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VOLUME: 10, Issue 01, Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, February 2023 9

EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF VIGNA RADIATA L. AND PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.

Soni Kumari

Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe-835205, Ranchi, India

Prof. Manoj Kumar, (Supervisor)

Professor& Head, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi

Dr. Nirmali Bordoloi, (Co-Supervisor)

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi

Abstract - Crops are negatively impacted by soil salinity during key growth phases, which in extreme circumstances results in a complete loss of productivity. Hence, it is crucial to screen for species that are tolerant to salt. In the current study, the impact of salinity on the germination and seedling growth of Vigna radiata(mung bean) and Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean) was examined in an outdoor experiment. Vigna and Phaseolus are two genera of flowering plants in the Fabaceae family of legumes with a global distribution. Using NaCl solutions, selected crop seeds were surface sterilised and subjected to four levels of salt stress: 0 (control T1), 50 (T2), 75 (T3), and 100 (T4)mM. Three replicates of each treatment were employed. For seed germination, seeds were cultivated in petri plates with filter paper wrapped around them with solution of appropriate concentration. The findings showed that germination percentage, germination rate, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, chlorophyll content etc., of Vigna and Phaseolus species decreased as salt stress levels increased. The overall findings showed that Vigna radiata was the most sensitive while Phaseolus vulgaris was the least sensitive species to salt stress in practically every parameter of growth. Basic soil physicochemical characteristics have been also analysed at the time of crop harvesting.

Keywords: Mungbean, frenchbean, salinity, germination, plant growth, soil heath.

1 INTRODUCTION

In dry and semi-arid settings, temperature and salinity are critical elements that have a considerable impact on plant productivity (Bray et al., 2000).

When plants are exposed to various abiotic challenges, ROSs (Reactive Oxygen Species) are produced as by-products, which harm the cellular components (Noctor and Foyer, 1998). To combat ROS and defend cells from oxidative damage, plants have evolved a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic detoxification processes (Sairam and Tyagi, 2004). It has been demonstrated that the transient breakdown of starch is greatly influenced by amylase expression during stress (Scheidig et al., 2002). By maintaining a specific level of inorganic phosphate, acid phosphatase activity is known to support resistance to salt and water stress (Olmos and Hellin, 1997). Numerous plants have been observed to benefit from antioxidant enzyme protection against temperature and salt stress (Almeselmani et al., 2006;

Jaleel et al., 2007).

Vigna radiate is commonly known as mungbean and species of legume family used for eating purpose of humans and feed for livestock. The mung bean plant is an annual, erect or semi-erect, reaching a height of 0.15-1.25 m (Pitman and Lauchli, 2002). It is slightly hairy with a well-developed root system. The stems are many-branched, sometimes twining at the tips (Vibhuti et al., 2015).

The leaves are alternate, trifoliolate with elliptical to ovate leaflets, 5-18 cm long x 3-15 cm broad. The flowers (4-30) are papillonaceous, pale yellow or greenish in colour. The pods are long, cylindrical, hairy and pending. They contain 7 to 20 small, ellipsoid or cube-shaped seeds. The seeds are usually green, but can also be yellow, olive, brown, purplish brown or black, mottled and/or ridged. Cultivated types are generally green or golden and can be shiny or dull depending on the presence of a texture layer (Yadav et al., 2010). Golden gram, which has yellow seeds, low seed yield and pods that shatter at maturity, is often grown for

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forage or green manure (Heikal et al.,

1981). With high level of proteins, vitamins and minerals. Mungbean (Vignaradiata L.) is a significant environmentally friendly crop that is a member of the Leguminosae family (Ketinge et al., 2011). The pantropical genus Vigna L. has numerous wild and domesticated species (Pande et al., 2016).

Vigna is by far the most significant of the pulse crops, which are annual leguminous food crops. Because of their capacity to fix nitrogen, Vigna species serve as significant sources of high- quality proteins and amino acids for humans. They also, like many other leguminous plants, are essential for crop rotation. The agricultural production of this crop is constrained by saline stress, one of the most terrible environmental variables for the most salt-sensitive legume crops, which causes yield losses of more than 70% in arid and semiarid environments (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013). Mungbean has short life span so it is very easy to conduct research on it. It is ideal for people who look for a healthy diet. Nearly 29,000 km2 or nearly 20% of our country is taken up by the coastal region. About 0.833 million hectares of the 2.85 million hectares of coastline and offshore areas in India are arable, making up over 30 percent of the nation's total cultivable land. This region uses very little agricultural land, which is significantly less than the nation's average cropping intensity (Haque, 2006). Through the testing of salt-tolerant crop mutants, the enormous territory might be successfully utilized for crop production (varieties or genotypes).Due to growth arrest and metabolic damage, salt stress has a significant negative impact on crop plants' physiology and performance, which ultimately results in plant mortality (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013). The end outcome of salt stress impacts on agricultural plants is a reduction in dry matter accumulation and grain production, which is generally followed by a dramatic shift in the ionic composition (Flowers and Flowers, 2005). Mungbean cultivation in all feasible areas of India is urgently required to increase the production. Mungbean output can be boosted in India's coastal regions because there is relatively little agricultural activity there. Crop production is

challenging in saline-prone areas due to the lack of salinity resistant cultivars. For better yield potential in India's salinized soils, a salt-tolerant mungbean genotype may be an alternative. In light of this, this research was done to examine how well different mungbean genotypes tolerate salt at the germination and seedling stages.

1.1 Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the effects of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna radiata and Phaseolus vulgaris

2. To study the morphological changes of above-mentioned plants under saline condition

3. To study the physico-chemical properties of treated soil

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter represents an updated review of available literature relating to the objectives of the study and other relevant information. In arid and semiarid locations, salinity stress is one of the most terrible environmental factors limiting mungbean yield. Arable land is continuously turning saltwater as a result of both natural and human-caused factors, which is projected to have profound worldwide effects and cause up to a 50% loss of land by 2050. (Saha et al., 2010; Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013).

Salt stress has a significant negative impact on crop plants' physiology and performance and as a result, growth is arrested and metabolic damage results in plant mortality (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2012).But the severity of the harmful consequences of salinity stress depends on the type, species, stage, concentration, and method of applying salt to the crop.

To find agronomic features or genes that can be bred into salt-sensitive legume crops, an assessment of crop plants in saline environments will undoubtedly yield acceptable material (Nair et al., 2012). According to a recent assessment by Sehrawat et al. (2013a), excessive yield loss from mungbean is also caused by the cumulative negative effects of various environmental conditions such as insects, pests, high temperatures, pod-shattering, and salt. Little progress has been made in creating salt-tolerant mungbean cultivars because of the complicated nature of

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salinity stress and a lack of methods for

introducing desired agronomic features or resistant genes (Singh et al., 2011).

Awasthi et al. (2016) studied the impact of different salt concentration i.e.,0 (control), 50 mM and 100 mMNaCl solution on species of Vigna viz. V. mungo (Urdu), V. angularis (rais), V. radiata (moong) and V. aconitifolia (moth). The findings showed that higher levels of salt stress resulted in a decrease in germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length, root length and dry seedling weight of each Vigna species. According to the overall findings, among the four species, V. aconitifolia was hypersensitive and V. mungo was hyposensitive to salinity in every growth criterion. In one experiment, Bradford et al. (1995) stated that the plants in early vegetative stage were found more resistant to salinity as compared to plants in late vegetative and reproductive stage and later demonstrated that salt stress, high temperature and salinity induced osmotic stress severely limited the plant growth, morphology and physiology. In their experiment, Kaya et al. (2008) observed that when chickpeas were cultured upon different concentrations of NaCl solution, early seedling growth happened and shoot length decreased significantly.

Rahman et al. (2001) conducted an experiment and find that the higher concentrations of NaCl showed the higher toxic effects on different parameters of germination and early seedling growth compared with the lower effluent concentrations. Munns et al., 2006 stated that salinity tolerance consists of multifaceted responses at the molecular, physiological and plant canopy levels and subsequently adaptation of physiological and biochemical processes gradually may lead to improvement of heat tolerance in plants. In a closely observed experiment, it was assumed that Raphanus sativa L.

and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. showed some variations in seedling growth in salt stress and their germination got delayed (Shadded and Zaidan, 1989). Under NaCl stress, shoot and root growth were substantially lower for Vigna radiata as compared to Phaseolus vulgaris. This phenomenon indicates the presence of significant interaction effects between salinity and cultivars (Semida and Rady, 2014), it revealed that crops were

negatively impacted by soil salinity during key growth phases, which in extreme circumstances results in a complete loss of production.

Salinity stress in two species on their photosynthetic pigments and proline were investigated in their natural environment by Adnan et al. (2015). A reduction in chlorophyll (Chl) and an increase in carotenoid content were detected in both species. Though the amount of photosynthetic pigment in Salicornia prostrata was less than that of Suaeda prostrata, the latter showed more vulnerability than the former towards saline stress. According to soil salinity, proline and chlorophyll concentrations varied greatly amongst the investigated species. Studies the impact of irrigation with salt water on seed germination and seedling growth and find that amount of seeds sprouted in the field dropped in increasing the salt concentration. Later they were found that, soil pH, EC and moisture content increased as salt concentration went up. Consequently, the number of seed germination decreased with increasing medium concentration. In the study of Egamberdieva (2009), the salinity effect and harvesting time on the production of chlorophyll a,b and carotenoid content of Dunaliella salina was studied. Laboratory-scale cultures of Dunaliella salina were carried out at 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% salinity respectively.

The highest and lowest growth was recorded at salinity level 30% and 40%

respectively. The maximum production of chlorophyll a and b was acquired at salinity 20%. Hence it was concluded Dunaliella salina produced more chlorophyll and carotenoids when under salt stress. According to salinity stress reduced the number of lateral roots, total root length, average root diameter and total root volume as well as the shoot and root dry weight. A well-developed root system can help wheat plants to be benefited by maintaining plant growth throughout early growth phases and by drawing water and micronutrients from the soil (Egamberdieva, 2009). For the production of above-ground biomass, a healthy root system is the first significant organ which essentially develops under salt stress (Iqbal et al., 2018). The reproductive stage of any crop is the most vulnerable to abiotic stresses, such as

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salinity (Ehtaiwesh and Rashed, 2020),

and it results in a significant yield penalty in essential crops (Kalhoro et al., 2016).

However, it is widely accepted that ion toxicity and osmotic stress are the main mechanisms by which salinity affects plant growth and production properties.

Due to very irrelevant research, it is still unclear what the internal pathways and molecular mechanisms are. Salt stress affects cell ion homeostasis by changing the ion balance, which results in higher Na+ concentrations and concurrently lower Ca2+ and K+ concentrations.

According to a recent study, the exclusion of Na+ from leaf blades during the reproductive stage is mediated by the class I high-affinity K+ transporter (HKT) family and this has a substantial impact on sodium ion homeostasis under salinity stress (Suzuki et al., 2016). Similarly, under salt stress, the K+/Na+ ratio and grain dry matter revealed a substantial association and controlled the rate and length of grain filling. Similar to this experiment, an isotopic research in wheat crops under various salinity regimes showed that nitrogen metabolism and stomatal limits at the anthesis stage are among the principal causes of biomass decrease (Yousfi et al., 2013). In addition to affecting ionic balance, salinity stress affects the amount of water that is available in the soil, the water content of the tissues, the efficiency with which water is used, the water potential, the rate of transpiration, the depth at which roots are rooted, the root respiration rate,

the biomass of the roots, the root hydraulic conductance, the turgidity of the cells, and the accumulation of osmolytes (Zheng et al., 2008).

Additionally, it slows down photosynthetic activity, biomass accumulation, and source-sink activity, which has a negative impact on yield response variables and speeds up the senescence of reproductive organs (Khataar et al., 2018). Similar to this, throughout the reproductive phase, changes in water potential result in decreased cell elongation, flag leaf thickness, vascular tissue thickness, mesophyll, and epidermal cell size, which affect flag leaf turgidity and leaf area, assimilate synthesis, and ultimately yield potential (Farouk, 2011).

3. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Site

The study was conducted in the crop field located at the campus of Central University of Jharkhand in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Brambe, Ranchi. The study site located at 2326.8690’N latitude, 85208.9090’E longitude and altitude varies from 500 to 700 m above mean sea level. The nature of the soil in campus is sandy loam.

Ranchi has subtropical climate, summer temperature ranges from 20C to 25C here the December and January are the coolest month. The annual rainfall is about 1430mm (56.34 inches). From June to September the rainfall is about 1100mm.

Figure 3.1 Map showing the study area

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3.2 Experimental Design

In this study Seeds of Vigna radiata and Phaseolus vulgaris commonly grown in Brambe region has been collected from the local market. Healthy and uniform seeds of all species were surface sterilized and washed with distilled water. The seeds were placed in 12 pots with NPK treated soil and about 10ml distilled water for control or the respective salt solution was poured in every pot. Seeds were shown in three replicates for each treatment.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Effect of Salinity on Seed Germination

Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1 show the effect of salinity on seed germination of mung bean. Result show that salt stress induced by0, 50, 75 and 100 MmNaCl led to a progressive gradual decrease of the percentage of germination with increasing the salt concentration as compared with the control. Maximum germination percentage (42.7%) was recorded in the T1 at 96 hours while the lowest germination (3.33%) was recorded in T2 at 48 hours. No any seed germination has been observed in treatment 3 and 4. The key factor inhibiting germination was the osmotic impact brought on by salt (Mohammed, 2007). One of the most significant elements affecting plant growth, delayed seed germination, and final germination percentage is salinity (Mohammed, 2007). It is clear that exposure to high concentrations of NaCl had a significant impact on germination since the ultimate germination percentage of the seeds treated with high salt concentration was significantly lower than that of the control seeds.

Table 4.1 Seed germination percentage of French Bean seeds. (± SD)

Figure 4.1 Seed germination percentage of French Bean seeds during different hour in salinity level.

4.2 Effect of salinity on plant growth Plant heights during different growth stage at different pots are shown in Table 4.2. Result shows that maximum plant growth at 50 days has been observed in T1 (33.36cm) while minimum plant growth has been found in T4 (17.63cm).

Similarly, maximum plant stem diameter at 50 days has been observed in T4 (26.76mm) while minimum plant growth has been found in T1 (2.49mm) as shown in table 2.Due to salinity stress the plant growth has slowed down because the root is unable to absorb the sufficient water and the plant does not get the nutrients it needs.

Table 4.2 Average plant height during different growth stages of French bean

under salt stress. (± SD)

Figure 4.2 Plant height during different growth stages of French bean.

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Figure 4.3 Plant height of French bean

during different growth stage as different salinity stress.

Stem diameter during different growth stage at different pots are shown in Table 3.Stem diameter observed that of 4 different concentrations of NaCl. The diameter of plant attained maximum in 50 days. Due to the salinity stress the growth level down. Salinity caused reduction in diameter. Maximum diameter at 50 days after showing was observed in T4 (26.76) and minimum was inT1 (2.17).

Table 4.3 Plant stem diameter of French bean during different growth

stage as different salinity stress.

Figure 4.4 Stem diameter of French bean during different growth stage 4.3 Effect of salinity on Chlorophyll content

Chlorophyll content is viewed as a measure of biomass productivity, growth, and photosynthetic activity (Ninavae et al., 2001).Salinity caused reduction in chlorophyll which in turn resulted in

pronounced chloros is and necrosis in leaves. Decrease in photosynthetic pigments reduced the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants. Reduction in chlorophyll contents was higher in treatment 4. (Table 4.4).chlorophyll content, which may explain why it is more resilient to salt stress. Salinity stress on French bean induced problems in photosynthetic activities due to the build- up of harmful ions, which also decreased the water and osmotic potential (Khan et al., 2010).Chlorophyll content loss led to chlorosis in the leaves, which later progressed to necrosis. Senescence and plant death were finally brought about by these negative impacts. The outcomes are consistent with past discoveries about French bean (Sehrawat et al., 2013).

Table 4.4 Chlorophyll content of French bean crop. (± SD)

4.4 Effect of Salinity on Leaf Area Index

In 50 days, maximum leaf area index was found in T4 (36) and minimum was found in T1 (24.66) as shown in Table 4.5.

Young leaves experience salinity stress, which inhibits cell growth and reduces leaf area. As a result, decreased leaf initiation, lower leaf development rate, and decreased leaf size are blamed for the decrease in leaf area brought on by water stress. Crop water loss is decreased under salinity stress by reducing overall leaf area.

Table 4.5 Leaf area of French bean crop (± SD)

4.5 Effect of salinity on number of pods In 50 days, maximum number of pods was found in T1 (6.33) and minimum was found in T2 (4.66) as shown in Table 4.6.

No any pods were found in T4.

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Table 4.6 Number of pods developed in

french bean crop.

Figure 4.5 Number of pods after harvesting on French bean.

3.6 Effect of Salinity on Physicochemical Properties of Soil

Table 4.7 Physicochemical properties of soil at the time of harvesting of French bean and Mung Bean (± SD)

Table 4.7 shows over all soil physiochemical characters after harvesting of French bean and Mung bean. The soil pH was 7.63 (French bean) and 7.23 (Mung bean). The pH was slightly alkaline in case of both crops having bulk density of 1.83 g/cm3. Bulkdensity is of great importance to understand the physical conditions of soil and also used as an indicator of soil compaction or health and also closely related with porosity and water holding capacity of soil. In the present study electrical conductivity was 55.26µs/cm (French bean) and 34.73µs/cm (Mung bean). Water holding and Porosity capacity of French bean soil was 0.38%

and 70.77%, respectively. Similarly, Water holding and Porosity capacity of Mung bean soil was 0.40% and 75.28%, respectively. Organic carbon of French

bean and Mung bean soil was 1% and 1.24%, respectively.

5 CONCLUSIONS

At the germination and seedling growth stages, Vigna species and Phaseolus species were treated against salt stress and after effects were observed and essential details regarding their capacity for toleration were noted down. Salinity endeavours considerable influence on each branch of growth parameters.

Results of the present study could be useful in identifying the nature of the plant against various salt stress levels and that might be economically abused by a number of competent organisations.

According to observations; it is much more effective to test both mungbean and French bean germplasm for salt tolerance in the spring. The genetically varied accessions resistant to salt stress may aid in understanding the mechanism underlying salt tolerance. The salinity breeding programme can employ the resistant accessions as genetic resources to increase the genetic diversity of mungbean and other related crops. In another revelation, it was confirmed that despite being grown in the same environment mungbean didn’t withstand temperature and suffered wilting, but French bean not only resist it but also showed significant growth. The difference in responses of enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms to temperature and salt stress propose that mungbean and French bean can be beneficial to their cultivators only when the sprouting embryos of the above- mentioned plants resume active growth in any season, not only in the spring.

Response of French bean to abiotic stressors is far more efficient than mung bean.

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References

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