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ON A GENERALIZATION OF A COMPLEMENTARY TRIANGLE INEQUALITY IN HILBERT SPACES AND BANACH SPACES1

Debmalya Sain

Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru560 012,Karnataka India

e-mail: saindebmalya@gmail.com

(Received16August2019;after final revision18November2019;

accepted6December2019)

We study a possible generalization of a complementary triangle inequality in Hilbert spaces and Banach spaces. Our results in the present article improve and generalize some of the earlier results in this context. We also present an operator norm inequality in the setting of Banach spaces, as an application of the present study.

Key words: Triangle inequality; convexity; normed spaces; inner product spaces.

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 46B20, 47A30.

1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of the present article is to generalize some classical and recent results on a complemen- tary triangle inequality in Hilbert spaces and Banach spaces. The study of such inequalities in various forms has been conducted by several authors [1, 2, 5, 6]. The first instance of such an inequality was obtained in the celebrated paper of Diaz and Metcalf [2], motivated by a geometric inequality for complex numbers obtained by Wilf in [11]. The complementary triangle inequality obtained by Diaz and Metcalf, in Theorem 1 of [2] in the Hilbert space setting, was generalized by Dragomir in Theorem 3 of [6]. This was further generalized by Mansooriet al. in Theorem 3.1 of [5]. In the

1The research of the author is sponsored by Dr. D. S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship under the mentorship of Professor Gadadhar Misra. The author feels elated to acknowledge the support and the inspiring presence of his parents Dr. Dwijendra Nath Sain and Mrs. Asa Das (Sain), and his brother Mr. Debdoot Sain. He is indebted to Mr. Saikat Roy for his help with constructing the diagram in the article.

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present article we generalize all the above results, substantially increasing the scope of applying such a complementary triangle inequality in Hilbert spaces and Banach spaces.

Letters X,Ystand for Banach spaces. We reserve the symbol H for a Hilbert space, and the symbolh,i for the inner product onH.We will consider only spaces of dimension strictly greater than1throughout the article. Unless otherwise specified, we consider the underlying field to beC, the field of complex numbers. Given a complex numberz,we use the notationsRe z, Im z,andz¯ to denote the real part ofz,the imaginary part ofz,and the complex conjugate ofzrespectively. Let BX = {x X : kxk ≤ 1}andSX = {x X : kxk = 1}denote the unit ball and the unit sphere ofXrespectively and letX denote the dual space ofX.We use the symbolL(X,Y)to denote the Banach space of all bounded linear operators fromXtoY,endowed with the usual operator norm.

ForT L(X,Y),letMT ={x SX :kT xk =kTk}denote the norm attainment set ofT.Given anyx Xand anyr >0,letB(x, r) ={y X:ky−xk< r}denote the open ball with radiusr and center atx.The symbolθis used to denote the zero vector of any Banach space, other than the scalar field. Let us first state the complementary inequality obtained by Diaz and Metcalf in Theorem 1of [2].

Theorem 1.1Let H be a Hilbert space and let a SH be fixed. Suppose the vectors x1, . . . , xnH, wheneverxi 6= 0,satisfy

0≤r ≤Re hxi, ai, i= 1, . . . , n.

Then

r Xn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik,

where equality holds if and only if Xn

i=1

xi=r ÃXn

i=1

kxik

! a.

We would like to note that the above inequality becomes useless if hxi, ai = 0 for any i = 1, . . . , n.In light of this fact, we would like to considerably increase the scope of such a complemen- tary triangle inequality. Indeed, we prove that if only somexisatisfy the desired inequality stated in the above theorem, withr >0and the other vectors are of sufficiently small norm, then once again it is possible to have a generalized complementary triangle inequality. As a matter of fact, applying this simple idea, we generalize Theorem1 of [2], Theorem 3of [6], and Theorem 3.1 of [5]. We illustrate that the complementary triangle inequality obtained by us can be applied to a larger class of vectors than those considered before. We also study similar complementary triangle inequalities in

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the setting of Hilbert spaces and Banach spaces. We also give an intrinsic condition, in terms of semi- inner-products (s.i.p.), on the concerned vectors in a strictly convex Banach space, in order to obtain a complementary triangle inequality. For the sake of completeness, let us mention the definitions of s.i.p., strict convexity and smoothness, which are integral to serving our purpose.

Definition1.1 — LetXbe a Banach over the fieldK∈ {R,C}. A function[, ] :X×X−→Kis a semi-inner-product (s.i.p.) if for anyα, β Kand for anyx, y, z∈X,it satisfies the following:

(a) [αx+βy, z] =α[x, z] +β[y, z], (b) [x, x]>0,wheneverx6=θ, (c)|[x, y]|2[x, x][y, y], (d) [x, αy] = ¯α[x, y].

Definition1.2 — LetXbe a Banach over the fieldK∈ {R,C}. We say thatXis strictly convex if every point ofSXis an extreme point ofBX.Given a non-zerox X,we say thatXis smooth at the pointxif there exists a unique supporting hyperplane toBXat the pointkxkx .

We refer the readers to [3, 4, 10] for more information on s.i.p. and its various applications. In particular, whenever we speak of a s.i.p. [, ]in a Banach space X,we implicitly assume that the concerned s.i.p. is compatible with the norm onX,i.e.,[x, x] = kxk2 for anyx X.Finally, as an application of the complementary triangle inequality obtained by us in the present paper, we obtain an interesting norm inequality for linear operators on a finite-dimensional real Banach space.

2. MAINRESULTS

As mentioned before, the first complementary triangle inequality for vectors in a Hilbert space was obtained in Theorem1 of [2]. This result was generalized in Theorem 3 of [6], and thereafter in Theorem3.1of [5]. Since the equality condition has not been mentioned in Theorem3.1of [5] and we require it for our purpose, let us begin with restating Theorem3.1of [5] in an equivalent form, along with the equality condition. The proof is omitted as it follows rather trivially from the proofs of the above theorems.

Theorem2.1LetHbe a Hilbert space and leta SH be a fixed vector. Letx1, . . . , xk H\ {θ}satisfy the following conditions:

(i) ÃXk

i=1

r1kxik

!2

ÃXk

i=1

Re hxi, ai

!2 , (ii)

ÃXk

i=1

r2kxik

!2

ÃXk

i=1

Im hxi, ai

!2 ,

(4)

wherer1, r2 0.Then

¡r21+r22¢1

2

Xk

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xk

i=1

xik.

Moreover, equality holds in the above inequality if and only if (iii)

Xk

i=1

xi = á

r21+r22¢1

2

Xk

i=1

kxik

!

a, and(iv)inequalities (i) and (ii) are equalities.

We are now ready to state and prove our first complementary triangle inequality in Hilbert spaces.

We note that the following theorem generalizes Theorem1of [2], Theorem3of [6], and Theorem3.1 of [5]. We would like to remark that the first part of the argument given in the proof of the following theorem is from [5].

Theorem2.2LetHbe a Hilbert space and leta∈SHbe fixed. Letx1, . . . , xnH\{θ}satisfy the following conditions: (i)³Pk

i=1r1kxik

´2

³Pk

i=1Re hxi, ai

´2

, (ii) ³Pk

i=1r2kxik

´2

³Pk

i=1Imhxi, ai

´2

, (iii) Pn

i=k+1kxik ≤ λPk

i=1kxik,wherer1, r2 0, 1 ≤k ≤n, 0 < λ≤ (r21+r22)12

1+(r21+r22)12.Then

r12+r22¢1

2 −λ

³ 1 +¡

r12+r22¢1

2

´iXn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik.

Wheneverk < n,the above inequality is strict. Moreover, ifk=n,then the equality¡

r21+r22¢1

2

Pn

i=1kxik=kPn

i=1xikholds if and only if (iv)

Xn

i=1

xi = á

r21+r22¢1

2

Xn

i=1

kxik

!

a, and,(v)inequalities (i), (ii) are equalities.

PROOF: It follows from Theorem 2.1 that¡

r12+r22¢1

2 Pk

i=1kxik ≤ kPk

i=1xik.Therefore, we have,

k Xn

i=1

xik ≥ k Xk

i=1

xik − k Xn

i=k+1

xik

¡

r21+r22¢1

2

Xk

i=1

kxik − Xn

i=k+1

kxik

r21+r22¢1

2

Xn

i=1

kxik −

³ 1 +¡

r12+r22¢1

2

´ Xn

i=k+1

kxik

(5)

¡

r21+r22¢1

2

Xn

i=1

kxik −λ

³ 1 +¡

r12+r22¢1

2

´Xk

i=1

kxik

¡

r21+r22¢1

2

Xn

i=1

kxik −λ

³ 1 +¡

r12+r22¢1

2

´Xn

i=1

kxik

=h¡

r12+r22¢1

2 −λ

³ 1 +¡

r12+r22¢1

2

´iXn

i=1

kxik

This completes the proof of the desired inequality stated in the theorem. We next consider the condition for equality in the above complementary triangle inequality. First, suppose thatk < n.

Sincexk+1 6= θ,it follows thatPk

i=1kxik < Pn

i=1kxik.Consequently, it follows that the above inequality is strict. Let us now assume that k = n. It follows from Theorem 2.1 and the above chain of inequalities in the proof of the present theorem, that the equality¡

r21+r22¢1

2 Pn

i=1kxik = kPn

i=1xikholds if and only if the following holds:

(iv) Xk

i=1

xi = á

r21+r22¢1

2

Xk

i=1

kxik

!

a, and(v)inequalities (i), (ii) are equalities.

This completes the proof of the theorem.

Our next result illustrates that Theorem 2.2 of the present paper extends the scope of applying a complementary triangle inequality in Hilbert spaces, to a larger class of vectors than those considered in either of Theorem1of [2], Theorem3of [6], and Theorem3.1of [5].

Theorem2.3LetHbe a Hilbert space and letx1, x2 ∈SH,withx1 6=−x2.Letn0 Nbe fixed. Then there existsr0 >0such that for any non-zero vectorsy1, . . . , yn0 ∈B(θ, r0)\ {θ},the following holds:

1 +Re hx1, x2i 2kx1+x2k

Ã

kx1k+kx2k+

n0

X

i=1

kyik

!

<kx1+x2+

n0

X

i=1

yik.

PROOF : We first note that since x1 6= −x2, it follows that 1+Re2kx hx1,x2i

1+x2k 6= 0. We set r =

1+Rehx1,x2i

kx1+x2k > 0.Let us choose λ = 2(1+r)r > 0.Clearly, r (1 +r)λ = r2 > 0.We define r0 = r(kx2n10k+kx(1+r)2k).Then for anyy1, . . . , yn0 ∈B(θ, r0),we have the following:

n0

X

i=1

kyik ≤n0r0= r(kx1k+kx2k)

2(1 +r) =λ(kx1k+kx2k).

Let us choosea= kxx1+x2

1+x2k ∈SH.We observe thathx1, ai= D

x1,kxx1+x2

1+x2k

E

= kx 1

1+x2k

£kx1k2+hx1, x2i¤ .

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In particular, this implies that

Re hx1, ai= 1

kx1+x2k[1 +Re hx1, x2i] =r.

Similarly, we have,

Re hx2, ai= 1

kx1+x2k[1 +Re hx2, x1i] =r.

Now, takingr1 = r andr2 = 0in Theorem 2.2, it is easy to see thatλ < 1+rr = (r12+r22)12

1+(r12+r22)12. Therefore, applying Theorem 2.2, we deduce that

[r−λ(1 +r)]

Ã

kx1k+kx2k+

n0

X

i=1

kyik

!

≤ kx1+x2+

n0

X

i=1

yik,

which is clearly equivalent to the desired inequality, with a possible equality sign. To see that the obtained inequality is actually strict, it is sufficient to observe that n0 1 and then to apply the equality condition in Theorem 2.2. This establishes the theorem.

As mentioned in [2], Theorem1of [2] has an obvious geometric interpretation. The complemen- tary triangle inequality stated in the concerned theorem is valid for a certain set of vectors lying within a cone. In view of this, we present the next figure in connection with Theorem 2.3 of the present ar- ticle. The vectorsy1, . . . , yncan be chosen arbitrarily from the shaded regionB(θ, r0),whereas the vectorsx1, x2can be chosen fromSH so thatx1 6=−x2.In particular, this illustrates pictorially that Theorem 2.2 of the present article extends the scope of obtaining a complementary triangle inequality in Hilbert spaces.

Fig. 1 : Extension of complementary triangle inequality r0

x1

a= kxx1+x2

1+x2k

x2

θ

SH

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In Theorem2of [2], the authors have extended Theorem1of the same article by considering a finite number of orthonormal vectors instead of a single unit vector in a Hilbert space. It is possible to apply the ideas of [5, 6], and the idea developed in the present article, to further generalize Theorem 2of [2] by removing the orthonormality condition on the unit vectors. We accomplish the goal in the next theorem.

Theorem2.4LetHbe a Hilbert space and leta1, . . . , am SH be fixed. Letx1, . . . , xn H\{θ}be such that the following conditions hold true for eachl= 1, . . . , m: (i)³Pk

i=1rlkxik

´2

³Pk

i=1Re hxi, ali

´2

, (ii) ³Pk

i=1slkxik

´2

³Pk

i=1Imhxi, ali

´2 , (iii) Pn

i=k+1kxik ≤λPk

i=1kxik,

where1 k n,and for each l = 1, . . . , m,we have thatrl, sl 0 and0 < λ (r2l+s2l)12

1+(r2l+s2l)12. Then for eachl= 1, . . . , m,

rl2+s2l¢1

2 −λ

³ 1 +¡

rl2+s2l¢1

2´i Pn

i=1kxik ≤ kPn

i=1xik.

Wheneverk < n,the above inequality is strict. Moreover, ifk=n,then the equality¡

rl2+s2l¢1

2

Pn

i=1kxik = kPn

i=1xik holds for some l = 1, . . . , m if and only if (iv) Pn

i=1xi =

³¡rl2+s2l¢1

2 Pn

i=1kxik

´

a, and(v)inequalities (i), (ii) are equalities.

PROOF: For eachl= 1, . . . , m,it follows from the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality that

¯¯

¯ D

al,Pk

i=1xi E¯¯

¯ kalkkPk

i=1xik=kPk

i=1xik.Therefore, we have,

k Xk

i=1

xik ≥

¯¯

¯¯

¯

* al,

Xk

i=1

xi +¯¯

¯¯

¯

=

¯¯

¯¯

¯ Xk

i=1

Rehxi, ali+i Xk

i=1

Imhxi, ali

¯¯

¯¯

¯

=

 Ã k

X

i=1

Rehxi, ali

!2 +

à k X

i=1

Imhxi, ali

!2

1 2

rl2 Ã k

X

i=1

kxik

!2 +s2l

à k X

i=1

kxik

!2

1 2

r2l +s2l¢1

2

Xk

i=1

kxik.

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From here we can follow the arguments given in the proof of Theorem 2.2 to obtain the desired inequality

rl2+s2l¢1

2 −λ

³ 1 +¡

rl2+s2l¢1

2

´iXn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik.

Now, following the arguments given in the proof of Theorem 2.2, we deduce that the above inequality is strict wheneverk < n.Moreover, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the equality

¡rl2+s2l¢1

2 Pn

i=1kxik =kPn

i=1xik,for somel = 1, . . . , m,follows quite easily. This completes the proof of the theorem.

We would like to note that it is possible to obtain a weaker version of the above theorem, com- pletely in the spirit of Theorem2of [2]. The next result is stated with only a sketch of the correspond- ing proof, since it follows easily from the above theorem.

Theorem2.5LetHbe a Hilbert space and leta1, . . . , am SH be fixed. Letx1, . . . , xn H\ {θ}be such that for eachi= 1, . . . , nand for eachk= 1, . . . , m,the following holds:

0≤rk Re hxi, aki kxik .

Then µ Pm

k=1rk m

¶Xn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik.

Moreover, equality holds in the above inequality if and only if for eachk = 1, . . . , m, and for eachi= 1, . . . , n,we have thatrk= Rekxhxi,aki

ik andPn

i=1xi= (rkPn

i=1kxik)ak. PROOF : For each k = 1, . . . , m, we have, |hak,Pn

i=1xii| ≤ kPn

i=1xik.This gives us the following chain of inequalities:

k Xn

i=1

xik ≥

¯¯

¯¯

¯

* ak,

Xn

i=1

xi +¯¯

¯¯

¯

≥Re

* ak,

Xn

i=1

xi +

= Xn

i=1

Re hak, xii

≥rk Xn

i=1

kxik.

(9)

Since the above inequality is true for eachk= 1, . . . , m,adding these relations we obtain:

µ Pm

k=1rk m

¶Xn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik.

Moreover, equality holds in the above inequality if and only if for eachi= 1, . . . , nand for each k= 1, . . . , m,the following conditions are satisfied:

(i) Pn

i=1xi=µkak,whereµk0,(ii) Pn

i=1Im hxi, aki= 0,(iii)rk= Rekxhxi,aki

ik .

The given equality condition in the statement of the theorem follows directly from the above conditions. This completes the proof of the theorem.

Remark2.1 : We note that the inequality obtained in the above theorem is certainly weaker than the inequality obtained in Theorem2of [2]. On the other hand, this is compensated by the fact that we no longer require the orthonormality condition on the unit vectorsa1, . . . , am.

We next extend the scope of complementary triangle inequality in Banach spaces by generalizing Theorem3of [2]. We would like to mention that Theorem3of [2] is valid for both real and complex Banach spaces. On the other hand, the following result is stated only for complex Banach spaces.

However, we observe that it can also be applied for real Banach spaces by removing the Condition (ii)in the statement of the theorem and by takingr2= 0.

Theorem 2.6Let X be a complex Banach space and let f SX. Suppose the vectors x1, . . . , xn X\ {θ} are such that the following conditions are satisfied: (i)³Pk

i=1r1kxik

´2

³Pk

i=1Ref(xi)

´2

, (ii) ³Pk

i=1r2kxik

´2

³Pk

i=1Imf(xi)

´2 , (iii) Pn

i=k+1kxik ≤λPk

i=1kxik,

wherer1, r2 0,1≤k≤n,and0< λ≤ (r12+r22)12

1+(r21+r22)12.Thenr12+r22¢1

2 −λ

³ 1 +¡

r12+r22¢1

2

´iXn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik.

Moreover, equality holds in the above inequality if and only if(iv)k = n, (v)f(Pn

i=1xi) = kPn

i=1xik,and(vi) the inequalities in(i)and(ii)are equalities.

PROOF: We begin the proof with the following chain of inequalities:

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¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯ Xk

i=1

xi

¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯

2

¯¯

¯¯

¯f à k

X

i=1

xi

!¯¯

¯¯

¯

2

=

¯¯

¯¯

¯ Xk

i=1

Re(f xi) +i Xk

i=1

Im(f xi)

¯¯

¯¯

¯

2

=

 ( k

X

i=1

Re(f xi) )2

+ ( k

X

i=1

Im(f xi) )2

¡

r12+r22¢Ã k X

i=1

||xi||

!2 .

From the above inequalities, we obtain

¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯ Xk

i=1

xi

¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯¡

r12+r22¢1

2

Xk

i=1

||xi||.

Now we employ the same method, as outlined in the proof of Theorem 2.2 of the present article to obtain the desired inequality

r12+r22¢1

2 −λ

³ 1 +¡

r12+r22¢1

2

´iXn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik.

Moreover, it is easy to see that for equality to hold in the above inequality, a necessary and sufficient condition is that(iv),(v),(vi)must hold true. This establishes the theorem. 2 It is possible to obtain an intrinsic description of Theorem 2.6 in a strictly convex Banach space, that resembles Theorem 2.5, by using the notion of s.i.p. in a real Banach space instead of referring to bounded linear functionals on the space. In order to achieve this goal, we require the following easy proposition. The proof is omitted as it is rather easy and can be found in Theorem12of [7].

Proposition2.7 — Let X be a strictly convex Banach space. Letx X be non-zero and let y∈SX.Let[, ]be a s.i.p. onX.Then|[x, y]|=kxkif and only ifx=λy,for someλ∈R\ {0}.

We are now in a position to obtain an analogous result of Theorem 2.5 in the setting of Banach spaces.

Theorem2.8LetXbe a strictly convex real Banach space and let[, ]be a s.i.p. onX.Let a SX be fixed and letx1, . . . , xn X\ {θ}be such that the following conditions are satisfied:

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(i) Pn

i=1xi6=θ, (ii)r≤ [xkxj,a]

jk, f or each j= 1, . . . , k, (iii) Pn

i=k+1kxik ≤λPk

i=1kxik, wherer 0,1≤k≤n,and0< λ≤ 1+rr .Then

{r−λ(1 +r)}

Xn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik.

Moreover, equality holds in the above inequality if and only if(iv)k = n,(v) Pn

i=1xi = µa, for someµ6= 0,and(vi) each inequality in(ii)is an equality.

PROOF: Sincekak= 1,using the properties of s.i.p., we obtain the following:

¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯ Xk

i=1

xi

¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯

" k X

i=1

xi, a

#¯¯

¯¯

¯

"

Xk

i=1

xi, a

#

= Xk

i=1

[xi, a]

Xk

i=1

rkxik.

We now apply the same arguments as given in the proof of Theorem 2.2 of the present article to obtain the desired inequality

{r−λ(1 +r)}

Xn

i=1

kxik ≤ k Xn

i=1

xik.

Moreover, it follows from the earlier arguments and Proposition 2.7 that a necessary and sufficient condition for equality in the above inequality is that(iv),(v),(vi)must hold true. This completes the

proof of the theorem. 2

Remark2.2 : In the above theorem, the inequality{r−λ(1 +r)}Pn

i=1kxik ≤ kPn

i=1xikcan be obtained without the strict convexity ofX.The equality condition in the above theorem is of course dependent on strict convexity ofX.

As an application of the generalized complementary triangle inequalities obtained in the present article, we next present an interesting operator norm inequality in the setting of real Banach spaces as our final result in this article.

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Theorem 2.9Let X be a finite-dimensional real Banach space and Y be any smooth real Banach space of dimension strictly greater than2.LetT1, T2 L(X,Y) be smooth points of unit norm inL(X,Y)such thatT1 6=−T2.Then there existsl >0such thatkT1+T2k ≥l(kT1k+kT2k). Moreover, we can choosel = min

n[T1,A]

kT1k ,[TkT1,A]

1k

o

, where A L(X,Y) is of unit norm, Ti 6⊥B A(i= 1,2),and[, ]is any s.i.p. onL(X,Y).Furthermore, given anyn0 N,there existsr0 >0 such that wheneverT3, . . . , Tn0 L(X,Y)satisfykTik< r0for alli= 3, . . . , n0,it follows that

l 2

n0

X

i=1

kTik<

¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯

n0

X

i=1

Ti

¯¯

¯¯

¯

¯¯

¯¯

¯.

PROOF : Since T1 6= −T2, the existence of an l such that kT1 +T2k ≥ l(kT1k+kT2k) is guaranteed. We next prove that there existsA∈L(X,Y)such thatkAk= 1andTi 6⊥BA(i= 1,2), where[, ]is any s.i.p. onL(X,Y).AsT1, T2 L(X,Y)are smooth, it follows from Theorem3.3 of [8] that for eachi = 1,2,we have thatMTi = {±ui},for someui ∈SY.Given anyy Y,let y ={z∈Y:ky+λzk ≥ kykfor each scalarλ}.Now, it is immediate thatyis a smooth point in Yif and only ifyis a subspace of codimension1inY.Since the dimension ofYis strictly greater than2,it follows thatS2

i=1(Tiui)( Y.In particular, it is possible to choosew∈Y\S2

i=1(Tiui). LetA L(X,Y)be such thatAui = w, i = 1,2.It follows from Theorem2.1of [9] thatTi 6⊥B A(i= 1,2).Now a combination of Remark 2.2 and the norm inequality technique used in the last part of Theorem 2.3 yields the desired result. This establishes the theorem completely. 2

REFERENCES

1. J. B. Diaz and F. T. Metcalf, Complementary inequalities. I: Inequalities complementary to Cauchy’s inequality for sums of real numbers,J. Math. Anal. appl.,9(1964), 278-293.

2. J. B. Diaz and F. T. Metcalf, A complementary triangle inequality in Hilbert and Banach spaces,Proc.

Amer. Math. Soc.,17(1) (1966), 88-97.

3. J. R. Giles, Classes of semi-inner-product spaces,Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.,129(1967), 436-446.

4. G. Lumer, Semi-inner-product spaces,Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.,100(1961), 29-43.

5. A. Mansoori, M. E. Omidvar, H. R. Moradi, and S. S. Dragomir, Reverses of the triangle inequality for absolute value in HilbertC-modules,Ital. J. Pure Appl. Math.,41(2019), 262-273.

6. S. S. Dragomir, Some reverses of the generalised triangle inequality in complex inner product spaces, Linear Algebra Appl.,402(2005), 245-254.

7. S. S. Dragomir,Semi-inner products and applications, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY, 2004.

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8. D. Sain, K. Paul, and A. Mal, A complete characterization of Birkhoff-James orthogonality in infinite dimensional normed space,J. Operator Theorey,80(2) (2018), 399-413.

9. D. Sain and K. Paul, Operator norm attainment and inner product spaces, Linear Algebra Appl., 439, issue8(2013), 2448-2452.

10. D. Sain, On the norm attainment set of a bounded linear operator and semi-inner-products in normed spaces, arXiv:1802.10439v2 [math.FA],Indian J. Pure Appl. Math., (accepted).

11. H. Wilf, Some applications of the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means to polynomial equations, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.,14(1963), 263-265.

References

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