Hkkjr ds okgu pkydksa dh ,dkxzrk ij laxhr dk izHkko
uhfyek pØorhZ] dkfeuh xqIrk] xquhr flag vLlh]* dqekj lqfer** ,oa gfjFkk***
lh,lvkbZvkj & dsanzh; lM+d vuqla/kku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh
*lM+d lqj{kk fo'ks"kK] dalfYVax bathfu;lZ xzqi fyfeVsM] t;iqj
**lgk;d izksQslj] ef.kiky fo'ofo|ky;] dukZVd
***LukrdksÙkj Nk=k] jk"Vªh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] dkyhdV
lkjka'k % laxhr gekjs thou dk yksdfiz; ,oa vfHkUUk vax gSA laxhr dk iz;ksx ruko dks de djus ds fy, izHkkodkjh gksrk gSA bl v/;;u esa dsanzh; lM+d vuqla/kku laLFkku ds oSKkfudksa }kjk laxhr }kjk pkydksa ij gksus okys euksoSKkfud izHkkoksa dh tkap dh xbZA blesa] pkydksa dks nks lewgksa esa ,d oxZ esa 30 o"kZ dh vk;q rd ds pkyd] vU; esa 45 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds pkyd dh ,dkxzrk dk rqyukRed v/;;u laxhr ds iz;ksx ds lkFk fd;k x;kA ijh{k.k esa flE;qysVj }kjk nksuksa lewgksa dh izFke ijh{k.k fLFkfr esa ^laxhr ds fcuk* vkSj nwljs esa laxhr ds lkFk ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA Vh&VsLV] fefJr ,uksok] ijh{k.k }kjk lkaf[;dh tkap ds fu"d"kZ Lo:i ;g ik;k x;k fd laxhr dh mifLFkfr esa pkydksa esa csgrj izn'kZu ,oa de le; esa lgh izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA
Effect of music on concentration of drivers of India
Neelima Chakrabartoy, Kamini Gupta, Gunit Singh Assi*, Kumar Sumit** & Harita***
CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi 110 025
*Road security speeialist, consulting Engineers Group LTD, Jaipur
**Assistant Professor, Manipal University, Karnataka
***National Institute of Technology, Calicut
Abstract
Music is a popular and integral part of our lives. The use of music is effective in reducing stress. This study investigated the psychological effects of music on drivers by the scientists of the Central Road Research Institute. In this, a comparative study of among two groups of drivers (drivers up to the age of 30 years in one category, drivers above the age of 65 in the other) was done to study the impact of music on concentration. In the test, both the groups were tested by the CSIR Indigenously developed car driving simulator firstly "Without Music" and in the second test phase with the presence of "Music". The data was analyzed with the help of t&test and mixed ANOVA test. The finding of the study highlights that drivers have shown better performance in the presence of music, and performed more number of correct in-time responses with less time.
The study concludes that music has positive impact on driving performance if played safely.
izLrkouk
rsth ls c<+rh gq;h lM+d nq?kZVuk,¡ yksxksa ds thou vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks izHkkfor dj jgh gSa vkSj ,d egkekjh ds vuqikr esa cnyrh tk jgh gSA fo'o LokLF; laxBu ¼MCY;w,pvks½ dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj izR;sd o"kZ nqfu;k esa yxHkx djhc 13 yk[k yksx viuh tku xaokrs gSa vkSj 5 djksM+ yksx ?kk;y gksrs
gSa] ftuesa ls dbZ yksx rks thou Hkj ds fy, v{ke gks tkrs gSaA lM+d nq?kZVukvksa ds c<+rs [krjs dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy,] fo'o LokLF; laxBu us 2011&2020 dks lM+d lqj{kk ds fy, dk;Zokgh dk n'kd ?kksf"kr fd;k ,oa 2020 rd fo'o Lrj ij lM+d nq?kZVukvksa ls lEcfU/kr ekSrksa dks jksdus ds ,d fof'k"V y{; LFkkfir fd;k x;k
¼fo'o LokLF; laxBu] 2013½] dk;ZØe esa 100 ls vf/kd ns'kksa us bldk oSf'od Lrj ij Hkkx fy;k x;k] Hkkjr muesa ls ,d FkkA
Hkkjr esa] lM+d nq?kZVukvksa ds dkj.k gksus okyh ekSrksa esa yxkrkj o`f) gks jgh gSA o"kZ 2013 esa ,d yk[k lSarhl gtkj pkj lkS rsbZl nq?kZVuk;sa gq;hA ftldh la[;k c<+dj 2015 esa ,d yk[k fN;kyhl gtkj ,d lkS rSarhl gks xbZ18A bl xaHkhj ifjn`'; dks ns[krs gq,] ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd 2020 rd lM+d nq?kZVukvksa ds dkj.k gksus okyh ekSrksa esa yxkrkj o`f) ls Hkkjr fo'o Lrj ij lM+d nq?kZVukvksa dh jSafdax esa ukSosa ls rhljs LFkku ij vk tk,xk vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa mldk nwljk LFkku gksxk22A lM+d ;krk;kr ls gksus okyh ekSrksa vkSj {kfr ds dkj.k Hkkjr tSlh fodkl'khy ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij ,d Hkkjh cksÖk gksrk tk jgk gS tks fd gj o"kZ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼thMhih½ dk uqdlku yxHkx 3» rd gks tkrk gS9A 2014 o"kZ ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr o"kZ esa dqy bdrkyhl gtkj ikap lkS NCchl lM+d nq?kZVuk,¡ gqb±] ftuesa fd 47-69 izfr'kr rst xfr ls okgu pkyu djrs le;] 41-5 izrh'kr [krjukd vkSj ykijokgh ls x+yr vksojVsfdax djrs le;]
5-3 izfr'kr [kjkc ekSle dh fLFkfr ds dkj.k] 2-8 izfr'kr eksVj okgu esa ;kaf=kd nks"k ds dkj.k vkSj 2-6 izrh'kr yksxksa us 'kjkc ds izHkko ds dkj.k viuh tkuas xaok nh ¼lM+d ifjogu jktekxZ ea=kky;17½A
nq?kZVukvksa ds eq[; dkjdksa dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS v½ pkyd&lEca/kh c½ lM+d lEca/kh vkSj l½ okgu lEca/khA Hkkjr ds lM+d ;krk;kr ls gksus okyh ekSrksa vkSj {kfr ls lacaf/kr vk¡dM+s Li"V :i ls eq[;r% pkyd lEcaf/kr dkjdksa dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjkrs gSaA tcfd lM+d nq?kZVukvksa dks de djus ds fy, lM+dksa ds bathfu;fjax ;k i;kZoj.kh; dkjdksa dks fu;af=kr vkSj lq/kkj djus esa t+ksj fn;k jgk gSA fpark dk lcls cM+k dkj.k pkyd ls lEcaf/kr fofo/k ?kVuk,¡ gSa vkSj vf/kdrj ckgjh fu;a=k.kksa ls ijs gSa] tSls mez] fu.kZ;] Mªkbfoax dkS'ky]
/;ku] Fkdku] vuqHko vkSj la;e bR;kfnA
laxhr ckgjh dkjdksa esa ls ,d gS tks fd pkyd ds vkarfjd dkjdksa tSls fd ruko] Fkdku] /;ku] Hkkoukvksa dks izHkkfor djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA orZeku v/;;u esa] fofHkUUk izdkj ds laxhr ds izHkko dh tkap fofHkUUk vk;q oxks± ds okgu pkydksa ij vFkkZr~ 45 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q okys vkSj 30 o"kZ ls
de vk;q ds okgu pkydksa ds izfrfØ;kvksa ij dh xbZ ,oa fofHkUUk izdkj ds laxhr ds izHkko dks okgu pkyu ij foLrkfjr :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
uewus dk vkdkj ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡
orZeku v/;;u esa 'kq: esa 20 dkj pkydksa us Hkkx fy;k]
ftuesa ls 4 ijh{k.k iwjk fd, fcuk pys x,A blfy,] izfrHkkfx;ksa dh dqy la[;k 16 Fkh] ftudh vk;q lhek dks nks lewg , esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k Fkk] 30 o"kZ ls de vk;q oxZ vkSj 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd iqjkuk lewg chA mudk vkSlr Mªkbfoax vuqHko 10 lky FkkA iwjs ijh{k.k dky ds nkSjku fdlh Hkh Mªkboj dks lquus dh {kerk esa dksbZ deh ugha ik;h xbZA
ifjdYiuk,¡
¼d½ ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd laxhr ,Dlikst+j dk vkSlr izfrfØ;k le;] lgh izfrfØ;kvksa] x+yr izfrfØ;kvksa]
foyafcr izfrfØ;kvksa] NksM+h xbZ izfrfØ;kvksa vkSj lgh izfrfØ;kvksa ij eg oiw.kZ izHkko iM+sxkA
¼[k½ ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd vkSlr izfrfØ;k le;]
lgh izfrfØ;kvksa] x+yr izfrfØ;kvksa] foyafcr izfrfØ;kvksa]
NksM+h xbZ izfrfØ;kvksa vkSj vkthou lgh izfrfØ;kvksa ij mez dk egRoiw.kZ izHkko gksxkA
¼x½ ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd vuqHkoh ofj"B pkydksa dh rqyuk esa ;qok pkydksa us vkSlr izfrfØ;k le; de dj fn;k gksxk] de x+yr izfrfØ;k,¡( de NksM+h xbZ izfrfØ;k,¡ tcfd vf/kd lgh izfrfØ;k,¡ vkSj le; ij lgh izfrfØ;k,¡ dh gksaxhA
lkexzh ,oa fof/k
bl v/;;u esa fo;uk ijh{k.k iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx fo"k;ksa dh izfrfØ;k vkSj fu/kkZj.k ijh{k.k dk ijh{k.k djus ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk11A fu.kZ; le; ijh{k.k ;k fu/kkZj.k ijh{k.k
¼DT½ ,d tfVy cgq izfrfØ;k okyk ijh{k.k gS ftldk mi;ksx ruko lfg".kqrk vkSj izfrfØ;k djus dh lEc) {kerk dks ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA okgu pkyd dks ijh{k.k esa fufnZ"V rjhdksa ls fofHkUUk mÙkstukvksa ds fy, ftruh tYnh gks lds] izfrfØ;k djus dk funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS ¼fp=k 1½A fu.kZ; le; ijh{k.k dk fooj.k
fu.kZ; le; ijh{k.k ¼MhVh½ esa jaxhu n`'; vkSj /ofud mÙkstukvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blesa okgu pkyd izfrfØ;k iSuy ij cVu nckdj ;k iSj iSMy dk mi;ksx djds izR;sd
mÙkstuk ds izfr izfrfØ;k djrk gSA MhVh dks eq[; :i ls
^^izfrfØ;k'khy ruko lfg".kqrkÞ lEcaf/kr izfrfØ;k dh xfr dks ekius ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
;g ijh{k.k fuEufyf[kr laKkukRed míhiuksa dks izLrqr djrk gS%
¼d½ fofHkUUk jax okys n`'; míhiu
¼[k½ /ofud ¼Jo.k izfrfØ;k½ míhiu
¼x½ eksVj ¼gkFk vkSj iSj dh izfrfØ;k ls lacfU/kr½ míhiu MhVh ijh{k.k esa yxkrkj vkSj rsth ls cnyrs mÙkstukvksa ds fy, ftruh tYnh gks lds izfrfØ;k djus dh fLFkfr ls ekufld ruko mRiUUk gksrk gSA izR;sd laxhr ijh{k.k esa dqy 21 feuV dk le; Fkk ¼fp=k 2½A
ijh{k.k ds nkSjku fofHkUUk ekinaMksa ds fy, fuEu izdkj ds vkdM+s ,d=k fd, x;k%
• vkSlr izfrfØ;k le;
• le; lgh izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k
• NksM+h xbZ izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k
• foyafcr izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k
• lgh izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k
• xyr izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k
v/;;u dk fMtkbu vkSj izfØ;k
orZeku vuqla/kku esa fMtkbu dks eq[; :i ls nks lewgksa
;kfu laxhr ,oa fcuk laxhr dh fLFkfr esa foHkkftr fd;k x;kA laxhr dh fLFkfr;ksa dks fQj ls rhu vyx&vyx izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k x;k Fkk] ;kuh lkW¶V ;k ykbV laxhr( tSt+
laxhr vkSj Mªe laxhrA rhu izdkj ds laxhr MkmuyksM dh xbZ ftudh /ouh rhczrk dh ek=kk 56db-67db ds chp FkhA lkW¶V
;k ykbV laxhr( tSt+ laxhr vkSj Mªe laxhr dh /ouh rhczrk dh ek=kk Øe'k% 60&72 Mhch vkSj 63 Mhch ls 77 Mhch vk¡dh x;hA
orZeku v/;;u esa vkxeu ds nkSjku pkydksa dks ekSf[kd :i ls ijh{k.k vof/k ls igys vkSj ijh{k.k ds nkSjku ijh{k.k laca/kh funsZ'k fn, x,A blds i'Pkkr izfrHkkfx;ksa ij fo;uk VsLV dk ijh{k.k ¼MhVh½ fd;k x;k] tks fd ,d tfVy cgq izfrfØ;kRed ijh{k.k gS] ;g izfrfØ;k'khyrk] ruko lfg".kqrk vkSj izfrfØ;k djus dh lEc) {kerk dks ekirk gSA ijh{k.k ds nkSjku izfrHkkfx;ksa dks gsMQksu ds ek/;e ls rhu izdkj dk laxhr lquk;k x;k vkSj laxhr lqurs gq, mudks n`';] /ofud
¼Jo.k izfrfØ;k½ vkSj eksVj ¼gkFk vkSj iSj dh izfrfØ;k½ ds fofHkUUk mÙkstukvksa ds fy, ftruh tYnh gks lds] izfrfØ;k,¡
fp=k 1 & fu/kkZj.k ijh{kk ¼DT½ esa n`'; mÙkstukvksa dk ,d uewuk
djus iM+hA ,d fMftVy lkmaM ehVj dk mi;ksx djds iwjs laxhr dh fLFkfr;ksa dks fu;af=kr fd;k x;k FkkA
ijh{k.k dks pkj ckj nksgjk;k x;k] igys laxhr dh fLFkfr ds fcuk] fQj 'kkar laxhr] rRi'Pkkr tSt vkSj Mªe laxhr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k] izR;sd laxhr dh iz;ksx dh vof/k dqy 21 feuV FkhA izfroknh izfrfØ;k iSuy ij cVu nckdj ;k iSj iSMy dk mi;ksx djds izR;sd mÙkstuk ds izfr izfrfØ;k djrk FkkA
nks rjQk ,uksok ijh{k.k }kjk MsVk fo'ys"k.k
orZeku v/;;u esa laxhr dh fofHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa ,oa vk;q dks Lora=k pj ds :i esa fy;k x;k ,oa budk izHkko SPSS lkW¶Vos;j dh lgk;rk ls fefJr ,uksok ijh{k.k }kjk izR;sd vkfJr pj ;kfu vkSlr izfrfØ;k le;] le; ij lgh izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k] yksi gks xbZ izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k]
foyafcr izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k] dqy lgh izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k vkSj dqy x+yr izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k ij ns[kk x;k
¼lkj.kh&1½A
laxhr ds fcuk*] tSt+ laxhr**] Mªe laxhr***
blesa pkyd ds lewg dks nks dkjdksa ds vuqlkj] ;kuh vk;q vkSj laxhr dh fofHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj foHkkftr fd;k
x;kA blesa fefJr ,uksok dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k ftldk mís';
;g leÖkuk Fkk fd D;k pkydksa dh izfrfØ;k le; mez vkSj laxhr ij fuHkZj gSA
blesa lglEca/k rduhd dk mi;ksx] vkSlr izfrfØ;k le;]
lgh izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k] NksM+h xbZ izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k vkSj laxhr dh izR;sd izdkj dh tksM+h ds chp foyafcr izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k ds chp] ldkjkRed lglEca/k ;k udkjkRed lglEca/k [kkstus ds fy, fd;k x;kA ldkjkRed lglEca/k esa ,d dkjd dk mPp Ldksj] nwljs ds mPp Ldksj vkSj ,d dkjd dk de Ldksj nwljs dkjd ds de Ldksj ds lkFk tqM+k gksrk gSA nwljh vksj udkjkRed lglEca/k esa ,d dkjd dk mPp Ldksj nwljs dkjd ds de Ldksj ds lkFk ;k igys ds de Ldksj ds lkFk nwljs dk mPp Ldksj tqM+k gksrk gSaA lglEca/k ,d xq.kkad }kjk tks fd &1 vkSj 1 ds chp n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA lglEca/k xq.kkad egRoiw.kZ dgk tkrk gS ;fn izkIr laHkkO;rk ewY; ;kfu p dk eku 0-05 ls de gSA
,d rjQk ,uksok ijh{k.k }kjk MsVk fo'ys"k.k
vkSlr izfrfØ;k le;&lgh izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k&x+yr izfrfØ;kvksa ij la[;k&nks vk;q lewgksa ds fy, vyx&vyx vkSj foyafcr izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k ij laxhr ds izHkko dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, ,d rjg ls ,uksok ijh{kk vk;ksftr dh
fp=k 2 & fo;uk ijh{k.k iz.kkyh ls iz'kkflr ijh{k.k
tkrh gSA izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks lkj.kh 2 esa la{ksfir fd;k x;k gSA
ifj.kke ,oa foospuk
bl v/;;u ls fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ fudkys x, gSa%
1- pkyd dk izfrfØ;k le; vk;q vkSj laxhr ds izdkj nksuksa ls dkQh izHkkfor gksrk gSA
2- o`)koLFkk lewg ¼> 30 o"kZ½ us lHkh ekeyksa ds nkSjku mPp izfrfØ;k le; ¼0-985 lsdaM½ fn[kk;k gS tcfd ;qok vk;q
lewg ¼<45 o"kZ½ us vis{kkÑr de izfrfØ;k le;
¼0-701 lsdaM½ fn[kk;k gSA
3- v/;;u esa dgk x;k gS fd nksuksa vk;q lewgksa ds laxhr ds fcuk lgh izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k lcls de ik;h xbZA 4- v/;;u esa ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd ;qokvksa esa yksi ;k NksM+h
xbZ izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k vkSj foyafcr izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k ^^laxhr ds fcukÞ dh fLFkfr;ksa ds l=k ds rgr mPpre vkSj ^^tkt laxhrÞ vkSj ^^Mªe laxhrÞ dh mifLFkfr
lkj.kh 1& fofHkUUk ekinaMksa ij laxhr vkSj mez dk izHkko vk;q oxZ
Ø-la- ekinaM ;qok o`)
mPpre ewY; U;wure ewY; mPpre ewY; U;wure ewY;
1- vkSlr izfrfØ;k le; 0-76125 0-67125 1-07 0-9275
¼laxhr ds fcuk½ ¼Mªe laxhr½ ¼laxhr ds fcuk½ ¼tSt+ laxhr½
2- lgh izfrfØ;k dh la[;k 509 474 305 274
¼Mªe laxhr½ ¼laxhr ds fcuk½ ¼tSt+ laxhr½ ¼laxhr ds fcuk½
3- xyr izfrfØ;k dh la[;k 35 28 100 87
¼laxhr ds fcuk½ ¼tSt+ laxhr½ ¼tSt+ laxhr½ ¼laxhr ds fcuk½
4- NksM+h xbZ izfrfØ;k dh la[;k 51* 14*** 219* 181**
5- foyafcr izfrfØ;k dh la[;k 76* 33*** 168* 130**
lkj.kh 2 & laxhr ds izHkko ds fy, ,d rjQk ,uksok ijh{k.k dk lkjka'k
ifjorZu'khy vk;q oxZ dk ;ksx fMxzh vkWQ ÝhMe ehu Ldosj F flfXufQdsUl yosy
vkSlr ;qok 0-04263 3 0-01421 50-359 &
vkj-Vh- o`) 0-08806 3 0-02935 33-84 &
lgh ;qok 5554-34 3 1851-45 4-364 0-015
vkj-Vh- o`) 4452-38 3 1484-13 10-991 &
;qok 5839-25 3 1946-42 4-334 0-016
yksi
o`) 6686-59 3 2228-87 7-106 0-002
;qok 9333-38 3 3111-13 24-5 &
foyafcr
o`) 6350-34 3 2116-78 11-573 &
;qok 173-75 3 57-917 0-936 0-441
x+yr
o`) 806-5 3 268-833 0-315 0-814
ds nkSjku lcls de ik;k x;k bldk dkj.k laHko gS fd dk;Z ds lkFk laxhr ds mifLFkrh ls dke dh yach vof/k ls ,djlrk dk de vuqHko gqvk gksxkA ,djlrk ds vuqHko ls pyu dk dk;Z uhjl gks ldrk gS tks ruko] Åc vkSj fod"kZ.k dk ifj.kke gks ldrk gSA laxhr dh mifLFkfr ,d yacs dk;Z esa izfrHkkxh dh #fp dks cuk, j[k ldrk gS vkSj rukoiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ¼eSF;wt ,V vy-½ ls fuiVus esa Hkh enn djrk gSA
5- v/;;u esa izR;sd izdkj ds laxhr ds chp x+yr izfrfØ;kvksa dh la[;k ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ lEca/k ik;k x;kA tSt+ laxhr vkSj Mªe laxhr us Hkh dbZ ekeyksa esa dkQh ldkjkRed lglEc) ik;k x;k gSA
6- dqy feykdj bl v/;;u ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd 30 o"kZ rd ds vk;q oxZ ds Mªkbojksa ij laxhr dk etcwr ldkjkRed izHkko Fkk D;ksafd laxhr ;kuh tSt+ ;k Mªe laxhr dh mifLFkfr esa mudh dqy izfrfØ;k le; ds lkFk&lkFk lgh iz;kl c<+ x, tcfd x+yr vkSj yksi fd, x, izfrfØ;kvksa dh mifLFkfr esa deh vkbZA tcfd Mªkbojksa ds cM+s vk;q oxZ ds chp tSt+ laxhr dh mifLFkfr esa blds foijhr izfrfØ;k le; c<+ x;kA
lanHkZ
1. Brodsky W, The effects of music tempo on simulated driving performance and vehicular control- Transportation Research Part F, 4(2002) 219-241.
2. Clarke D D, Ward P, Bartle C & Truman W, Work- related road traffic collisions in the UK. Accident Analysis - Prevention, 41(2) (2009) 345-351.
3. Dalton B H, Behm D G & Kibele A, Effects of sound types and volumes on simulated driving, vigilance tasks and heart rate. Occupational Ergonomics, 7(3) (2007) 153-168.
4. DeNora T, Music in everyday life- Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press (2000).
5. DeNora T, Music sociology: getting the music into the action. British Journal of Music Education, 20 (2003) 165-177.
6. Dibben N and Williamson V J, An exploratory survey of in-vehicle music listening. Psychology of Music, 35 (2007) 571-589.
7. Grady C L & Craik F I, Changes in memory processing with age. Current opinion in neurobiology, 10(2), (200) 224-231.
8. Green M, Driver reaction time. Retrieved from http:/
/ w w w . v i s u a l e x p e r t - c o m / R e s o u r c e s / reactiontime.html (2013).
9. Gururaj G, Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India: current scenario. National Medical Journal of India, 21(1), (2008) 14.
10. Horswill M S, Anstey K J, Hatherly C G & Wood J M, The crash involvement of older drivers is associated with their hazard perception latencies- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), (2010) 939-944.
11. Juslin P N and Sloboda J A eds, Handbook of music and emotion: theory, research, applications. New York: Oxford University Press (2010).
12. Krumhansl C, An Exploratory Study of Musical Emotions and Psychophysiology. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51:4, (1997) 336-352 13. López-Ramón M F, Castro C, Roca J, Ledesma R
& Lupiañez J, Attentional networks functioning, age, and attentional lapses while driving. Traffic injury prevention, 12(5), (2011) 518-528.
14. Makishita H & Matsunaga K, Differences of drivers*
reaction times according to age and mental workload.
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(2), (2008) 567- 57.
15. Matthews G, Towards a transactional ergonomics for driver stress and fatigue. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 3(2), 2002) 195-211.
16. McRuer D T, Allen R W, Weir D H & Klein R H, New results in driver steering control models. Human factors, 19(4), (1977) 381-397.
17. MoRTH, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of India, Road accidents in India. http://
pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2016/jun/
p20166905.pdf (2015).
18. NCRB, National Crime Record Bureau, Accidental deaths and suicides in India, Retrieved fromhttp://
ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2014/adsi- 2014(20full) 20report.pdf (2014).
19. North A C & Hargreaves D J, The social and applied psychology of music. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2008).
20. Philip P, Taillard J, QUERA? SALVA M A, Bioulac, B, & Akerstedt T, Simple reaction time, duration of driving and sleep deprivation in young versus old automobile drivers. Journal of Sleep research, 8(1), (1999) 9-14.
21. Ponds R W, Brouwer W H & Van Wolffelaar P C Age differences in divided attention in a simulated driving task. Journal of Gerontology, 43(6), (1988) P151-P156.
22. Roberts I, Mohan D & Abbasi K, War on the roads:
the public health community must intervene-BMJ:
British Medical Journal, 324(7346), (2002) 1107.
23. Schuhfried G, Wiener Testsystem (Vienna Test System). Mödling, Austria: Dr. Gernot Schuhfried GmbH (2011).
24. Shek V and Schubert E, Background music at work a literature review and some hypotheses- In: C.
Stevens et al., eds. Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on music communication science (ICoMCS2). 3-4 December, 2009. Sydney, Australia: HCSNet, University of Western Sydney, (2009) 87-91.
25. Strayer D L, & Drew F A, Profiles in driver distraction: Effects of cell phone conversations on younger and older drivers. Human factors, 46(4), (2004) 640-649.
26. Svetina M, The reaction times of drivers aged 20 to 80 during a divided attention driving. Traffic injury prevention, 17(8), (2016) 810-814.
27. Walsh M J, Driving to the beat of one's own hum:
automobility and musical listening. Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 35 (2010) 201-221.
28. World Health Organization. Violence, Injury, Prevention, & World Health Organization, Global status report on road safety supporting a decade of action. World Health Organization, (2013).
29. Zakharova N N & Ivashchenko O I, Effect of music on motor reaction time and interhemispheric relations. Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni IP Pavlova] 34¼2½34¼2½34¼2½34¼2½34¼2½] (1984) 212&218-
