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Department of Geology A.M.U., Aligarh

Programme: M.Sc. (Applied Geology), Semester System

(Total Four Semesters)

Session 2017-2018

Fourth Semester Type of

course

Course No.

Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours

Sessional Mid Semester

End Semester

Total L T P

Core M16 Geochemistry and Stable Isotopes 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M17 Applied Sedimentation 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M18 Environmental Geology- II 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core ML 5 Lab work: Geochemistry and Computer Applications

Continuous evaluation - 40

60 100 2 0 1 2

Core ML 6 Lab work: Applied Sedimentation and Environmental Geology

Continuous evaluation - 40

60 100 2 0 1 2

Core ML 7 Project Oriented Dissertation (To be allotted after second semester exam or at the beginning of the third semester)

Continuous evaluation - 40

60 100 2 0 1 2

Core ML 8 Presentation and Viva voce on project oriented dissertation

Continuous evaluation - 40

60 100 4

Elective ME4 Choose 01 course of the following: 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

a) Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences - II

b) Exploration Geochemistry - 11 c) Sedimentary Environments and Sedimentary Basins- II

d) Micropalentology – II e) Advance Ore Geology – II f) Advance Hydrogeology – II

g) Impact of Geology on Environment – II h) Petroleum Exploration – II

i) Gemology – II

j) Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-II k) Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-II

l) Galciology- II Open

Elective

OE(AE) Choose 01 course of the following: 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

a) Global Change b) Earth Systems

Total

24 Grand Total ( Ist+IInd+IIIrd+IVth) Semesters 96 L = Lecture period, T = Tutorial, P = Practical Period

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Semester - IV

Core Credit 2, Period - 28

Paper M 16: Geochemistry and Stable Isotopes

Unit-I

Geochemical characteristics of different mantle geochemical components: HIMU, EM – 1, EM- 2, PREMA and DUPAL.

Isotopes as petrogenetic indicators.

Stable isotopes: nature, abundance and fractionation.

Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in water and water vapour, SMOW.

Unit-II

Carbon isotopes in modern biosphere and in sediments, fossil fuels, marine and non-marine carbonates.

Nitrogen-isotopic fractionation, nitrogen isotopes of igneous, meteorite and lunar rocks, nitrogen on the surface of the earth, fossil fuels.

Sulfur-biogenic fractionation, sulfur isotopes in recent sediments, petroleum and coal.

Unit-III

Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, activity, fugacity and equilibrium constant, thermodynamics of ideal, non-ideal and dilute solutions. Principles of ionic, substitution in minerals, element partitioning in mineral/rock formation.

Concept of simple distribution co-efficient and exchange reaction distribution coefficients.

Elements partitioning in mineral assemblages and its use in P-T estimation.

Unit-IV

Rock weathering and soil formation.

Elementary mobility in surface environment.

Soil geochemistry, sediment geochemistry.

Concept of geochemical-biogeochemical cycling and global climate.

Identification and evaluation of geochemical anomalies.

Atmosphere composition, evolution of atmosphere and differentiation of elements through geological times.

Books Recommended:

1.Mason, B. and Moore, C.B., 1991: Introduction to Geochemistry-Wiley Eastern 2.Krauskopf, K.B., 1967: Introduction to Geochemistry-McGraw Hill

3.Faure, G., 1986: Principles of Isotope Geology-John Wiley 4.Hoefs, J., 1980: Stable isotope Geochemistry –Springer Verlag

5.Marshal, C.P. and Fairbridge, R.W., 1999: Encyclopaedia of Geochemistry-Kluwer Academic 6.Govett, G.J.S. (Ed.), 1983: Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry-Elsevier

7.Nordstrorm, D.K. and Munoz, J.L., 1986: Geochemical Thermodynamics-Blackwell 8.Henderson, P., 1987: Inorganic Geochemistry-Pergamon Press

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Core Credit 2, Period - 28

Paper M 17: Applied Sedimentation

Unit-I

Textural and mineralogical maturity of clastic rocks.

Sandstone classification.Volcaniclastic: on-land and marine.

Diagenesis and fluid flow: diagenesis of mudstones, sandstones and carbonate rocks: changes in mineralogy, fabric and chemistry. Classification of conglomerate. Chert: occurrence and petrographic characteristics.

Unit-II

Evaluation of sedimentary basins: tectonics and sedimentation; craton facies, geosyncline and related facies.Sedimentary basins and plate tectonics: intraplate basins, divergent margin basins, Rifts, failed rifts aulacogens, convergent margin basins, trench, subduction complex, fore arc, back arc, and inter arc basins

Unit – III

Clastic petrofacies: paleoclimate and paleoenvironment analysis.

Application of trace element, rare earth element and stable isotope geochemistry to sedimentological problem.Field and laboratory techniques in sedimentology: recording of sedimentary structures, preparation of lithologs, rocks and thin section staining, cathodoluminescence

Unit-IV

Paleocurrent and basin analysis: use of various sedimentary structures like ripple marks, cross bedding, sole marks in reconstruction of paleocurrents, Impact of paleocurrents on size shape, roundness, fabric and bed thickness, Distribution of paleocurrents in space and time and usefulness in paleogeographic reconstruction and basin analysis.

Books Recommended:

1.Allen, J.R.L., 1985: Principles of Physical Sedimentation-George Allen & Unwin 2.Allen, P., 1997: Earth Surface Processes-Blackwell

3,Nichols, G., 1999: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-Blackwell 4.Reading, H.G., 1996: Sedimentary Environment-Blackwell 5.Davis, R.A. Jr., 1992: Depositional System-Prentice Hall 6.Einsele, G., 1992: Sedimentary Basins-Springer Verlag

7.Relneck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 1980: Depositional Sedimentary Environments-Springer Verlag 8.Prothero, D.R. and Schwab, F., 1996: Sedimentary Geology-Freeman

9.Miall , A.D., 2000: Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis-Springer Verlag

10.Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R., 1990: Sand and Sandstone-Springer Verlag 11.Biatt, H., Murray, G.V. and Middleton, R.C., 1980: Origin of Sedimentary rocks

12.Bhattacharya, A. and Chakraborti, C., 2000: Analysis of Sedimentary Successions-Oxford-IBH 13.Boggs Sam Jr., 1995: Principles of Sedimentary and Stratigraphy-Prentice Hall

14.Sengupta, S., 1997: Introduction to Sedimentology-Oxford-IBH

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Core Credit 2, Period - 28

Paper M18: Environmental Geology - II

Unit-I

Pollutants and contaminants. Behaviour of contaminants in environment. Point and non-point sources.

Assessment and impact of contamination for surface and ground water quality due to industrialization and urbanization. Induced pollution, water quality criteria for different uses.

Unit-II

Water logging, problems of water logging due to indiscrete construction of canals, reservoirs, dams, water logging problem in India, Floods, causes of floods, flood hazarad, management of floods

Unit –III

Soil formation and their classification, soil nature, soil profile, soil types of India, soil erosion by running water, wind, soil deterioration by agricultural and engineering practices. Soil pollution and soil amendments, effects of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides

Unit-IV

Natural hazards: Concepts of environmental security. Influence to neotectonic in seismic hazards assessment. Significance of seismic hazard maps. Distribution, magnitude, intensity and geological effects of earthquakes. Seismicity condition in and remedial measures in India. Sea level rise: impacts and risks. Desertification: causes, impact and assessment. Application of remote sensing & GIS in natural hazards. Examples & Case studies.

Books Recommended:

1.Valdiya, K.S., 1987: Environmental Geology-Indian Context-Tata McGraw Hill 2.Keller, E.A., 1978: Environmental Geology-Bell and Howell, USA

3.Bryant, E., 1985: Natural Hazards-Cambridge University Press 4.Patwardhan, A.M., 1999: The Dynamic Earth System-Prentice Hall

5.Subramaniam, V., 2001: Textbook in Environmental Science-Narosa International 6.Bell, F.G., 1999: Geological Hazards-Routledge, London

7.Smith, K., 1992: Environmental Hazards-Routledge, London

8.Vulnerability, threats and analysis-Case Studies from India, TERI, The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi.

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5

Core Credit – 2, Period - 36

ML 5: LAB WORK

Exercise related to Geochemistry, and Computer Applications

(a) Calculation of weathering indices in soil and sediments .Presentation of analytical data.

(b) Computer applications

Core Credit – 2, Period - 36

ML 6: LAB WORK

Exercise related to Applied Sedimentation and Environmental Geology

(a) Exercises related to analysis and interpretation of depositional sedimentary environments using actual case histories from the Indian stratigraphic records. Determination of porosity in clastic and carbonate rock. Staining and mineral identification in carbonate rocks. Petrography of clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks. Detailed study of diagenetic features in thin sections. Microscopic study of heavy minerals. Exercises on mineralogical and geochemical data plots for environmental interpretations (b) Evaluation of environmental impact of air pollution groundwater, landslides, deforestation, cultivation and building construction in specified areas

Core Credit – 2, Period – 36

ML 7: LAB WORK

Project Oriented Dissertation (To be allotted after second semester exam or at the beginning of third semester)

Core Credit – 4

ML 8: LAB WORK

Presentation and Viva-Voce on Project Oriented Dissertation.

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Elective (Discipline Centric) ME 4 Credit – 4, Period - 56

a. Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences – II

Unit-

I

Remote sensing applications in geosciences: visual interpretation of satellite images for geological, geomorphological and structural features. Techniques of image interpretation using spectral, spatial and temporal information. Spectral signatures of natural objects, interpretation of lithology, rock types landuse/landcover under different climatic conditions and physical setup.

Unit-II

Terrain classification, terrain mapping, applications of remote sensing techniques in study of geomorphology, soil types mapping, hydrogeology, engineering geology, land use and land cover mapping, forest types, their distribution and relationship of vegetation to rock types. Watershed characterization and mapping. Groundwater targeting in various terrains. Case studies from India.

Unit- III

Digital image processing. Various image processing softwares their environments and working principles of data interpretation.

Digital image processing techniques:data formats, enhancement, filtering, preparation of false colour composite image, unsupervised and supervised classification, preparation of training sets, extraction of information, HIS, PCA and vegetation indices and their utility in image interpretation.

Unit-IV

Digital elevation models, Types of DEMs, Methods for obtaining elevation data used to create DEMs, Use of DEMs in topographic and geologic mapping, mineral exploration, morphometric analysis, Floodplain mapping and analysis, Watershed management, Erosion control, Commercial applications of DEMs, Availability of global elevation data.

Books Recommended:

1.Millor, V.C., 1961 Photogeology. Mc Graw Hill

2.Sabbins, F.F.,1985 Remote Sensing-Principles and Applications. Freeman 3.Moffitt, F.H. and Mikhail, E.M., 1980 Photogrammetry-Harper and Row

4.Lillesand, T.M. and Kieffer, R.W., 1987: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation-John wiley 5.Pandey, S.N., 1987: Princdiples and Applications of Photogeology-Wiley Eastern

6. Fundamentals of GIS – M. Demers 7. Encyclopedia of Applied Geology – Finkie

8. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System-M.Anji Reddy.

9. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System by A.M. Chandra 10. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph

11. Remote Sensing of Environment by A.R. Jensen

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b. Applied Geochemistry - II

Unit-I

Geobotanical survey, biogeochemical survey

Radon as a geochemical exploration tool-generation, migration, radon measuring methods, applications in exploration

Fission tract plateao dating Thermoluminiscence dating

Marine and Lacsturine sediments dating with 210 Pb Unit-II

Radionuclides and their use in geochemical exploration Cosmogenic radionuclides in ground water

Production of 10Be 26Al, Residence times in ocean, Dating sediments with cosmogenic radionuclides:

marine sediments, Mn nodules, biogenic silica, continental sediments and soils Unit-III

Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in hydrosphere and atmosphere-fractionation, applications to exploration.

Carbon isotopes in modern biosphere and sediments and their use in geochemical exploration Carbon isotopes in hydrothermal ore deposits

Unit-IV

Nitrogen isotopes-fractionations, nitrogen on the surface of the earth and applications.

Sulfur- biogenic fractionation, sulfur in recent sediments, sulfur in the environment and its implications to exploration

Sulfur isotopic evolution of marine sulphate Sulfur isotpe fractionation among sulfide minerals Books Recommended:

1.Pacal, Z. (ed), 1977: Geochemical Prospecting Methods-Ustrendi

2.Brooks, A.R., 1972 : Geobotany and Biogeochemistry in Mineral Exploration-Harper & Row

3.Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. and Webb, J.A. 1979: Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration-Academic Press

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c. Sedimentary Environment and Sedimentary Basins-II

Unit –I

Sedimentary cycles, rythms and cyclothems. Analysis of sedimentary facies and preparation of facies maps. Lithofacies, biofacies, dynamics and primary structures associated with the environments- desert, alluvial fan, river plains, glaciers, deltas, estuaries, clastic shoreline, clastic shelves, marine evaporite basins, carbonate platforms, deep sea and ocean bottoms, deep sea trench and rise.

Unit –II

Sedimentation pattern and depositional environment of selected undeformed sedimentary basins of India representing Precambrian, Phenerozoic and contemporary basins.

Unit-III

Sequence stratigraphy-historical perspective, concepts and principles, sequence stratigraphic tools, application to depositional system.

Unit –IV

Modern laboratory techniques in sedimentological studies. Thin section studies-types of specimen, etching technique, staining techniques particularly for feldspar and carbonates, modal analysis and techniques. Photomicrography-requirement, technique (choice of objective and eyepiece) scale of photograph. Important common photographic cameras. Scanning electron microscope (principle, parts, function and application). X-ray diffractrometer (XRD)-principle, parts operation. Mineral composition with particular reference to clay and carbonates.

Books Recommended:

1.Allen, J.R.L., 1985: Principles of Physical Sedimentation-George Allen & Unwin 2.Allen, P., 1997: Earth Surface Processes-Blackwell

3,Nichols, G., 1999: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-Blackwell 4.Reading, H.G., 1996: Sedimentary Environment-Blackwell 5.Davis, R.A. Jr., 1992: Depositional System-Prentice Hall 6.Einsele, G., 1992: Sedimentary Basins-Springer Verlag

7.Relneck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 1980: Depositional Sedimentary Environments-Springer Verlag 8.Miall , A.D., 2000: Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis-Springer Verlag

9.Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R., 1990: Sand and Sandstone-Springer Verlag

10.Bhattacharya, A. and Chakraborti, C., 2000: Analysis of Sedimentary Successions-Oxford-IBH 14.Boggs Sam Jr., 1995: Principles of Sedimentary and Stratigraphy-Prentice Hall

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d. Micropalaeontology-II

Unit-I

Ostracoda: Appendage and body morphology Detailed carapace morphology of ostracoda Ecology and Palacoecology of Ostracoda Evolution and biostratigraphy of ostracoda Outline classification of ostracods

Unit – II

Conodonts: Soft parts, origin, morphology of skeletal elements Brief classification of conodonts

Mode of growth and function of skeletal apparatus

Paleoecology, evolutionary trends and biostratigraphy of conodonts Unit-III

Calcareous nanofossils: morphology of coccolithophores Outline classification of coccoliths

Ecology and biogeography of coccolithophores Biostratigraphy of coccolithophores

Radiolaria: morphology of hard parts and outline classification Ecology and biostratigraphy of radiolaria

Unit-IV

Palynology: branches and application in various disciplines Palynofossils: morphology of spores and pollens

Use of palynofossils in paleoclimatic and paleogeographic interpretation

Biostratigraphic use of palynofossils with special reference to Indian stratigraphy

Stable isotope studies on foraminifera and their paleoecologic and paleoclimatic significance Books Recommended

1.Haq, B.V. and Boersma, A., 1998: Introduction to Marine Micropalaeontology-Elsevier 2.Haynes, J.R., 1981: Foraminifera-John Wiley

3.Bignot, G., 1985: Elements of Micropalaeontology-Graham and Trotman

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e. Advance Ore Geology- II

Unit- I

Detailed study of ore deposits formed as:

Chemical precipitates: Sedimentary Iron Ore deposits. Sedimentary Manganese deposits. Sedimentary Phosphorite deposits.

Mechanical accumulations: Placer deposits.

Ore deposits formed by weathering: Bauxite deposits, Laterite deposits.

Significance of stratiform and stara bound ore deposits of sedimentary affiliation and those of metamorphic affiliation.

Unit-II

Mineral economics and its concept.

Mineral legislation in India-Major and minor minerals, mineral concessions, claim system and reyalty.

Production and marketing of major minerals in India-taxes and duties, imports and exports.

Some important world resources of minerals.

Mineral conservation and evolution of National Mineral Policy.

Unit – III

Quantitative methods in ore microscopy-Reflectance and microindentation hardness.

Methods of fluid inclusion studies and their applications.

Textures formed due to cooling.

Textures formed due to deformation and annealing.

Transformation Textures.

Applications of textural characteristics to ore dressing.

Unit –IV

Geological modeling for mineral exploration. Geochemical modeling of ore deposits.

Books recommended:

1. Wolf, K.H., 1976-81. Hand book of strabound and stratiform ore deposits, Elsevier.

2. Klemm, D.D. and Schneider, H.J. , 1977. Time and strata bound deposits –Springer Verlag.

3. Ramdhor, P., 1969. The ore minerals and their intergrowths-Pergamon Press.

a

nd books given in Paper I.

4. Park, Jr. C.F. and MacDiarmid, R.A., 1975: Ore deposits-Freeman

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f. Advanced Hydrogeology-II

Unit-I

Water and aqueous solutions internal structure of water molecule, structure of liquid water, isotopic composition of water. Chemical characteristics of groundwater in relation to various uses-domestic, industrial and irrigation purposes. Water quality standards. Groundwater contamination: septic tank and cesspools, landfills, chemical spills and leaking underground tanks, mining and other sources of groundwater contamination.

Unit – II

Groundwater pollution and treatment. Microbiology of drinking water: Bacteriological analyses, faecal coliform bacteria, ecological classification of water, biological factor of self purification.

Trace elements: source, trace element and health hazards. Trace elements as Nutrients: Sources and impact on water quality.

Unit-III

Isotope hydrology: tritium, radiocarbon dating of groundwater, stable isotope of oxygen and hydrogen and other isotope. Fossil water and its significance. Salt water intrusion, Ghyben – Herzberg relation between fresh and saline water shape of fresh and salt water interface, control of saline water intrusion Unit-IV

Groundwater modeling: Physical scale model, analog models; their principal characteristic application and limitations. R-C analog model Mathematical models: analytical and numerical approaches.

Numerical model: finite difference and finite element models.

Conceptualization including defining the aquifer system and its boundaries.

Discritization and data requirement.

Groundwater contamination and modeling: Principles and concepts.

Classification of groundwater contamination models.

Books Recommended:

1.Chow, V.T., 1988: Advances in Hydroscience-McGraw Hill

2.Walton, W.C., 1988: Ground Water Resource Evolution-McGraw Hill

3.Black, W. and Others (Ed.), 1989: Hydrogeology-Geol. Soc. Of America Publ.

4.Mahajan, G., 1990: Evolution and Development of Ground Water-D.K. Publisher 5.Singhal, B.B.S., 1986: Engineering Geosciences-Savita Prakashan

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g. Impact of Geology on Environment -II

Unit-I

Sediment pollution, siltation, contamination of sediment, sources of contamination of water, ground water contamination, pattern of marine water, urbanization and climate of cities, disposal of solid wastes.

Unit-II

Geotechnical consideration and Environmental implication of Roads and Canal construction, Dams and Reservoirs. Landslides and related phenomeno.

Unit – III

Flood and Flood Management, Causes, flood hazards in India, Management of Flood, Coastal hazards, Hazards on Indian coasts, Cyclones and their mitigation methods.

Unit-IV

Environmental laws, Implementing the Environmental Laws. Indian Laws, Environmental Policy matters, pollution prevention and control. Environmental Impact Assessment. Hazardous substances management. Environment Education, Information and awareness.

Books Recommended:

As given for Paper-XXV

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h. Petroleum Exploration-II

Unit-I

Rig and their components

Elements of well drilling-cable tool drilling, rotary drilling, directional drilling, dyna drilling and horizontal drilling

Various types of drilling units, Types of drill bits, drag bit, tricone bit, diamond bit and reamer Unit – II

Formation with the help of geological systems, Standard geo logging system- Offline, Online Drilling fluids-types and system,

Types of pressure surges in the well kick, blow out: causes and control, well completion Unit-III

Applied Micropalaeontology-palaeoecologic, biostratigraphic, and palaeogeographic significance of microfossils

A brief account of major groups of microfossils used in petroleum exploration with special reference to Foraminifera, Ostracoda, spore & pollens, and nannoplanktons

Sampling procedure and preparation of samples in commercial micropalaeontological labs, preparation of microfaunal slides for study, identification of microfossils and preparation of range and oscillation charts Use of microfossils in dating and correlation, determination of paleofacies and paleotectonism, palaeogeography and source rock maturation.

Significance of organic reefs as petroleum reservoir, types of modern fossils reefs and their hydrocarbon potential

Unit-IV

Reservoir characterization, reserve calculation and production methods, preliminary volumetric reserve calculation and post discovery reserve calculation, water drive gas cap device, dissolve gas device, artificial lift and enhanced recovery

Nonconventional petroleum resources-plastic and solid hydrocarbon, tar sand, oil shale, shale gas, coal bed methane

Further prospects and probabilities of petroleum prospects appraisal, geological and economic aspects, assessment of basin and global aspects

Application of logs in petrophysical and facies analysis Books Recommended:

1.North, F.K., 1985: Petroleum Geology-Allen and Unwin

2.Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H., 1984: Petroleum Formation and Occurrence-Springer Verlag 3.Selley, R.C., 1998: Elements of Petroleum Geology-Academic Press

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i. Gemology-II

Unit-I

Synthetic, Composite and limitation Gemstones; methods of synthesis, stones synthesized, identification techniques, characteristics, manufactures and trade name.

Gem Enhancement methods and their identification: colourless/coloured impregnation, heat treatment, coating irradiation, Diffusion treatment Foiling and Laser drilling.

Unit-II

Description and methods of identifications of all gem varieties of the following

INORGANIC : Apatite, Beryl, Chrysoberyl, Corundum, Epidote, Enstatite, Fluorite, Feldspar group Unit – III

Diamond, Grarnet group, Jadeile, lolite, Lapis Lazuli, Opal, Peridot, Sillimanite Quartz group, Spinel, Tanzanite Topaz, Tourmaline Turquiose, Zircon.

ORGANIC : Amber, Coral, Jet, Pearl (Natural cultured, imitation), Ivory;

Varieties, species, occurrence and recovery of the above gem materials.

Unit-IV

Fashioning of gem stones, Description of the following gemstones cuts including diagrams:

Brilliants (with proportion for diamond) Cabochons, mixed, rose, step (Emerald) cut, Scissors or cross cut etc. Importance of Orientation and Valuation.

Books Recommended:

1.Gemmology 2nd Ed.-Peter Read (1991) Butter worth-Heinemanu Ltd.Lundu.

2.Gems 5th Ed. Peter Read. Buurerworth, London

3.Hand book of gem idendification-Richard Laddicoat (1987), G.I.A. Santa Monica.

4.Photo Atlas of Including in Gem Stones-Edward Gubelin 1986 ABC Edition 5.Gem Testing 10th Ed. B.W. Anderson (1990) Butterworth Scientific London.

6.Gemstone Enhancement 2nd Edition, K.Nassan. 1994 Butterworths London.

7.Gems 5th Ed. Webster Butterworths London.

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j. Engineering Geology and Geotechniques-II

Unit-I

Rock mass fabric-Geotechnical description and classification of rock masses. Classifications based on unconfined compressive strength, modulus ration, Rating concept, RMR, Total Rating, Rock mass quality classification. Rock mass reinforcement.

Rock Mechanics-Intact rock strength, Compressive, Tensile, Shear Strenth, Safety Factor, Modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s Ratio, Residual Stress, Heim’s hypothesis. Viscoplastic behaviour.

Unit-II

Soil- grading, consistency limits and their measurements, shear strength of soil, sessitivity of clay, Bearing capacity, Fill stability. Foundations for Buildings-Stress distribution, foundation failure, settlement, subsidence, Mitigation of subsidence.

Geotechnical Classification of soil.

Geotechnical issues related to foundations in problematic soils eg gravels, sands, silts, Loess, Clays, tills, fills.

Foundation structures-footings, Rafts, Piers, Piles.

Ground treatment methods.

Unit-III

Dams-Geotechnical requirements, Forces on dam, Sliding failure, Settlement and Rebound problems.

Reservoirs- geotechnical investigations, leakage, sedimentation in reservoir.

Reiver engineering-River control, Flood Regulation.

Unit-IV

Beach engineering-Erosion, Shoreline Investigations, Protective barriers.

Bridges and pavements-abutment and Piers of a bridges, bridge foundations.

Tunnels-Technical classification, Pressure Relief phenomena, Payline and overbreak, Rock and Soft ground tunnel.

Book Recommended:

1. Environmental and engineering geophysics-P.V. Sharma.

2. Principles of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-D.P. Krynine and W.R.Judd 3. Fundamentals of Engineeing Geology-F.G. Bell.

4. Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-F.G. Bell.

5.Rock Mechanics-W.Wittke

6. Rock Mechanics and Engineering-C.Jeger

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k. Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-II

Unit-I

Stress strain relationship. Two and three dimensional strain and stress analysis and its application in deformed rocks. Brittle failure and ductile deformation.

Unit-II

Folding mechanism and fold geometry. Classification of folds based on layer shape. Buckling, oblique shear and flow folding.

Kinking and formation of chevron folds.

Unit-III

Shear stress and brittle failure. Fault orientation in relations to stress and strain axes. Thrust systems. Strike slip fault systems.

Shear zones.

Unit-IV

Types of cleavage and lineation. Geometric relationship of cleavage to folding. Strain significance of cleavage. Tectonites and their significance. Descriptive and geometric analysis of tectonites.

Books recommended:

1. Structural analysis of metamorphic Tectonics-Turner and Weiss.

2. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions-Davis.

3. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-Ramsay.

4. An Outline of Structural Geology-Hubbs, Mears and William.

5. A Manual of Problems in Structural Geology-Gokhle

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l. Glaciology - II

Unit I

Glacier variations and Climate: Response to Climate Changes; Mass Balance study of glaciers, Glacier Advance and Retreat, Linear-Systems Model for a Glacier, Surging glacier. Impact of Climate change on Himalayan glaciers: The records of glacier retreat and advancement in centuries with spatial distribution

Unit II

Glacial Hydrolology and Hydrochemistry: Glacial hydrological system, meltwater process, mechanism of water discharge, characterstics of glacier runoff, diurnal and annual cycle, longterm variation, process of solute acquisition two component mixining model, chemical weathering process, meltwater character of Himalayan glacier

Unit III

Glaciological Techniques: Reconstructing Pleistocene climate based on landforms, glacier mass balance determination, Glacier runoff measurements, Glacier ice core studies, palynology, Lichenometry, Tree rings studies, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) use in glacier dating, GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) for thickness determination.

Unit IV

Application of Remote sensing and GIS and GPS in Himalayan Glaciology: Snow cover evolution, Inventory and mapping of glaciers, glacier evolution, velocity, Snow/ice differentiation, Determination of TSL and ELA on glacier surface, Mass balance and snowmelt runoff, Temporal change in glacier DEMs and climate change, LIDAR, and SAR technology and glacier study.

Readings:

Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology by Bryn Hubbard and Neil F. Glasser, willey International The Physics of Glaciers, Fourth Edition Hardcover, 2010, Kurt M. Cuffey and W. S. B. Paterson

Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology Paperback 1993, P. McL. D. Duff and Arthur Holmes Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Syed Iqbal Hasnain, Allied Publishers

Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Naseeuddin Ahmad and Sarwar Rais, Allied Publishers Snow and Glacier Hydrology, 2000, P. Singh, Vijay P. Singh

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Open Elective (Ability Enhancement) OE Credit – 4, Period- 56

The Preamble: Planet Earth is undergoing a constant change through an ever increasing resource consumption, population growth, urban sprawl development, technological advancement and consequent disturbance of the natural systems. Human intervention has been changing the global climate and environment in an unprecedented manner over Earth’s history. The greatest question for society in the 21st century is whether these changes to Earth’s life-support systems sustainable?

This course, Global Change is aimed at providing a broad understanding of complex issues involved in global change and global sustainability. It investigates the causes and potential impacts of global changes using a combination of traditional lecture-based and modern web-based teaching methodologies. The course draws on the fundamental principles of science to establish the sustainability of human activity on Earth. It surveys the evolution and interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes; how past changes on Earth help us predict the future. After the course, students will become better equipped to contribute to the debates on global environmental change, resource management and societal adaptation strategies.

They should be able to discern sound science from biased claims and will have a foundation for making informed decisions about sustainable practices in their own lives.The course content is also expected to provide opportunities to students to conduct research on topics of interest in their disciplines accruing from an understanding of the Earth systems.

(a) Global Change

Unit I

Global change: An overview; Time dimension of global change; Big bang and fundamental laws; Evolution of the solar system; Age and evolution of the Earth; Earth’s energy balance; Changing Earth-Sun relationship; Factors that make Earth a habitable planet;Major components of the Earth’s climate system;Evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere, greenhouse gases and climate; Ozone in the Atmosphere – Aspect related to the dynamics of atmospheric ozone;

Unit II

Earth’s magnetic field - Changing geomagnetic field and its environmental effects;The dynamics of Earth’s hydrosphere;

Atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions; Water cycle and global energy transfer;Ocean observation in relation to global change; Sea level changes and global climate change; Sensitivity of inland surface waters to global change; Water cycle information for decision making; Monitoringterrestrial snow and ice for global change studies.

Unit III

Land-Cover and Land-Use Dynamics – Land-use and land-cover mapping, Land-use Land-cover change and climate; The biosphere – processes of evolution and natural selection; Evidence of natural selection; Biogenic processes and changing atmospheric composition; Agricultural practices and global change; Lithosphere and Plate tectonics;Terrestrial impacts and their role in global change; Global deforestation; Human impacts on global change;

Unit IV

Biomass Burning – Role of fire in global change analysis; Fire monitoring and burn area mapping; International Efforts on global Change Research; Global observing systems; NASA Earth observing agenda; Review of NASA EO Missions;Role of the European Space Agency in global change observations; International collaborative programmes; Monitoring networks and databases.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

Emilio Chuvieco (2008) Earth Observation of Global Change. Springer Science

O’Neill B.C., Mackellar F.L. and Lutz W. (2001) Population and climate change. CambridgeUniversity

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19

Frank Biermann and Bernd Siebenhuner (Eds) (2009). Managers of Global Change: The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Turner B.L., Clark W.C., Kates R.W., Richards J.F., Matthews J.T., and Meyers W.T. (1991). The Earth as transformed by human action: Globaland regional changes in Biosphere over the last 300 years. Cambridge University Press,New York Parkinson C. L., Ward A., & King M. D. (Eds.) (2006).Earth science reference handbook.A guide to NASA’s Earth science

program and earth observing satellite missions. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

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(b) Earth Systems

Unit 1

Origin of earth, Formation of solar system, Cosmic abundance and neucleosynthesis, Meteorites, Interior of earth (major divisions and discontinuities), Movements of earth (Plate tectonic theory, Isostasy, Sea floor spreading). Supercontinents and Continental drift theory, Fossils: Important landmarks of evolution of life, Major extinction events and their causes

Unit 2

Physical processes inside the earth, magmatism: mechanism and causes, Earthquakes at plate margins, Stable Continental Region (SCR) Earthquakes, Mountain building activities, gravity and magnetic properties of earth. Magnetic polarity reversals.

Radioisotopes and age determination, Formation of various rock types (Igneous, sedimentary and Metamorphic) Unit 3

Economic resources of earth, mineral deposits and exploration, ore forming processes, Geophysical techniques and prospecting (Well Logging instrument and techniques), Geology of fuels (Coal and Petroleum), Hydrocarbons, Radioactive minerals

Unit 4

Natural Hazards (floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunami)- Preventive/ precautionary measures. Nuclear waste disposal, Environment protection- legislative measures, Ground water chemistry, problems and management. Glacial and inter-glacial periods. Major Ocean currents and their effects. Composition and structure of atmosphere.

Books Recommended:

1. Physical Geology-S.Judson, M.E.Kauffman and L.D.Leet.

2. Physical Geology-Arthur Holmes.

3. Basic Concepts of Historical Geology-E.H. Spencer.

4. Structural Geology-M.P. Billings.

5. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar.

6. Rutley’s Elements of Mineralogy-H.H. Read.

7. Igneous and Metamorphic petrology-Best.

8. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn.

9. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner.

10. Coal Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.

11. Petroleum formation and occurrence-Tisot and Welte.

12. Radioactivity in Geology-Principles and Application-Durrance.

13. Mineral Economics-Husain.

14. Mineral Economics-Chatterjee.

References

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