Course Structures & Syllabus
FOR THE SESSION 2016-2017
B.Sc. (Hons.) GEOLOGY AND
M.Sc. (APPLIED GEOLOGY)
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH.
Department of Geology, A.M.U. Aligarh Course Structure of B.Sc. (Hons.)
For Session 2016-2017
First Year
First Semester
Type of Course C. No. Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact hours Sessional Mid
Semester
End Semester
Total L T P
Core B1 Earth System & Mineral Science
10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core GL1 Lab work for Geology paper 10 30 60 100 2 0 1 2
6 Second Semester
Type of Course C. No. Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact hours Sessional Mid
Semester
End Semester
Total L T P
Core B2 Elements of Petrology 10 30 60 100 4 48 8 0
Core BL2 Lab work for Geology paper 10 30 60 100 2 0 1 2
6 Second Year
Third Semester
Type of Course C. No. Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact hours Sessional Mid
Semester
End Semester
Total L T P
Core B3 Paleobiology and Stratigraphy 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core BL 3 Lab work for B3 & BAE1 Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2
AE (DC) BAE 1 Choose 01 of the following 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
a) Geological Field Techniques b) Geo statistics
Total 8
Fourth Semester
Type of Course C. No. Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact hours Sessional Mid
Semester
End Semester
Total L T P
Core B4 Earh’s Processes and Resources 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core BL 4 Lab work for B4 & BAE2 Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2
AE (DC) BAE 2 Choose 01 of the following 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
a) Geological Lab Techniques
b) Oceanography 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Open Elective BOE
(GL) Fundamental of Geology (To be opted by other then Geology Main Students)
10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Total 10
L= Lecture period, T= Tutorial, P= Practical Period
Paper/Code No. Title Max.Marks
Sessional Exam. Total
Credit B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology Part-III
Fifth Semester Theory
5 GLB-001 Igneous Petrology & Dynamics of the Earth 5 GLB-002 Structural Geology
5 GLB-003 Natural Environment Lab. Work
5 GLB-0L1 Lab work on papers V and VII 5 GLB-0L2 Lab work on papers VI 5 GLB-0L3 Field Geology
20 20 20
20 20 20
80 80 80
30 30 30
100 100 100
50 50 50
4 4 4
2 2 2
Total 120 330 450 18
Paper Title Max.Marks
Sessional Exam. Total
Credits B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology Part-III
Sixth Semester
Theory
6 GLB-001 Energy Resources & Mineral Exploration 6 GLB-002 Sedimentary Petrology & Metamorphic Petrology 6 GLB-003 Applied Geology
Lab. Work
6 GLB-0L1 Lab work on papers VIII & X.
6 GLB-0L2 Lab work on papers IX 6 GLB-0L3 Project/Seminar
20 20 20
20 20 20
80 80 80
30 30 30
100 100 100
50 50 50
4 4 4
2 2 2
Total 120 330 450 18
Semester V & VI-18+18=36 Credits
Semester I to IV =32 Credit
Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.)
Session 2016-2017 First Semester
Core Credit – 4, Period – 56
Paper – I
Earth System and Mineral Science Unit I:
Introduction to various branches of Earth Sciences.
Convection in Earth’s core and Production of its magnetic field.
Formation of core, mantle, crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
Concept of sea-floor spreading, plate tectonics and continental drift.
Geodynamic elements of Earth-Mid Oceanic Ridges, trenches, transform faults and island arcs.
Earthquake and earthquake belts
Volcanoes – types, products and their distribution.
Unit II:
Earth’s heat budget.
Soils-Processes of formation, soil profile and soil types.
Palaeobiology: Elementary idea about origin of life, Preservation potential of organisms, requirements of fossilization, Fossils, processes of fossilization and different kinds of fossils.
Standard stratigraphic time scale and introduction to the concept of time in geological studies.
Introduction to geology and geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.
General concepts about geochemical cycles.
Unit III:
Elementary ideas about crystal morphology in relation to internal structures’ crystal parameters and indices Crystal symmetry and classification of crystals into six systems and 32 point groups
Elements of crystal chemistry and aspects of crystal structures Stereographic projections of symmetry elements and forms Unit IV:
Minerals – definition and classification, physical and chemical properties Composition of common rock – forming minerals
Silicate and non-silicate structures; CCP and HCP structures Nature of light and principles of optical mineralogy
Introduction to the petrological microscope and indentification of common rock-forming minerals.
Suggested Readings:
1) Duff, P.M.D., & Duff, D. (Eds.) (1993), Holmes’ principles of physical geology. Taylor & Francis.
2) Emiliani, C. (1992). Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and environment. Cambridge University Press.
3) Gross, M.G. (1977). Oceanography: A view of the earth.
4) Klein, C., Dutrow, B., Dwight, J., & Klein, C. (2007). The 23rd Edition of the Manual of Mineral (after James D.Dana). J.Wiley & Sons.
5) Kerr, P.F. (1959). Optical Mineralogy, MeGraw-Hill.
6) Verma, P.K. (2010). Optical Mineralogy (Four Colour), Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
7) Deer, W.A., Howie, R. A., A., & Zussman. J. (1992). An introduction to the rock –forming minerals (Vol. 696) London: Longman.
Core Credit – 2, Period - 36
Practicals:
A: Detailed study of topographic sheets and preparation of physographic description of an area. Laboratory exercises for drawing geological maps. Study of some representative genera of different invertebrate phyla.
B: Observation and documentation on symmetry of crystals. Study of physical properties of minerals in hand specimen amongst: Silicates: Olivine, Garnet, Baryl, Tourmaline, Augite, Hornblende, Serpentine, Talc, Muscovite, Biotic, Quartz, Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Microcline, Quartz verities: Chert, Flint, Chacedony, Agate, Jasper, Amethyst, Rose quartz, smoky quartz, Rock crystal.
Semester –II
Paper – II Elements of Petrology
Core Credit – 4, Period - 56
Unit-I
Introduction to common rock forming, ore forming and industrial minerals.
Radioactive minerals, Fuel minerals, Formation and types of mineral deposits, rock association.
Unit-II
Magma: Definition, physical properties and chemical composition, origin.
Crystallization of magma: Bowen’s reaction series, magmatic differentiation and assismilation.
Forms and structures of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks.
Igneous textures: crystallinity, grain shape, size and mutual relationship of grains.
Bases of classification and types of igneous rocks.
Unit-III
Sediments: origin, transportation, deposition and lithofication.
Fabric and texture of sedimentary rocks.
Roundness of particles and its geological significance.
Classification of sedimentary rocks: terrigenous and chemical sedimentary rocks.
Important primary sedimentary structure-bedding, ripple marks, cross bedding and mud cracks.
Unit-IV
Introduction to Metamorphic rock and their significance.
Classification of Metamorphic rocks. Basic concepts of types of metamorphism.
Concepts of isograds and zones of metamorphism.
Relationship between matamorphism and deformation.
Physiographic subdivisions of Indian subcontinent-their physical, structural and geological features.
Brief account of constituent cratons of Indian shield.
Books Recommended:
1. Magma and Magmatic Rocks-Middlemost.
2. Igneous and Metamorphic petrology-Best.
3. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn.
4. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner.
5. Basic Concepts of Historical Geology-E.H. Spencer.
6. Structural Geology-M.P. Billings.
7. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar.
8. Principles of Geomorphology - Thornbury
Core
Credit – 2, Period - 36
Practical
Study of megascopic and microscopic characters of selected igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.) P A R T-II
Session 2016-2017
Semester-III
Core Credit – 4, Period - 56 Paper-III: Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy
Unit-I
Palaeobiology: Defination, branches. Fossils-defination and requirement of fossilization. Various steps involved in the study of fossils.
Various processes of fossilization and types of fossils.
Methods of fossil identification, description and illustration.
Applciation of palaeontalogic studies in organic evolution, biostratigraphy, palaeoecology, palaeogeography, and palaeoclimatology.
Microfossils: definition, significance and a brief account of important groups.
Brachiopoda: Morphology and geological distribution. Echinoidea Morphology and geological distribution. Trilobita: Morphology and geological distribution.
Unit-II
Pelecypoda: Morphology and geological distribution.Gastropoda: Morphology and geological distribution Cephalopoda: Morphology and geological distribution of Nautiloidea and Ammonoidea. Origin of vertebrates and landmarks in vertebrate evolution.Evolutionary history of Equidae.
Palaeobotany: Broad classification of plant kingdom and application of palaeobotanical studies. Morphology, classification and geological range of important Lower and Upper Gondwana flora.
Unit-III
Stratigraphy and its various branches. Stratigraphic classification and correlation.
Classification, geographic distribution, lithologic characteristics, fossil content and economic importance of Various geological divisions of Peninsular Shield: Cratons – Dharwar, Baster, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, Aravalli, and Marwar. Mobile belts: Eastern Ghats, Pandyan and Satpura. Archean Basement Complex:
Peninsular Gneiss of Karanata, Banded Gneissic Complex of Rajasthan, Older Metamorphics of Eastern India.
Unit-IV
Greenschist belts of Karnataka: Sargurs (enclaves), Nuggihalli, Holenarsipur and Chitradurga Belts.
Aravalli Supergroup, Delhi Supergroup, Vindhyan Supergroup, Cudappah Supergroup. Classification, geographic distribution, lithologic characteristics, fossil content and economic importance of Haimanta System, Muth Quartzite, Permo-Carboniferous rocks of Spiti. Gondwana Supergroup, Triassic of Spiti, Jurassic of Kutch, Cretaceous of south east coast of India and Deccan Traps. Siwalik system. Evolution of Himalayas.
Books Recommended:
1. Invertebrate Palaeontology-Woods.
2. The Elements of Palacontology-Black 3. Introduction to Paleobotany-Arnold.
4. Essential of Paleobotany-Shukla and Misra.
5. Geology of India and Burma-Krishnan.
6. Fundamentals of Historicals Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar 7. Precambrian Geology of India-Naqvi and Rogers.
8. Geology of India by M.Ramakrishnan & R.Vaidyanadhan Vol. I & II, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, 2008/2010.
Core Credit – 2, Period - 36
Practical:
a) Study of morphological characters of important fossil phyla designated in theory paper. Exercises in showing the major stratigraphic and litho tectonic units in hand drawn map of India.
b) Exercises on elective papers BAE 1 (a) and BAE 1 (b)
Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) BAE 1 Credit – 2, Period - 28 (a) Geological Field Techniques
Unit-I
Introducttion to field geology, Objectives of field work, Instruments used in field. Parts, functions and use of Compass-clinometer, GPS, Altimeter. Importance of field safety. Preparedness for field survey: base map, toposheets, web based satellite image display systems. Study of toposheets and contour maps.
Unit-II
Observations made during field work. Recording of important field information. Establishment of relative ages: cross-cut relations, xenoliths. Recognition of faults and unconformities. Concept of dip and strike, Recording orientation of dipping planes, linear features, measuring thickness of inclined strata.
Unit-III
Recording features of sedimentary, igneious and metamorphic rocks. Recording structural data, transferring data to base map, locating position in map by triangulation method, forward bearing, backward bearing, quadrant reading azimuth reading, calculation of true dip from apparent dip.
Unit-IV
Sampling: selection, labeling, trimming, data collection, calibration of instruments, survey grids and photography.
Importance of Field photographs. Oriented samples, Data formats: Sketches, graphic logs, cross section.
Mapping techniques: traverse mapping, contact mapping, exposure mapping
(b) Geostatistics
Unit I
What is geostatistics? Characteristics of geological information, Scales of measuring and deviations. Laws and randomness. Main statistical laws of distribution used in geology: Normal law of distribution. Standard normal law of distribution. Binomial law of distribution. Poisson’s law of distribution.
Unit-II
Probability and Random Variables,:Concept of probability and basic axioms, Conditional probability and Bayes’
Theorem, Random variables, histograms, distributions. Mathematical prognosis, mode, median. Dispersion, standard deviation. Range.
Unit-III
Uni-variate distributions: Covariance, correlation, Multi-variate distributions, Variance (one- and two-way analysis), Kriging prediction variance, xi-square test, Coefficient of correlation: correlation coefficient for quantitative data and its properties..
Unit-IV
Linear regressive mode: Properties, equations and geometric interpretation. Non-linear regression: Types of non-linear regression. Interpolation, extrapolation, fitting. Principal component analysis.
Reference Books
1. Saals. E.A. and Srovastav. R.M. (1990) An Introduction to Geostatistics, Oxford University Press.
2. Pitman, J. (1993) Probability, Springer Verblag, (also Narosa Publishers).
3. Walpole, R.E. and Myers, R.H. (1982) Applied multivariate statistical analysis, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.
Semester-IV
Core Credit – 4, Period - 56
Paper-IV: Earth’s Processes and Resources
Unit-I
Renewable and non-renewable energy resources.
Hydroelectric power. Energy from the sun, wind, hot springs and sea waves.
Distrubution of mineral deposits in space and time.
Physiographics, mineralogical, stratigraphic, lithologic and structural guides to ore.
Mineral processing and beneficiation: methods of size reduction, screening and separation.
Environmental implications of exploration of mineral resources.
Unit-II
Rock forming minerals: Systematic classification of minerals, Chemical composition and physical properties of the following classes of minerals.
Silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides.
Global tectonic and metallogeny trough geological time.
Geological setting, mineralogical characteristics and Indian distribution of metallic mineral deposits of iron and manganese, chromium, copper, lead and zink, gold, and aluminum.
Unit-III
Ore forming minerals: metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Processes of ore formation.
Ore deposits related to magmatic activity. Hydrotheramal and skarn deposits. Ore deposits formed by sedimentation. Weathering products and Residual deposits. Ore deposits formed by oxidation & supergene enrichment. Ore deposits formed by replacement and biochemical activity, evaporation and metamorphism, colloidal deposition.
Unit-IV
Geological setting, mineralogical characteristics and Indian distribution of non-metallic mineral deposits related to and with examples from Indian stratigraphic records:
Materials for construction (building stones and cement), ceramics, refractories and fillers, organic chemicals and synthetics, precious and decorative stones, fertilizers.
Books Recommended:
1. Economic Mineral Deposits-Jensen and Bateman.
2. Ore Deposits-Parks and Mc diarmid.
3. India’s Mineral Resources-Krishnaswami.
4. Ore Deposits of India-Gokkle and Rao.
5. Ore Petrology-Evans.
6. Industrial Mineral and Rocks-Deb.
7. Mining Geology-Arogyaswami.
Core Credit – 2, Period - 36
Practical
a) Study of physical and optical properties of metallic and non-metallic minerals/resources. Preparation of maps showing distribution of important ores and other economic minerals in India. Study of metallogenic maps.
b) Exercises on elective papers BAE 2 (a) and BAE 2 (b)
c) Geological Lab Techniques: Geological mapping and visit to economic mineral deposits in some appropriate area followed by laboratory processing of rock samples, ores and fossils collected during the field work and preparation of report thereon.
Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) BAE 2 Credit – 2, Period - 36
(a) Geological Lab Techniques
Unit 1
Measurement of interfacial angle, Contact Goniometer, Reflection Goniometer, Crystal projections, Determination of Moh’s
scale of Hardness, streak, piezoelectricity Unit 2
Determination of Specific Gravity, Kraus Jolly balance, Barman Density Torsion Balance, Top pan Balance, Pycnometer, Heavy
Liquids Unit 3
Petrological Microscopes: Petrographic and Ore microscopes, Thin section preparation, impregnation of porous and friable rock,
Adhesives, Sawing and Grinding, Refractrometer Unit 4
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence analysis, Chatoyancy and asterism, Thermal analysis and Thermogram, Determination of common ions, Calorimetry, Flame photometry
Books Recommended:
1.Klein, C. and Hurlbut, Jr. C.S., 1993: Manual of Mineralogy-John Wiley
2.Putnis, Andrew, 1992: Introduction to Mineral Sciences-Cambridge University Press 3.Phillips, Wm, R. and Griffen, D.T., 1996: Optical Mineralogy-CBS Edition
4.Hutchinson, C.S., 1974: Laboratory Handbook of Petrographic Techniques-John Wiley
(b) Oceanograpy
Unit-I
Physical Oceanography: TS diagrams; mixing processes in the oceans; characteristics of important water masses.
Wind generated waves in the oceans; their characteristics; shallow and deep water waves. Propagation, refraction, and reflection of waves. Wave spectrum, principles of wave forecasting.
Unit -II
Tide producing forces and their magnitudes; prediction of tides by the harmonic method; tides and tidal currents in shallow seas, estuaries and rivers. Factors influencing coastal processes; transformation of waves in shallow water;
effects of stratification; effect of bottom friction.
Unit-III
Phenomena of wave reflection, refraction and diffraction: breakers and surf; littoral currents; wave action on sediments-movement to beach material; rip currents; beach stability, ocean beach nourishment;
harbour,
resonance; seiches; tsunami; interaction of waves and structure.
Unit -IV
Estuaries: Classification and nomenclature: tides in estuaries; estuarine circulation and mixing; depth- averaged and breadth-averaged models; sedimentation in estuaries; salinity intrusion in estuaries; effect of stratification;
coastal pollution; mixing and dispersal of pollutants in estuaries and nearshore areas; coastal zone management
(Open Elective) Credit – 2, Period - 36 BOE (GL) - Fundamentals of Geology
Unit-I
The Science of Geology, Scope and different disciplines of geology. Earth in relation to solar system. Origin of earth. Geological time scale. Internal structure of earth. Different layers of earth :Crust Mantle, Core. Lithosphere and Asthenosphere. Major discontinuities within the earth.
Unit-II
Erath materials: Minerals and rocks. Types of minerals: silicate and non-silicate minerals. Magmatism and formation of igneous rocks. Weathering, erosion and formation of sedimentary rocks. Formation of metamorphic rocks. Fossils and fossilization processes.
Unit-III
Plate tectonic theory. Mantle convection and motion of plates. Types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. Mid oceanic ridges. Subduction zone. Plate motion and earthquakes. Continental drift theory.
Unit-IV
Economic resources of Earth. Conditions and suitability of formation of coal and petroleum. Ore forming processes. Metallic and non-metallic deposits. Formation of uranium deposits. Groundwater resources.
Books Recommended:
1. Physical Geology-S.Judson, M.E.Kauffman and L.D.Leet.
2. Physical Geology-Arthur Holmes.
3. Basic Concepts of Historical Geology-E.H. Spencer.
4. Structural Geology-M.P. Billings.
5. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar.
6. Rutley’s Elements of Mineralogy-H.H. Read.
7. Igneous and Metamorphic petrology-Best.
8. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn.
9. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner.
10. Coal Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.
11. Petroleum formation and occurrence-Tisot and Welte.
12. Radioactivity in Geology-Principles and Application-Durrance.
13. Mineral Economics-Husain.
14. Mineral Economics-Chatterjee
Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.)
P A R T – III
Session 2016-2017
Semester-V
Paper-V- Igneous Petrology and Dynamics of the Earth (5GLB-001)
Unit-I
Mantle petrology: mineralogy and chemistry.
Physical properties of magma, volatile contents.
Magmatic processes: fractional crystallization, magma mixing, crystal setting, liquid immiscibility, assimilation, differentation. Trace elements and their significance in igneous petrology.
Classification of igneous rocks, basis of IUGS classification.
General characteristics of the following Precambrian igneous rock assemblages:
(a) Komatiites (b) Anorthosites (c) Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) Unit-II
Basic principles of equilibrium thermodynamics.
Concept of system, phase and component.
Chemical potential and phase rule.
Phase equilibria of the following two and three component silicate systems:
Binary system-Albite-Anorthite, Diopside-anorthite, Nepheline-silica. Forsterite - Silica Rock association in space and time.
Concept of Rock Series.
Mineralogical characteristics and origin of the following rock types:
(I) Granite, granodiorite, diorite, rhyolite, (II) Basalt, dolerite, gabbro (III)Syenite, nepheline-syenite, trachyte, (IV) Peridotites.
Unit-III
Internal structure constitution and chemical composition of various layers of the earth.
Geochemical evolution of the earth.
Geophysical conditions of the earth: gravity, magnetism, heat flow.
Concept and theories of isostasy.
Movements of the earth’s curst: orogenic and epeirogenic phases.
Plate tectonics theory-the mechanism of plate tectonics.
Nature and types of plate margins.
Geometry and driving mechanism of plate motion.
Unit-IV
Evolution of continents and oceans.
Magnetic anomaly patterns in the ocean basins and sea-floor spreading.
Origin, significance and distribution of divergent margins, mid-oceanic ridges.
Island arcs and trenches.
Tectonics of continental rifts, continental margins, shelves, marginal basins and intracratonic basins.
Relationship of magmatism, metamorphism and metallogeny with orogeny.
Neotectonics: Active fault systems.
Indicators of recent tectonic activity.
Causes of natural and man-made geohazards and their prevention.
Books Recommended:
1. Principles of igneous and Metamorphic Petrology-Philpots 2. Magma and Magmatic Rocks-Middlemost.
3. Igneous and metamorphic petrology-Best.
4. Plate Tectonics and Crustal evaluation-Condie.
5. Aspects of Tectonics-Valdiya.
6. Global Tectonics-Kearey and Vine
Paper-VI-Structural Geology (5GLB-002)
Unit-I
Mechanical Principles: Definition of force, stress and strain, stages of rock deformation, stress-strain diagram.
Effects of geological factors on mechanical behavior of rocks-confining pressures, temperature, time, solutions, pore pressure, anisotropy and inhomogeneity.
Unit-II
Unconformities, their types and recognition in the fields and on geological maps. Geological significance of unconformities.Criteria for distinguishing faults from unconformities. Description and nomenclature of folds.
Geometric and genetic classification of folds.Recognition and interpretation of folds in field and geological maps.
Unit-III
Description and classification of faults.
Normal faults, horst and graben, rifts, strike-slip-faults.
Reverse faults, thrusts, thrusts and overthrusts. Nappe, Klippe, Window. Criteria for recognition of faults, in the field and on geological maps. Joints, their classification and significance.
Unit-IV
Planar structures, their identification and description. Type of cleavage and schistosity and their origin, relation of cleavage and schistosity to major structures. Types of lineations, their origin and their relation to major
structures.Geological criteria for determination of stratigraphic superposition, on the basis of biostratigraphy, fossil disposition, volcanogenic structures, cleavage bedding relationship and external form and internal organization of sediments.
Books Recommended:
1. Structural analysis of metamorphic Tectonics-Turner and Weiss.
2. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions-Davis 3. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-Ramsay.
4. An outline of Structural Goelogy-Rubbs, Mears and William.
5. A manual of problems in Structural Geology-Gokhle.
Paper-VII-Natural Environment (5GLB-003)
Unit-I
Definition of Environmental Geology. The interdisciplinary approach to environmental geology.
Fundamental Concept: The earth as closed system, understanding hazardous earth processes.
Concept of natural ecosystems on the earth and their mutual relations and interactions (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
and biosphere): Cycles in earth system: carbon energy cycle, biogeochemical cycle, rock cycle,geochemical cycle
Unit-II
Soil: process of soil formation, classification of soil, soil degradation and mitigation.
Landslides: slope stability, causes of land slides, prevention and mitigation.
Floods: causes, impact and mitigation. Earthquakes: causes, impact and mitigation.
Unit-III
Environmental and Geological consideration in site selection of dams, and tunnels.
Dams: foundation materials, structures causes of failure, siesmicity.
Tunnels: geology, structures, role of water table and seismicity.
Introduction to hydrogeology. Hydrologic cycle and its component.
Rock properties affecting groundwater. Vertical distribution of ground water.
Classification of aquifers. Darcy’s Law and its validity. Permeability and methods of its measurement.
Impact of mining activity on groundwater.
Unit-IV
Basics of remote sensing, EMR, platforms, sensors. Types of aerial photographs, Framing and scanning systems.
Types of satellites and images. Spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. Sensors and their characteristics on board IRS,
Landsat and SPOT satellites
EMR interaction with atmosphere and earth surface.
Elements of image interpretation (photographic and geotechnical). Basic drainage pattern and their characteristics.
Application of remote sensing in natural hazards. Examples from India.
Books Recommended:
1. Environmental Geology-Keller 2. Groundwater Hydrogeology-Todd.
3. Principles of Engg. Geology and Geotectonics-Krynine and Judd.
4. Engineering Geology-Kesavulu.
5. Remote Sensing-Principles and Interpretation-Sabins.
6. Environmental Geology-Montgomery.
7. Groundwater Assessment, Development and Management – Karanth 8. Remote Sensing and image interpretation – Lillesand and Keifer 9. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph
10. Remote Sensing of Environment by A.R. Jensen
11. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System by Anji Reddy
Practical
Semester-V(5GLB-0L1): croscopic study of major igneous rocks. Model mineralogy of some Plutonic and hypabassal rocks and their nomenclature using Streckeisen’s approach. Study of sections across continental margins, island arcs and plate tectonics
models. Study of geohazard maps and introduction to basic geophysical instruments used for understanding the dynamics of the Earth.Morphometic analysis using sample watershades. Scale determination and conversion.
Exercises related to river basin water availability, drought assessment and flood prone regions. Spatial analysis using multiple data sets. Exercise on land degradation and resource depletion. Drawing of hydrogeological cycle, depth to water table map, measurement and presentation of rainfall data-arithmetic mean, isohytal map, isocones and other methods of representation of chemical data . Preparation and interpretation of water table maps.
Identification and uses of water on the basis of quality (drinking, irrigation and industrial purpose).
(5GLB-0L2): Exercises on structural geology problems. Stereographic projections of structural data.
Geometrical problems
on folds and faults. Drawing and the interpretation of profile sections across the geological maps.
(5GLB-0L3): Geological Field Training: Field work including geological mapping of structurally complex area. The field report should be based on the mapping as well as laboratory work on the rock samples collected during the fieldwork
Semester-VI
Paper-VIII-Energy Resources and Mineral Exploration
(6GLB-001)
Unit-I
Petrology of coal. Peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal.
Gondwana and Tertiary coalfields of India. Geothermal energy provinces in India.
Source and reservoir rocks of hydrocarbons.Structural, stratigraphic and mixed oil traps. Hydrocarbon exploration techniques-geological and geophysical methods.
Onshore and off-shore distribution of petroliferous basins in India.
Unit-II
Radioactive minerals: mineralogy, geochemistry, origin and distribution of uranium and thorium deposits in India.
Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Methods of prospecting for radioactive minerals.
Radioactive well logging. Nuclear waste disposal: problems and solutions.Surface and subsurface methods of mineral exploration. Application of remote sensing techniques in mineral exploration.
Unit-III
Geophysical methods of mineral exploration-airborne versus ground surveys.
Gravity, electrical, magnetic and seismic methods.Prospecting for economic minerals. Methods of drilling, sampling, assaying and reserve estimation.
Fundamentals of geobotanical and Geochemical methods of exploration.
Unit-IV
Principles of mineral economics. Bore-hole logging and deviation testing.
Strategic, critical and essential minerals.Mineral production in India.
Changing pattern of mineral consumption. National mineral policy of India including hydrocarbon Mineral concession rules.Mineral resources of the sea and law of sea.
Books Recommended:
1. Coal Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.
2. Text Book of Coal-Chandra, Singh and Singh.
3. Petroleum formation and occurrence-Tisot and Welte.
4. Radioactivity in Geology-Principles and Application-Durrance.
5. Courses in Mining Geology-Arogyaswami.
6. Mineral Economics-Husain.
7. Mineral Economics-Chatterjee.
8. Techniques in Mineral exploration-Readman.
9. A text book of Petroleum Geology – Leverson
Paper-IX-Sedimentary Petrology and Metamorphic Petrology
(6GLB-002)
Unit-I
Significance of grain size distribution in relation to environments. Particle size of detrital rocks-grade scale in mm and phi scales.
Shape and sphericity of clastic particles.
Zingg’s and Folk’s shape classes. Chemistry of weathering processes.
Concept of sedimentary facies. Basic principles of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate analysis. Basic ideas about depositional environments and their classification.
Morphology and occurrence of bedding plane structures, internal structures, soft sediment deformational structures, biogenic structures and significance of ichno fossils.
Unit-II
Sandstone: classification and origin. Petrography and geological significance of quartz arenite, arkose and greywacke.
Conglomerates: origin and classification.
Heavy minerals and their geological significance. Diagenesis of terriginous and chemical sediments. Petrography and geological significance of diamictite and tillite.
.Shale, types, their bedding characteristics and mineralogy.
Classification and origin of carbonates with special reference of Folk’s classification. Tectonics and sedimentation. Cratonic and plateform basins and facies.
Geosyncline basins and facies. Krynine’s cycle.
Unit-III
Metamorphic processes and a detailed account of agents and their role in metamorphism. Types of metamorphism-contact, regional, cataclastic and metasomatism.
Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks and their significance.
Barrovian zones of regional metamorphism and principles of isograd mapping. Rosenbusch’s zones of thermal metamorphism
Unit-IV
Metamorphism in relation to plate tectonics. Paired metamorphic belts.
Cataclastic metamorphism and its products. Contact metamorphism of carbonate rocks. Regional metamorphism of pelitic rocks.
Metasomatism: types mass transfer and products, anatexis and granitisation.
Petrology, origin and distribution (in India) of charnockites, khondalites and granulites.
Books Recommended:
1. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn
2. Palaeo current and Basin Analysis-Potter and Pettijohn.
3. Origin of Sedimentary Rocks-Baltt, Mid delton, Murray.
4. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner.
5. Petrology of Metamorphic Rocks-Mason.
6. Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology-Philpots
Paper-X Applied Geology (6GLB-003)
Unit-I
Introduction of Urban geology, geological and hydrogeological constrains in urban planning. Foundation problem, Impact of
urbanization on landuse. Impact of urban waste disposal, liquid waste disposal their management and
control.Environmental legislation in India. Introduction to Medical geology and its future scope: geologic factors of environmental health.
Trace elements and human health, chronic diseases. Water borne diseases-cause and remedies. Food intake as sources of trace metals in humans.
Unit-II
Maps: elements, scale of map.Concept of datum and coordinate system. Map projections: Conical, cylindrical and azimuthal
projection. Basic concepts and applications of GIS in geosciences, functions of GIS, data structure, data input and analysis in GIS.Global positioning system (GPS): components, operating principle, applications and limitations.
GIS applications in geosciences.
Unit-III
Geochemical sampling: stream sediments, lake sediments, soil and water samples.Pathfinder elements in exploration.
Geobotanical survey and biogeochemistry.Geochemical analysis: precision and accuracy. Introductory
knowledge about the principle andfunctioning of flame photometer, spectrometer, AAS (single beam & double beam), XRF, XRD and ICP.
Ores and rock processing industries and their impact on human health.
Unit-IV
Formation of minerals, basic qualities (beauty, durability, rarity), classification of gem materials, weight and measures,
Physical character of gem stones: hardness, cleavage, fracture, parting, specific gravity optical characteristics.
Nature of light: electromagnetic spectrum, transparency, light reflection and refractive index and its
measurement.Colour and its causes, pleochroism, dispersion, absorption spectroscopy luminescence phenomenal effects, chatoyancy, asterism, sheen, aventurescence, play of colour, change of colour etc.
Description and identification of precious, semi-precious gem stones. Description and identification of organic gem stones. Gemstone cuts: basic and simple style of cut.
Books Recommended:
1. Environmental Geology-Montgomery.
2. Environmental Sciences-Miller.
3. Manual on environmental and Urban Geology of fast growing cities-ESCAE, United Nations Publications.
4. Techniques in Mineral Exploration-Readman.
5. Geochemical Exploration-Bjorklund.
6. Practical Gemmology-Webster.
7. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System-M.Anji Reddy.
8. Fundamentals of GIS- M. Demers
9. Datum Map Projection and Coordinate System – Survey of India (lecture notes) 10. Lecture notes on remote sensing GIS and map protection (reference Copy) 11. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System by A.M. Chandra
Practical
(6GLB-0L1) Semester-VI
Hand specimen study of different types of coals, selected radioactive minerals and their host rocks. Exercises in showing distribution of various mineral deposits, fuel resources and hydrocarbon resources on map of India.
Laboratory exercises in solving exploration related problems. Data representation & analysis of field resources.
Description and identification of rough and cut precious and semi-precious stones. Determination of R.I., specific gravity and optical properties. Grading of Gem stones. Industrial mineralogy: industrial specifications of various minerals used in the refractory and ceramic industry, glass industry, cement industry, Abrassive and fertilizer industry. Minerals used in various industries around Aligarh.
Case studies of environment related problems. Introduction to modern analytical techniques of geological, geophysical
and geobotanical survey for environmental studies. Evaluation and interpretation of geochemical data for exploration.
(6GLB-0L2)
Study of important primary sedimentary structures in hand specimens. Microscope study of sedimentary textures, mineralogy and diagenetic features in sedimentary rocks. Microscopic study textures and mineralogy of metamorphic rocks. Laboratory exercises in graphic plots for petrochemistry and interpretation of paragenetic diagrams.
(6GLB-0L3) – Project / Seminar
Course Structure
&
Syllabus
M. Sc. (Applied Geology)
For
Session 2016-2017
Department of Geology Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh
First Semester Type of
Course
Course No.
Course Title
Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours Sessional Mid
Semester
End Semester
Total L T P
Core M 1 Ore Geology and Mining Geology 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core M2 Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques
10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core M3 Structural Geology 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core M4 Geotectonics 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core M5 Hydrogeology - I 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core ML1 Lab work: Ore Geology, Mining Geology, Structural Geology, Geotectonics and Survey
Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2 Core ML2 Lab Work: Mineralogy, Instrumentation and
Analytical Techniques and Hydrogeology-I
Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2 Elective(DC) ME 1 Choose 01 course amongst the following 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
a) Coal Petrology b) Oceanography c) Glaciology
AE (DE) MAE 1 Field Geology/Industrial/ Laboratory Training- I
40 60 100 2
Total 24 Department of Geology
A.M.U., Aligarh
Programme: M.Sc. (Applied Geology), Semester System (Total Four Semesters) Session 2016-2017
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
Types of Courses: Core, Elective (Discipline Centric), Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) and Open Elective (Ability Enhancement)
Second Semester Type of
Course
Course No.
Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours
Sessional Mid Semester
End Semester
Total L T P
Core M6 Paleobiology and Indian Stratigraphy 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core M7 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core M8 Remote Sensing in Geosciences 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core M9 Geophysical Exploration 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core M10 Hydrogeology - II 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Elective (DC)
ME 2 Choose 01 course amongst the following 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
a)Geodynamic Processes and Crustal Evolution b)Global Climate Change
AE (DE) MAE 2 Lab work: Paleobiology, Indian Stratigraphy , Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Continuous evaluation -40 60 100 2 0 1 2
AE (DE) MAE 3 Lab work: Remote Sensing in Geosciences Geophysical Exploration and Hydrogeology
Continuous evaluation -40 60 100 2 0 1 2
Total 24
Third Semester Type of
Course
Course No.
Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours
Sessional Mid Semester
End Semester
Total L T P
Core M11 Fuel Geology (Coal, Petroleum and Atomic Minerals)
10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
Core M12 Engineering Geology 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core M13 Geochemistry and Radiogenic Isotopes 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core M14 Sedimentology 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core M15 Environmental Geology- I 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core ML3 Lab work: Coal, Petroleum and Atomic Minerals, Engineering Geology and Environmental Geology
Continuous evaluation -40 60 100 2 0 1 2
Core ML4 Lab work: Geochemistry and Radiogenic Isotopes, Sedimentology and Computer Applications
Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2
Elective (DC)
ME 3 Choose 01 course of the following: 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0
a) Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences - I b) Exploration Geochemistry - I
c) Sedimentary Environments and Sedimentary Basins- I
d) Micropalentology – I e) Advance Ore Geology – I f) Advance Hydrogeology – I
g) Impact of Geology on Environment – I h) Petroleum Exploration – I
i) Gemmology – I
j) Engineering Geology and Geotechnics - I k) Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-I l) Galciology - I
AE(DC) MAE 3 Field Geology/ Industrial/ Laboratory Training- I Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 4
Total 24
Fourth Semester Type of
course
Course No.
Course Title
Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours Sessional Mid
Semester
End Semester
Total L T P
Core M16 Geochemistry and Stable Isotopes 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core M17 Applied Sedimentation 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core M18 Environmental Geology- II 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0
Core ML 5 Lab work: Geochemistry, and Computer Applications
Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2
Core ML 6 Lab work: Applied Sedimentation and Environmental Geology
Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2
Core ML 7 Project Oriented Dissertation (To be allotted after second semester exam or at the beginning of third semester)
Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2
Core ML 8 Presentation and Viva – Voce on Project Oriented Dissertation
Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 4 Electi
ve (D C)
ME4 Choose 01 course of the following: 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0 a) Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences -
II b) Exploration Geochemistry - 11
c) Sedimentary Environments and Sedimentary Basins- II
d) Micropalentology – II e) Advance Ore Geology – II f) Advance Hydrogeology – II
g) Impact of Geology on Environment – II h) Petroleum Exploration – II
i) Gemology – II
j) Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-II k) Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis- II l) Galciology- II
Op en Electi
ve
OE(AE) Choose 01 course of the following:
(For non Geology PG Students of the Faculty)
10 3
0
60 100 4 4 1 0
a) Global Change b) Earth Systems
Total 24
Grand Total ( Ist+IInd+IIIrd+IVth) Semesters 96
L= Lecture period, T= Tutorial, P= Practical Period
M. Sc. (Applied Geology): Part - I Semester - I
Core Credit – 4, Period - 56
Paper M 1: Ore Geology and Mining Geology
Unit-I
Modern concepts of ore genesis.
Spatial and temporal distribution of ore deposits- a global perspective.
Comparison between Earth’s evolutionary history and evolutionary trends in ore deposits. Ore deposits and Plate Tectonics.
Mode of occurrence of ore bodies-morphology and relationship of host rocks.
Textures of ores and their genetic significance.
Ore bearing fluids, their origin and migration. Wall-rock alteration. Structural, physico-chemical and stratigraphic controls of ore localization. Petrological Ore associations with Indian examples wherever feasible:
Unit – II
Geothermometry of ore deposits. Fluid inclusion in ores: Principles, assumptions, limitations and applications.
Inversion points, exsolution textures and stable isotopes as indicators of depositional temperatures.
Geochemistry of ores- major, trace elements, REE and isotopic studies
Ores of mafic-ultramafic association- diamonds in kimberlite; REE in carbonatites; Ti-V ores; chromite and PGE; Ni ores; Cu, Pb-Zn.
Ores of silicic igneous rocks with special reference to disseminated and stock work deposits, porphyry associations.
Unit –III
Ores of sedimentary affiliation-chemical and clastic sedimentation, stratiform and stratabound ore deposits (Mn, Fe, non-ferrous ores), placers and palaeoplacers.
Ores of metamorphic affiliations-metamorphism of ores, Ores related to weathering and weathered surfaces laterite, bauxite. Contemporary ore-forming systems e.g., black smokers, mineralized crusts, Mn nodules. Mineralogy, genesis and important Indian distribution of ore minerals related to: Mn, Au, Sn, W and U.
Unit – IV
Application of rock mechanics in mining.
Planning, exploration and exploratory mining of surface and underground mineral deposits involving diamond drilling, shaft sinking, drifting, cross cutting, winzing, stoping, room and pillaring, top-slicing, sub- level caving and block caving.
Cycles of surface and underground mining operations. Exploration for placer deposits. Open pit mining.
Ocean bottom mining.
Types of drilling methods. Mining hazards: mine inundation, fire and rock burst.
Books Recommended:
1.Craig, J.M. & Vaughan, D.J., 1981: Ore Petrography and Mineralogy-John wiley 2.Evans, A.M., 1993: Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals-Blackwell
3.Sawkins, F.J., 1984: Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics-Springer Verlag 4.Stanton, R.L., 1972: Ore Petrography-McGraw Hill
5.Torling, D.H., 1981: Economic Geology and Geotectonics-blackwell Sci publ.
6.Barnes, H.L., 1979: Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits-John Wiley
7.Klemm, D.D. and Schneider, H.J., 1977: Time and Strata Bound Ore Deposits-Springer Verlag 8.Guibert, J.M. and Park, Jr. C.F., 1986: The Geology of Ore Deposits-Freeman
9.Mookherjee, A., 2000: Ore genesis-a Holistic Approach-Allied Publisher 10.Mckinstry, H.E., 1962: Mining Geology. II Ed.-Asia Publishing House 11.Clark, G.B., 1967: Elements of Mining.III Ed.-John Wiley
12.Arogyaswami R.P.N., 1996: Courses in Mining Geology.IV Ed.-Oxford IBH
Core Credit – 4, Period - 56
Paper M 2: Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques
Unit-I
Indicatrix- concept and application.
Orthoscopy- pleochroisom and absorption schemes, Interference colours, dispersion Conoscopy- interference figures (uni- and biaxial)
Determinative mineralogy – Refractive index, axiality, optic sign, and optic axial ange (2V) by microscope
Description and function of microscopic aids- compensation plates and wedges, Universal stage. Sample - Definition, field samples, sampling methods. Sample preparation for geochemical analysis. Thin Section Studies-Etching and Staining techniques particularly for feldspars, carbonates, dolomite, paragonite and quartz
Model analysis and techniques, Polished Section Studies-Reflectance (specular and diffusive) and reflactance spectrometry
Bireflactance and reflection pleochroism, Colour of opaques, Microhardness and determination
Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM & TEM) :Principle, parts, function and application. Diffraction and imaging
Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA) :Principle, parts, operation and application
Principles, instruments and geological applications of Cathodeluminescence and thermoluminescence . Unit-II
Properties associated with bond types( ionic size, radius ratio, coordination principle, coordination number)
Polymorphism, polytypism, pseudomorphism
Atomic structure, mineral chemistry, and mode of occurrence of following mineral groups (a) Nesosilicates-Garnet, Olivine, (b) Sorosilicates- Epidote
(c) Ionosilicates – Pyroxene, Amphibole (d) Phyllosilicates - Mica, Clay minerals (e) Tectosilicates-Quartz, Feldspar, Feldspathoids, Zeolites, Spinel. P.T.
stability diagrams and their significance with suitable examples Unit- III
Chemical composition, crystal structure and mode of occurrence of following groups of non-silicate minerals.
Native elements: Gold, Silver, Copper, Platinum, Iron, Sulfides- Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn sulfides.
Sulfosalts-Ag, Cu and Pb sulfosalts , Oxides-simple and multiple oxides excluding SiO2
Hydroxides- Brucite, Gibbsite, Goethite, Limonite, Psilomelane, Carbonates-Calcite, Magnesite, Rhodochrosite, Dolomite, Siderite
Mineral assemblages- Assemblages and phase rule, Assemblages and rock types
Gem and Semi-precious minerals – identification, diagnostic properties, classification, important deposits of India
Unit-IV
Powdering Methods and tools-Conventional and Modern Contaminations (precautious and measures)
Concept in analytical Chemistry-Terms & definitions, Units of measurement., Accuracy and precision.
Statistical tests of reliability. Detection limits. Contamination (analytical)
Calibration of Instruments, Elements and analytical techniques, Presentation of geochemical data X-rays: Nature, generation and spectra of X-ray , Diffraction, Bragg’s law, X
– rays and Crystal structure
X-ray Diffractrometry , X-ray diffractrometer (XRD) :Principle, parts, operation X-rays and Petrochemistry
XRF (wave length dispersive and Energy Dispersive): Principle, parts and function
Rock digestion through acid treatment, Rock digestion through fusion with alkali salts, Soil samples digestion, Water samples.
Conventional analytical methods and Instruments:
Classical, Photometric, Flame photometric and Titration (EDTA) Rapid methods and Instruments:
Determination of ferrous iron, Determination of water & CO2
Optical spectrometry- Principles, Nature of light, Absorption and emission of light
Instrumentation for optical spectrometry, Monochromaters, optical filter, slits, photon detectors etc Principles, parts, operation mechanism, advantages and limitations of the following:
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer- Single and double beam (AAS) Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) HPLC ( for water analysis)
Mass Spectrometry & Instruments: Principles and Types Theoretical working knowledge of the following instruments:
(a) ICP-Mass, (b) Thermal Ionization-Mass, (c) Gas Source-Mass Books Recommended:
1.Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J., 1996: The Rock forming Minerals-Longman 2.Klein, C. and Hurlbut, Jr. C.S., 1993: Manual of Mineralogy-John Wiley
3.Putnis, Andrew, 1992: Introduction to Mineral Sciences-Cambridge University Press
4.Spear, F.S. 1993: Mineralogical Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time paths-Mineralogical 5.Society of America Publ.
6.Phillips, Wm, R. and Griffen, D.T., 1996: Optical Mineralogy-CBS Edition
7.Hutchinson, C.S., 1974: Laboratory Handbook of Petrographic Techniques-John Wiley
Core Credit – 2, Period - 28
Paper M 3: Structural Geology
Unit-I
Mechanical principles and properties of rocks and their controlling factors. (confining pressure, temperature, time, pore fluid pressure etc). Concept of stress.
Stress analyses of deformed objects in structural geology.
Unit-II
Concept of strain. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous strain. The fundamental strain equation. Two dimensional strain analysis. Types of strain ellipses and ellipsoids, their properties and geological significance. Strain marker in naturally deformed rocks.
Unit - III
Description of componental parts of Folds. Mechanics of folding and buckling, Flexure folds; flexure flow folds. Distribution of strains in folds.
Unit - IV
Genetic and geometric classification of faults. Casues and dynamics of faulting. Strike slip faults, Normal faults, Thrust fault.
Books Recommended:
1.Badgley, R.C. 1965: Structure and Tectonics-Harper and Row 2.Ramsay, J.G. 1967: Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-McGraw Hill
3.Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D. and Williams, P.F. 1976: An Outline of Structural Geology-John wiley 4.Davis, G.R., 1984: Structural Geology of Rocks and Region-John Wiley
5.Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I. 1987: Modern structural Geology, Vol. I & II Academic Press 6.Price, N.J. and Cosgrove, J.W. 1990: Analysis of Geological Structure-Cambridge University Press 7.Bayly B., 1992: Mechanics in Structural Geology: Springer Verlag
8.Ghosh S.K., 1995: Structural Geology Fundamentals of Modern Developments-Pergamon Press 9.Moores, E. and Twiss, R.J. 1995: Tectonics-Freeman
10.Keary, P. and Vine, F.J. 1990: Global Tectonics-Balckwell
11.Storetvedt, K.N. 1997: Our Evolving Planet: Earth’s History in New Perspective-Bergen (Norway), Alma Mater Fortag
12.Valdiya, K.S., 1998: Dynamic Himalaya-Universal Press, Hyderabad
13.Summerfield, M.A., 2000: Geomorphology and Global Tectonics-Springer Verlag
Core Credit – 2, Period - 28
Paper M 4: Geotectonics
Unit-I
Historical perspective of the theory of plate tectonics: Continental drift, Sea-floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics, Impact of plate tectonics. The framework of plate tectonics: plates and plate margins,
Distribution of earthquakes, Relative and absolute plate motions, Hotspots, Polar wander.
Unit-II
Sea-floor spreading, Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic reversals, Magnetostratigraphy, Dating the sea- dloor.
Oceanic ridges: Ridge topography, structure of the upper mantle beneath ridges, Heat-flow and hydrothermal circulation, transform faults and oceanic fracture zones.
Unit-III
Continental rifts and rifted margins: Characteristics of narrow and wide rifts, Rift initiation and volcanic activity along rifts, Transition from rift to rifted margin, The Wilson Cycle. Continental transform and strike slip faults.
Unit-IV
Subduction zones: Oceanic trenches, Morphology of island arc systems, Structure deciphered from earthquakes, Volcanic and
plutonic activity, Metamorphism, Gravity anomalies of sunduction zones.
Orogenic belts:Ocean-continent convergence, Compressional sedimentary basins, Continent-continent collision, Arc-continent collision
Core Credit – 2, Period - 28
Paper M 5: Hydrogeology-I
Unit-I
Hydrologic cycle and its components
Ground water origin, types, importance, occurrence, renewable and non-renewable ground water resources .Sub surface movement and vertical distribution of groundwater
Hydrologic properties of rocks : porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific retention, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, storage coefficient and methods of their measurements Hydrographs.
Unit-II
Hydraulic properties of aquifer and aquitard and their controlling factors, transmissivity, storavity and specific yield, Well Hydraulics, Darcy’s law and its validity, confined, unconfined steady, unsteady and radial flow, Determination of permeability in the lab and field. Ground water flow equations
Unit-III
Water table contour maps, hydrostratigraphic units of India. Artificial recharge of ground water, rain water harvesting. Water balance methods, water level fluctuations : causitive factors and their measurement, Problem of over exploitation.
Ground water legislation.
Unit-IV
Surface and subsurface geophysical and geological methods of ground water exploration.
Hydrogeomorphic mapping using various remote sensing techniques.
Surface geophysical methods: resistivity, seismic, gravity and magenetic methods. Well logging for delineation of aquifers and estimation of water quality, electrical resistivity and SP, radiation logging, Gamma, Gamma Gamma, Neutron Caliper and temperature logging
Books Recommended:
1.Todd, D.K., 1980: Groundwater Hydrology-John Wiley
2.Davies, S.N. & De Wiest, R.J.M., 1966: Hydrogeology-John Wiley 3.Freeze, R.A. & Cherry, J.A., 1979: Ground Water-Prentice Hall 4.Fetter, C.W., 1990: Applied Hydrogeology-Merill Publishing 5.Raghunath, N.M., 1982: Ground Water-Wiley Eastern
6.Karanth, K.R., 1987: Groundwater Assessment-Development and Management-Tata McGraw Hall 7.Alley, W.M., 1993: Regional Ground Water Quality-VNR, New York
8.Subramaniam, V., 2000: Water-Kingston Publ. London
Core Credit – 2, Period – 36
ML 1: Lab Work (Exercise related to Ore Geology, Mining Geology, Structural Geology, Geotectonics and Survey)
(a) Megascopic study of structures and fabrics of different ores and their associations. Mineralogical and textural studies of common ore minerals under ore-microscope and petrological study of other industrial and non-metallic minerals. Exercises in the determination of relative hardness of common ore minerals. (b) Diagrammatic representation of open cast and underground mining. Methods of mining survey. Exercises on mine sampling and determination of tenor, cut-off grades and ore reserves.
(c) Preparation and interpretation of geological maps and sections. Structural problems concerning economic deposits. Recording and plotting of field data. Plotting and interpretation petrofabric data and resultant diagrams.
(d) Study of large scale tectonic features of the Earth.
(e) various methods and instruments of surveying including plane table, prismatic and theodolite and
Telescopic Aledade.
Core Credit – 2, Period - 36
ML 2: Lab Work (Exercise related to Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques, and Hydrogeology)
(a) Microscopic study of rock forming minerals using optical accessories. Exercises on thin section and polished section making, etching and staining.
(b) Exercises in sample dissolution, determination of elemental composition of minerals and rocks by flame photometer and AAS, sample preparation for powder diffraction by XRD and interpretation of X- ray diffractograms of common minerals and components of the bulk rocks.
(c) Delineation of hydrological boundaries on water-table contour maps and estimation of permeability
Analysis of hydrographs and estimation of infiltration capacity. Chemical analysis of water
Elective (Discipline Centric) ME 1 Credit – 4, Period - 56
(a): Coal Petrology
Unit I
Coal Petrology- Definition, Formation of coal, varieties of coal.
Coal rank - physico-chemical coalification, processes associated with rank change Maturation concept: physico-chemical coalification – rank change
Origin and Indian distribution of coal, stratigraphy of coal measures. Methods of coal exploration Unit II
Petrographic composition of organic matter and types, Proximate analysis, Ultimate analysis
Biochemical coalification : The maceral concept, Mceral groups and sub-groups, Vitrinite group and sub- groups, Inertinite macerals, Liptinite macerals, Telovitrinite
Detrovitrinite subgroup, Gelovitrinite subgroup, Liptinite group, Sporinite
Chemical affinities of the Liptinite macerals: cutinite , suberinite, resinite , liptodetrinite, alginite, bituminite, exsudatinite. The inertinite group: fusinite, semifusinite, inertodetrinite, macrinite, micrinite, funginite, secretinite, microlithotypes Organic petrological methods: vitrinite reflectance, optical properties of vitrinite and their influence on measurements, relationship of reflectance to other optical properties Techniques for measuring vitrinite reflectance: use of various immersion media, mean maximum reflectance, Random measurements but with polar, Random reflectance carbonization: mesophase development in natural bitumen, natural coke. little limestone coal, visean, meta-exsudatinite
Unit III
Industrial application of coal- Coal carbonization, Hydrogenation, Liquification and gasification, underground coal gasification, Coal bed Methane, coal mining methods
Unit IV
Coal hazards and mitigation measures- Environmental impact of coal mining, acid mine drainage, mine subsidence,
groundwater inundation, spontaneous combustion of coal, environmental impact of coal based power plants, disposal of coal ash, carbon sequestration.
Books recommended
1.Taylor, G.H., Teichmuller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R. and Robert, P., 1998: Organic 2. Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart
3. Chandra, D., Singh, R.M. and Singh, M.P., 2000: Textbook of Coal (Indian Context)-Tara Book Agency, Varanasi.
4. Singh, M.P., (Ed.), 1998: Coal and Organic Petrology-Hindustan Publ. Corp., New Delhi
5. Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.T.H., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller, M. and Teichmuller, R., 1982:
7.Stach’s Text Book of Coal Petrology- Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart
(b): Oceanography
Unit I
General Circulation and climate Modelling:Observed zonally symmetric circulations, meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy, angular momentum and energy budgets; zonally asymmetric features of general circulation; standing eddies; eastwest circulations in tropics:
climate variability and forcings; feedback processes, low frequency variability, MJO (Madden Julian oscillation), and sunsport cycles.
Unit II
Basic principles of general circulation modeling; gridpoint and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modeling; interannual variability of ocean fields and its relationship with monsoon, concept of ocean- atmosphere coupled models.
Unit-III
The global wind system; action of wind on ocean surface’Ekman’s theory; Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk’s theories; upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean. Inertial currents; divergences and convergences; geostrophic relationship between density, pressure and dynamic topography; relative and slope currents. Wind driven coastal currents; typical scales of motion in the ocean.
Unit IV
Characteristics of the global conveyor belt circulation and its causes. Formation of subtropical gyres;
western boundary currents; equatorial current systems; El Nino; monsoonal winds and currents over the North Indian
Ocean; Somali current; southern ocean
(c): Glaciology
Unit -I
Climatic and glacier: Snowline altitude in different mountains and continents, effect of precipitation effect of latitude, effect of solar radiation, terminal altitude of glaciers, Cirque and glacier development
Unit -II
Spatial snow, ice and glaciers: Physical and Chemical Properties of Ice, Global Hydrological Cycle and snow and ice component, Water Inventory and snow and ice on earth, snow covered areas covered on the Globe Unit- III
Glacial Geomorphology : ice scoured basins , roche mountonnees , meltwater valleys cirque, arete , horn , hanging valley, glacial trough , truncated spur , glacial drift, till, outwash , glacio-lacturine sediments , glacio- tectonic drifto , moraines, eskers, kame , valley train and outwash plain
Unit -IV
Climate change and glaciers: Snow cover evolution and glacier evolution, Causes of ice ages, Orbital parameters, Milutin
Milankovitch cycle, role of CO2 and other green house gases, weathering, mountain building etc., Impact of Climate change on
Himalayan glaciers: The records of glacier retreat and advancement in centuries with spatial distribution Readings:
Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology by Bryn Hubbard and Neil F. Glasser, willey International
The Physics of Glaciers, Fourth Edition Hardcover, 2010, Kurt M. Cuffey and W.
S. B. Paterson Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology Paperback 1993, P. McL.
D. Duff and Arthur Holmes Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Syed Iqbal Hasnain, Allied Publishers
Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Naseeuddin Ahmad and Sarwar Rais, Allied Publishers Snow and Glacier Hydrology, 2000, P. Singh, Vijay P. Sin
