foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
d{kk - 8
DIKSHA ,i dSls MkmuyksM djsa\
fodYi 1 % vius eksckby czkmt+j ij diksha.gov.in/app Vkbi djsaA fodYi 2 % Google Play Store esaa DIKSHA NCTE <wa<+s ,oa MkmuyksM
cVu ij tap djsaA
DIKSHA App dks ykWp djs —> App dh leLr vuqefr dks Lohdkj djsa —> mi;ksxdrkZ Profile dk p;u djsaA
ikB~;iqLrd esa QR Code dks Scan djus ds fy, eksckby esa QR Code tap djsaA
eksckbZy dks QR Code ij dsfUnzr djsaA
lQy Scan ds i'pkr~ QR Code ls fyad dh xbZ lwph miyC/k gksxhA
MsLdVkWi ij QR Code dk mi;ksx dj fMftVy fo"k;&oLrq rd dSls igq¡ps \ eksckby ij QR dksM dk mi;ksx dj fMftVy fo"k; oLrq dSls çkIr djsa \
QR Code ds uhps 6 vad dk Alpha
Numeric Code fn;k x;k gSA czkmt+j esa diksha. gov.in/cg VkbZi djsaA
lpZ ckj ij 6 fMftV dk QR CODE VkbZi djsaA
izkIr fo"k;&oLrq dh lwph ls pkgh xbZ fo"k;&oLrq ij fDyd djsaA
jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ NÙkhlx<+] jk;iqj
fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrq
l= 2021&22
(Science & Technology)
(Class - VIII)
©
,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-N-x-] jk;iqj ekxZn'kZu
,dyO;] Hkksiky] fo|kHkou lkslk;Vh] mn;iqj leUo;d
MkW- fo|korh pUnzkdj fo"k; leUo;d
T;ksfr pØorhZ laiknu
csyk fo'okl] T;ksfr pØorhZ] vuqiek uyxqaMokj
ys[kd ny
csyk fo'okl] 'kkafryrk Ýkafll] T;ksfr pØorhZ] vuqiek uyxqaMokj] uhye vjksjk]
panzHkw"k.k cxfj;k] vfurk JhokLro] nsoukFk eq[kthZ] jkts'k pankuh]MkW- fo|k uk;Mq ] t;Jh jkBkSj] vuhrk lkSa/kh] fnyhi >k
vkoj.k i`"B js[kjkt pkSjkxM+s] jk;iqj
lg;ksxh ¼Vad.k½ lqjs'k lkgw] eqdaqn lkgw
izdk’kd
NŸkhlx<+ ikB~;iqLrd fuxe] jk;iqj
eqnzd
---
eqfnzr iqLrdksa dh la[;k & ---
ikB~;Øe dk la'kks/ku vkSj uohuhdj.k rFkk mlds vk/kkj ij ikB~;iqLrdksa dh jpuk djuk 'kSf{kd izfØ;k dk ,d vax gSA blh izfØ;k ds varxZr jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~]
NRrhlx<+] jk;iqj us 2003&04 esa ikB~;Øe dk la'kks/ku dj d{kk NBoha] 2004&05 esa d{kk lkroha rFkk 2005&06 esa d{kk vkBoha gsrq iqLrd ^^foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh** dh jpuk dhA
bu iqLrdksa dk mn~ns'; fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks dsoy oSKkfud tkudkfj;ksa ls ykn nsuk ugha gS]
cfYd mu eq[; vo/kkj.kkvksa dks fl[kkuk gS tks lEiw.kZ foKku fo"k; esa dgha u dgha ik;h tkrh gSaA izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl ds lkFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl izdkj dh f'k{kk nsuk vko';d gks x;k gS tks foKku]
izkS|ksfxdh ,oa lekt ds e/; laca/k LFkkfir dj mUgsa vko';d Kku ,oa dkS'ky iznku djsA 'kSf{kd lanHkZ esa dh tk jgh ppkZvksa esa izk;% c<+rs gq, cLrs ds cks> ij fpark O;Dr dh tkrh gSA ;'kiky lfefr dh fjiksVZ dk izeq[k eqn~nk Hkh ;gh jgk gSA
bUgha y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, bu iqLrdksa dk ys[ku fd;k x;k gSA iqLrdksa ds v/;;u }kjk Nk=ksa dks muds jkstkuk ds vuqHkoksa dh ij[k rFkk mudk fo'ys"k.k djus ds volj izkIr gksaxsA lkFk gh ljy fØ;kdykiksa }kjk fl)karksa dh lgh le> mRiUu djus dk Hkh i;kZIr volj izkIr gksxkA mueas i;kZoj.k ,oa LokLF; laca/kh eqn~nksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldus dh Hkh {kerk mRiUu gksxhA blls muesa ,slk n`f"Vdks.k mRiUu gksxk tks mUgsa [kkst rFkk vuqla/kku ds fy, izsfjr djsxkA
f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 cPpksa dks xq.koÙkk;qDr f'k{kk nsus ij tksj nsrk gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-]ubZ fnYyh }kjk d{kk 1&8 rd ds cPpksa gsrq d{kkokj] fo"k;okj vf/kxe izfrQyksa dk fuekZ.k dj lq>kokRed f'k{k.k izfØ;kvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ftlls cPpksa ds lok±xh.k fodkl ds y{; dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsxkA iqLrdksa esa le;kuqlkj la'kks/ku rFkk ifjo/kZu ,d fujarj izfØ;k gSA vr% l= 2018&19 gsrq iqLrdksa dks lelkekf;d rFkk izklafxd cuk;k x;k gSA ftlls cPpksa dks okafNr miyfC/k izkIr djus ds vf/kd volj miyC/k gksaxsA vk'kk gS fd ;g iqLrd f'k{kd lkfFk;ksa rFkk cPpksa dks y{; rd igq¡pus esa ennxkj gksaxhA
Ldwy f'k{kk foHkkx ,oa jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] N-x- }kjk f'k{kdksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa n{krk laoèkZu gsrq vfrfjDr ikB~; lalkèku miyCèk djkus dh n`f"V ls Energized Text Books ,d vfHkuo ç;kl gS] ftls v‚u ykbZu ,oa v‚Q ykbZu ¼MkmuyksM djus ds mijkar½ mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ETBs dk çeq[k mn~ns'; ikB~;oLrq ds vfrfjDr v‚fM;ks&ohfM;ks] ,uhes'ku Q‚jesV esa vfèkxe lkexzh] lacafèkr vH;kl] ç'u ,oa f'k{kdksa ds fy, lanHkZ lkexzh çnku djuk gSA bl iqLrd ds ys[ku esa gesa fofHkUu 'kkldh; vkSj v'kkldh; fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa]
egkfo|ky;ksa rFkk d`f"k fo'ofo|ky; ds vkpk;ksZa] Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa rFkk izcq) ukxfjdksa dk ekxZn'kZu ,oa lg;ksx feyk gSA ge muds izfr viuk gkfnZd vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA iqLrd esa vko';d la'kks/kuksa ds lq>ko ifj"kn~ dks vo'; Hkstsa] ftlls blesa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldsA ifj"kn~ vkids lq>koksa dk Lokxr djrk gSA
lapkyd
jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
NRrhlx<+] jk;iqj
(PRESTIGIOUS CONTRIBUTION BY INDIANS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE)
vkius d{kk 6 ,oa 7 esa dqN ,sls oSKkfudksa ds ckjs esa i<+k gS ftUgksaus u dsoy Hkkjr oju~
laiw.kZ fo'o esa foKku dks lektksi;ksxh cukus ds fy, viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA blh Ja`[kyk esa bl o"kZ Hkh ge dqN ,sls oSKkfudksa dk ifjp; djk jgs gSa ftuds dk;ksZa ds fy, foKku txr mudk lnSo _.kh jgsxkA
1- ojkgfefgj (VARAHMIHIR)&
budk tUe lu~ 499 esa gqvk FkkA ;s mTtSu ds ikl dfiRFk uked xk¡o ds fuoklh FksA egku [kxksyK vkSj xf.krK vk;ZHkV ls feydj ;s brus izHkkfor gq, fd T;ksfr"k fo|k vkSj [kxksy Kku dks gh bUgksaus vius thou dk /;s; cuk fy;kA vk;ZHkV dh rjg bUgksaus Hkh crk;k fd i`Foh xksy gSA foKku ds bfrgkl esa ;s izFke O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus dgk fd dksbZ ,slh 'kfDr gS tks phtksa dks tehu ls fpidk, jgrh gSA vkt blh 'kfDr dks xq#Rokd"kZ.k dgrs gSaA
ojkgfefgj us i;kZoj.k foKku] tyfoKku] HkwfoKku vkfn ds ckjs esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ fVIif.k;k¡
dh FkhaA mudk dguk Fkk fd ikS/ks vkSj nhed tehu ds uhps ds ikuh dks bafxr djrs gSaA vkt oSKkfud txr }kjk bl ij /;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA ojkgfefgj }kjk T;ksfr"k fo|k ij fy[kh xbZ iqLrdksa dks xzaFk jRu ekuk tkrk gSA
2- czãxqIr (BRAHMAGUPTA)&
budk tUe xqtjkr esa lu~ 518 esa gqvk FkkA ;s ,d iz[kj xf.krK FksA ftUgksaus lcls igys 'kwU; ds dk;Z djus ds fu;e cuk, rFkk vfu/kkZfjr lehdj.kksa ds gy Hkh fn, A ;s mPp xf.kr dh la[;kRed fo'ys"k.k 'kk[kk ds laLFkkid Hkh FksA blhfy,] HkkLdj tSls izfl) xf.krK us bUgsa ^^x.kd pØ pwM+kef.k^^ dh mikf/k nhA czãxqIr us gh chtxf.kr vkSj xf.kr dh fHkUurk Hkh crkbZ rFkk [kxksy x.kuk ds fy, chtxf.kr dk mi;ksx djus laca/kh iqLrd Hkh fy[khA 3- Vh- vkj- 'ks"kkfnz (T.R. SHESHADRI)&
fr:osadV jktsUnz 'ks"kkfnz dk tUe lu~ 1900 esa dqYyhrykbZ] rfeyukMq esa gqvk FkkA ;s Hkkjr esa dkcZfud jlk;u dh uhao j[kus okyksa esa ls ,d FksA ikS/
kksa ij muds 'kks/k dk;ksZa ls dbZ jklk;fud ;kSfxdksa dk irk pykA ;s 'kSoky jlk;u ds fo'ks"kK ekus tkrs FksA buds 'kks/k ifj.kke Ñf"k vkSj fpfdRlk foKku ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ekus tkrs gSaA buds 'kks/k dk;ksZa ds fy, bUgsa ukscy iqjLdkj izkIr gqvk FkkA
jkepUnz cksl dk tUe lu~ 1901 esa gks'kaxkckn e-iz- esa gqvk FkkA ;s xf.kr ,oa lkaf[;dh ds fo}ku Fks ftUgksaus nwj lapkj ds fy, u, dksM fudkysA dksM dh lgk;rk ls =qfVghu lans'k izkIr fd, tk ldrs FksA bl dk;Z ds fy, mUgsa vesfjdk dk loksZPp oSKkfud lEeku iznku fd;k x;k FkkA
5- iapkuu ekgs'ojh (PANCHANAN MAHESHWARI)&
budk tUe lu~ 1904 esa t;iqj] jktLFkku esa gqvkA bUgksaus ouLifr vkÑfr foKku ds varxZr ,sls ikS/ks ftuesa Qwy mRiUu gksrs gSa] mudh vkÑfr]
'kkjhfjdh vkSj Hkzw.k foKku dk v/;;u dj ikS/kksa dh dbZ tkfr;ksa esa o`f) o fodkl dh izfØ;k dk v/;;u fd;k rFkk ikbZ xbZ fHkUurkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ikS/kksa dk oxhZdj.k Hkh fd;kA os ,d mRÑ"V Hkzw.k oSKkfud ds :i esa fo[;kr gq,A budh fy[kh iqLrdsa vkt Hkh 'kkykvksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa v/;;u ds fy, mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSaA
6- ,l-pUnz'ks[kj (S. CHANDRASHEKHAR)&
lqczã.k;e panz'ks[kj dk tUe lu~ 1910 esa ykgkSj esa gqvk FkkA bUgsa 1983 esa HkkSfrd 'kkL= esa ukscy iqjLdkj feykA flrkjksa ds v/;;u esa ;ksxnku ds vfrfjDr bUgksaus nks mRÑ"V iqLrdsa Hkh fy[kh gSaA ,l-pUnz'ks[kj fo'oizfl) HkkSfrd 'kkL=h] [kxksy HkkSfrd 'kkL=h ds lkFk&lkFk xf.krK Hkh FksA 7- ts-oh-ukyhZdj (JAYANT VISHNU NARLIKAR)&
bl l`f"V esa vla[; u{k=] vkdk'k xaxk,a vkSj uhgkfjdk,a gSaA ;g lc dSls mRiUu gqbZ gkasxh \ bl iz'u ij oSKkfud 'krkfCn;ksa ls fopkj dj jgs gSaA dksYgkiqj egkjk"Vª esa 1938 esa iSnk gq, [kxksy HkkSfrdfon~ t;ar fo".kq ukyhZdj us bl iz'u dk mRrj izkIr djus ds fy, ,d u, fl)kar ij dk;Z fd;k gSA ftlds vuqlkj flrkjs] vkdk'kxaxk vkSj vU; rRoksa ds :i esa inkFkZ lkjs lalkj esa cjkcj QSyk gqvk gSA ;g fl)kar mruk gh egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gS ftruk vkabLVkbu dk lkis{krk fl)karA blhfy, bUgsa Hkkjr dk vkabLVkbu dgk tkrk gSA
1- vkdk'k n'kZu (SKY VISION) 1 2- la'ysf"kr js'ks vkSj IykfLVd (SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS) 9
3- ok;q (AIR) 17
4- jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ & dc vkSj dSlh&dSlh 29
(CHEMICAL REACTIONS-WHEN AND WHAT TYPE)
5- /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡ (METALS AND NON-METALS) 38
6- dkcZu (CARBON) 50
7- 'kjhj dh jpukRed ,oa dk;kZRed bdkbZ&dksf'kdk 61
(STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF OUR BODY - THE CELL)
8- lw{etho& ,d vn~Hkqr lalkj (MICRO - ORGANISMS : A WONDERFUL WORLD) 69
9- izdk'k dk viorZu (REFRACTION OF LIGHT) 82
10- /ofu (SOUND) 97
11- fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko (CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT) 107
12- ÅtkZ ds lzksr (SOURCES OF ENERGY) 116
13- [kk| mRiknu ,oa izca/ku (FOOD PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT) 129
14- ?k"kZ.k (FRICTION) 148
15- fdruk Hkkstu] dSlk Hkkstu (HOW MUCH FOOD, WHAT TYPE OF FOOD) 156
16- dqN lkekU; jksx (SOME COMMON DISEASE) 165
17- fd'kksjkoLFkk (ADOLESCENCE) 183
lq>kokRed f’k{k.k izfØ;k,¡
lh[kusokys dks tksM+h esa@lewgksa essa@O;fDrxr :i ls lekos’kh O;oLFkk dk volj iznku djrs gq, fuEukafdr gsrq izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vf/kxe ifj.kke (Learning Outcomes) lh[kus okyk
• laosnh vaxksa ds iz;ksx tSls&ns[kuk] Li’kZ djuk] p[kuk] lwa?kuk] lquuk vkfn }kjk izkd`frd izØe rFkk pkjksa vksj ds ifjos’k dh [kkstchuA
• iz’u mBkuk ,oa fpUru djuk] ppkZ djuk]
mi;qDr xfrfof/k;ksa dh :ijs[kk cukdj mUgsa fØ;kfUor djuk] jksy Iys] okn&fookn]
vkbZ-lh-Vh- ds mi;ksx bR;kfn ds }kjk mRrj dh [kkst djukA
• xfrfof/k] iz;ksx] losZ{k.k] {ks= Hkze.k vkfn ds nkSjku fd, x, voyksduksa dk fjdkMZ j[kukA
• vfHkysf[kr vk¡dM+ksa dk fo’ys"k.k] fu"d"kksZa dh O;k[;k ,oa vuqeku yxkuk@
lkekU;hdj.k djuk ,oa fu"d"kksZa dks lkfFk;ksa rFkk o;Ldkas ds lkFk ck¡VukA
• l`tukRedrk dk izn’kZu uohu mik;ksa@
fopkjksa] uohu izfrn’kZ] iSVuZ] rkRdkfyd izn’kZu vkfn dh lgk;rk ls djukA
SCI801. oLrqvksa vkSj thoksa esa Hksn djrs gSa] tSls&
izkd`frd ,oa ekuo fufeZr js’ks] vlEidZ vkSj lEidZ cy] rjy inkFkZ&fo|qr pkyd vkSj dqpkyd] ikS/kksa vkSj tarqvksa dh dksf’kdk,¡ fi.Mt vkSj v.Mt tarqvksa dks muds xq.kksa] lajpuk rFkk dk;Z ds vk/kkj ijA
SCI802. fo’ks"krkvksa ,oa xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij lkefxz;ksa ,oa thoksa dk oxhZdj.k djrs gSa] tSls&
/kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvksa] [kjhQ vkSj jch Qlysa] mi;ksxh vkSj gkfudkjd lw{etho]
ySafxd vkSj vySafxd iztuu] [kxksyh;
fi.Mksa] lekIr gksus okys ,oa v{k;
izkd`frd lalk/kuA
SCI803. iz’uksa ds mRrj Kkr djus ds fy, ljy [kkstchu djrs gSa] tSls&ngu ds fy, vko’;d 'krsZa D;k gSa\ ge vpkj vkSj eqjCcksa esa ued vkSj phuh D;ksa feykrs gSa\ D;k rjy inkFkZ leku xgjkbZ ij leku nckc Mkyrs gSa\
vkfnA
SCI804. izfØ;kvksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dks dkj.kksa ls lacaf/kr djrs gSa] tSls&gok esa iznw"kdksa ds dkj.k /kwe&dksgjs dk cuuk] vEy o"kkZ ds dkj.k Lekjdksaa dk {kj.kA SCI805. izfØ;kvksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k
djrs gSa] tSls& euq"; vkSj tUrqvksa esas iztuu( /ofu dk lapj.k rFkk mRiUu gksuk] fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko(
cgqizfrfcEcksa dk cukuk] Tokyk dh lajpukA
SCI806. jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy, 'kCn lehdj.k fy[krs gSa] tSls& /kkrqvksa vkSj v/kkrqvksa dh gok] ikuh rFkk vEyksa ds lkFk vfHkfØ;kA
SCI808. lw{ethoksa] I;kt dh f>Yyh] ekuo xky dh dksf’kdkvksa vkfn dh LykbM~l rS;kj djrs gSa vkSj muls lacaf/kr lw{e y{k.kksa dk o.kZu djrs gSaA
SCI809. Ukkekafdr fp= ,oa izokg pkVZ cukrs gSa]
tSls& dksf’kdk] vk¡[k] ekuo iztuu]
vaxksa ,oa izk;ksfxd O;oLFkkvksa vkfnA SCI810. vius ifjos’k dh lkexzh dk mi;ksx
djrs gq, ekWMyksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj muds dk;Zfof/k dks crkrs gSa tSls
& bdrkjk] bysDVªksLdksi] vfXu 'kked
;a= vkfnA
SCI811. oSKkfud vo/kkj.kkvksa dks le>dj nSfud thou esa iz;ksx djrs gSa] tSls
& ty dk 'kq)hdj.k] ck;ksfMxzsMscy vkSj ukWu ck;kssfMxzsMscy dpjs dks vyx djuk] Qly mRiknu esa o`f)] fofHkUu dk;ksZa gsrq mi;qDr /kkrqvksa ,oa v/kkrqvksa dk mi;ksx] ?k"kZ.k dks de@T;knk djukA fd’kksjkoLFkk essa pqukSrhiw.kZ feFk vkSj Hkzkafr;k¡A
SCI812. oSKkfud [kkstksa dh dgkfu;ksa ij ppkZ djrs gSa vkSj mudk egRo le>rs gSaA SCI813. i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk dk iz;kl djrs gSa]
tSls& lalk/kuksa dk foosdiw.kZ rjhdksa ls mi;ksx] moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk’kdksa dk fu;af=r mi;ksx] i;kZoj.kh; [krjksa ls fuiVus ds lq>ko nsrs gSa] vkfnA SCI814. jpukRedrk dk izn’kZu djrs gSa & fMtkbu
cukus] ;kstuk cukus ,oa miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djus esaA
SCI815. ewY;ksa tSls & bZekunkjh] oLrqfu"Brk]
lg;ksx] Hk; ,oa iwokZxzgksa ls eqfDr tSls xq.kksa dks iznf’kZr djrs gSaA
v/;k; ikB dk uke LOs
1- vkdk'k n'kZu SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI809,SCI814 2- la'ysf"kr js'ks vkSj IykfLVd SCI801,SCI802,SCI803,SCI811
3- ok;q SCI804,SCI805,SCI810,SCI813 4- jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ &
dc vkSj dSlh&dSlh SCI801,SCI803,SCI806,SCI809
5- /kkrq,¡ vkSj v/kkrq,¡ SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI805,SCI806
6- dkcZu SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI810
7- 'kjhj dh jpukRed ,oa
dk;kZRed bdkbZ&dksf'kdk SCI801,SCI802,SCI808,SCI809,SCI812 8- lw{etho& ,d vn~Hkqr lalkj SCI801,SCI803,SCI804,SCI806,
SCI809,SCI812
9- izdk'k dk viorZu SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI807, SCI809,SCI810
10- /ofu SCI801,SCI804,SCI809,SCI810
11- fo|qr /kkjk ds jklk;fud izHkko SCI801,SCI803,SCI804,SCI805,SCI809, SCI810,SCI811,SCI814
12- ÅtkZ ds lzksr SCI801,SCI802,SCI805,SCI809,SCI810, SCI812,SCI814
13- [kk| mRiknu ,oa izca/ku SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI805,SCI813 14- ?k"kZ.k SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI805,SCI811,
SCI814
15- fdruk Hkkstu] dSlk Hkkstu SCI801,SCI802,SCI803,SCI804,SCI805, SCI811
16- dqN lkekU; jksx SCI801,SCI802,SCI804,SCI805,SCI811, SCI815
17- fd'kksjkoLFkk SCI801,SCI802,SCI803,SCI804,SCI805, SCI809,SCI811,SCI815
mn kg jk .k kF kZ : fc
21 1 vkdk’k n'kZu (SKY VISION)
ge ftl xzg ij jgrs gaS] mls i`Foh dgrs gaSA fnu esa gesa vkdk’k esa lw;Z fn[kk;h nsrk gSA vkb,] ns[ksa& D;k vkdk’k esa lw;Z ds vykok vkSj dqN Hkh gS \
1-1 vkdk’k esa vkSj D;k&D;k gS \ (WHAT IS THERE IN THE SKY?)
fdlh ,slh va/ksjh jkr esa vkdk’k dks ns[ksa tc ckny u gksaA vkidks cgqr lkjs rkjs fn[kk;h nsaxsA buesa ls dqN vf/kd pedhys rFkk dqN /kq¡/kys gksaxsA dqN cM+s gksaxs dqN NksVsA etsnkj ckr ;g gS fd brus NksVs fn[kus okys ;s rkjs gekjh i`Foh ls Hkh dbZ xquk cM+s gaS vkSj dqN rks lw;Z ls Hkh dbZ xquk cM+s gSaA vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd ;s rkjs gesa brus NksVs D;ksa fn[kk;h nsrs gSa\ vkb,] bls le>asA
fØ;kdyki (ACTIVITY ) -1
leku vkdkj dh nks QqVckWy ysaA eSnku esa tkdj mUgsa ,d nwljs ls de ls de 50&80 ehVj nwj j[ksaA vc yxHkx 30 ehVj nwj tkdj mUgas ,d rjQ ls bl izdkj ns[ksa fd nksuksa ckWy rFkk vki ,d ljy js[kk esa gksaA vc nksuksa ckWyksa ds vkdkj dks /;ku ls ns[ksaA D;k nksuksa ckWyksa dk vkdkj leku utj vkrk gS\ dksbZ oLrq gels ftruh nwj fLFkr gksrh gS mldk vkdkj gesa mruk gh NksVk utj vkrk gSA vc vki le> x, gksaxs fd okLro esa brus cM+s rkjs gesa brus NksVs D;ksa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
/;ku ls ns[kus ij gesa vkdk’k esa rkjksa tSls dqN vU; fi.M Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA tks fVefVekrs izrhr ugha gksrs] ;s xzg gSa tks gekjh i`Foh dh gh rjg lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh vkdk’k esa dqN {k.kksa ds fy, izdk’k dh ,d pedhyh js[kk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA okLro esa ;s tyrs gq, mYdk fi.M gSaA bl rjg gekjh i`Foh rFkk vU; xzg] lw;Z rFkk panzek] mYdk fi.M vkfn feydj vkdk'k xaxk dh jpuk djrs gSaA vkb,] buds ckjs esa dqN vkSj tkusaA
1-2 rkjs ,oa rkjk e.My (STARS AND THE STAR WORLD)
vkdk’k esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys fi.Mksa esa rkjs lcls vkd"kZd gSaA ;s ,sls [kxksyh; fiaM gSa tks yxkrkj izdk’k ,oa Å"ek mRlftZr djrs gSaA lw;Z] i`Foh dk fudVre rkjk gSA fnu ds le; vkdk'k esa lw;Z ds izdk'k ds dkj.k vU;
rkjs fn[kkbZ ugha nsrsA
vf/kdka'k rkjs i`Foh ls bruh vf/kd nwjh ij gSa fd muds izdk'k dks i`Foh
rd igq¡pus esa yk[kksa o"kZ yx ldrs gSaA rkjksa dh nwfj;k¡ izdk'ko"kZ esa n'kkZ;h tkrh gSaA izdk'k yxHkx 3 yk[k fdyksehVj izzfr lsd.M dh pky ls ,d o"kZ esa ftruh nwjh r; djrk gS]
mls izdk'k o"kZ dgrs gSaA vr% izdk'k o"kZ nwjh dk ek=d gSA bldk eku 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 300000 fdyksehVj ds cjkcj vFkkZr~ yxHkx 9460800000000 km;k 9-46 x1012 km gSA
i`Foh ls lw;Z yxHkx 15,00,00,000 km ¼iUnzg djksM+
fdeh½ nwj gSA lw;Z dss izdk'k dks i`Foh rd igq¡pus esa yxHkx 8-3 feuV le; yxrk gS blfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd i`Foh ls lw;Z yxHkx 8-3 izdk'k feuV nwj gSA lw;Z ds ckn i`Foh ds lcls fudV dk rkjk ^^vYQk lsaVkWjh** gS tks yxHkx 4-3 izdk'k o"kZ nwj gSA lcls pedhyk rkjk ^^lkbjl** i`Foh ls yxHkx 8-7 izdk'k o"kZ nwj gSA vkdk'k esa vufxur rkjs fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA /;ku ls ns[kus ij vkidks rkjksa dh ,d /kq¡/kyh iêh mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj fn[kk;h nsxh bls vkdk'k xaxk dgrs gSaA czãk.M esa rkjksa ds ,sls dbZ lewg vFkkZr~ dbZ vkdk'k xaxk,a gSaA gekjh vkdk'k xaxk czãk.M dh bu yk[kksa vkdk'k xaxkvksa esa ls ,d gSA blh vkdk'k xaxk esa gekjk lkSj ifjokj fLFkr gSA
lw;Z lfgr lHkh rkjs fdlh u fdlh [kxksyh; fiaM ;k fiaM lewg dh rhoz xfr ls ifjØek dj jgs gaSA fdUrq vR;f/kd nwjh ij fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k buds chp dh nwjh esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk cks/k gesa ugha gks ikrkA
ge tkurs gSa fd i`Foh vius v{k ds pkjkas vksj if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kwe jgh gS tcfd rkjs gesa iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj xfr djrs izrhr gksrs gSaA fdUrq mŸkj fn'kk eas fLFkr ,d rkjk gesa fLFkj izrhr gksrk gSA bls ge /kzqo rkjs ds uke ls tkurs gSaA i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu v{k ij fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k /kzqo rkjs dh fLFkfr i`Foh ds fdlh Hkh LFkku ds lkis{k ugha cnyrh fn[kk;h nsrhA yEcs le; ls fn'kk Kkr djus ds fy, /kqzo rkjs dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gS ¼fp= 1-1½A
/;ku ls ns[kus ij gesa rkjksa ds dqN ,sls lewg fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa tks fo'ks"k vkd`fr dk
vkHkkl nsrs gSaA rkjksa ds ,sls lewgksa dks rkjkeaMy dgrs gSaA fdlh rkjkeaMy ds lHkh rkjs lnSo lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSaA vr%
rkjkeaMy dh vkd`fr Hkh lnSo leku gksrh gSA gekjs iwoZtksa us vkd`fr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij bUgsa dqN uke fn, gSa tSls& o`gr&lIrf"kZ ;k mlkZ estj] y?kq lIrf"kZ ;k mlkZ ekbuj rFkk e`x ;k vksjk;u
¼Orion½A
vklkuh ls igpkus tkus okys rkjkeaMyksa esa o`gr&lIrf"kZ rkjkeaMy ,d gSA bls fcx fMij Hkh dgrs gSaA bl rkjkeaMy
fp= 1-2 o`gr lIrf"kZ (Big saptarishi)
fp= 1-1 /kqzorkjs dh fLFkfr /kqzorkjk
(Pole Star)
fp= 1-3 e`x rkjkeaMy
(Orion/Hunter or Kalpurush) ( Position of Pole Star)
(Pole Star)
(Big Saptarishi)
esa cgqr ls rkjs gSaA ftuesa ls lkr lokZf/kd pednkj rkjs cM+h djNqy ;k iz'u fpUg tSlh vkd`fr cukrs gSa ¼fp= 1-2½ A
buesa ls rhu djNqy ds gS.My esa gSa rFkk pkj dVksjs esaA djNqy ds 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr nks rkjs ladsrd rkjs dgykrs gSaA budks feykus okyh js[kk /kqzo rkjs dh vksj ladsr djrh gSA y?kq lIrf"kZ esa Hkh vf/kd ped okys lkr izeq[k rkjs gksrs gSaA /kqzo rkjk blds gS.My ds fljs ij fLFkr gksrk gSA
e`x ;k vksjk;u Hkh vkdk'k esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyk izeq[k rkjkeaMy gS ftlesa vU;
rkjkeaMyksa dh vis{kk vf/kd pedhys rkjs gksrs gSaA bl rkjkeaMy dh vkd`fr ,d f'kdkjh dh rjg fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vr% bls dkyiq#"k ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ¼fp= 1-3½A
jkf= esa bu rkjke.Myksa dks igpkuus dk iz;kl djsa rFkk /kzqo rkjs dh fLFkfr dks tkusaA buds mÙkj nhft, (ANSWER THESE)&
1- dbZ rkjs lw;Z ls cM+s gksus ij Hkh gesa lw;Z ls NksVs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA D;ksa \ 2- ,d rkjk i`Foh ls 3-4 izdk'ko"kZ nwj gS bldk D;k vFkZ gS \
3- mÙkj fn'kk esa fLFkj izrhr gksus okys rkjs dks vki dSls [kkstsaxs \
1-3 xzg vc ukS ugha dsoy vkB (THERE ARE ONLY EIGHT PLANETS NOT NINE)&
xzg ,sls [kxksyh; fi.M gSa tks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSaA ;s rkjksa dh rjg Lo;a izdk'k mRlftZr ugha djrsA fdUrq vius Åij iM+us okys lkSj izdk'k dks ijkofrZr djrs gSa blfy, ;s rkjksa dh rjg pednkj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
cq/k ¼edZjh½] 'kqØ ¼ohul½] i`Foh ¼vFkZ½] eaxy ¼eklZ½] c`gLifr ¼tqfiVj½ ,oa 'kfu ¼lSVuZ½ dh [kkst izkphu [kxksyfonksa us dj yh Fkh D;ksafd ;s lkekU;r% vk¡[kksa ls ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
v#.k ¼;wjsul½] o#.k ¼usIP;wu½ vkSj ;e ¼IywVks½ dh [kkst nwjchu ds vkfo"dkj ds ckn dh tk ldhA bl izdkj iwoZ esa lw;Z ds dqy ukS xzg ekus tkrs jgs gSaA izR;sd xzg vius fuf'pr iFk ¼d{kk½ ij lw;Z dh ifjØek djrk gS ¼fp= 1-4½A ijUrq IywVks dks vius [kkst ds 76 o"kZ i'pkr~ fooknksa ds ?ksjs esa gksus ds dkj.k xzgksa dh fcjknjh ls vyx dj fn;k x;kA bl izdkj vc xzg dqy vkB gh gaSA
fp= 1-4 lkSj e.My (Solar System)
cq/k i`Foh eaxy c`gLifr 'kfu v#.k o#.k
lw;Z
'kqØ
(Mercury)
(Uranus) (Neptune)
(Saturn) (Jupiter)
(Mars) (Earth) (Venus) ( S u n )
fp= 1-8 eaxy fp= 1-7 i`Foh
fp= 1-6 'kqØ fp= 1-5 cq/k
dqN xzgksa ds Kkr mixzg gSaA mixzg ,slk [kxksyh; fi.M gS] tks fdlh nwljs xzg dh ifjØek djrk gSA panzek i`Foh dk izkd`frd mixzg gSA c`gLifr] 'kfu] o#.k tSls xzgksa ds ,d ls vf/kd izkd`frd mixzg gSaaA vkb,] xzgksa ds ckjs esa tkusa &
1-3-1 cq/k (MERCURY)&
;g lw;Z ds lcls lehi dk xzg gSA vf/kdka'k le; ;g lw;Z ds izdk'k ds dkj.k fn[kk;h ugha nsrkA lw;Z ds fudV gksus ds dkj.k ;g vR;f/kd xeZ gksrk gSA cq/k ds vf/kdka'k y{k.k tSls O;kl vkSj nzO;eku panzek ds yxHkx leku gaSA panzek ds leku gh cq/k ij Hkh fdlh rjg dk ok;qe.My ugha gS rFkk /kjkry pV~Vkuh ,oe~ ioZrh; gS ¼fp= 1-5½A bldk dksbZ Kkr mixzg ugha gSA 1-3-2 'kqØ (VENUS)&
;g lw;Z ls c<+rh nwjh ds Øe esa nwljk xzg gSA ftrus [kxksyh; fiaM gesa fn[kk;h nsrs gSa mu lHkh esa 'kqØ lcls vf/kd pedhyk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA 'kqØ ds pedhysiu dk dkj.k mldk ?kus cknyksa ls ;qä ok;qeaMy gSA tks vius Åij iM+us okys lw;Z ds izdk'k ds yxHkx rhu& pkSFkkbZ Hkkx dks ijkofrZr dj nsrk gSA lw;kZsn; ls dqN igys rFkk lw;kZLr ds rqjar ckn ;g f{kfrt ds ikl pedhys rkjs tSlk fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ;|fi ;g rkjk ugha gS] fQj Hkh bldh
ped ds dkj.k bls ^Hkksj dk rkjk* rFkk ^lka/; rkjk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk nzO;eku i`Foh ds nzO;eku dk yxHkx 45 gS tcfd nksuksa dk O;kl yxHkx leku gSA 'kqØ dk viuk dksbZ mixzg ugha gS ¼fp= 1-6½A
1-3-3 i`Foh (EARTH)&
lw;Z ls nwjh ds Øe esa i`Foh dk LFkku rhljk gS ¼fp= 1-7½A vc rd Kkr xzgksa esa i`Foh ds vykok vU; fdlh xzg ij thou ugha gSA i`Foh] lw;Z dh ifjØek 365-26 fnu esa iwjk djrh gSA mls vius v{k ij ,d iw.kZ ?kw.kZu esa 24
?kaVs yxrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k fnu vkSj jkr gksrs gaSA i`Foh vius v{k ij FkksM+h
>qdh gqbZ gS ftlds dkj.k _rq ifjorZu gksrs gSaA i`Foh dk ,d izkd`frd mixzg panzek gSA panzek i`Foh dh ifjØek djus ds lkFk&lkFk i`Foh lfgr lw;Z dh ifjØek Hkh djrk gSA ;g vius Åij iM+us okys lw;Z ds izdk'k dks gekjh vksj ijkofrZr dj nsrk gSA ge panzek dk dsoy og Hkkx ns[k ikrs gSa tks gekjh vksj gksrk gSA
1-3-4 eaxy (MARS)&
lw;Z ls c<+rh nwjh ds Øe esa ;g vxyk xzg gSA ;g yky jax dk fn[kk;h nsrk gS ¼fp= 1-8½A vr% bls yky xzg Hkh dgrs gSaA o"kZ ds vf/kdka'k fnuksa esa ;g i`Foh ls fn[kk;h nsrk gSA eaxy dh f=T;k i`Foh dh f=T;k ds
vk/ks ls dqN vf/kd gS] ysfdu bldk nzO;eku i`Foh ds nzO;eku dk 19 xquk gSA bl xzg esa ty vkSj thou izkfIr ds dksbZ iq"V izek.k ugha feys gSaA fQj Hkh [kxksyfon~ bldh [kkst ds fy, 'kks/k dk;Z dj jgs gSaA blds nks izkd`frd mixzg gSaA
1-3-5 c`gLifr (JUPITER)&
lHkh xzgksa esa c`gLifr lcls cM+k gS ¼fp= 1-9½A bldk nzO;eku 'ks"k xzgksa ds dqy nzO;eku ls Hkh vf/kd gSA lw;Z ls c`gLifr dh nwjh mlls igys pkj xzgksa dh lw;Z ls nwfj;ksa dks tksM+us ls izkIr nwjh ls vf/kd gSA lw;Z ls bl rd igq¡pus okyh Å"ek rFkk izdk'k dh ek=k i`Foh vkSj eaxy dh vis{kk de gSA fdarq ;g xzg 'kqØ rFkk dHkh&dHkh eaxy ds vfrfjä vU; xzgksa dh rqyuk esa
vf/kd pednkj fn[kk;h nsrk gSA bldk dkj.k blds ?kus ok;qe.My }kjk vf/kdka'k izdk'k dks ijkofrZr dj nsuk gSA c`gLifr ds 28 Kkr izkd`frd mixzg gSaA
1-3-6 'kfu (SATURN)&
lw;Z ls nwjh ds Øe esa ;g xzg 6osa LFkku ij gSA lw;Z ls bldh nwjh c`gLifr dh nwjh ls yxHkx nksxquh gS ¼fp= 1-10½A nzO;eku vkSj lajpuk esa ;g c`gLifr tSlk gh gS fdarq ;g c`gLifr dh rqyuk esa BaMk gSA blds pkjksa vksj ik, tkus okys rhu oy;ksa ds dkj.k ;g vU; xzgksa ls vf/kd lqanj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bu oy;ksa dks nwjchu dh lgk;rk ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 'kfu ds Kkr mixzgksa dh la[;k 30 gSA
1-3-7 v#.k (URANUS)&
nwjchu dh lgk;rk ls [kkstk x;k ;g igyk xzg gS ¼fp= 1-11½A lw;Z ls bldh nwjh 'kfu ls lw;Z dh nwjh dh yxHkx nksxquh gSA blds Kkr mixzgksa dh la[;k 21 gSA
1-3-8 o#.k (NEPTUNE)&
lw;Z ls nwjh ds Øe esa ;g vkBoka xzg gSA blds mixzgksa dh la[;k 8 gSA lw;Z ls vf/kd nwjh ds dkj.k ;g BaMk gS ¼fp= 1-12½A
;e ¼IywVks½ vc xzgksa dh fcjknjh ls ckgj D;kas \
(PLUTO: WHY IS IT NOT A PLANET? )
lHkh xzgksa dh rqyuk esa lw;Z ls lokZf/kd nwjh ¼lw;Z ls i`Foh dh nwjh dk yxHkx 39-5 xquk½ ij fLFkr ;g fi.M vkdkj esa cgqr NksVk gSA lw;Z ls izdk'k dks bl rd igaqpus esa 32 ?k.Vs dk le; yxrk gSA dbZ o"kksZa ls IywVks dks xzg ekus tkus ij fookn pyrk jgk gSA varr% 24 vxLr lu~ 2006 dks varjkZ"Vªh; [kxksy foKku la?k dh izkx ¼psdksLyksokfd;k½ esa gqbZ cSBd us xzg dh ifjHkk"kk fu/kkZfjr dhA muds vuqlkj xzg ml fi.M dks dgk tk;sxk &
fp= 1-9 c`gLifr
fp= 1-10 'kfu
fp= 1-11 v#.k
fp= 1-12 o#.k
fp= 1-13 /kwedsrq
1- tks lw;Z dk pDdj yxkrk gksA
2- ftlesa bruk nzO;eku gks fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds dkj.k vkdkj xksy gksA 3- ftldk ifjØek iFk lkQ gksA
4- ftlesa vU; [kxksyh; fi.M ekStwn u gkasA vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd IywVks xzg D;ksa ugha gS \
IywVks lw;Z dk pDdj vo'; yxkrk gS ijUrq NksVk vkSj de nzO;eku gksus ds dkj.k iw.kZr%
xksy ugha gSA nh?kZo`Rrkdkj ¼yxHkx vaMkdkj½ d{kk esa pDdj yxkus ds nkSjku og usIP;wu dh d{kk dks dkVrs gq, Hkhrj pyk vkrk gSA blds vykok vU; xzg yxHkx ,d gh ry esa lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSa tcfd IywVks buls yxHkx 170 dk dks.k cukrk gSA bu lc dkj.kksa ls mls xzgksa dh fcjknjh ls ckgj dj fn;k x;k vkSj bls okeu xzg dk ntkZ fn;k x;kA
buds mÙkj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&
1- nh x;h tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij xzgksa dh igpku dhft,&
¼d½ lcls cM+k xzg
¼[k½ xzg ftl ij thou gS
¼x½ lcls pedhyk xzg
¼?k½ yky xzg
¼p½ nwjchu }kjk [kkstk x;k igyk xzg
¼N½ rhu oy;ksa okyk xzg
¼t½ vkB mixzgksa okyk xzg
vki tkurs gSa fd lkSj ifjokj esa lw;Z ds vfrfjDr dbZ xzg rFkk dqN vU; [kxksyh;
fi.M Hkh gSaA vkb,] bu [kxksyh; fi.Mksa ds fo"k; esa tkusa&
1-4 xzfgdk,¡ (ASTEROIDS)&
eaxy vkSj c`gLifr dh d{kkvksa ds chp ik, tkus okys NksVs&NksVs fi.M tks lw;Z dh ifjØek dj jgs gaSA xzfgdk,¡ ;k {kqnz xzg dgykrs gaS ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd xzfgdk,¡ nzO; ds os [k.M gSa tks fdlh dkj.k xzg dk :i ugha ys ik,A
1-5 /kwedsrq ¼iqPNy rkjk½ (COMETS)&
/kwedsrq vR;f/kd NksVs [kxksyh; fi.M gSa tks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSaA bUgsa ge rHkh ns[k ldrs gSa tc ;s lw;Z ds cgqr ikl gksrs gSaA budk fo'ks"k y{k.k gS ,d NksVk pednkj 'kh"kZ vkSj mlds ihNs yach iw¡NA /kwedsrq dh iw¡N lnSo lw;Z ls foijhr fn'kk esa gh jgrh gSA /kwedsrq izk;% ,d fuf'pr le;kof/k ds ckn ckj&ckj izdV gksrs gSaA gsyh dk
/kwedsrq ,slk gh /kwedsrq gS tks 76 o"kZ ckn izdV gksrk gSA bls fiNyh ckj lu~ 1986 esa ns[kk x;k
¼fp= 1-13½A
1-6 mYdk,¡ ,oe~ mYdk fiaM (METEORS AND METEORITES)&
va/ksjh jkr esa tc vkdk'k lkQ gks rc vkidks vkdk'k esa dHkh&dHkh izdk'k dh pednkj /kkjh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA dqN yksx bUgsa ^VwVrs rkjs* dgrs gSaA okLro esa ;s rkjs ugha gSa ;s mYdk,¡ gSaA mYdk ,d NksVk vkdk'kh; fi.M gksrk gS tks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrk jgrk gSA tc ;g fi.M i`Foh ds ok;qeaMy esa cgqr rhoz xfr ls izos'k djrk gS rc ?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k ty tkrk gS vkSj izdk'k dh ,d pednkj /kkjh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA dqN mYdk,¡ ok;qeaMy esa iwjh rjg ugha ty ikrh gSa] rFkk mudk dqN Hkkx i`Foh ij fcuk tys fxj tkrk gSA mYdk ds bu fcuk tys fi.Mksa dks mYdk fiaM dgrs gaSA
lkSj e.My esa fofHkUu xzg ,oa mixzg vius&vius ifjiFk esa ,d&nwljs dh xfr ,oa ekxZZ esa vojks/k igq¡pk, fcuk djksM+ksa o"kksZa ls fujarj lw;Z dh ifjdzek dj jgsa gSaA D;k gekjk O;ogkj Hkh blh rjg dk gS\ D;k ge vius leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk mUgsa fcuk uqdlku igq¡pk, leUo; LFkkfir dj 'kkafriw.kZ thou th jgs gSa\
gesa bl ij fopkj djuk pkfg, rkfd leqnk; ds lHkh lnL; 'kkafriwoZd thou th ldasaA
buds mÙkj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&
1- fuEu ds ckjs esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nsa (Give short notes on)&
¼d½ os vkdk'kh; fiaM tks fdlh dkj.k xzg dk :i ugha ys ik,A
¼[k½ og vkdk'kh; fiaM ftldh yEch pednkj iw¡N gksrh gSA 2- mYdk vkSj mYdk fiaM esa varj Li"V djsaA
geus lh[kk (WE HAVE LEARNT)&
rkjs ,sls [kxksyh; fi.M gaS tks Lo;a Å"ek rFkk izdk'k mRlftZr djrs gaSA lw;Z Hkh ,d rkjk gS A
vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa ds chp dh nwjh izdk'k o"kZ ek=d esa ekih tkrh gSA
rkjk e.My] rkjksa ds ,sls lewg gSa tks fdlh fo'ks"k vkd`fr dk vkHkkl nsrs gSaaA xzg ,sls [kxksyh; fi.M gSa tks lw;Z dh ifjØek djrs gSaA
mixzg ,sls [kxksyh; fi.M gSa tks fdlh xzg dh ifjØek djrs gSaA
lkSj ifjokj xzgksa] muds mixzgksa] xzfgdkvksa] /kwedsrqvksa] mYdkvksa rFkk mYdk fi.Mksa ls feydj cuk gSA
lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ifjØek djus okys Kkr xzg gSa&
cq/k] 'kqØ] i`Foh] eaxy] c`gLifr] 'kfu] v#.k] o#.kA
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)&
1- fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft, (Fill in the blanks)&
¼d½ rkjksa dh fo'ks"k vkd`fr ds lewg dks &&&&&&&& dgk tkrk gSA
¼[k½ og fi.M tks fdlh xzg dh ifjØek djrk gS &&&&&&&& dgykrk gSA
¼x½ lcls BaMk xzg &&&&&&&& gSA
¼?k½ &&&&&&&& rkjk mÙkj fn'kk esa fLFkj izrhr gksrk gSA
¼³½ &&&&&&&& rkjk eaMy dh vkd`fr ,d f'kdkjh dh rjg fn[kk;h nsrh gSA 2- lgh fodYi pqfu, (Choose the correct alternative)&
1- lw;Z ds lcls fudV dk xzg gS&
¼d½ 'kqØ ¼[k½ cq/k ¼x½ c`gLifr ¼?k½ i`Foh
2- {kqnz xzg ik, tkrs gSa] fuEu nks xzgksa dh d{kkvksa ds chp&
¼d½ eaxy vkSj c`gLifr ¼[k½ 'kfu vkSj c`gLifr
¼x½ 'kqØ vkSj c`gLifr ¼?k½ i`Foh vkSj eaxy 3- fuEu esa ls fdl xzg ds mixzg ugha gSa&
¼d½ eaxy ¼[k½ v#.k
¼x½ cq/k ¼?k½ o#.k
4- buesa ls dkSu lkSj ifjokj dk lnL; ugha gS&
¼d½ xzfgdk,¡ ¼[k½ xzg
¼x½ mixzg ¼?k½ rkjke.My
5- rkjkeaMy ugha gS&
¼d½ mlkZ estj ¼[k½ mlkZ ekbuj
¼x½ vksjk;u ¼?k½ gsyh
3- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft, (Answer the following questions)&
1- lw;Z gesa lcls cM+k vkSj lcls pednkj D;ksa fn[kk;h nsrk gSS\
2- /kzqo rkjk gesa fLFkj izrhr D;ksa gksrk gS \
3- mlkZ estj rFkk vksjk;u esa fofHkUu rkjksa dh fLFkfr dk fp= cukb,A
4- 'kqØ lw;Z dk fudVre xzg ugha gS] fQj Hkh ;g lokZf/kd pedhyk xzg D;ksa gS\
5- /kzqo rkjs dks vki fdl izdkj igpkusaxsA
6- lw;Z ls nwjh ds Øe esa lkSj ifjokj ds lHkh xzgksa ds uke fyf[k,A bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THESE ALSO)&
1- fu;fer :i ls vkdk'k dk voyksdu dj fuEu vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa dks igpkuus dk iz;kl djsa&
¼d½ 'kqØ ¼lokZf/kd pednkj½
¼[k½ eaxy ¼yky½
¼x½ c`gLifr ¼lokZf/kd cM+k vkSj pednkj½
¼?k½ 'kfu ¼ihyk½
¼³½ lIrf"kZ vkSj /kzqo rkjk
2- i=&if=dkvksa ls vkdk'kh; fi.Mksa dh jkspd tkudkfj;ksa dks ,d= dj viuh ladyu iqfLrdk esa yxk,aA
la'ysf"kr js'ks vkSj IykfLVd
(SYNTHETIC FIBRES & PLASTICS)
ge tkurs gSa fd tks diM+s ge igurs gSa os izkd`frd ;k d`f=e lzksrksa ls
izkIr js'kksa ls cuk, tkrs gSaA js'kksa dk mi;ksx fofo/k izdkj dh ?kjsyw oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA js'kksa ls cuh gqbZ oLrqvksa dh lwph cukb, vkSj mUgsa izkd`frd vkSj d`f=e js'kksa ls cuh oLrqvksa esa oxhZd`r dj lkj.kh&2-1 esa fyf[k, A
lkj.kh&2-1 izkd`frd vkSj Ñf=e js'ks (Natural and Synthetic fibres)
Ø- oLrq dk uke js'ks dk izdkj ¼izkÑfrd@Ñf=e½
1- Ckksjk izkÑfrd
2- --- --- 3- --- --- 4 --- --- 5 --- ---
vkius ns[kk fd dqN oLrq,¡ izkd`frd js'kksa ls rFkk dqN d`f=e js'kksa ls curh gSaA d`f=e js'ks euq"; }kjk fofHkUu jklk;fud inkFkksZa ls cuk, tkrs gSaA blfy, bUgsa d`f=e ;k la'ysf"kr ;k ekuo fufeZr js'ks dgrs gSaA
js;kWu] uk;ykWu] MsØkWu] Vsjsyhu] Mjou vkfn la'ysf"kr js'ks gSaA la'ysf"kr js'kksa ls cus oL=
vR;f/kd fVdkÅ gksrs gSaA buesa fldqM+u ugha vkrh] ;s cgqr tYnh lw[k tkrs gSa rFkk bUgsa bLrjh djus dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA
vkius fo'ks"k voljksa ij yksxksa dks tjh yxs oL= igus ns[kk gksxk]
tjh rk¡cs ds rkj ij lksus ;k pk¡nh dh ijr p<+k dj cuk;h tkrh gSA 2-1 la'ysf"kr js'ks D;k gSa \ (What are synthetic fibres?)
vkius eksfr;ksa dh ekyk ns[kh gksxhA ftl izdkj ekyk esa /kkxs ls tqM+s eudksa ds dkj.k mldh cukoV ,d lh fn[kk;h nsrh gS ,sls gh la'ysf"kr js'ks Hkh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;ksa dks tksM+dj cuk;h x;h ,d Ük`a[kyk gS ¼fp=&2-1½A ftldh izR;sd NksVh bdkbZ ,d jklk;fud inkFkZ gSA bl izdkj dh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;k¡ feydj ,d cM+h bdkbZ cukrh gSa tks cgqyd ¼ikWyhej½ dgykrh gSA
fp=&2-1 la'ysf"kr js'ks dh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;k¡ ds
leku eksrh dh ekyk
(Bead joined to form long chain)
2
(S.No.) (Name of article) [Type of fibre (Natural /Synthetic)]
Ckgqyd izd`fr esa Hkh ik, tkrs gSa mnkgj.k ds fy, dikl ,d cgqyd gS tks lsyqykst dgykrk gSA lsyqykst cM+h la[;k esa Xywdkst bdkb;ksa ls curk gSA jcj] js'ke] ydM+h vkfn Hkh cgqyd gSaA blh izdkj euq";ksa }kjk dkj[kkuksa esa cuk, x, IykfLVd ikbi] cksrysa] ckfYV;k¡ vkfn Hkh cgqyd ls curs gSaA
2-2 la'ysf"kr js'kksa ds izdkj (Types of Synthetic Fibres)&
¼d½ js;kWu (Rayon)
vki tkurs gSa fd js'ke] js'ke dhV ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA blls cus dIkM+s dh cqukoV cgqr lqUnj gksrh gS rFkk ;g cgqr eg¡xk gksrk gSA blfy, js'ke dks d`f=e :Ik ls cukus ds iz;kl fd, x,A 19oha 'krkCnh esa oSKkfudksa us js'ke ds leku xq.k okys js'ks izkIr djus esa lQyrk ikbZA ftls js;kWu ;k d`f=e js'ke dgk tkrk gSA ;g dk"B yqxnh ds jklk;fud mipkj ls izkIr ekuo fufeZr js'kk gS tks js'ke ls lLrk gksrk gSA js;kWu esa dikl feykdj pknjsa vFkok Åu feykdj xyhps cuk;s tkrs gSaA
¼[k½ ukbykWu (Nylon)
;g Hkh ekuo fufeZr js'kk gSA bls cukus esa fdlh izkd`frd dPps eky ¼ikS/ks ;k tarq ls izkIr½ dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k vr% ;g izFke iw.kZ :Ik ls la'ysf"kr js'kk FkkA ;g etcwr]
gYdk] izR;kLFk vkSj pedhyk js'kk gS tks /kqykbZ esa vklkuh ds dkj.k diM+ksa ds fuekZ.k esa vR;f/kd izpfyr gSSA bldh etcwrh ds dkj.k iSjk'kwV] jLlh] eksts] cz'k] ijns vkfn cukus esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
¼x½ ikWfy,LVj (Polyester)
;g Hkh ,d la'ysf"kr js'kk gSA bl js'ks ls cus diM+ksa ij flyoVsa ugha iM+rha vkSj ;s ljyrk ls /kqy tkrs gSaA Vsjhyhu ,d yksdfiz; ikWfy,LVj gSA blds cgqr eghu js'ks [khaps tk ldrs gSaA blh izdkj isV (PET) ,d ,slk ikWfy,LVj gS] ftldk mi;ksx cksrysa] crZu] fQYe]
rkj ,oa vU; mi;ksxh lkexzh cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
ikWfy,LVj ¼ikWfy$,LVj½ okLro esa ,d jlk;u ,LVj dh bdkb;ksa dh iqujko`fr ls curk gS vFkkZr~ ikWfy,LVj] ,LVj dk cgqyd gSA blls cus diM+s ikWfydkWV] ikWfyowy] VsjhdkWV vkfn ukeksa ls csps tkrs gSaA ikWfydkWV] ikWfy,LVj vkSj dikl dk feJ.k gS tcfd ikWfyowy] ikWfy,LVj vkSj Åu dkA
¼?k½ ,sfØfyd (Acrylic)
ge lfnZ;ksa esa LosVj] 'kky] dEcy vkfn dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA buesa ls dqN izkd`frd Åu ls ugha oju~ la'ysf"kr js'ks ls cus gksrs gSa tks ,sfØfyd dgykrk gSA blls cus oL= vis{kkd`rlLrs gksrs gSaA la'ysf"kr js'ks vf/kd fVdkÅ rFkk igq¡p ds Hkhrj gksus ds dkj.k vf/kd yksdfiz; gaSA
2-3 la'ysf"kr js'kksa ds xq.k/keZ (Characteristics of Synthetic Fibres)
vkius izkd`frd ,oa d`f=e js'kksa dks tyk dj ns[kus okyk fØ;kdyki t:j fd;k gksxkA vkius ns[kk gksxk fd d`f=e js'ks xeZ djus ij fi?ky tkrs gSa] ;g budk ,d gkfudkjd xq.k gSA ;fn bu diM+ksa esa vkx yx tkrh gS rc ;s fi?ky dj iguus okys O;fDr ds 'kjhj ls fpid tkrs gaSA
fØ;kdyki (Activity) -1
leku vkdkj vkSj yxHkx leku eksVkbZ okys diM+s ds nks VqdM+s yhft, ftuesa ls ,d izkd`frd js'kksa ls cuk rFkk nwljk la'ysf"kr js'kksa ls cuk gksA nksuksa VqdM+ksa dks nks vyx&vyx fxyklksa esa fHkxkb,] /;ku jgs fd nksuksa fxyklksa esa cjkcj ek=k esa ikuh Hkjk gksA ik¡p feuV ckn nksuksa diM+ksa dks fxykl ls fudkydj /kwi esa QSykb,A nksuksa fxyklksa esa cps ikuh ds vk;ru dh ijLij rqyuk dhft,A
• nksuksa izdkj ds diM+ksa esa ls fdl diM+s izkd`frd@d`f=e }kjk de ikuh lks[kk x;k\
• ftl diM+s }kjk de ikuh lks[kk x;k og nwljs diM+s dh rqyuk esa tYnh lw[kk ;k nsj ls\
• bl fØ;kdyki ds vk/kkj ij d`f=e js'kksa ls cus diM+ksa ds nks xq.k fyf[k,A
vius ekrk&firk vkSj vU; cqtqxksZa@cM+ksa ls izkd`frd js'kksa ls cus diM+ksa rFkk d`f=e js'kksa ls cus diM+ksa ds fVdkÅiu] etcwrh] ewY;] j[kj[kko vkfn ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh ,d= dj rqyuk dhft,A
buds mRrj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&
1- dqN js'ks la'ysf"kr js'ks D;ksa dgykrs gaS \
2- jlksbZ?kj esa dke djrs le; la'ysf"kr js'kksa ls cus diM+s ugha iguuk pkfg, D;ksa \ 3- NksVh&NksVh bdkb;k¡ feydj cgqyd cukrh gSa mnkgj.k }kjk le>kb,A
2-4 IykfLVd (Plastics)
fØ;kdyki (Activity) -2
vkids }kjk izfrfnu dke esa vkus okyh IykfLVd dh oLrqvksa vkSj muds mi;ksxksa dh lwph cukdj lkj.kh&2-2 esa fyf[k,A
lkj.kh&2-2 IykfLVd ls cuh oLrq,a vkSj muds mi;ksx (ARTICLES MADE OF PLASTIC AND THEIR USES)
Ø- IykfLVd dh oLrq dk uke mi;ksx
1- fMCck phtksa dks j[kus esa
2- da?kh
3- --- --- 4 --- ---
vius ns[kk ge vius nSfud thou esa IykfLVd ls cuh dbZ oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA vkb,]
vc IykfLVd ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/kd tkusaA la'ysf"kr js'kksa dh rjg IykfLVd Hkh ,d cgqyd gSA lHkh rjg ds IykfLVd esa mudh bdkb;ksa dh O;OkLFkk ,d gh izdkj dh ugha gksrh gSA ;g js[kh; ;k fr;Zdc) gksrh gS ¼fp=&2-2½ IykfLVd dh oLrq,¡
vyx&vyx vkdkjksa ,oa lkbt esa feyrh gSa D;ksafd IykfLVd dks vklkuh ls lk¡ps esa
<ky dj dksbZ Hkh vkdkj fn;k tk ldrk gS ¼fp=&2-3½A IykfLVd dk iqu% pØ.k Hkh gks ldrk gSA bls jaxk ;k fi?kyk;k tk ldrk gS] bls csydj pn~njksa esa cnyk tk
ldrk gS vFkok bldh rkjsa cuk;h tk ldrh gSaA blfy, blds brus izdkj ds mi;ksx gSaA
ikWfyFkhu ¼ikWfy$,Fkhu½ IykfLVd dk gh ,d mnkgj.k gS] tks ikWfyFkhu FkSfy;k¡ cukus ds dke esa vkrk gSA
fØ;kdyki&3 (Activity 3)
dqN vuqi;ksxh IykfLVd dh oLrq,¡ ysdj fuEufyf[kr fØ;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij vius voyksduksa dks lkj.kh 2-3 esa n'kkZb,A
lkj.kh (Table)&2-3
Ø- IykfLVd dh oLrq eksM+us ij vklkuh ls eqM+ xbZ@ xeZ djus ij fod`r gks xbZ@
VwV xbZ@dqN ugha gqvk fi?ky xbZ@dqN ugha gqvk 1 --- --- --- 2- --- --- --- 3- --- --- ---
fp=&2-2¼d½ js[kh;
O;oLFkk,¡
fp=&2-2¼[k½fr;Zdc) O;oLFkk,¡
( Linear)
( Cross linked arrangements) (S.No.) (Name of Plastic articles) (Uses)
(S.No.) (Plastic articles) (On forcing, Bends easily/ breaks/ no effect) (On heating, Deformed/melts/no effect)
vkius ns[kk fd dqN oLrq,¡ xeZ djus ij vklkuh ls eqM+ tkrh gSa vkSj fod`r gks tkrh gSaA ,slk IykfLVd FkeksZIykfLVd dgykrk gSA blds mnkgj.k
gSa&ikWfyFkhu vkSj ih-oh-lh- (PVC) budk mi;ksx f[kykSus]
da?kh] crZu vkfn cukus esa gksrk gSA
dqN oLrq,¡ ,sls IykfLVd ls Hkh cuh gksrh gSa ftUgsa ,d ckj lk¡ps esa <ky fn;k tkrk gS rks bUgsa xeZ dj ueZ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s IykfLVd FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd dgykrs gaS mnkgj.k&cSdsykbV vkSj esykekbuA cSdsykbV Å"ek vkSj fo|qr dk dqpkyd gksrk gS blfy,
;g fctyh ds fLop] crZuksa ds gRFks vkfn cukus ds dke esa vkrk gSA esykekbu ,d cgqi;ksxh inkFkZ gS ;g vkx dk izfrjks/kd gS rFkk vU; IykfLVd dh vis{kk Å"ek dks lgus dh vf/kd {kerk j[krk gSA bldk mi;ksx Q'kZ
dh Vkbysa] jlksbZ ds crZu] vfXu izfrjks/kd diM+s vkfn cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Vs¶ykWu ,d fof'k"V IykfLVd gS] ftl ij rsy vkSj ty ugha fpidrk blfy, Hkkstu idkus okys ik=ksa ij u fpidus okyh ijr yxkus ds dke esa vkrk gSA
2-5 IykfLVd ds vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.k (Characteristics of Plastics)&
IykfLVd dk mi;ksx ge twrs] pIiy ls ysdj QuhZpj cukus rd esa djrs gSaA [kk+us dh phtsa j[kus ds fy, Hkh ge IykfLVd ls cus ik=ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA lksfp,] bldk bruk vf/kd mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\
vkb,] IykfLVd ds vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.kksa dks tkusa&
¼d½ IykfLVd vuvfHkfØ;k'khy gS (Plastic is non-reactive)&
IykfLVd ty rFkk ok;q ls vfHkfØ;k ugha djrs budk la{kkj.k vklkuh ls ugha gksrk blfy, budk mi;ksx fofHkUu izdkj ds inkFkksaZ rFkk jlk;uksa dks j[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
¼[k½ IykfLVd gYdk rFkk etcwr gksrk gS (Plastic is light, strong and durable)&
IykfLVd gYdk rFkk izcy gksrk gS] blfy, buls cuh oLrqvksa dk Hkkj rFkk dher de gksrh gS rFkk lkeF;Z vf/kd gksrk gS vkSj mi;ksx esa vklkuh gksrh gSA /kkrqvksa dh vis{kk gYds gksus ds dkj.k budk mi;ksx ok;q;kuksa rFkk varfj{k;kuksa esa Hkh gksrk gSA
¼x½ IykfLVd dqpkyd gksrk gS (Plastics are poor conductors)&
;s Å"ek rFkk fo|qr ds dqpkyd gksrs gSa blfy, budk mi;ksx [kkuk cukus ds crZuksa ds gRFks rFkk fctyh ds rkj dk doj cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2-6 IykfLVd vkSj Ik;kZoj.k (Plastics and the Environment)
vki tkurs gSa fd ge nSfud thou esa IykfLVd dh vusd phtksa] FkSfy;ksa vkfn dk vR;f/kd mi;ksx djrs gSa ftlls gekjs ?kjksa esa IykfLVd dk dpjk bdÎk gksrk tkrk gSA tks
?kjksa ls fudydj lkoZtfud dwM+snkuksa esa ;k ukfy;ksa] lM+dksa ds fdukjs] eSnkuksa esa bdÎk gks tkrk gSA vr% IykfLVd dk fuLrkj.k ,d izeq[k leL;k cu xbZ gSA
fp=&2-3 IykfLVd dh cuh oLrq,¡
(Things made of plastics)
vkius d{kk 6 esa tSo fuEuhdj.kh; rFkk tSo vfuEuhdj.kh; inkFkksZa ds ckjs esa i<+k gSA os inkFkZ tks izkd`frd izfØ;k tSls lw{e thoksa vkfn dh fØ;k ls vi?kfVr gks tkrs gSaA tSo fuEuhdj.kh; dgykrs gSa rFkk os inkFkZ tks izkd`frd izfØ;kvksa }kjk ljyrk ls vi?kfVr ugha gksrs tSo vfuEuhdj.kh; dgykrs gSaA
IykfLVd dks vi?kfVr gksus esa dbZ o"kZ yxrs gaS blfy, ;g i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk dkj.k cu x;k gSA ;fn bls tyk;k tkrk gS rc ;g Hkkjh ek=k esa fo"kSys /kq,¡ dks mRlftZr dj i;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr djrk gSA lksfp,] bl leL;k dk lek/kku dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS \
dqN 'kgjksa rFkk xk¡oksa esa xzke iapk;r rFkk uxj ikfydk,¡ dpjs dks ,d= djus ds fy, nks vyx&vyx dwM+snku iznku djrh gSaA izk;% ,d dk jax uhyk rFkk nwljs dk jax gjk gksrk gSA uhys dwM+snku esa iqu% mi;ksx fd, tk ldus okys inkFkZ Mkys tkrs gSa] tSls&IykfLVd] /kkrq,¡ rFkk dk¡pA os inkFkZ tks dwMs+ ds <sj esa vi?kfVr ugha gksrs] mUgsa tSo vfuEuhdj.kh; ;k ukuck;ksfMxzsMscy dgrs gSaA gjs dwMs+nku] jlksbZ ?kj rFkk vU; ikni vFkok tarq vif'k"Vksa dks ,d= djus ds fy, gksrs gSaA vki tkurs gSa os vif'k"V tks feV~Vh esa nckus ij iw.kZr% vi?kfVr gks tkrs gSa] bUgsa tSo fuEuhdj.kh; ;k ck;ksfMxzsMscy dgrs gSaA
dqN mik; ;s gks ldrs gSa&;Fkk laHko dikl o twV dh cuh FkSfy;ksa dk mi;ksxh dhft,A IykfLVd ds mi;ksx ls cfp,A vif'k"V dks tSo fuEuhdj.kh; rFkk tSo vfuEuhdj.kh;
esa vyx dj fuLrkj.k djsaA IykfLVd vif'k"V dks iqu% pfØr fd;k tk ldrk gSA 4Rfl)kar dks ;kn jf[k,&mi;ksx de dfj, (Reduce), iqu% mi;ksx dfj, (Reuse), iqu% pfØr dfj, (Recycle) vkSj iqu% izkIr dfj, (Recover)A Lo;a esa i;kZoj.k ds fgr gsrq vknrsa fodflr dhft,A
buds mRrj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&
1- FkeksZIykfLVd rFkk FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd esa varj fyf[k,A 2- fo|qr Iyx FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd ls D;kas cuk, tkrs gSa \
3- IykfLVd i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk dkj.k gS \ dksbZ nks mnkgj.k }kjk le>kb,A geus lh[kk (WE HAVE LEARNT)
• d`f=e js'ks euq"; }kjk fofHkUu jklk;fud fof/k;ksa ls cuk, tkrs gSa blfy, ;s d`f=e ;k la'ysf"kr ;k ekuo fufeZr js'ks dgykrs gSaA
• la'ysf"kr js'ks esa jklk;fud inkFkZ dh NksVh&NksVh bdkb;k¡ feydj cM+h bdkbZ cukrh gSa tks cgqyd ¼ikWyhej½ dgykrh gaSA
• lsYkqykst] jcj] js'ke] ydM+h vkfn izkd`frd cgqyd gaSA
• js;kWu] ukbykWu] ikWfy,LVj] ,sfØfyd vkfn d`f=e js'ks gSaA
• d`f=e js'ks xeZ djus ij fi?ky tkrs gSaA
• d`f=e js'kksa ls cus diM+ksa }kjk de ikuh lks[kk tkrk gS rFkk ;s tYnh lw[krs gSaA
• IykfLVd Hkh ,d cgqyd gS ftls vklkuh ls lkaps esa Mkydj eupkgk vkdkj fn;k tk ldrk gSA
• IykfLVd dk iqu% pØ.k ,oa iqu% mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• IykfLVd dks vi?kfVr gksus esa dbZ Ok"kZ yxrs gSa vr% ;g Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk izeq[k dkj.k gSA
• Lka'ysf"kr js'kksa vkSj IykfLVd dk mi;ksx bl izdkj djuk pkfg, ftlls ge muds xq.kksa dk ykHk ys ldsa vkSj Ik;kZoj.k iznfw"kr u gksA
vH;kl ds iz'u (QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE)
1- mfpr fodYi pqudj fyf[k, (Choose the correct answer)&
(i) la'ysf"kr js'ks gaS &
¼d½ ikS/kksa ls izkIr js'ks ¼[k½ tUrqvksa ls izkIr js'ks
¼x½ jklk;fud inkFkksZa ls fufeZr js'ks ¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh A (ii) daf?k;k¡ cukus esa iz;qDr IykfLVd gS &+
¼d½ FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd ¼[k½ FkeksZ IYkkfaaLVd
¼x½ d rFkk [k nksuksa ¼?k½ d rFkk [k nksukas ugha (iii) vkx cq>kus okys deZpkfj;kssa ds oL+= cus gksrs gSa&
¼d½ Vs+¶ykWu ls ¼[k½ esykekbu IykfLVd ls
¼x½ cSdsykbV ls ¼?k½ FkeksZ IykfLVd ls
(iv) d`f=e js'ke gS&
¼d½ uk;ykWu ¼[k½ ikWfyLVj
¼x½ jss;kWu ¼?k½ ,ssfØfyd
(v) PET gS ,d izdkj dk &
¼d½ uk;ykWu ¼[k½ ikWfyLVj
¼x½ jss;kWu ¼?k½ ,ssfØfyd
2- dkWye d esa fn, inksa dks dkWye [k esa fn, x, okD;ksa ls feykb, &
dkWye d (Column A) dkWye [k (Column B)
js;kWu iSjk'kwV rFkk jLlh cukus ds fy,A
ukbykWu diM+ksa esa vklkuh ls flyoVsa ugha iM+rhA FkeksZIykfLVd dk"B yqxnh dk mi;ksx dj rS;kj gksrk gSA
ikWfy,LVj Å"ek nsdj ueZ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
FkeksZlsfVax IykfLVd xeZ djus ij vklkuh ls eqM+ tkrs gSaA
3- ukbykWu js'kksa ls fufeZr ,slh 3 oLrqvksa ds uke fyf[k, tks ukbykWu js'ks dh izcyrk n'kkZrh gksaA
4- [kk| inkFkksZa dks j[kus ds fy,PETls cus ik=ksa ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k fyf[k,A 5- la'ysf"kr js'kksa dk vkS|ksfxd fuekZ.k ouksa ds laj{k.k esa lgk;d gS] le>kb,A
bUgsa Hkh dhft, (TRY TO DO THIS ALSO)&
1- Hkkjr esa vyx&vyx ekSleksa esa igus tkus okys diM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij lkj.kh dks HkjsaA ekSle igus tkus okys diM+s ikni@tUrq@d`f=e js'ks ¼ftuls diM+s cus gSa½ Ckjlkr --- ---
B.M --- --- xehZ --- ---
2- yxHkx 60 lseh yEck lwrh /kkxk ysaA bls nhokj ij gqd ;k dhy ls bl izdkj ck¡/ksa fd og Lora= :i ls yVd tk,A /kkxs ds Lora= fljs ij ,d ikWfyFkhu dh FkSyh bl izdkj ck¡/k nsa ftlesa ckV
;k dk¡p dh xksfy;k¡ j[kh tk ldsaA vc iyM+s esa ,d&,d dj ckV@xksfy;k¡ rc rd j[krs tk,a tc rd fd /kkxk VwV u tk,A /kkxk VwVus ds fy, vko';d dqy Hkkj dks fy[k ysaA ;g Hkkj js'ks dh etcwrh dks crkrk gSA ;gh izfØ;k lwrh /kkxs ds leku yEckbZ o eksVkbZ okys Åu] ikWfy,LVj] js'ke] dkslk]
ukbykWu vkfn miyC/k /kkxksa ds lkFk nksgjk,a rFkk izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks lkj.kh esa HkjsaA
Ø- /kkxs dk izdkj /kkxs dks rksM+us ds fy, vko';d dqy Hkkj
1- lwrh /kkxk --- 2- Åu --- 3- js'ke --- 4- dkslk --- 5- ukbykWu --- 6- --- ---
uksV & dk¡p dh xksfy;ksa dk mi;ksx djus ij ,d xksyh ds Hkkj ds vk/kkj ij dqy Hkkj dh x.kuk dj ysaA
3- vius ?kj ds vklikl] 'kkyk] xk¡o@'kgj dks IykfLVd eqDr cukus ds fy, vfHk;ku pyk,a rFkk leqnk; dks tkx:d djus ds fy, xfrfof/k;k¡ ,oa ukjs cuk,aA
(Season) (Clothes used/Worn) [Fibre obtained from (Plant/animal/artificial sources)]
(S.No.) (Type of thread/fibre) (Total weight required to break the thread)
ok;q gekjs pkjksa rjQ gSA bls ge ns[k rks ugha ldrs ij bldk vuqHko dj ldrs gSaA ;g lthoksa ds fy, vko';d gS D;ksafd lkal fy, fcuk ge dqN feuV Hkh thfor ugha jg ldrsA blds vykok i`Foh ds rkieku dk fu;a=.k] o"kkZ dk gksuk] chtksa dk ,d txg ls nwljh txg igq¡puk vkfn dqN ,slh fØ;k,a gSa tks ok;q ds fcuk laHko ugha gSA vki Hkh ,slh gh dqN vU;
fØ;kvksa dh lwph viuh dkWih esa cukb,A 3-1 ok;qe.My (ATMOSPHERE)
ge i<+ pqds gSa fd ok;q feJ.k gSA vkb,] ns[ksa fd ok;q ds eq[; vo;o dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\
ok;q esa yxHkx 78 izfr'kr ukbVªkstu ¼N2½] 21 izfr'kr vkWDlhtu ¼O2½] 0-9 izfr'kr vkxZu
¼Ar½] 0-04 izfr'kr tyok"i] 0-03 izfr'kr dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM rFkk 'ks"k lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj vU; xSlsa rFkk /kwy ds d.k mifLFkr gksrs gSaaSaA i`Foh dh lrg ls 16 ls 23 fdyksehVj dh ++Å¡pkbZ ij vkstksu ijr ik;h tkrh gSA vkstksu dk ,d v.kq ¼O3½ vkWDlhtu ds 3 ijek.kqvksa ls feydj curk gSA ;g ijr gkfudkjd ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSA ftlls Ropk ds dSUlj ls cpko gksrk gSA
buds mRrj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE) &
1- ok;q dkSu&dkSu lh xSlksa dk feJ.k gS \ 2- vkstksu ijr D;k gS \ bldk egRo fyf[k, \
3- ok;qe.My esa dkSu lh xSlsa cgqrk;r esa ik;h tkrh gaS \ 3-2 vkWDlhtu (OXYGEN)
ge lHkh vius nSfud thou esa vkWDlhtu ds egRo ls ifjfpr gaSA ;g ,d izk.knkf;uh xSl gSA vkb,] bls cukus dh fof/k xq.k vkSj mi;ksxksa dk v/;;u djsaA
3-2-1 cukus dh fof/k (METHOD OF PREPARATION) &
fØ;kdyki (Activity) &1
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required)& LVSaM] xeZ djus dk lk/ku] eksVs dk¡p dh ij[kuyh] fudkluyh] Vc] ikuh] nks ij[kufy;k¡] dkdZ] #bZ] iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusVA
eksVs dk¡p dh ij[kuyh esa nks ls rhu xzke iksVSsf'k;e ijeSaxusV yhft,A fp= 3-1x ds vuqlkj midj.k tekb,A vc eksVs dk¡p dh ij[kuyh dks xeZ dhft, rFkk fudyus okyh xSl dks ikuh ls Hkjh mYVh j[kh ij[kuyh esa ,d= dhft,A ikuh ls Hkjh ij[kuyh dks rS;kj djus ds fy, ,d ij[kuyh dks ikuh ls iwjk Hkfj,A vc mlds eq¡g dks vaxwBs ls can djds ¼fp= 3-1 d½ ij[kuyh dks ikuh ls Hkjs Vc esa mYVk [kM+k dj viuk vaxwBk gVk yhft, ¼fp= 3-1 [k½A vaxwBk
21 3 ok;q (AIR)
gVkus ij ij[kuyh dk ikuh fxjs ugha ;g /;ku jf[k,A tc ij[kuyh esa xSl Hkj tk, rc mls gVk yhft,A bl ij[kuyh dks ,ssls gh jgus nhft,A blls ge dksbZ iz;ksx ugha djsaxs D;ksafd blesa xSl ds vykok FkksM+h cgqr gok gksxhA vc ,d vkSj ij[kuyh esa cuus okyh xSl dks ,df=r dj dkdZ yxk nhft, ,df=r xSl vkWDlhtu gSA
2 KMnO4 K2MnO4 $ MnO2 $ O2 iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV iksVSf'k;e eSaxusV $ eSaxuht MkbvkWDlkbM $ vkWDlhtu
Potassium-per-manganate potassium magnate + manganese dioxide + oxygen
lko/kkuh (Precautions) & iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV ls vkWDlhtu cukrs le; eksVs dk¡p dh ij[kuyh dks fgykrs jguk pkfg, ftlls iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV mNy dj Åij u vk tk,A
3-2-2 vkWDlhtu ds HkkSfrd xq.k (PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&
lkj.kh 3-1 dks dkWih esa cuk dj fØ;kdyki 1 esa ,df=r dh xbZ vkWDlhtu xSl ds fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa ds laca/k esa fu"d"kZ fyf[k,&
lkj.kh (TABLE) 3-1 vkWDlhtu ds xq.k (PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&
l-Ø- xq.k (Properties) fu"d"kZ (Observations)
1 lkekU; voLFkk &&&&&&&&
2 jax &&&&&&&&
3 xa/k &&&&&&&&
4 ty ls gYdh vFkok Hkkjh &&&&&&&&
5 ty esa foys;rk vYi foys;
fp= 3-1 vkWDlhtu xSl cukuk (Preparation of Oxygen Gas)
d [k
iksVSf'k;e ijeSxusV
#bZ dh MkWV dkdZ
vkWDlhtu
Vc x
jcj dh
uyh ikuh
(Cork)
(Cotton Plug)
(Potassium permaganate)
(Rubber tube)
(Oxygen)
(Water)
(Trough)
3-2-3 vkWDlhtu ds jklk;fud xq.k (CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN)&
fØ;kdyki (Activity)&2
vko';d lkexzh &vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh] vxjcRrh] ekfplA vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh yhft,A ,d vxjcRrh dks
ekfpl ls tykb,A vc bl Tokyk ds lkFk tyrh gqbZ vxjcRrh dks vkWDlhtu xSl ls Hkjh ij[kuyh ds eq¡g ds lehi ys tkb,
¼fp= 3-2½ rFkk fuEu iz'uksa ds mRrj viuh dWkih essa fyf[k,&
1 D;k vkWDlhtu Lo;a tyrh gS \
2 D;k og vxjcRrh ds tyus esa lgk;d gS\
vkius ns[kk fd vxjcRrh dks vkWDlhtu xSl ls Hkjh ij[kuyh ds eq¡g ds lehi ys tkus ij vxjcRrh rsth ls tyrh gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd vkWDlhtu Lo;a ugha tyrh fdUrq tyus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
vkWDlhtu /kkrq o v/kkrq rRoksa ls la;ksx dj vkWDlkbM cukrh gS vki tkurs gSa fd tc eSXuhf'k;e ds rkj dks gok esa tyk;k tkrk gS rc og izdk'k ds lkFk tyrk gS rFkk lQsn
pw.kZ izkIr gksrk gSA ;g lQsn pw.kZ eSXuhf'k;e dk vkWDlkbM gksrk gSA 2 Mg + O2 2MgO
eSXuhf'k;e $ vkWDlhtu eSXuhf'k;e vkWDlkbM
fØ;kdyki (Activity)&3
vko';d lkexzh (Materials required)& dks;ys dk VqdM+k] NksVk pEep] xeZ djus dk lk/ku] vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh] pwus dk ikuhA
NksVs pEep esa dks;ys ds VqdMs+ dks yky rIr gksus rd xeZ dhft, vc bls vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ,d ij[kuyh esa ys tkb,A vkidks fdl jax dh Tokyk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS \
vc bl ij[kuyh esa pwuss dk ikuh Mkfy,A D;k pwus dk ikuh nwf/k;k gks tkrk gS \ C $ O2 CO2
dkcZu $ vkWDlhtu dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
fp= 3-2 vkWDlhtu xSl ds lehi tyrh vxjcRrh ys tkus ij
(On bringing a lighted incense stick near oxygen gas)
vxjcRrh
(Incense Stick)
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide
Carbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide
blh fØ;kdyki dks fi?kys gq, xa/kd ¼lYQj½ ds lkFk nksgjk,aA xa/kd ¼lYQj½ ds tyus ls fuEufyf[kr fØ;k gksrh gS&
S $ O2 SO2
lYQj$vkWDlhtu lYQj MkbvkWDlkbM
3-2-4 vkWDlhtu ds mi;ksx (USES OF OXYGEN)
1- 'olu & vkWDlhtu dk mi;ksx ikS/ks o tho/kkjh 'olu esa djrs gSaA ioZrkjksgh]
varfj{k ;k=h] xksrk[kksj bls lqfo/kktud flys.Mjksa esa Hkj dj vius lkFk ys tkrs gSaA vLirky esa nes vkSj fny ds ejht rFkk uotkr f'k'kq ftUgsa 'olu esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS ds fy, vkWDlhtu ekLd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2- osfYMax esa & vkWDlhtu vkSj vU; xSlksa ds feJ.k ds Toyu ls mRiUu Tokyk dk mi;ksx /kkrqvksa dks tksM+us esa gksrk gSA
buds mRrj nhft, (NOW ANSWER THESE)&
1- iksVSf'k;e ijeSaxusV dks xeZ djus ij gksus okyh fØ;k le>kb,\
2- vkWDlhtu ls Hkjh ij[kuyh esa tyrk gqvk dks;yk ys tkus ij D;k gksrk gS\
3- nSfud thou esa vkWDlhtu ds D;k mi;ksx gaS \ 3-3 ukbVªkstu dk mi;ksx (USES OF NITROGEN)
D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS ok;qe.My esa flQZ vkWDlhtu xSl gh gksrh rks D;k gksrk \ D;k gekjk thou laHko gksrk \ ok;q esa ukbVªkstu dh mifLFkfr vkWDlhtu dh lfØ;rk dks de djrh gSA blds vfrfjDr ukbVªkstu gekjs fy, dbZ izdkj ls mi;ksxh gS] ukbVªkstu ds dqN mi;ksx fuEukuqlkj gSa&
1- ;g ikS/kksa vkSj tho/kkfj;ksa dh o`f) gsrq vko';d gSA
2- ukbVªkstu dh fo'kky ek=k gkbMªkstu ds lkFk fØ;k dj veksfu;k cukrh gSA veksfu;k ls ;wfj;k tSls moZjdksa dk mRiknu gksrk gSA
3- fuf"Ø; izo`fRr ds dkj.k fo|qr ySaiksa esa Hkjus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 4- bldk mi;ksx HkaMkfjr HkksT; inkFkksZa dks rjksrktk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA iSdsV can tyiku lkexzzh tSls vkywfpIl rFkk fcuk ids vkSj rys Hkkstu ds fy, rS;kj [kk| inkFkksZa ds iSdsV esa ;gh xSl Hkjh tkrh gSA ;g HkksT;
inkFkksZa dk gok dh vkWDlhtu ls lEidZ ugha gksus nsrhA
ok;q iznw"k.k dk vFkZ gS fd fuyafcr d.kksa o vokafNr xSlksa dk gekjs okrkoj.k esa bruh vf/kd ek=k esa ik;k tkuk] ftlls euq"; tho tUrqvksa o vU; oLrqvksa dks gkfu igq¡psA jkst+ejkZ dh gksus okyh fØ;kvksa ls gekjs okrkoj.k dh ok;q fdl izdkj izHkkfor gksrh gSA vkb,] ;g le>us dk iz;kl djsa&
fØ;kdyki 4 (Activity -4)
vko';d lkexzh &lQsn dkxt] rsy ;k oSlyhuA
lQsn dkxt ij ,d rjQ rsy ;k oSlyhu yxkb,A vc bl dkxt dks [kqys LFkku ij nl
feuV ds fy, NksM+ nhft, /;ku jgs fd oSlyhu yxk fgLlk Åij dh vksj gks ¼fp= 3-3½A nl feuV ckn bl dkxt dh rqyuk lkQ dkxt dks lkeus j[k dj dhft,A vki D;k varj ns[krs gaS\ vc vki le> x, gksaxs fd vkids vklikl dh ok;q fdruh iznwf"kr gSA blh fØ;kdyki dks d{kk ds vyx&vyx fo|kFkhZ vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij djds ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks lkj.kh 3-2 esa fy[kdj vkil esa rqyuk dj ldrs gaSA lkj.kh 3-2 esa fn;s x, LFkkuksa ds vfrfjDr vU; LFkkuksa dk p;u Hkh vki dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj vki tku ldsaxs fd vkids xkao@'kgj dk lcls T;knk iznwf"kr {ks= dkSu lk gSA
lkj.kh (TABLE) 3-2
l-Ø- LFkku (PLACE) voyksdu (OBSERVATIONS)
1 flxM+h ds ikl &&&&&&&&&&&
2 pkSjkgk &&&&&&&&&&&
3 dkj[kkus ds ikl &&&&&&&&&&&
4 ?kj dh f[kM+dh ds ikl &&&&&&&&&&&
5 &&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&
iznw"k.k dh tkudkjh izkIr djus dk ,d vkSj rjhdk Hkh gSA blds fy, vki fofHkUu LFkkuksa tSls m|ku] lM+d] ou] Ldwy] vkS|ksfxd LFky bR;kfn ls isM+ksa dh ifRr;ka ,d= dhft,A ifRr;ksa dks nsf[k,] mu ij yxh /kwy dks Åaxyh ls gVk dj nsf[k, dh /kwy dh ijr fdruh eksVh gSA ;fn /kwy dh ijrksa esa dqN fHkUurk fn[ks rks dkj.k tkuus dh dksf'k'k dhft,A
oSlyhu oSlyhu lQsn dkxt
(Vaseline)
(White paper)
(Vaseline)
fp= 3-3 ok;q iznw"k.k dh tk¡p (Testing of air pollution)
iznw"kd ok;q esa fdlh Hkh :i esa gks ldrs gS] tSls Bksl ;k xSlh; d.kA Bksl d.kksa dks fuyafcr d.k Hkh dgrs gaSA ;s d.k euq"; ds LokLF; dks gkfu ig¡qpkus ds lkFk&lkFk okrkoj.k dks /kqa/kyk dj nsrs gSaA iznw"k.k ds dqN eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gaS&
1- okgu (Vehicles) & okguksa dk mi;ksx fnu izfrfnu c<+rk tk jgk gSA dkj]
cl] Vªd] frifg;k okgu ¼vkVks fjD'kk½ isVªksy ;k Mht+y ls pyrs gSaA bu baZ/kuksa ds tyus ds dkj.k o vDlj tyus dh v/kwjh fØ;k ds dkj.k dkQh ek=k esa dkcZu& eksuksvkWDlkbM] ukbVªkstu ds vkWDlkbM ]lhlk bR;kfn fudyrs gSaA ;s xSlsa euq"; ds LokLF;] ouLifr o oLrqvksa ij gkfudkjd izHkko Mkyrh gSaA 'kgjksa esa okguksa dh la[;k T;knk gksus ds vykok vU; dkj.k tSls okgu dk batu dSlk gS\ batu esa bLrseky dh xbZ rduhd ubZ gS ;k iqjkuh gS\ vkfn dkj.k Hkh iznw"k.k dks ?kVkrs ;k c<+krs gaSA
2- m|ksx (Industrialization)&LVhy m|ksx] lhesaV m|ksx] moZjd m|ksx vkfn vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa ls fudyus okys iznwf"kr Bksl d.kksa dk gkfudkjd izHkko euq"; ds LokLF; ij rks gksrk gS]lkFk gh tho&tUrq] ouLifr o bekjrkas ij Hkh gksrk gSA c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k o c<+rs m|ksx ds lkFk gh ÅtkZ dh vko';drk Hkh c<+ xbZ gS budh iwfrZ ds fy, cM+h&cM+h ifj;kstuk,a cuh gSaA ftlesa dks;ys ds c<+s gq, bLrseky us ok;q iznw"k.k esa c<+ksRrjh dh gSA blds vykok bu laLFkkuksa ls cgqr ek=k esa jk[k Hkh fudyrh gS tks Hkwfe ds dkQh fgLls dks <d ysrh gSA ok;q iznw"k.k ds vU; dkjdksa dh ppkZ viuh d{kk esa dj dkWih esa fy[ksaA 3-4-1 ok;q iznw"k.k ls cpko ds mik; (MEASURES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION) &
ok;q iznw"k.k dks de djus ds fy, gesa iznw"k.k fu;a=.k ds rjhds bLrseky djus gksaxs tSls&
1- vkS|ksfxd laLFkkuksa esa fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa cnyko ykuk ftlls de ek=k esa iznw"kd fudyasA
2- ÅtkZ mRiknu ds de iznw"k.kdkjh mik;ksa tSls lkSj ÅtkZ ,oa iou ÅtkZ dk vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx djukA
3- okguksa dh ok;q iznw"k.k laca/kh tkap fu;fer :i ls djukA
4- lw[ks iRrksa] isM+ksa dh Vgfu;ksa] dkxt ,oa dpjs dks [kqys esa u tykuk rFkk buds lqjf{kr fuiVku dk rjhdk viukukA
5- vf/kd o`{k mxkuk] ;s izd`fr ds QsQMs+ gSaA vius vkl&ikl ds o`{kksa dh ns[kjs[k djukA
6- QSDVªh dh fpeuh dh ÅapkbZ c<+kuk] ftlls dh iznwf"kr ok;q fupys bykdkas esa lhfer u jgsA
7- ok;qq iznw"k.k dks de djus okyh vknrksa dks viukukA 8- /kweziku jksdus dh izo`fRr dks c<+kok nsukA
9- b=] nqxZa/kuk'kd Lizs] izlk/ku lkexzh rFkk blh izdkj vU; Lizs vkfn dk mi;ksx de ls de djukA
10- isVªksy] Mhty dk mi;ksx vko';drkuqlkj gh djukA
3-5 /kwe dksgjk (SMOG)
ge tkurs gSa fd Tokykeq[kh ds QVus ls cuh xSlsa] ouksa dh vkx ls mBk /kqvk¡ vkfn ok;q iznw"k.k ds izkd`frd lzksr gSa ogha QSDVjh] fo|qr la;a=] Lopkfyr okgu] fuokZrd] ydM+h ds tyus ls fudyk /kqvk¡ ekuoh; fØ;kdyki ds }kjk mRiUu iznw"k.k ds lzksr gaSA rsth ls c<+rh okguksa dh la[;k ls ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu ekWuksvkWDlkbM] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ukbVªkstu vkWDlkbM rFkk /kq,¡ dh ek=k ok;qeaMy esa c<+ jgh gSA
lfnZ;ksa ds fnuksa esa /kq,¡ esa mifLFkr ukbVªkstu ds vkWDlkbM] vU; ok;q iznw"kd dksgjs ls la;ksx dj eksVh ijr cukrs gSa ftls /kwe dksgjk dgrs gSaA blds dkj.k lkal ls lacaf/kr jksx]
tSls&nek] [kk¡lh vkfn gks tkrs gSaA i=&if=dkvksa ls /kwe dksgjs ds gksus ds dkj.k rFkk cpko ls lacaf/kr lekpkjksa dk ladyu dj d{kk esa lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ppkZ djsaA
3-6 ikS/kk?kj izHkko ¼xzhugkÅl izHkko½ (GREENHOUSE EFFECT)
lkekU;r% i`Foh vius Åij iM+us okyh lw;Z dh fofdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj Å"ek izkIr djrh gSA buesa ls izdk'k
dh vf/kdka'k ek=k dks i`Foh ijkofrZr dj nsrh gSA bl ijkofrZr izdk'k esa vojDr fdj.ksa Hkh 'kkfey gksrh gaSA ok;qe.My dh dqN xSlsa bu vojDr fdj.kksa dks lks[k dj jksd ysrh gaS] i`Foh ls ckgj ugha tkus nsrha blls i`Foh dh lrg xeZ gks tkrh gSA dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ehFksu]
Dyksjks&¶yksjks dkcZu] vkstksu ,slh gh dqN xSlsa gSa tks vojDr fdj.kksa dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSa] bUgsa xzhugkÅl xSlsa dgrs gSaA xzhu gkÅl xSlksa ds }kjk vojDr fdj.kksa
dks jksdk tkuk gh xzhugkÅl izHkko dgykrk gS ¼fp= 3-4½A ;fn ;g ?kVuk ugha gksrh rks i`Foh vkt dh rqyuk esa vf/kd BaMh gksrh vkSj laHkor% ;gka thou Hkh ugha gksrkA
vc vki crk,¡ ;fn ok;q iznw"k.k ds dkj.k xzhugkÅl xSlksa dh ek=k c<+ tk, rks i`Foh ds rkieku ij D;k izHkko iM+sxk \
fp= 3-4 ikS/kk?kj izHkko (Greenhouse effect)
xzhugkÅl ¼ikS/kk?kj½ (Greenhouse)
BaMs izns'kksa esa ikS/kksa dks thfor j[kus ds fy, dk¡p ds ?kj
¼dejs½ esa j[kk tkrk gSA dk¡p dh nhokjksa ls lw;Z dk izdk'k ikS/kksa rd igq¡prk gS] fdUrq dk¡p dh nhokjsa i`Foh }kjk ijkofrZr vojDr fdj.kksa dks ckgj tkus ugha nsrha] ftlls vanj dk okrkoj.k xeZ jgrk gS vkSj ikS/kksa dks thfor jgus ds fy, vko';d Å"ek izkIr gksrh gSA ikS/kksa ds fy, cuk, x, dk¡p ds ;s dejs ¼?kj½ gh ikS/kk?kj ;k xzhugkÅl dgykrs gSa ¼fp= 3-5½A
3-7 vEy o"kkZ (ACID RAIN)
ok;qe.My dh ok;q esa fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls lYQj vkSj ukbVªkstu ds vkWDlkbM feyrs jgrs gaSA tc o"kkZ gksrh gS rks o"kkZ ds ty esa ;s vkWDlkbM ?kqy dj o"kkZ ds ty dks lkekU; ls vf/kd vEyh; cuk nsrs gSa bls vEy o"kkZ ;k rst+kch ckfj'k dgrs gaSA blesa ukbfVªd vEy o lY¶;wfjd vEy eq[; :i ls mifLFkr gksrs gaSA
vEy o"kkZ ds izHkko
(Effects of acid rain)&
Û vEy o"kkZ ds dkj.k ikS/kksa ds iRrs igys ihys iM+ tkrs gaS vkSj fQj u"V gks tkrs gaSA Û vEy o"kkZ e`nk rFkk taxyksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkrh gSA
Û blls ty lzksr Hkh iznwf"kr gks tkrs gSa ftlls eNfy;ksa dh cgqr lh iztkfr;ka foyqIr gks jgh gSaA ;g ekuoh; LokLF; ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjd gSA
Û vEy o"kkZ Hkouksa] ewfrZ;ksa fo'ks"k dj iRFkj ,oa laxejej ls cuh oLrqvksa ls vfHkfØ;k dj {kj.k djrh gSa tSls & vkxjk fLFkr rktegy dk {kj.kA
buds mRrj nhft, (ANSWER THESE) &
1- ok;q dks iznwf"kr djus okyh izeq[k xSlsa dkSu&dkSu lh gaS \
2- lM+d ds ut+nhd fLFkr isM+ dh iRrh o mlls nwj fLFkr isM+ dh iRrh dh lrg ij tes inkFkZ esa vki D;k varj ikrs gSaA bldk ikS/ks dh tSfod izfØ;kvksasa ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS \
3- xzhugkÅl izHkko ds fy, dkSu lh xSlas mRrjnk;h gSa \
4- vEy o"kkZ esa eq[;r% dkSu&dkSu ls vEy gksrs gSa\ ;s tuthou dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs gaS \
fp= 3-5 ikS/kk?kj
