P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology 2019-2020

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Course structure

&

Outcome Based Syllabus

P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology 2019-2020

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH

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Programme Objectives (POs): P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology Some major programme outcomes of P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology are:

1. To impart knowledge of Hydrogeological Sciences.

2. To apply the knowledge of geology, physical sciences, mathematics, statistics and allied disciplines in understanding hydrogeology.

3. To develop understanding of Groundwater, Environment with emphasis on sustainable development.

Programme Specific Objectives (PSOs): P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology Some major programme specific outcomes of P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology are:

1. To develop hydrogeological concepts of aquifer system, groundwater exploration, well hydraulics, groundwater modeling etc.

2. To impart knowledge of geochemical characteristics of groundwater and its inter-relation with meteorology.

3. To develop understanding of applications of various softwares including GIS in hydrogeology.

4. To carry out Hydrgoeological field training projects to enhance various skills among students like working as team, communication and project management etc.

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Programme PG Diploma in Hydrogeology Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

Semester I

Semester II

S.N0 Course Type

Course Title Course

Code Marks Distribution Credit

Total Sessional End

Semester Total

9 Core Groundwater Modeling DHG2251 30 70 100 4

10 Core Computer Applications DHG2252 30 70 100 4

11 Core Geochemical Survey and Water

Quality DHG2253 30 70 100 4

12 Core Groundwater Exploration DHG2254 30 70 100 4

13 Lab II

Lab work for Groundwater Modeling, Computer

Applications and Geochemical Survey &Water Quality

DHG2P1 15 35 50 2

14 Lab III

Lab work for Groundwater Exploration and Ex. On Well Hydraulics

DHG2P2 15 35 50 2

15 Field Work

Field Training:

a) Report b) Viva voce

DHG2W1 30 70 100 4

Total 180 420 600 24

S. No. Course

Type Course Title Course

Code

Marks Distribution Credits Sessional End

Semester Total 1 Elective Mathematics and Statistics (for

Geology Students) DHG1151 30 70 100 4

2 Elective General Geology (for

EngineeringStudents) DHG1152 30 70 100 4

3 Core Hydrology DHG1153 30 70 100 4

4 Core Hydrometeorology DHG1154 15 35 50 2

5 Core Groundwater Geology and

Environmental Impact DHG1155 30 70 100 4

6 Core Hydrochemistry DHG1156 30 70 100 4

7 Core Well Hydraulics DHG1157 30 70 100 4

8 Lab I

Lab work for Hydrology, Hydrometeorology and Groundwater Geology and Environmental Impact

DHG1P1 15 35 50 2

Total 180 420 600 24

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P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology Semester: I

Course code: DHG151 Course title: Mathematics and Statistics

Credits: 4 Course No: DHG1(a)

Course objective

1. To impart knowledge about the basic and advanced elements of real analysis, differential equations, matrix theory, statistics, and geostatistical data analysis.

Course outcome

Upon successful completion of course the students would be able to

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts of mathematics and statistics.

2. Apply the mathematical and statistical techniques in geological applications.

3. Understand the spatial data and spatial models.

Unit I:

Functions: Limits and Continuity of functions.

Derivative of a function and its geometrical meaning: Differentiation from the first principle (simple cases.)

Formulae for finding derivatives: Sum, Product and Quotient of functions.

Applications of derivatives (motion in st. line and motion under gravity).

Integration of elementary functions: Integration by substitution and by parts.

Some properties of definite integral.

Evaluation of definite integrals.

Unit II:

Differential equations: order and degree of d.e . Formation of differential equations (simple cases) by eliminating arbitrary constants. Solution of differential equations (simple cases).

Matrices: Types of matrices: Algebra of matrices.

Properties of determinants. Ad joint and inverse of a matrix. Solution of simultaneous equations using determinants (Cramer’s Rule).

Unit III:

Definition of statistics, Measures of location (or central tendency) and dispersion. Measures of skewness and kurtosis, Correlation coefficient, Equations of simple linear regression.

Axiomatic definition of probability, sample space and events, conditional probability, Independence of events, Addition and multiplication

theorems of probability, Bayes’s theorems.

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Unit IV:

Definition of random variable, Discrete and continuous random variables, Probability mass function, Probability density function, Cumulative distribution function, some standard probability distributions (Binominal, Poisson and Normal distributions).

Spatial data and spatial models, Introduction of Geostatistics, Examples of Geostatistical data, Variogram, Nugget Effect, Anisotropy.

Books Recommended:

1. Mathematics : A text book for class XII (part-I & II )-National Council of Educational Research and Training.

2. Introductory to Probability Models – Sheldon M. Ross

3.Fundamental of Mathematical Statistics-Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V.K. (Sultan Chand

& sons).

4. Mathematics : A text book for class XII (part-I & II )- National Council of Educational Research and Training.

5. Crenie, N.A.C. (1993) : Statistics for spatial Data-John Wilay & Sons, New York.

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Course code: DHG152 Course title: General Geology

Credits: 4 Course No: DHG1(b)

1. To impart knowledge of geology to civil engineering students.

Course outcome

1. Understand origin, structure and composition of earth; understand rock and rock forming minerals.

2. Understand the nature, importance and classification of rocks

3. Understand various structures such as fold, fault, unconformities and their classification.

4. Understand major erosional and depositional features caused by running water and wind; understand soil, its profile and classification.

Unit I:

Nature and Scope of Geology: Origin, internal structure and composition of the earth.

Continental oceanic crust and their composition. Tectonic forces: orogeny and epirogeny.

Brief idea about structural units of the earth, viz. shield, cratons, mid oceanic ridge and island arcs. Mineral & Rocks: Common rock forming minerals. Properties of minerals: Colour, streak, lusture, specific gravity cleavage, parting, fracture, hardness with special reference to Moh’s scale.

Unit II:

The nature and importance of rocks, their three classes of mode of formation. Classification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Forms and structure of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks. Important primary sedimentary structures. Structures of metamorphic rock-slaty schistose, granulose, cataclastic, and mylonitic.

Unit III:

Description and nomenclature of folds, Geometric classification of folds.

Unconformities, and their types. Description of faults, classification of faults, Joints and their classification.

Unit IV:

Weathering-types, soil formation. Mass movement-rapid & slow movements. Broad idea bout major erosional & depositional landforms created by running water and wind.

Introduction to soils, soils structure, soil color, soil texture, soil profile, soil classification, Engineering properties of soils.

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1. Physical Geology-S. Judson, M.E. Kauffman and L.D. Leet.

2. Physical Geology-Arthur Holmes

3. Rutley’s Elements of Mineralogy-H.H. Read.

4. Structural Geology-M.P. Billings.

5. A Text Book of Geology-Mukherjee P.K.

6. Environmental Geology by Edward A. Keller

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Course code: DHG153 Course title: Hydrology

Credits: 4 Course No: DHG2

1. To impart knowledge of various components of hydrologic cycle, their measurements and techniques used in the interpretation.

Course outcome

1. Understand precipitation, forms characteristics and method of measurements and presentation.

2. Understand evaporation and evapotranspiration factors affecting and method of their measurement.

3. Understand infiltration and infiltration capacity and method of its measurements.

Understand runoff estimation of annual flood routing and flood control measures.

4. Understand hydrograph analysis and stream flow measurement techniques.

Unit I:

Introduction: Definition and scope of Hydrology, Practical Applications.

Precipitation: Introduction, forms of precipitation, characteristics of precipitation in India, measurement of precipitation, presentation of rainfall data .

Computation of mean precipitation over an area by Arithmetic mean method, Thiessen polygon method and Isohyetal method.

Unit II:

Evaporation: Evaporation process, factors affecting evaporation, empirical equations and analytical methods of evaporation estimation.

Evapotranspiration: Transpiration, evapotranspiration, measurement of evapotranspiration, Evapotranspiration equations .

Unit III:

Infiltration: Infiltration process, factors affecting infiltration, infiltration capacity, measurement of infiltration, infiltration equations, infiltration indices.

Runoff: Introduction, components of runoff, factors affecting runoff, methods of estimating, annual runoff volume, flow duration curve, flow mass curve.

Flood Routing: Introduction, channel routing, Muskingum method, selection of routing time interval, determination of Muskingum storage constants, Reservoir routing, flood control measures.

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Unit IV:

Hydrograph Analysis: Introduction components of a hydrograph, base flow separation, effective rainfall,

Unit hydrograph theory, assumption and limitation of unit hydrograph, Applications of unit hydrograph,

Derivation of unit hydrograph.

Stream Flow Measurement: Introduction, measurement of stage, measurement of velocity;

area-velocity method,

Stream flow measurement techniques: dilution technique, electromagnetic method, ultrasonic methods, stage discharge relationship.

1. Engineering Hydrology-K. Subramanya

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Course code: DHG154 Course title: Hydrometereology

1. To impart knowledge about hydrometeorological elements, their classification and relevant governing laws.

2. To impart knowledge of instruments used for recording heat, humidity, precipitation, evaporation, sunshine duration, etc.

Course outcome

1. Understand atmosphere and its structure, mass and composition, understand heat and temperature changes.

2. Understand condensation, cloud and precipitation.

3. Understand formation of fronts and related weather phenomenon

4. Understand weather charts and symbols, understand weather related equipment.

Unit I:

Hydrometereology, Hydrometereological elements.

Atmosphere, Composition of the atmosphere, vertical structure of atmosphere, mass of theatmosphere.

Heat and temperature changes, the heat budget, radiation process, conduction process and diurnal variations of temperature. Latitudinal heat balance.

The nature and the laws of electromagnetic radiation, solar radiation, insolation at the earth surface.

Unit II:

Condensation adiabatic rate of cooling condensation nuclei precipitation growth of cloud droplets,

Precipitation processes, coalescence processes, ice crystal processes.

Clouds and precipitation: classification and various forms of clouds.

Airmass nature and classification of airmass.

Unit III:

Fronts, their general characteristics, types of fronts.

The Wave theory of cyclones, development of cyclones.

Anticyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes,

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Unit IV:

Weather Symbol and weather charts, weather analysis and forecasting.

Role of satellites in weather forecasting.

weather, instruments used for Metereological observation.

Instrument and observations: Thermometer, humidity instrument, wind observations, upper air observation.

Evaporation measurement; measurements and apparatus, rain gauges, sunshine recorder, pan evaporimeter.

1. Engineering Hydrology-K. Subramanya 2.Physical Geography-Savindra Singh

3. Physical & Human Geography-Goching Li org.

4. Climatology D.S. Lal.

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Course code:DHG155 Course title: Groundwater Geology and Environmental Impact

1. To impart knowledge about relation of groundwater occurrence with the different geological environment and relevant governing principles.

2. To impart knowledge of the use of geology and hydrogeology in the construction of various civil engineering structures and their environmental implications.

Course outcome

1. Understand occurrence of groundwater in varied geological formation, coastal and desert area.

2. Understand aquifer properties and groundwater flow equations.

3. Understand groundwater and surface water interaction, groundwater levels and environmental influences on it.

4. Understand the saline water intrusion in costal aquifers and remedial measures, understand methods for selection of sites for Dams, Tunnels, highways and airports construction.

Unit I:

History of groundwater resources development in India. Geology of Groundwater –occurrence:

Unconsolidated aquifers, Lithified sedimentary rocks, Igneous and Metamorphic rocks, Groundwater in permafrost region, Groundwater in desert area, coastal Plain aquifers, Aquifers characteristics: Homogeneity and Isotropy. Types of aquifers, perched, unconfined, semi-confined and confined aquifers.

Unit II:

Storage co-efficient of aquifer, specific retention, Specific yield, method of determination oflinear velocity. Principal of groundwater flow: Properties of water in relation to flow, Head distribution, Hydraulic Head. Equation of ground water flow, confined, unconfined aquifers, solution of flow equation. Gradient of Hydraulic Head in aquifer.

Unit III:

Groundwater/surface- water interaction: Stream flow and groundwater levels. Bank storage, base flow. Channel Orientation and Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange. Field Methods to Determine Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange. Groundwater levels and environmental

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influences. Time variation levels, seasonal variation, short term variation. Water level fluctuation due to evapotranspiration. Evaporation effect on groundwater levels, transpiration effect, Fluctuation due to metereological phenomena, fluctuation due to tides.

Unit IV:

Occurrence of saline water intrusion, relation to fresh water, shape of fresh and salt water interface upcoming of saline water. Environmental impact assessment: Methods of site selection, site evaluation for Engineering purposes. Dams, Tunnels, Highways, Airports, large building. Ground water and foundation problems of bridges. Environmental impact of water impoundment, Dams and Environment, Hazards in snowy mountains, Groundwater contamination.

1. Applied Hydrogeology-C.W. Fetter

2. Ground Water Hydrology-Second Edition-D.K. Todd 3. Groundwater, Freeze & Cherry

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Course code:DHG156 Course title: Hydrochemistry

Course Objective:

1. To impart knowledge of chemical nature of water.

2. Evolution of dissolve solute in groundwater through chemical processes.

3. To determine the chemical characteristics of groundwater through analysis.

Course Outcome:

1. Understand the chemical nature of the water molecule and its interaction in natural environment.

2. Understand the impact of different chemical processes on groundwater chemistry.

3. Understand the nature of colloidal state in groundwater and the mechanism of groundwater pollution.

4. Determine the chemical characteristics of water and groundwater quality criteria for particular industry. Students will also learn the techniques to remove specific pollutant from water.

Unit I:

Water and aqueous solutions. Internal structure of the water molecule, structure of liquid water, isotopic composition of water. Types of chemical reactions in water. Law of Mass Action.

Common-Ion effect. Chemical Activities. Ionization constant of water and weak acids.

Carbonate equilibrium. Thermodynamic relationships. Ion exchange Unit II:

Acidity and Alkalinity of solutions-Hydrogen ion concentration, Active and total acidity, Acid base Indicators, Buffer solutions properties of Buffer solutions, determining pH of solution, The phase rule. Oxidation-Reduction processes, Oxidation-reduction reactions, Oxidation-reduction potential. Determination of oxidation-reduction conditions of fresh water in open bodies.

Unit III:

The colloidal state-classification, preparation, properties, structure causes of solubility, Electrokinetic phenomena of a Colloidal system. Destruction of a disperse system, surface phenomena suspensions, emulsions. Mass transport of solutes: Diffusion, advection, mechanical dispersion, hydrodynamic dispersion and retardation. Characteristics of natural waters. Water pollutants. Biological contamination of water, oil pollution of water.

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Unit IV:

Characteristics of Municipal and Industrial sewage. Sanitary chemical analysis of sewage. Water quality requirements for specific uses: Domestic and Municipal water supply, Industrial water supply. Groundwater restoration: Risk-based corrective action, source control measures, plume treatment, natural and enhanced bioremediation.

1. Chemistry of Water & Microbiology (Mir Publication)-N.F. Voznaya.

2. Ground Water Assessment Development & Management-Karanth. K.R.

3. Applied Hydrogeology-C.W. Fetter P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology

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Course code:DHG157 Course title: Well Hydraulics

1. To impart knowledge about the laws and principles related to the occurrence and movement of groundwater

2. To impart knowledge to apply well hydraulics equations in analysis of pumping test data and determination of aquifer boundaries.

Course outcome

1. Understand well hydraulics concept and scope, understand flow equation in steady and non-steady conditions in various aquifers.

2. Understand application of various equations for evaluation of pumping test data.

3. Understand pumping test method including step drawdown and aquifer performance test, method of determination of aquifer boundaries.

4. Understand methods of water balance and management potential of aquifers.

Unit I:

Well Hydraulics: Basic concept, purpose and scope, groundwater flow equation, Steady unidirectional flow in unconfined aquifer, steady unidirectional flow in confined aquifer. Steady radial flow to wells: confined aquifer, unconfined aquifer. Well in uniform flow, unsteady radial flow in confined aquifer unconfined and leaky aquifer, Flow-net concept and flow net analysis.

Unit II:

Evaluation of aquifer parameters using Theis-Non-equilibrium well equation, using type curve and data curve, Jacob’s straight line method, Waltons method, Boulton’s method, water level recovery data analysis (Theis recovery method) distance draw down method.

Unit III:

Pumping tests-methods data analysis and interpretation for hydrogeologic boundaries. Step Draw down Test (SDT) Aquifer Performance Test (APT) Problems of Pumping Test Analysis. Image well theory, recharge boundary condition, barrier boundary. Determination of aquifer boundary, multiple well system, partially penetrating wells, well interference and well spacing.

Unit IV:

Introduction to Groundwater Development and Management. Dynamic equilibrium in natural aquifers. Groundwater balance and methods of estimation. Management potential of aquifers.

Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, Groundwater Development in urban areas and rain water harvesting, Artificial recharge methods. Groundwater Legislation.

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1. DrissColl -Ground Water & Well

2. Karanth.K.R -Ground Water Assessment Development & Management 3. C. W. Fetter- Applied Hydrogeology (Fourth Edition)

4. D.K.Todd- Groundwater Hydrology

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Course code:DH1P1 Course title: Hydrology, Hydrometeorology, Groundwater Geology & Environment Impact

Credits: 2 Course No: DHGL1

Exercise related to Precipitation and Infiltration and Surface Hydrograph.

Exercise on Darcy’s Law, Permeameter, Grain size analysis

Preparation of Hydrogeological maps: Depth to water table, water table contours, Three-point problem, water table fluctuation maps, Hydrogeological cross sections,

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P.G. Diploma in Hydrogeology Semester: 2

Course code:DHG251 Course title: Groundwater Modeling

1. To impart knowledge on groundwater modeling.

Course outcome

1. Understand types of models and their principle application and limitations.

2. Understand governing equations in terms of aquifer versus flow system view point, understand Numerical Modeling, Finite difference and Finite element methods.

3. Understand model calibration technique, sensitive analysis and predictions.

4. Understand groundwater contamination modeling, principle and concept, understand use of modeling packages.

Unit I:

Groundwater Modeling: Types of models-physical scale model, Analog models-their principles, characteristics applications and limitations. R-C Analog model-Advantages and limitations. Mathematical models-Analytical and Numerical approaches, Stochastic models.

Unit II:

Governing Equations: Aquifer versus flow system view points, Derivation of the Governing Equations. Numerical model-Finite difference Models: Finite Difference grids, Finite Difference Notations, Boundary Conditions, Method of Solution for Steady State Case for Square grid spacing, Methods of Solution for the transient State Case. Finite elements

Models. Conceptualizations including defining the aquifer system and its boundaries.

Discretization and data requirement . Unit III:

Groundwater modeling; Calibration technique, statistical approach for error criteria.

Calibration of flow model in steady state, calibration of flow model in transient-state, calibration of transport model. Sensitivity analysis and model refinement, prediction for different scenarios using calibrated model. Uncertainties in model prediction.

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Unit IV:

Groundwater contamination. Mass Transport equation, advection, dispersion. Groundwater Contamination modeling: Introduction, Principles and concepts. Classification of groundwater, contamination models. Guidelines for groundwater contamination models.

Limitations and source of error in groundwater contamination models. Modeling as a tool for groundwater management. Use of various modeling packages-MODFLOW.

1. C.W. Fetter - Applied Hydrogeology

2. M. Thangarajan - Regional Groundwater Modeling

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Course code: DHG252 Course title: Computer Application

1. To impart basic knowledge of computer application to students.

2. To impart basic knowledge on applications of software and GIS in hydrogeology Course outcome

Upon successful completion of course the students would be able to 1. Understand Microsoft office, Word excel and Power point.

2. Understand data processing cycle and operations and data base management.

3. Understand C Algorithm and its characteristics.

4. Understand application of various software including GIS in hydrogeology.

Unit I:

Introduction to MS-Office: MS-Word: Features, Creating, Saving and Opening Documents in Word, Toolbars and Menus, Borders and Shading, Watermarks, Working with Tables, Find&

Replace, Using Thesaurus, Inserting Objects, Converting a Word document into various Formats. MS-Power Point: Features, Toolbars and Menus, Creating a Presentation Using a Template. Enhancing Text Presentation. Working with Color and Line Style. Adding Movie and Sound. Adding Headers and Footers. Printing Slides And Handouts. Creating A Slide Show with Animations. Transition and Slide Timings. MS- Excel: Spreadsheets and Worksheets basics, Creating Worksheet, Entering Data into worksheet: Toolbars and Menus. Working with Formulae & Cell Referencing, Worksheet with Ranges, Formatting of Worksheet, Previewing &

Printing Worksheet, Graphs and Charts.

Unit II:

Introduction to Data Processing: data and information; Data Processing, Data Processing Cycle & Data Processing Operations. Introduction to Database Management System (DBMS): Introduction to database, Database Management System (DBMS), Components of DBMS, Advantages & Disadvantages of using database & DBMS, Data Storage hierarchy:

Characters, fields, records, files; Primary key, Secondary key, Foreign key. MS- Access:

Database Basic concepts: Simple Database Creation using 2 or 3 Tables, and Very simple Queries.

Unit III:

Introduction to C Algorithm and its Characteristics, Flowchart, Overview of C, Structure of C programme, Constants, Variables, Keywords, Identifiers, Data Types, Operators: Arithmetic operators,relational operators and logical operators, Expressions, Input/Output Statements, Library Functions, Decision making and branching: If – Else statement,switch statement,goto

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statement and label, continue and break statement. Looping: For loop, While loop, Do-while loop. Arrays and functions.

Unit IV:

Geographic Information Systems: Basics, GIS Data Models (Raster vs Vector), GIS Analysis Functions and Operations (data capture, query, overlay& map algebra, neighborhood, &surface operations, spatial statistics, image processing). Geodatabases: Overview, Types, Geodatabase Data Models: Arc Hydro Data Model, CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System. Role of GIS in hydrologic modeling: Model Data Development, Model Integration, Digital Terrain Modeling.

Hydrologic Data Availability: Topographic maps & digital elevation models, geological and soil maps, soil moisture, vector hydrographic data, landuse landcover, climate & river runoff, water quality, well inventory and litho-logs, administrative boundaries etc. GIS Software: Availability of various proprietary and open source GIS software. Hydrologic Modeling Tools: Proprietary and open source tools and software available for surface water and groundwater modeling.

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Course code: DHG253 Course title: Geochemical Survey and Water Quality

1. To impart knowledge of groundwater quality monitoring and survey

2. Groundwater quality degradation, potential sources and purification techniques.

Course Outcome

1. Planning, monitoring and establishing the groundwater hydrochemistry.

2. Mechanism of groundwater pollution from potential contaminant sources.

3. Groundwater quality and human health risk.

4. Techniques commonly use in water purification and removal of specific elements from water.

Unit I:

Groundwater quality monitoring: Planning groundwater monitoring program. Installing groundwater monitoring wells. Withdrawing water samples from monitoring wells. Chemical analysis of natural water. Major ion chemistry. Interpretation of physical and chemical data of water; Methods of illustration pictorial stiff diagram, horizontal and vertical scale diagram.

Plotting of piper diagram, Willcox, Gibbs and Durov plots. Outline of global hydrochemical software wateq, PHREEQ, AQUACHEM, MINTEQAZ.

Unit II:

Vadose-zone monitoring. Mass transport of solutes: Introduction. Diffusion, Advection, Mechanical dispersion, Hydrodynamic dispersion, Retardation, Degradation of organic compounds. Groundwater contamination; septic tanks and pools, landfills, chemical spills and leaking underground tanks, mining and other source of contamination.

Unit III:

Water Quality Deterioration: Natural Pollutants-Man-made Pollutants, Municipal wastes Industrial wastes, Agricultural wastes. Pollution in relation to water use. Various water borne diseases. Water quality standards. Microbiology of drinking water. Ecological classification of waters. Biological factors of water self purification.

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Unit IV:

Main process in water purification-Removal of suspended particles coagulation, disinfection of water. Reverse Osmosis process of water purification. Corrosion of metals, Action of sea water on concrete. Removal of gas, smack and odour from water. Softening and desalting of water.

Removal of Fe, Mn, silica, fluorine and other metals from water. Purification of water from radio-active substances. Magnetic treatment of water.

1. Chemistry of Water & Microbiology (Mir Publication)-N.F. Voznaya.

2. Ground Water Assessment Development & Management-Karanth. K.R

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Course code: DHG254 Course title: Groundwater Exploration

1. To impart knowledge on groundwater exploration techniques.

Course outcome

1. Understand concept and types of remote sensing and GIS and its application on groundwater exploration.

2. Understand concept, scope and types of surface geophysical methods on groundwater exploration.

3. Understand sub-surface geophysical logging types for delineation of aquifer and its water quality.

4. Understand water wells drilling methods and various drill site operations.

Unit I:

Remote Sensing: Types, Elements and Stages. Spectral Signatures. Indian Remote Sensing Programme. LANDSAT and SPOT series. Elements of image interpretation. Digital Image Processing Techniques. GIS: Basic concepts, principle and applications. Remote Sensing and GIS application in watershed management. Examples & Case studies. Application of Remote sensing techniques in groundwater exploration. Case Studies and examples from India.

Remote Sensing and GIS applications in site selection of water harvesting structures. Case studies and examples from India

Unit II:

Basic concepts and scope of geophysical exploration for groundwater. Surface geophysical method: Electrical resistivity method-The Schulumberger array, the Wenner array, seismic refraction method, Gravity method and magmatic methods.

Unit III:

Sub-surface: Geophysical well logging for delineation of aquifer and estimation of water quality bore hole geophysical logs, their principles and application. Electrical Logging;

Resistivity and spontaneous potential logging, Radiation logging; Natural Gamma logging, Gamma-Gamma logging, neutron logging, Calliper logging, Temperature logging, Fluid conductivity logging, Comparison of litho-logs in the light of bore hole geophysical data and correlation. Application of well logging in groundwater exploration.

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Unit IV:

Types of Water Well Drilling Methods: Cable tool, direct rotary, reverse rotary, Water well construction in hard rock and unconsolidated rock formations. Drilling fluid and its function.

Drill site operation: Preparation of drill time loggs and lithologs. Design of tube-well assembly criteria, housing, reducer, blind pipe, well screen and slot sizes, reaming of pilot hole. Size analysis of aquifer material and gravel, gravel packing, benefits of gravel packing.

Well development methods, Yield test air lift, eductor test, various specific capacity and its determination.

1. Photogrammetry-S.N. Pandey.

2. Sabbins, F.F- Remote Sensing-Principles and Applications 4.Pandey, S.N- Princdiples and Applications of Photogeology 5. Fundamentals of GIS – M. Demers

6. Remote Sensing of Environment by A.R. Jensen 7. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph 8. Driss Coll -Ground Water & Well

9. Karanth.K.R - Ground Water Assessment Development & Management

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Course code:DH2P1 Course title: Groundwater modeling, Computer Application, Geochemical Survey and water quality

Exercise related to Computer Application

Exercise related to Hydrochemistry and Groundwater Quality Exercise related to Groundwater Modeling

Course code:DH2P12 Course title: Course for Groundwater Exploration and Well Hydraulics

Pumping Test Data Analysis: Step Drawdown Test, Constant Discharge Test and Recovery Test Analysis. Flow net Analysis.

Exercise related to Groundwater Development and Management, Groundwater Resource Estimation

Remote Sensing: Identification of geomorphological landforms on stereo-pair, Land-use/Land cover mapping using aerial photograph and satellite images

Exercise on surface geophysical methods