra b. Leaf Roll of Potato

Unit- II A. Plant Pathogenic Bacteria – Structure of Bacterium, Mode of Infection, Symptoms of Bacterial Diseases

B. Bacterial Diseases of Plant and their Management:

a. Citrus Canker b. Scab of Potato

Unit- III A. Plant Pathogenic Fungi – Structure of Fungal Cell, Mode of Infection, Symptoms of Fungal Diseases

B. Fungal Diseases of Plant and their Management:

a. Stripe Rust of Wheat b. Early Blight of Potato

Unit- IV A. Plant Parasitic Nematodes – Structure of Nematode, Mode of Infection, Symptoms Caused by Nematodes

B. Nematodes Diseases of Plant and Their Management:

a. Root Knot Disease of Tomato b. Molya Disease of Wheat

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IV Semester (Open Elective Course)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 40 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 02 Course – 13: Basic Concept in Botany

Unit Ι Plant Kingdom, Classification; Bentham & Hooker Diagnostic features and economic importance of Solanaceae & Poaceae.

Unit ΙΙ Economic importance of cereals (Wheat), oils (Mustard), Pulse (Pea), Fibres (Cotton) and medicinal plants (Opium poppy).

Unit ΙΙΙ Characterization of algae bryophyte pteridophytes and Gymnosperms Eukaryotic cell structure, chemical composition or protoplasm, cell wall, plasma membrane, Mendel’s laws of Inheritance.

Unit ΙV Environmental and Plant Physiology: Pollution (Air, Water, Soil, Noise & Radioactive), elementary concept of photosynthesis respiration.

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21 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙIIYear

(V Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 COURSE 14: BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOGAMS

Unit Ι Algae: Occurrence, distribution, range of thallus organization, cell organization levels, pigmentation and storage products in algae, Classification of algae (by Fritsch 1935), general characteristics of major classes; structure, reproduction and life cycle of different genera of algae belonging to Cyanophyceae (Nostoc), Chlorophyceae (Volvox), Xanthophyceae (Vaucheria), Charophyceae (Chara), Rhodophyceae (Batrachospermum) and Phaeophyceae (Ectocarpus); role of algae in human welfare.

Unit ΙΙ Fungi: Occurrence, ultrasructure of fungal cell, cell wall composition, classification of fungi (by Alexopoulas& Mims 1973), nutrition and reproduction in fungi (asexual and sexual).

Fungal plant diseases: Symptoms, causal organism and management of major plant diseases(stem rust and loose smut of wheat, white rust of crucifers, late blight of potato, Tikka disease of groundnut and red rot of sugarcane.)

Unit ΙΙΙ Bryophytes: General characters, comparative account of morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia, Anthoceros and Funaria, evolution of sporophyte (developmental stages not included),bryophytes as water and air pollution bioindicators.

Unit ΙV Pteridophytes: Primary vascular plants, outline classification, comparative account of morphology, anatomy and reproductionin Rhynia, Selaginella, Equisetum, Marsilea, Telome theory, heterospory and seed habit.

Suggested Books

1. Plant Pathology 5^th Edition by Agrios George, N. (2006). Elsevier Academic Press, London, 922 pp.

2. An Introduction to Pteridophyta by Rashid, A., Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3. Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams) by Vashishta, P.C., S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

4. Introductory Mycology IVth Edition by Alexopoulus, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). John Wiley and Sons Inc, USA.

5. Algae by Vashishta, B.R., Sinha, A.K. and Singh, V.P. (2008). S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd.

6. Plant Diseases 6^th Edition by Singh, R.S., Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, Pvt. Ltd.,

7. Plant Pathology by Mehrotra, R.S., Aggarwal, A., Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.

8. Bryophyta by Vashishta, B.R., Sinha, A.K. and Kumar, A. (1992)S. Chand and Comp. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

9. An Introduction to Embryophyta 5^th Edition by N.S., Parihar (1965). Central Book Deport, Allahabad, India . 10. Bryophytes: Morphology growth and differentiation by Mrs. PremPuri., Atma Ram and Sons, Delhi, 370 pp.

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22 B.Sc. (Hons.) ΙII Year

(V Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 COURSE 15: SYSTEMATICS OF ANGIOSPERMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Unit Ι Systemmatics: (aims and components of systematics, introduction, identification, nomenclature and classification), systematics in practice (importance of herbarium specimens and their preparation; role of herbaria), taxonomic hierarchy (taxonomic categories, taxonomic groups, concepts of species), International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (principles and rules; ranks and names, type method), systems of classification (Bentham & Hooker’s system, Engler and Prantl’s system).

Unit ΙΙ Angiosperime Families: Study of families of dicots (Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Rutaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Convolvulaceae, Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae and Euphorbiaceae) and monocots (Arecaceae and Poaceae) with special reference to local flora and plants of economic value.

Unit ΙΙΙ Introduction to environmental biology: Interrelationship between the living world and environment, the components and dynamism, homeostasis, relevance to man.

Earth as a system and environment: the biosphere and lithosphere; components within biosphere (biomes). Soil general account and its adaptations. The living world-biotic components of environment, types of biotic interactions.

Unit ΙV Ecosystem: Concept of ecosystems and their types, structure and organization of ecosystem, functions and processes within ecosystem. Transfer of energy and minerals via grazing and detritus chains and role of microorganisms; concept and types of productivity.

Human ecology: ecological management; renewable and non renewable resources and their management conservation of biodiversity endangered species.

Suggested Books

1. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Lawrance, G.H.M. (1951). The Macmillan Compnay, New York, 823 pp.

2. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Pandey, B.P. (1999). S. Chand and Company, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 600 pp.

3. Angiosperm Taxonomy by Singh, V. and Jain, D.K. (1981). Deep and Deep Publications, 489 pp.

4. An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms by Shukla, P. and Misra, S.C. (1991). Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

5. Ecology and Environment by Sharma, P.D. (2005). Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut.

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(V Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 Course 19: MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

Unit Ι Microbiology: Systematic position of microorganisms in biological world as proposed by Whittaker. General characteristic features and classification of bacteria (Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1974), brief account of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms (bacteria and yeast),viruses(properties and classification, bacteriophage T4), general account of viroids, phytoplasma and actinomycetes.

Unit ΙΙ Genetic recombination in prokaryotes: Conjugation, transformation and transduction,biological nitrogen fixation.

Industrial application of microorganisms: Organic acids, alcohol, preservation of foods, milk products, antibiotics and biopesticides.

Unit ΙΙΙ Pathological methods: Sterilization methods in plant pathology, isolation of fungi and bacteria from soil and infected plant material.

General account of plant diseases: Symptoms, causal organisms and management of little leaf of brinjal, tobacco mosaic virus, citrus-canker, ear-cockle of wheat, root-knot of okra, early blight of potato, stem gall of coriander.

Unit ΙV Defence mechanism in plants against pathogens: Physical and biochemical aspects,brief account of plant disease management (Chemical, Biological), IPM systems, elementary idea of transgenics, Symptoms caused by micro-organisms.

Nematodes: An elementary idea about the structure of nematode, importance of nematodes as agricultural pest.

Suggested Books

1. Fundamentals of Microbiology 5^th Edition by Alcamo, I. Edward. Wesley Longman Inc.

2. Introductory Microbiology by Heritage, J., Evans, E.G.V. and Killington, R.A., Cambridge University Press.

3. Wastewater Microbiology by Bitton Gabriel., Wiley Lics A John Wiley & Sons Inc.

4. Microbiology by Pelezar Michael, J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg Noel, R., Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, Ltd.

5. Plant Pathology 2^nd Edition by Mehrota, R.S., Aggarwal Ashok. (2003) Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Company, Ltd.

6. Plant Diseases 7^th Edition by Singh, R.S. (1998) Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd.

7. Introductory Mycology by Alexopoulas Constantine John, Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

8. Plant Parasitic Nematodes by Zuckerman, B.M., Mai, W.F. and Rohde, R.A., Academic Press New York San Francisco London.

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24 B.Sc. (Hons.) III Year

(V Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 Course – 20: Fundamentals of normal and anomalous plant anatomy

Unit Ι General account of normal stem and root anatomy: Primary and secondary body;

different zones in a transverse section of stem and root; types of vascular bundles (radial, collateral, bi-collateral, endarch, exarch, amphicribral, amphivasal, and open and closed). Root-stem transition.

Unit ΙΙ Stem: Primary anomalous structure: Scattered vascular bundles in dicots (Podophhyllum). Vascular bundles in a ring in monocots (Triticum,). Cortical bundles (Casuarina). Medullary bundles (Aralia racemosa). Intraxylary or included or internal phloem (Solanum tuberosum). Separate xylem and phloem bundles (Rumex crispus,).

Vesselless xylem (Trochodendron). Polystelic condition (Dianthera,).

Unit ΙΙΙ Abnormal secondary growth: Abnormal behaviour of normal cambium: (Aristolochia).

Abnormal behaviour of abnormal cambium: (Thinouia ventricosa). Formation of accessory cambial rings: (Boerhavia). Formation of interxylary phloem: (Leptadenia).

Unit ΙV Anatomy of leaf: Bifacial/dorsiventral leaves, unifacial leaves , equifacial or isobilateral leaves.Stomata: genral structure, position and types (Anomocytic, Anisocytic, Paracytic, Diacytic, Actinocytic and cyclocytic. Kranz anatomy.

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(V Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 Course – 21: Techniques in Tissue Culture

Unit Ι History of Plant Tissue Culture, Composition of Culture Media viz; Knops’s Solution, Hogland’s Solutions, white’s Medium (1953), Murashige & Skoog Medium (1962), B5 Medium (1968), Nitsch’s Medium (1969), N6 Medium (1978), Linsmaier & Skoog Medium (1965), Woody Plant Medium (1981), Ngata & Takebe Medium (1971), Different types of plant growth regulations used in tissue culture.

Unit ΙΙ Preparatory Steps in Plant Tissue Culture; Preparation of Stock Solution, Explants Collection, Types of Sterlients and Surface Sterilization of explants, Autoclaving, Bead Sterilization, Filter Sterilization, Sterilization of Culture Room and Laminar air flow.

Unit ΙΙΙ Types of Culture; Leaf, Shoot tip, Nodal Segment, Embryo Culture and Rescue, Callus Culture, Isolated Cell Culture, Cell Suspension Culture, Endosperm Culture and Triploid Plant Production, Nucellus Culture, Anther Culture for Haploid Plant, Diplodization of Haploids, Problems Associated with Haploid Production.

Unit ΙV Aspects of Tissue Culture; In vitro Pollination and Fertilization, Totipotency, Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, Cytodifferentiation, Organogenesis, Somatic Embryogenesis, Virus Free Plant Production, Somaclonal Variation, Industrial Application of Plant Tissue Culture.

Suggested Books:

1. Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture by M. K. Razdan 2. Plant Biotechnology by H. S. Chawala

3. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice by S. S Bhojwani and M. K. Razdan

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(VI Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 COURSE 22: GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Unit Ι Mendelian inheritance: Principles of inheritance, back cross and test cross; gene interactions and modified dihybrid ratios, epistatic factors; complementary, supplementary and duplicate genes; multiple alleles and self incompatibility in plants; quantitative traits and multiple factor hypothesis (wheat kernel colour).

Unit ΙΙ Linkage, recombination and genetic makeup: Coupling and repulsion hypothesis; two and three point test crosses with their significance in chromosome mapping, changes in chromosome structure; origin types and effects of duplications, deletions, inversions and translocations.

Sex determination and non Mendelian inheritance; Mechanisms of sex determination, balance concept of sex determination in Drosophila, sex linked inheritance in Drosophila and man. Maternal influence (Shell coiling in snails), kappa particles in Paramaecium, cytoplasmic inheritance in yeast (mitochondria) and Mirabilis jalapa (plastids).

Unit ΙΙΙ Types of plant reproduction: Vegetative, sexual and apomixis, their effects on generating and fixing genotypic variation.

Methods of plant improvement: Plant introduction, purelineand mass selection, hybridization-types, techniques and importance.

Unit ΙV Mutations: Spontaneous and induced mutations, mutagen-types, transitions, transversions, and frameshift mutations,applications of mutations in crop improvement.

Polyploidy: Origin, types and effects of auto and allopolyploidy, applications of polyploidy in crop improvement.

Suggested Books

1. Principles and Methods of Plant Breeding by Borojevic, S. (1990). Elsevier New York.

2. Principles of Plant Breeding by Allard, R.W. (1960). John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, 485 pp.

3. Problem Facing Plant Breeding by Vijendra Das, L.D. (2000). Jain for CBS Publishers and Distributors.

4. Genetics and Genomics 1^st Edition by Waseem Ahmad, Fareedi (2013). Pearson Education Dorling Kindersley (India) New Delhi.

5. Genetics 9^th Edition by Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. (2009). S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi.

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(VI Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 COURSE 23: BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I Nucleic acid: Composition of nucleic acid; DNA structure (A, B, and Z forms of DNA);

different forms of RNA and their roles.

Amino acid and protein metabolism: General characteristics of amino acids;

GS/GOGAT cycle; transamination; peptide bond and polypeptide chain; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins; protein biosynthesis and its regulation; post translational modification of proteins; protein targeting; protein degradation.

Unit II Carbohydrate metabolism: Characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, isomerism; biosynthesis of sucrose.

Lipid metabolism: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, oxidation of fatty acids;

glyoxylate cycle.

Unit III Gene structure expression and regulation: Gene organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; operon concept; gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; inducible, repressible, positive and negative gene regulation; RNA splicing.

Recombinant DNA technology: Restriction endonucleases; prokaryotic cloning vectors, cDNA libraries, Southern and Northern analysis, DNA fingerprinting, chromosome walking;

polymerase chain reaction; DNA sequencing.

Unit IV Plant Biotechnology: Cellular differentiation and totipotency, clonal propagation;

protoplast isolation and culture; somatic hybridization; genetic engineering of plants;

vectors for gene delivery; methods of gene delivery; Agrobacterium the natural genetic engineer.

Suggested Books

1. Plant Physiology by Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. (1992). Wadsworth Publishing Company, 682 pp.

2. Plant Physiology by Pandey, S.N. and Sinha, B.K. (2009). Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 680 pp.

3. Plant Physiology by Devlin, R.M. and Witham, F.H. (1983). Prindle Weber and Schmidt, 577 pp

4. Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology by Srivastava, H.S. (2005). Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

5. Plant Physiology by Jain, V.K. (2008). S. Chand and Company Ltd. (Ram Nagar, New Delhi).

6. Plant Physiology 4^th Edition by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger (2006). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers

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(VI Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 Course 27: BIOLOGY OF SEED PLANTS

Unit Ι Gymnosperms: General characters, economic importance and outline classification (by Sporne, 1965).

Cycadales: Vegetative organography and anatomy, reproductive cycle, sporophytes and sporangia, gametophytes, fertilization, embryogeny and seed development with special reference to Cycas.

Unit ΙΙ Coniferales: General organography and anatomy, foliage leaves, strobili and sporangia, reproductive cycle-sporogenesis, gametophytes, fertilization, embryogeny and seed development with special reference to Pinus

Gnetales: Vegetative organography and anatomy, reproductive cycle- the strobili, sporogenesis, male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization and embryogeny with special reference to Ephedra.

Unit ΙΙΙ Phanerogams: General characteristics and types.

Angiosperms: Organography and anatomy, histology venation; nodal and wood anatomy, general concepts of floral anatomy.

Unit ΙV Alternatives of reproduction: . Concept of flower as a modified determinate shoot;

Genetic control of floral organs; Functions of flower; Pollen germination; Development of endosperm Pollination (mechanisms and agencies),Types of pollination, microsporogenesis (development of male gametophyte), mega sporogenesis (development of female gametophyte); Development of embryo in monocotyledons;

Development of embryo in dicotyledons; Seed dormancy; Methods of overcoming (breaking) seed dormancy; Seed germination; Fruit maturation; Ripening of fruits;

Parthenocarpy; Fruit dispersal.

Suggested Books

1. Morphology of Gymnosperms by Sporne, K.R. Hutchinson and Company (Publishers) Pvt. Ltd., London.

2. The Gymnosperms Structure and Evoluation by Biswas, C. and Johri, B.M., Narora Publishing House, New Delhi.

3. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms by Maheshwari, P. (1950). McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 453 pp.

4. The Embryology of Angiosperms by Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2008). Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 352 pp.

5. Reproductive Biology of Plants by Johri, B.M. and Srivastwa, P.S. (2001).,Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 320 pp.

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(VI Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04

Course 28: Introduction to Mycology

Unit Ι General characteristic features of fungi: Habitat; Mode of life; Thallus organization; Appressoria;

Haustoria; Cell structure; Fungal flagella; Aggregation and modification of the hyphae. Reproduction:

Vegetative, Asexual and Sexual. Fungi as biocontrol agents with special reference to mycophagous, entomophagous and nematophagous fungi.

Unit ΙΙ Diagnostic features of taxa:

Subdivision – Haplomastigomycotina

Classes–Chytridiomycetes, Hyphochytridiomycetes and Plasmodiophoromycetes. Occurrence, somatic phase and life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Subdivision – Diplomastigomycotina

Class – Oomycetes – Sporangiophores in the members of Peronosporaceae. Occurrence, somatic phase and life cycle of Albugo candida and Pythium debaryanum.

Subdivision – Zygomycotina

Classes – Zygomycetes and Trichomycetes – Evolutionary tendencies of the Zygomycetes.

Occurrence, somatic phase and life cycle of Mucor mucedo.

Unit III: Diagnostic features of taxa:

Subdivision – Ascomycotina Class–Ascomycetes

Subclasses–Hemiascomycetidae, Loculoascomycetidae, Plectomycetidae, Laboullenomycetidae, Pyrenomycetidae and Discomycetidae. Taxonomic Characters based on Chasmothecia of Erisyphaceae memebrs. Occurrence, somatic phase and life cycles of Taphrina deformans, Talaromyces vermiculatus, Phyllactinia dalbergiae and Venturia inaequalis.

Unit IV: Diagnostic features of taxa:

Subdivision – Basidiomycotina, Class – Basidiomycetes

Subclasses – Phragmobasidiomycetidae, Holobasidiomycetidae and Teliomycetidae. Teliospores of various rust genera. Occurrence, somatic phase and life cycle of Melampsora linii and Ustilago tritici.

Diagnostic features of taxa:

Form-Subdivision – Deuteromycotina, Form-Class – Deuteromycetes

Form-Subclasses – Blastomycetidae, Coelomycetidae and Hyphomycetidae. Occurrence, somatic phase and life cycle of Alternaria solani and Rhizoctonia solani.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Introductory Mycology, Fourth Edition. Alexopoulos, Mims and Blackwell 2. The Fungi (An Introduction) Mehrotra, Brahma Swarup

3. Introduction to Fungi Webster, John

4. Comparative Morphology of Fungi Gaumann, Ernst Albert, Dodge, Carroll William

5. Text Book of Fungi Massee George

6. A Manual of Soil Fungi Gilman Joseph C

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(VI Semester)

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60 Credit : 04 Course – 29: Introduction to Environment

Unit Ι Introduction and history: What is environment?, environment vs. ecology. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and its influence. Stockholm Conference. Amendments to the constitution of India following Stockholm Conference.

Unit ΙΙ Current environmental Issues: Species invasion: definition, brief introduction to mechanism and impact on biodiversity, important invasive plant species in India. Brief introduction to biomagnification. Deforestation causes and its impact on biodiversity.

Unit ΙΙΙ Current Environmental Issues: Urbanization: rate of urbanization, megacities of world and India, ecological footprints, thermal islands, environmental impact. Cultural eutrophication. Impact of tourism on environment.

Unit ΙV Control of environmental degradation: Biodiversity conservation, brief idea of CITES and TRAFFIC. Phytoremediation (biochemical mechanism and genetic basis of phytoextraction and phytoaccumulation not required). Hotspot concept and criteria (students will be expected to know the current number and names of terrestrial hotspots and the number of endemic vascular plants in each. Detailed study of each hotspot is not required). IUCN categories of threat and criteria.

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31 M.Sc. I Semester

Max. Marks : 100 Sessional : 10 Mid-Sem Exam. : 30 End-Sem Exam. : 60

Credits : 04

I – C1 Diversity of Microbes (Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes) UNIT – I

 Classification of plant viruses, characteristics and ultrastructure of viruses; Isolation, purification and characterization of viruses

 Chemical nature, replication, transmission of viruses, economic importance, symptomatology of plant viruses

UNIT – II

 Phytoplasma: General characteristics and role in causing plant diseases

 Archaebacteria and Eubacteria: General account, ultrastructure, nutrition and reproduction, biology and economic importance, Cyanobacteria-salient features and biological importance, plasmids and their characteristics.

UNIT – III

 General characters of fungi: Structure of cell, unicellular and multicellular organization, cell wall composition, nutrition (saprobic biotrophic, symbiotic), reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual); General account of Mastigomycotina (Synchytrium), Zygomycotina (Pilobolus), Ascomycotina (Claviceps), Basidiomycotina (Puccinia), Deuteromycotina (Fusarium)

 Heterothallism, Heterokaryosis and para-sexuality; a concise account of fungi in industry, medicine and food; fungal diseases in plants and humans, mycorrhizae as biocontrol agents

UNIT – IV

General characters of plant parasitic nematodes: Distribution, morphology, life history, feeding habit, symptoms of plant nematode infection, root-knot disease of bringal, diagnostic features of Tylenchoidea, Heteroderoidea, Criconematoidea, Aphelenchoidea, Dorylaimoidea and Trichodoroidea.

LABORATORY: Exercises corresponding to the theory courses

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Credits : 02

I – C2 PLANT PATHOLOGY

UNIT – I

Concept of plant disease. Identification of plant diseases- Koch’s postulates, Types of plant diseases, Symptoms caused by fungi and bacteria. Economic importance of nematodes in relation to agriculture.

UNIT – II

Plant diseases: causal organism, symptoms and management of following diseases-Stripe disease of barley, White rust of crucifer, Ear- cockle disease of wheat, Citrus canker, Yellow vein mosaic of okra.

UNIT – III

General principles of plant disease management: Avoidance of pathogen, Exclusion of inoculum, Eradication of pathogen, Protective measures of crop plants, Therapeutic measures.

UNIT – IV

Isolation of fungi from leaf, root, stem and seeds. Maintenance of fungal culture. Isolation of nematodes from soil by Cobb’s decanting and sieving method followed by Baermann’s funnel technique. Isolation of nematodes from the roots. Culture media preparation (Czapek-Dox Agar, Nutrient Agar media and PDA).

LABORATORY: Exercises corresponding to the theory courses.

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Credits : 04

I – C3 ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES

UNIT – I

Algae: Distribution, structure, classification and its basis (Grahm and Wilcox), reproduction and life cycles of Cyanobacteria, Glaucophyta, Euglenophyta, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta, Dinophyta, Ochrophyta, Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta

UNIT – II

Technological applications of algae: Algae as research tools, biomonitor, a gelling agents, antiviral and anticancerous compounds; algae in production of food additives and hydrocarbons and space research; human uses of sea weeds

UNIT – III

Bryophyta: Distribution, structure, outline classification (Proskauer, 1957); Reproduction and life history of Hepaticopsida (Marchantiales), Anthocerotopsida (Anthocerotales) and Bryopsida (Funariales); simple land plant nature

UNIT – IV

Economic importance of bryophytes: Uses of peat, medicinal uses, source of food, soil conservation, bog succession and rock builders; ecological importance of bryophytes as air and water pollution, bioindicators

LABORATORY: Exercises corresponding to the theory courses.

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Credits : 04

I – C4 PTERIDOPHYTES AND GYMNOSPERMS

UNIT – I

General characteristic features and classification (Smith, 1955 and Bierhorst, 1971) of Pteridophytes. Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Psilophyta (Psilotum), Lycophyta (Selaginella), Sphenophyta (Equisetum), Pteropsida (Marsilea). Telomic theory, Classification and evolution of steles. Heterospory and origin of seed habit.

UNIT – II

General account of fossil vascular cryptogams: Rhynia Horneophyton and Asteroxylon, Calamites and Lepidodendron. Origin of vascular cryptogams, Evolution of sorus in ferns, Economic importance of Pteridophytes.

UNIT – III

 General diagnostic features of gymnosperms with special reference to drop mechanism, vessel-less and fruitless seed plants. General account of anatomical variations in gymnospermic leaves (Abies, Cedrus, Picea, Cycas and Taxus)

 General characters, global geographical distribution and external features of modern living members of Cycadales, Coniferales and Ginkogales

UNIT – IV

 Outline classification of gymnosperms as proposed by Sporne (1965) and Sandra Holms (1986); Distribution of living gymnosperms in India; Economic importance of gymnosperms

 General account of fossils of Medullosaceae (Medullosa), Glossopteridaceae (Glassopteris) and Cycadeoideaceae (Cycodeoidea)

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Credits : 04

I – C5 TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS UNIT – I

 The species concept: Taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family and other categories;

taxonomic keys; salient features of the Recent International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

 Taxonomic tools: Field and herbarium techniques, floras, serological techniques.

UNIT – II

Systems of angiosperm classification: History, basis, outline and relative merits and demerits of (i) Benthum and Hooker, (ii) Takhtajan, (iii) Bassey, (iv) Hutchinson and (v) Cronquist

UNIT – III

 Flowering plant families of local importance: Annonaceae, Portulacaceae, Fumariaceae, Papaveraceae, Malvaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Moringaceae, Lythraceae, Oleaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Bignoniaceae, Polygonaceae, Casuarinaceae, Commelinaceae, Arecaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae

 Concepts of phytogeography: Phytogeographic zones of world and India; Endemism (definition, types and endemism in Indian flora); Disjunction and vicariance biogeography.

Parallelism and convergence UNIT – IV

Origin of Intrapopulation variations and speciation: Dynamic nature of populations in relation to environment. Evolution (cladogenesis, anagenesis), Natural selection (stabilizing, directional and disruptive). Ecotypes and ecads. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

Isolating mechanisms. Models of speciation. Some examples of known speciation events in plants

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36 M.Sc. II Semester

Credits : 02

II – C9 PLANT RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION UNIT – I

 World centres of primary diversity of domesticated plants, plant introductions

 Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of (i) Cereal Crops – wheat (Triticum spp.) (ii) Fibre Crop – Cotton (Gossypium spp.).

 Medicinal and aromatic plants – Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), Rauwolfia (Rauvolfia serpentine).

UNIT – II

 Vegetable oil yielding crops : Distribution, botany, cultivation and uses of soybean (Glycine max).

 Fire and timber wood : Diagnostic features of wood and uses of Babul (Acacia nilotica), Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), Teak (Tectona grandis), Sal (Shorea robusta).

UNIT – III

Strategies for plant conservation (ex situ conservation) - general account of the activities of Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

UNIT – IV

 Plant biodiversity and its status in India

 Green revolution - benefits

 Seed banks & cryobanks

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Credits : 04

II – C10 REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

UNIT – I

 Male gametophyte - Microsporogenesis, tapetum and its roles, pollen development, pollen embryos

 Female gametophyte - Ovule development, megasporogenesis, organization of the embryo sac, types of embryo sacs.

UNIT – II

Pollination - pollination mechanisms and vectors, pollen germination and pollen tube growth, structure of the pistil; pollen-stigma interactions, pollen allergy

UNIT – III

Double fertilization, in vitro fertilization – Intra-ovarian pollination and fertilization, factors affecting in vitro fertilization and applications; Embryogeny in dicotyledons and monocotyledons, Apomixis, Floral biology

UNIT – IV

 Endosperm development, Polyembryony – origin, classification, causes and practical value of polyembryony

 Latent life (dormancy) - types of dormancy and importance, overcoming seed dormancy

 Reproduction - vegetative options and sexual reproduction

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Credits : 04

II – C11 PLANT DEVELOPMENT

UNIT – I

Cell wall - nature, formation, growth of cell wall, microscopic and submicroscopic structure and functions

UNIT – II

 Shoot development - organization of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and vascular tissue differentiation, plastochron, origin of leaves and branches

 Root development - organization of the root apical meristem (RAM), cell fates and lineages, vascular tissue differentiation, origin of lateral roots and root hairs in dicots and monocots

UNIT – III

Vascular cambium – origin, structure and function; formation of secondary body, formation of secondary phloem and xylem in relation to environmental factors

UNIT – IV

 Secretary ducts and laticifers – resin ducts of primary body and secondary body, gum ducts, kinoveins.

 Leaf growth and differentiation, phyllotaxy, structure and differentiation of epidermis (with special reference to stomata and trichomes), mesophyll