www.cmfri.org.in
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (ICAR-CMFRI)
ISO 9001:2008
Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam North P. O., Kochi-682 018, Kerala, India
www.cmfri.org.in
Design: Blackboard
Printed at: PrintExPress, Kaloor, Kochi ISSN 0972-2378
© Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 2020
CMFRI Annual Report is an inhouse publication. The readers are not permitted to use or sell the data, photographs and figures presented in the report. This is a report of research work carried out by CMFRI during the year 2020.
Citation: CMFRI 2020. Annual Report 2019. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi. 284 p CMFRI Annual Report 2020
Published by:
Dr. A. Gopalakrishnan Director
Editorial team:
Dr. P. Vijayagopal Dr. P. Laxmilatha Dr. T. V. Sathianandan Dr. K. S. Sobhana Dr. Boby Ignatius Dr. S. Lakshmi Pillai Dr. N. K. Sanil Software Support:
Dr. Mini K. G.
Mr. Manu V. K.
Event Photography:
Mr. P. R. Abhilash Hindi Translation:
Ms. E. K. Uma
Cover design is an artistic representation of Sea Goldie Image of ‘Sea Goldie’ (Pseudanthias squamipinnis) used for analyzing the size and shape variations geometrically and morphometrically in hatchery reared fish. Sea goldies are high value marine ornamentals traded internationally at $30 per fish, which was bred in captivity at Vizhinjam RC of CMFRI in 2020.
1. Mandate . . . 7
2. Preface . . . 8
3. Major Achievements . . . .10
4. Executive Summary . . . 11
5. Fishery Resource Monitoring . . . .21
6. Fisheries and Ecosystem Modelling . . . .24
7. Sustainable Fisheries Management . . . .34
8. Genetics and genomics . . . .102
9. Fish Nutrition . . . .109
10. Fish Health & Marine Bioprospecting . . . .115
11. Broodstock and Seed Production . . . .127
12. Grow-out Technologies . . . .134
13. All India Network Project on Mariculture . . . .143
14. Marine Biodiversity . . . .152
15. Marine Habitats . . . .160
16. Climate Change . . . .169
17. Economic Sustainability and Trade. . . .175
18. Fisheries governance livelihood and gender welfare . . . .188
19. Institute Technology Management Unit (ITMU) . . . .199
20. Library and Documentation Centre . . . 203
21. Budget . . . 206
22. Organogram . . . 208
23. Personnel . . . 209
24. Research Projects . . . .217
25. Research Management& Staff Welfare . . . 229
26. Training and Capacity Building . . . .231
27. Major Events . . . 234
28. KrishiVigyan Kendras . . . 236
29. Official Language Implementation activities . . . .247
30. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan . . . .251
31. Publications . . . 254
32. Participations . . . .272
Mandate
1.
Monitor and assess the marine fisheries resources of the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) including the impact of climate and anthropogenic activity and develop sustainable marine fishery management plans2.
Basic and strategic research in mariculture to enhance production3.
Act as a repository of geospatial information on marine fishery resources and habitats4.
Consultancy services and human resource development through training, education and extensionPreface
During 2020, ICAR-CMFRI continued the march towards realizing its scientific vision with a great deal of zeal and vigour. The prestigious Sardar Patel ICAR Outstanding Institution Award 2019 bestowed on us was reason worthy enough for team CMFRI to feel even more responsible towards its national commitments. With this coveted recognition coming our way for the second time, we continue to enjoy a place in the elite club of a very few Institutes in ICAR.
As per the assessments made by the Fishery Resource Assessment Division of CMFRI, marine fish landing during the year 2020 stood at 2.73 million tonnes. This was 23.45 % lower than the preceding year owing to loss of fishing days due to the pandemic-induced lock downs. Tamil Nadu leads the tally with 5.59 lakh tonnes contributing 20.5% of the total landings. Gujarat with 5.32 lakh tonnes (19.4% of total, 30% decrease); Karnataka with 3.75 lakh tonnes (13.74% of total, 25% decrease); and Kerala with 3.6 lakh tonnes (13.2% of total, 33.8% decrease).
In 2020, lesser sardines became the major resource with a contribution of 2.15 lakh tonnes (7.9% of total) from 72,140 tonnes in 2018. Second largest contributor is Indian Mackerel with 1.79 lakh tonnes followed by Cephalopods with 1.61 tonnes.
Gross revenue at the landing centre and market price was estimated as `46962 crores and 67194 cores respectively for the marine fish landings. The respective unit prices were
`172.27 and 246.68 per kg.
We went on to identify six new marine sponge species of genus Hyatella and described them. An exercise to assess the stock and by-catch of marine mammals and sea turtles along the Indian coast was initiated in collaboration with MPEDA-FSI.
CMFRI launched an online GIS interactive spatial map on the vicinity of fish landing centres to COVID-19 hotspots in Kerala. Trade flow maps for different shark commodities have been developed for all the maritime states.
In the policy front, Lakshadweep Live-bait Fisheries Management Plan was published after a final round of public consultation in January, 2019 at Kavaratti. Minimum legal sizes for commercially exploited marine finfish and shellfish resources off Tamil Nadu were submitted to the Govt. of Tamil Nadu to facilitate a legislation for fixing legal sizes for fish caught in the State. Further, a detailed plan for spatial (Zonal) and council based management of marine fish stocks in India was developed. The plan delineates the method for Total Allowable Catch (TAC) based quota system.
In collaboration with the Department of Fisheries (DoF), Govt. of India (GoI), cage culture and seaweed culture sites are being identified across the coastline. Preliminary survey on potential seaweed culture sites identified 317 sites with an estimated total area of 23,970 ha along the Indian coastline. Potential areas suitable for sea cage farming were estimated as 46823.2 ha in 131 sites in 9 coastal states and UT of Diu. CMFRI also supported the Lesbian, Gay Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ+) community in the ambit of gender mainstreaming under the Scheduled Castes Sub Plan (SCSP).
ICAR-CMFRI Annual Report 2020 8
jamalensis and picnic seabream, Acanthopagrus berda for the first time in India. Broodstock development and seed production of John’s snapper, Lutjanus johnii also happened in the year 2020 at our Visakhapatnam Centre. We went on to ink MoUs for regular supply of eyed egg to four private/Govt. hatcheries – Azhikode, TNFU (Govt.) MSR, and Canares (private).
Successful spawning of Siganus vermiculatus was achieved during all the phases of lunar cycle for the first time. The Visakhapatnam Centre supplied live feed to more than 200 hatcheries.
P. margaritifera cell lines were maintained in viable state for more than 6 years, a first in invertebrate cell culture research. Twenty one nuclear beads out of 31 (68%) kept for nacre coating has lustre.
In cage farming sites at Visakhapatnam, a surveillance system was established which was supported by artificial intelligence and mobile application based monitoring. The facility also consists of an automated feeder (Eruvakka, Pvt. Ltd.) and a jet-based cage net cleaning system for removing clay/sand/algal accumulations. Our economic assessments reveal that, for the period 2005-2030, a total of `5,905 crores could be generated through cage farming, assuming a 48% returns to research investment.
Whole genome sequencing of Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps has been completed using Illumina and PacBio platforms. The complete mitogenome of Randall’s threadfin bream, Nemipterus randalli has been characterized. The complete mitogenome of the three cryptic conspecific lineages in Panulirus polyphagus were also characterized and compared. Genetic studies in genus Scomberomorus distributed along the Indian coast indicated the presence of five distinct species (using COI gene). Genetic variation among different generations of Trachinotus mookalee (F0: base population, wild brooders; F1, & F2) from culture sites was studied using molecular markers and F2 generation individuals showed maximum genetic variation.
Replacement of fish meal with BSF larvae revealed that fish meal can be replaced up to 90%
in the diet of Silver pompano (T. blochii) juveniles. Tryptophan requirement of silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) juveniles–estimated to be in the range of 1.34 to 1.65 g/100g diet.
Six new species of myxosporeans were described based on the morphological, molecular and phylogenetic studies. A new species of didymozoid trematode, from the peritoneal cavity of Caranx ignobilis was described as Nematobothrium ignobili n. sp.
We re-commercialized two nutraceutical products for use against arthritis, type-2 diabetes and hypertension from seaweeds through a new commercial partner. CadalminTM Immuno-boost extract (CadalminTM IBe) from seaweed is the latest product added to our nutraceutical product array. It suppresses the oxidative agents causing the production of reactive oxygen species that could benefit the immune system. CadalminTM ABe (from Kappaphycus alvarezii and seaweed- associated firmicutes) is another product developed, which is an antimicrobial skin and topical wound care ointment that heals wounds and reduces the likelihood of secondary infections.
Our record of publications reached an all-time high during 2020. Team CMFRI was honoured by the presence of Hon’ble Vice President of India, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu who formally released the John’s snapper seed production technology and dedicated the snapper seeds to the nation on 07th December, 2020 at our Visakhapatnam Regional Centre. The Mandapam Centre of ICAR-CMFRI had the honour of the distinguished presence of Sh. Giriraj Singh, Hon’ble Union Minister and Sh. Rajiv Ranjan, Secretary, Dept. of FAHD.
On behalf of team CMFRI, I place on record, our sincere thanks to Dr Trilochan Mohapatra, Secretary, DARE & DG, ICAR; Dr J. K. Jena, DDG Fisheries Science; and other officers at SMD Fisheries in ICAR, New Delhi for their continued and unconditional support during the year 2020 and onwards.
A. Gopalakrishnan
Director, CMFRI
Major
Achievements
1. ICAR-CMFRI bagged the outstanding ICAR Institution Award 2019 for the second time in its history
2. A robust, easy to replicate, biology based index of fish stock health has been developed. Based on this, 86.2% of Indian marine fish stocks are sustainably exploited.
3. John’s snapper (Lutjanus johnii) seed production technology developed by ICAR- CMFRI with the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Govt. of India (GoI) support was dedicated to the nation by the Hon’ble Vice-president of India, Shri. M. Venkiah Naidu 4. Pioneered the breeding of fanged seabream (Sparidentex jamalensis) and picnic
silverbream (Acanthopargus berda) in India; both high value marine food fish 5. Preliminary survey on potential seaweed culture sites identified 317 sites with an
estimated total area of 23,970 ha along the Indian coastline.
6. Potential areas suitable for sea cage farming were estimated as 46823.2 ha in 131 sites in 9 coastal states and UT of Diu
7. An online interactive GIS spatial map on proximity of fish landing centres to Covid- 19 hotspots launched
8. Dr. E. G. Silas Centre of Excellence and Innovation (CoEI) in Marine Microbiome and Nutrigenomics with funding support from DBT, GoI initiated
9. Six new species of marine sponges identified and catalogued
10. CMFRI supported LGBTQ+ community under its gender mainstreaming programme funded by SCSP for the first time
11. CMFRI touched an all-time high in its record of peer-reviewed scientific publications 12. Dr. Kajal Chakraborty won the Biotech Product, Process Development and
Commercialization Award 2020 of the DBT, GoI
13. We won the Rajbhasha Kshetriya Puraskar awarded by the Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI, for the best Institute level performance in Official Language implementation from the Southwest Region of India
ICAR-CMFRI Annual Report 2020 10
Executive
Summary
The research outputs of ICAR-CMFRI for 2020 mainly pertain to the work carried out as part of 40 in-house research projects, 43 externally funded projects and 14 consultancy projects.
Marine fish landing for the year 2020 was estimated as 2.73 million tonnes with a decline of 23.45% compared to the year 2019. Tamil Nadu topped the list followed by Gujarat and Karnataka contributing 20.51, 19.51 and 13.75% respectively to the overall tally.
Biomass dynamic modelling studies indicate that 34.1% of the assessed fish stocks in the country are sustainable, 36.3% overfished, 26.5% recovering and 3.1% is overfished.
In an international collaborative project (LENFEST) the scenarios examined were (1) Closure of Trawl fishery in April, May, November and December (2) Closure of fishery due to COVID 19 lockdown (3) Depletion in oil sardine catch and its impact on other stocks (4) Impact of closure of ring seine fishery in April and May on major resources and (5) Impact of environmental variables on catch of major groups for the Kerala ecosystem which were worked upon comprehensively and reported.
The work done in the sustainable fisheries management projects are presented in detail for the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Goa, Kerala and Lakshadweep, Tamil Nadu and Puduchery, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal. Large pelagic resources, Elasmobranchs and Molluscan fisheries are also presented as separate sections.
In the area of genetics and genomics, complete mitogenome of Randall’s threadfin bream, Nemipterus randalli was characterized. Whole genome sequencing of Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps using Illumina and PacBio platforms was completed. Population genetic investigations were carried out on largehead hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus using mitochondrial markers. Population genomic investigations on Indian oil sardine, Sardinella longiceps was done using ddRAD sequencing. Population genetic investigations on the spadenose shark Scoliodon laticaudus from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal indicates restricted gene flow between these populations. Molecular information for the new species of deep water eel Xyrias anjaalai was generated using mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 gene. Genetic studies in genus Scomberomorus distributed along the Indian coast resulted in identification of five distinct species using CO1 gene.
In cellular aquaculture and refinement of in-vitro pearl formation, cell based seafood development was initiated with the embryonic cells of big fin reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana. For In-vitro pearl culture, long term cultures of mantle epithelial cells of Pinctada margaritifera were established using sterilized sea water as a basic medium and maintained in viable state for more than six years.
In the environmental DNA (eDNA) project on metabarcoding-based estimation of marine stocks, fish population diversity of Kumaragom backwaters was studied using eDNA based approach.
In marine fish nutrition, black soldier fly protein was used to replace fish meal in the feeds for pompano. After analysis of various parameters using quadratic regression model and response surface methodology, it was found that up to 90% of the fish meal in its diet can be replaced using Black Soldier Fly Larval Meal (BSFLM) without adverse effects on the growth and feed utilization.
Optimum dietary tryptophan requirement for pompano juveniles was estimated to be in the range of 1.34 to 1.65 g/100g diet, corresponding to 0.59 to 0.73 g/100g of dietary crude protein. Silver pompano can tolerate up to 1000 ppm free gossypol (an antinutritional factor found in cotton seed meal) without any adverse effect on growth and general health.
Towards developing fish waste degrading bacterial consortia, quantitative assays for fish oil degrading microbes were optimized and validation of fish oil degrading activity of positive isolates was completed through optimized assays.
As part of nutritional biochemistry, ethyl acetate-methanol extracts of tropical green seaweeds were analyzed for phytochemical indicators and antioxidant activities. Compositional analysis of the organic extracts of green seaweeds Ulva lactuca (formerly Ulva fasciata), Halimeda macroloba, Chaetomorpha linum and Chaetomorpha antennina identified the presence of phytoconstituents, such as total phenols, terpenoids, saponins and flavanoids. Fatty acid and amino acids along with proximate composition of five commonly available shrimp species
Aristeus alcocki, Heterocarpus gibbosus, Parapenopsis spinipes, Solenocera choprai and Metapenaeopsis andamanensis harvested from the south-west coast (Arabian Sea) of India were compared.
These deep-sea shrimp species, particularly A. alcocki is a significant source of essential nutrients for human consumption.
Disease investigations in finfishes indicated that, prevalence of myxosporean infections ranged from 29.0% to 91.0% in marine food fishes. Detailed morphology, morphometry and molecular analyses of myxospores revealed that six species of myxosporeans infecting food fishes were new. A new species of Myxobolus parasitizing the gill filaments of the largescale mullet, Planiliza macrolepis from Cochin backwaters, is described. A new species of acanthocephalan parasite, named Neoechinorhynchus (N.) cephali n.
sp. infecting the flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus has been identified and described.
Vibrio alginolyticus infection in wild collected seabass was found to be resistant to FDA approved antibiotics. Research of anti- microbial resistance has led to delineation of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices and categorizations based on MAR index are also being investigated.
For the first time, complete characterization of ferritin gene from Perna viridis was completed and a platform for biomonitoring and disease management of P. viridis was created.
In house optimization of diagnostic protocols for megalocytiviruses of fish, Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) and Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) infections of fish were completed.
The molecular mechanisms involved in gene expression and sexual dimorphism in Magallana bilineata was studied using transcriptome analysis of histologically characterized gonad samples (female and male) and control tissue (mantle).
Treatment with tulsi oil for 4 to 5 days followed by supplementation with immunostimulants and mineral mixtures was found to be effective in controlling Trichodina sp. infestation in pompano.
In the programme on National Surveillance for Aquatic Animal Diseases (NSPAAD), mixed infections were observed in 2.17%
of bivalve samples for OIE listed pathogens, Perkinsus olseni, Bonamia ostreae and Marteilia refringens. All the screened samples were negative for Bonamia ostreae and Marteilia refringens.
In the All India Network Project (AINP) on Fish Health, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of oxytetracycline against three field strains Vibrio spp. viz., Vibrio harveyi, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus were determined.
Under the Network Programme on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Indian Network for Fisheries and Animal Antimicrobial Resistance (INFAAR), twenty- four isolates of Vibrio spp. were tested for AMR using 12 antibiotics; highest resistance was observed against Cefotaxime (79.2%), followed by Cefoxitin (29.2%).
The product outputs of the marine bioprospecting research for use against arthritis, type-2 diabetes and hypertension from seaweeds were re-commercialized through Pioneer Pharmaceuticals as a new commercial partner. CadalminTM Anti-isoporotic extract (AOe) to combat osteoporosis was officially released by Dr. B. Meenakumari, former DDG (Fy), ICAR on 3rd March 2020. Development of CadalminTM Immuno-boost extract (CadalminTM IBe) from seaweed was also completed. CadalminTM Maribac (MBc), an antimicrobial therapeutic for oral consumption was also developed from marine bioactive ingredients extracted from seaweed-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB6. Seaweed- associated heterotrophic bacteria could occupy a predominant role for a paradigm shift towards the development of prospective anti-infective and anticancer agents.
From the solvent extracts of the long- spined sea urchin Stomopneustes variolaris, stopmnucleolactones were isolated. Anti-inflammatory properties of four homologous stomopneulactones A-D were classified under the class of macrocyclic lactones. They were further evaluated in the lipopolysaccharide- induced macrophages. A sulfated
: : Executive Summary
ICAR-CMFRI Annual Report 2020 12
arabinopyranan purified from Amphioctopus neglectus exhibited potential ACE attenuation property (IC50 0.11 mg mL−1).
Organic extract of Turbinaria conoides, was chromatographically fractionated to yield three substituted 2H-pyranoids (1-3).
Structure activity relationship analysis of the studied compounds showed that the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties were directly proportional to their electronic properties. An unreported polyether macrocyclic polyketide was also isolated from the marine gastropod mollusc Chicoreus ramosus (family Muricidae).
Through nine spawning inductions in cobia, 0.1 to 1 million eggs were obtained per spawning. Out of this 9.42 million yolksac larvae were supplied to various hatcheries.
By rearing 0.18 million yolk sac larvae at the Mandapam hatchery, 1,1800 fingerlings of cobia were obtained and were used for farming and demonstrations. Another set of 3,200 numbers of fingerlings were used for in-house broodstock development and research.
Monitoring of genetic variability and the status of inbreeding in the breeding populations of cobia and silver pompano is also being carried out through population genetic biometric tools.
In pompano, 43 volitional spawnings and 8 induced spawnings took place in 2020. The total number of eggs per spawning ranged from 0.05 to 4 lakhs. Fertilization rate was 60.2%, hatching rate – 72.8% and survival – 24.2%. 12.8 million yolk sac larvae were supplied to hatcheries and 1.36 lakh fingerlings were supplied to farmers.
Working upon more candidate species of marine fish for mariculture with detailed reproductive biological investigations, spawning was achieved for the first time in fanged sea bream (Sparidentex jamalensis) at Karwar. Acanthopargus berda is another marine food fish worked upon at Calicut for induced maturation and seed production.
Sea ranching of green tiger shrimp, Penaeus semisulcatus was carried out by the Mandapam Centre to replenish the natural stock and to enhance the shrimp productivity in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk
and PL25) of Penaeus semisulcatus were sea ranched. Assessment of its impact showed an increase in the landing of this shrimp in commercial catches. Genetic stock identification (GSI) of green tiger shrimp P. semisulcatus is also carried out to evaluate the impact of sea ranching on shrimp landings using polymorphic microsatellite molecular markers.
Breeding and seed production of marine ornamental fish, designer clown fish (varieties viz., Platinum, Snow flake and Picasso, Percula clown, Tomato clown, Skunk clown, Maroon clown and Damsel fishes) generated a revenue of revenue of `903330/-.
Sand lobsters were bred at Madras RS and reared up to P3 stage. A mini-RAS set up at Tuticorin RS was used to rear seeds of marine fish to stockable size. Pompano grew from 5g to 180 g in 210 days in this system. A multivalent vibrio vaccine and oil adjuvant has been standardized and is being tested at Mandapam. Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) screening of fingerlings was also done at Mandapam by Reverse Transcripatase nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-nPCR) to supply SPF seeds of cobia to farmers. IMTA trial at Mandapam and Calicut revealed that in Gracilaria corticata, the best yield was t 25 ppt. Occurrence of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) bloom along the coast of Gulf of Mannar was reported from September to October.
As part of research on grow-out technology development for mariculture, the optimum stocking density of orange spotted grouper was found to be 15 m-2. Low value sardines as feed recorded better growth compared to pellet feed with 40% protein. Attempts were made to co-culture grouper and pompano in cages and indoor tanks.
Stunting and refeeding experiments with pompano showed that stunted and refed fish recorded better FCR and survival.
Capture based aquaculture (CBA) was attempted with spiny lobsters and mangrove snappers in two different locations.
In the AINP on Mariculture, location mapping of potential seaweed farming sites along Indian coast was done. Decision support
along the coast of Gujarat and Diu was also completed. Farming demonstrations of Asian seabass was carried out at, Mandapam and Malipuram. At Prakulam and Chavara, Trachinotus blochii, T. mookalee, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Lates calcarifer and Caranx spp. were the species cultured. Sea cage farming of red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus was demonstrated at Karwar, Uttarakannada District with participation of Kodibeer fishermen SHG, Karwar. Spiny lobster fattening in a sea cage under participatory mode (6m diameter HDPE cage) was carried out at Maraikayarpatinam in Gulf of Mannar. Integration of sea weed farming with sea cage farming of silver pompano is being carried out at Munaikadu in Palk Bay. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) integrating bivalves (mussels and pearl oysters) and seaweed by installing longlines both inside and outside the cages with the farming of finfishes like L. lentjan and pompano in the cages were tried at Kanyakumari. Seaweed farming and marine ornamental fish rearing have been taken up at Thondi and Pudukudi in Ramanathapuram District. Growth was found to be better at lower stocking densities in pompano farmed in cages.
Similarly, feed with 40% protein resulted in better growth in pompano. Growth of Indian pompano was higher in hapa/cage compared to open pond rearing with 40%
protein feed. Broodstock development of Caranx ignobilis, Lutjanus rivulatus and Siganus javus is in progress in sea cages and also under photo-thermal regulation in indoor FRP tanks at Mandapam and Lethrinus microdon and Pomadasys furcatus in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) at Vizhinjam. A 6 meter diameter cage was fabricated and installed exclusively for developing broodstock for prioritized fish species like Lethrinus nebulose, L. microdon, Gnathanodon speciosus etc. at Kanyakumari coast by Vizhinjam centre. Among the tested doses of LHRH in Indian pompano, 50 µg/kg body weight of female and its half to the male in repeated trials were found to be highly effective in inducing the matured brooders for spawning. A single implantation of 200µg kg-1 body weight of Leuprolide Acetate (Depot) resulted in 4 to 5 intermittent spawning with 1.5 to 2 lakh eggs/spawning. Hatchery production
of vermiculated spine foot, S. vermiculatus seeds was successful at Karwar. While upscaling the hatchery production of Indian pompano, consistent survival of around 25
% was achieved during the year 2020.
In a project on developing conservation plan for biologically sensitive areas along the Indian coast, Punnakayal and Palayakayal estuaries scored medium for
‘uniqueness and rarity’, but scored high for
‘special importance for life-history stages of species’. These estuarine wetlands, although scored high for ‘biological productivity’, scored medium for ‘biological diversity’
and ‘naturalness’. Panathura backwaters, Kovalam and Vizhinjam scored high for
‘importance for threatened, endangered or declining species’ due to the presence of threatened groups like the turtles, dolphins, whale sharks and scleractinian corals.
Mangalavanam, Chettuva and Korapuzha estuaries and adjoining wetland system scores low for naturalness due to pollution, accretion of sand at the barmouth and operation of stake nets respectively. The Mulki rocks scored high for importance for life-history stages of species and Bhatkal wreck scored high for ‘biological diversity’
and is also a major fishing ground. In Gujarat, detailed studies were conducted in 40 sites, spread over three zones. In the project on jelly fish boom dynamics along the Indian cost, around 13 different species of jellyfishes were observed during the current year in India’s coastal waters. A multilingual guide on jellyfish sting management was developed in 10 languages for easy dissemination of the content. Pamphlets on jellyfish diversity of each maritime states and their sting management has been brought out in Tamil, Malayalam, Hindi, English, Telugu, Kannada, Odia, Bengali, Marathi and Gujarati.
While assessing the resilience potential of coral reefs of India, An ecological niche model of the putative causative agent of white pox disease of Acroporids, the Serratia marcescens was developed to study the potential areas of concentration in the terrestrial region. A deep learning algorithm was developed to identify 104 species of hard corals from the images using Convolutional Neural Networks.
In a series of underwater visual surveys conducted at Kavaratti Atoll, a total of
229 reef fish species belonging to 112 genera and 40 families were identified.
Underwater surveys were conducted in the intertidal region along the Thikkodi coast of Kerala, southwest coast of India to study the status of scleractinian corals. Solitary corals viz., Paracyathus sp. and Astrangia sp. were also recorded for the first time from the Thikkodi coast.
Taxonomical investigations of lesser known marine animals of India, pertaining to phylum Cnidaria (Class: Anthozoa) and phylum: Porifera (Marine), revealed the presence of 18 new records of sponges found at Kayalpatnam area and a checklist of sponges reported off Tuticorin of the Gulf of Mannar was prepared. The new records are Aiolochoria crassa, Axinella damicornis, Clathria (Clathria) prolifera, Clathrina sororcula, Clathrina sinusarabica, Clathrina coriacea, Cliona delitrix, Colospongia auris, Crella incrustans, Crambe crambe, Hyattella pertusa, Plakortis simplex, Petrosia (Petrosia) ficiformis, Phorbas plumosus, Spheciospongia vesparium, Spirastrella cunctatrix, Xestospongia muta and Sycon ciliatum. Information regarding the species diversity of common sponges, massive sponges and boring sponges of the area was also generated.
In the work on micro-level environmental management plans (EMP) for selected critical habitats for ecosystem health and sustainable production, mangrove areas recorded an increase in 221.6%
at Mulavukad, in the Vembanad lake ecosystem. In Visakhapatnam fishing harbour, mean value of oil and grease was found to be 50 mg-1 which is above the permissible limits as per US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for harbour waters. Awareness campaigns were conducted on impact of non-biodegradable litter in mangrove ecosystems. While assessing coastal pollution in selected maritime states of India, post monsoon season registered high ammonia at all the stations – 0.21-0.35 mg-1. Phosphate concentration was higher during the monsoon season at all the stations.
Rameswaram and Devipattinam fish landing centres recorded maximum quantities of non-biodegradable wastes of 155g/m2 and 68g/m2 respectively. Impacts of extreme weather events on fishing activity in selected
ecosystems of Northern Indian Ocean was studied with a geoinformatics approach wherein, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon was found to influence the ocean-atmospheric parameters and fish resources off Kerala coast. While studying the marine macrophytes in India, production of seaweed (wild collection) in Tamil Nadu coast recorded 5020 dry tonnes (2020), registering considerable increase over the previous year (3680 tonnes).
This was attributed to higher landings of Sargassum (147%) and Turbinaria (178%).
The ecosystem characteristics as well as major threats to the seagrass beds of Halophila beccarii, the only seagrass found in Kerala, were identified. The drift mass of seaweeds and seagrass saplings (intact and fit for transplanting) beached along Gulf of Mannar side was quantified to be 16kg km-1 and 3200 saplings km-1 respectively, while that of Palk Bay side was 11 kg km-1 and 2400 saplings. Tissue culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii forming callus and branching by manipulation of plant growth hormone, temperature and light intensity was also carried out successfully.
Assessing the performance of artificial reefs deployed along the Tamil Nadu coast, exceptional catches of Cephalopholis spp and snappers from reefs during August 2020 are a reflection of the fishes aggregating for feeding in the reef sites. The live bait collection from the reef sites were abundant during the months of October- November and this in turn supported line fishing for larger seer fishes, tunas, barracudas and sharks. The traditional fishers reported a good fishing season post the Covid lockdown.
In the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project, estimation of reproductive load in small pelagics was high and it was poor in the squid, Uroteuthis duvauceli. Seasonal prevalence of isopod, Norileca indica infection from Rastrelliger kanagurta revealed that the metazoan parasite Norileca indica infects the gill of R. kanagurta from the Tuticorin and Cape Comorin with higher prevalence during the summer followed by pre-monsoon from the Tuticorin coast.
Studying the impact of climate change on the fishery of R. kanagurta, the annual and decadal fluctuations in Indian mackerel
: : Executive Summary
ICAR-CMFRI Annual Report 2020 14
of 31 years (1985–2016), its relationship between four major oceanographic variables and future predictions under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) were done. Eight species distribution models (SDMs) are used to relate the Indian squid occurrences with environmental variables to predict species occurrence probabilities across the Maharashtra coast. Further, Carbon stock and biomass potential of mangrove ecosystems was mapped, and carbon sequestration of monoline seaweed farming was estimated.
Other activities taken up in this project were development of Integrated Mangrove Aquaculture Farming System (IMAFS);
survey and documentation on Pagadia fishery and Empowerment of stakeholders under SCSP; investigation of teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777) outbreak on mangrove ecosystems; wetland mapping, data integration, monitoring and investigations on algal bloom events.
Provisional estimates of the valuation of marine fish landings during 2020 at landing Centre (LC) was `46,962 crores, (22.86% decrease over 2019) and at retail Centre (RC) was `67,194 crores (27.24 % decrease). The unit price per kg of fish at LC was `172.27, (1.19 % increase over 2019) and at RC was `246.48 (4.48 % decrease).
The average marketing efficiency was estimated to be 69.89 (6.02 % increase over 2019). Similar estimates were made state-wise as well. Economic performance assessment of marine fishing methods and artisanal offshore vessels returned key techno-economic parameters with regard to their operation during 2020. Price behaviour of major marine fishes were analysed across
paradigms and spatial demand pattern across India were also reported based on findings from primary surveys. A tool for E-marketing intervention in Indian fisheries sector namely, integrated fish market and price information systems (FMPIS) was developed. Analysis of the data showed that marketing efficiency was the lowest in registered domestic markets whereas it was highest in the unregistered way-side stalls.
In the area of fisheries governance, livelihood and gender welfare, a case study was conducted among the ring seine fishermen from the Kollam District to understand the interrelation and correspondence between the various variables like material possession, social capital, and compliance behaviours.
Analysing the correspondence between the boat’s ownership and the inclusion of the relatives as a crew, a significant difference was not observed. Opinion about the minimum legal size (MLS) as a regulatory measure was tested against the knowledge of the MLS among fishers. Their opinions were explicit about sardine fisheries whereas significant differences in opinion were not noticed for mackerel fisheries.
Pedagogic and pragmatic dimensions of vocational education system were evaluated through a diagnostic study on employability of fisheries students. The analysis of the motivation factors to join the vocational fisheries courses showed varying degrees of agreement among the students. Analysis of reasons for not getting a job based on students’ perceptions returned ‘lack of training’ or ‘inadequate training’ as the foremost. A series of satellite workshops on vocational education and employability
Fisheries Vocational Higher Secondary Schools in Kerala.
In the research project on knowledge value chains for sustainable marine fisheries management - A diagnostic assay in an eco-polity spiral system of governance, a rapid assessment of the impact of COVID 19 in the fisheries sector was carried out.
With more than 80% of the fishers resorting to open sea fishing during the period, reduction in availability of fishing inputs and decline in catches of certain fish and shrimp were reported.
The scheduled caste fisher folk were empowered through entrepreneurial capacity building for taking up cage farming, pearl spot seed production and fish fertilizer unit. In the SwedBio project implemented in Ramanathapuram District of Tamil Nadu, women and men seaweed farmers were trained in the use of virtual platforms and ICT tools.
The Fisheries Development Index (FDI) as a corollary to Human Development Index (HDI) was constructed including variables such as fisheries growth and development, economic welfare, social wellbeing, resource sustainability and technology/
infrastructure support.
Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) of ICAR-CMFRI organized 23 offline training programmes benefitting 250 participants and 27 online training programmes benefitting 390 participants, generating a revenue of `2,32,164/- through the sale of various products and services.
कार्यकारी
सारांश
सी एम एफ आर आइ में वर्ष 2020 के दौरान 40 गृहांदर पररयोजनाएं, 43 बाहरी ववत्त पोवरत पररयोजनाएं
और 14 परामर्ष पररयोजनाएं संचालित की गयीं।
वर्ष 2020 के दौरान समुद्ी मछिी अवतरण वर्ष 2019 की तुिना में 23.45% की कमी के साथ 2.73 ममलियन टन आकलित ककया गया। समग्र अवतरण को मानते हुए तममि नाडु प्रथम सथान पर और इसके
बाद गुजरात और कना्षटक थे, इन तीनों राज्यों का योगदान क्रमरः 20.51, 19.51 और 13.75% था।
जैवभार गवतरीि प्रवतमान पर ककए गए अध्ययन यह संकेत देते हैं कक देर में आकिन ककए गए मछिी
सटटॉक का 34.1% टटकाऊ, 36.3% अवतमत्सयन ककया हुआ, 26.5% सटटॉक में पुनःप्राप्त और 3.1%
अवतमत्सयन ककया हुआ है। एक अंतरा्षष्टीय सहकारी पररयोजना (LENFEST) में जांच की गयी पररदृश्य ये थे कक 1) अप्रैि, मई, नवंबर और टदसंबर में आनाय मात्स्यिकी को बंद करना 2) कोववड-19 िटॉकडाउन के कारण मात्स्यिकी को बंद करना 3) तारिी की पकड़ में कमी और अन्य सटटॉक पर इसका प्रभाव 4) अप्रैि और मई में ररंग सीन मात्स्यिकी के बंद होने से प्रमुख संसाधनों पर इसका प्रभाव और 5) केरि
के पाररस्थिवतकी तंत्र के लिए प्रमुख समूहों की पकड़ पर पया्षवरणीय अस्थिर चीज़ों का प्रभाव, जजन पर वयापक रूप से काम ककया गया और ररपोट्ष ककया गया।
गुजरात, महाराष्ट, कना्षटक तथा गोवा, केरि तथा िक्षद्ीप, तममि नाडु तथा पुदुचेरी, आंध्ा प्रदेर, ओड़ीरा तथा पस्चिम बंगाि के लिए टटकाऊ मात्स्यिकी प्रबंधन पररयोजनाओं में ककए गए काययों को
ववसतार से प्रसतुत ककया गया है। बड़ी वेिापवतती संपदाओं, उपास्थिमीन और मोिसक मात्स्यिकी पर अिग-अिग भागों में वववरण टदया जाता है।
आनुवंलरकी और जीनोममक्स के क्षेत्र में, रान्डल्स सूत्रपख ब्ीम, नेममप्टीरस रान्डािी के पूरे माइटोजीनोम का ववरेरीकरण ककया गया है। Illumina और PacBio प्ेटफटॉम्ष का उपयोग करते हुए भारतीय
तारिी, साकडडिनेिा िोंवगसेप्स का संपूण्ष जीनोम अनुक्रमण पूरा ककया गया। ddRAD अनुक्रम का उपयोग करके भारतीय तारिी सारकडनेल्िा िोंवगसेप्स की जीवसंखया जीनोममक जांच की गयी। अरब सागर और बंगाि खाड़ी के सपेडनोस सुरा सकोलिडोन िाटटकटॉडस पर की गयी जीवसंखया आनुवंलरकी जांच इन दोनों जीवसंखयाओं के बीच पवतबंधधत जीन प्रवाह का संकेत देती है। माइटोकोन्न्टयिसाइटोक्रोम सी
ऑक्सिडेस 1 जीन के उपयोग से गहरा सागर ईि ज़ाइररयास अंजािै की नयी प्रजावत के लिए आण्विक सूचना बनायी गयी। भारतीय तट पर ववतररत सकोमबेरोमोरस जीनस में ककए गए आनुवंलरक अध्ययन के
पररणामसवरूप CO1 जीन के उपयोग से पांच अिग-अिग प्रजावतयों की पहचान की गयी।
ICAR-CMFRI Annual Report 2020 16
उत्पादन के रोधन में, वबग वफन रीफ स्क्विड, सेवपयोट्ूधथस िेसोटनयाना की भ्ूण कोलरकाओं
के साथ कोलरका आधाररत समुद्ी खाद्य का
ववकास रुरू ककया गया। इन-ववटो मोती उत्पादन के लिए, मूि माध्यम के रूप में रोगाणुरकहत समुद्
जि का उपयोग करके वपंक्टाडा माग्षररटटफेरा के
मैंटि एवपथीलियि कालरकाओं के दीर्ष कालिक संवध्षन को सथावपत ककया गया और छः वरयों से
अधधक समय तक सकक्रय रूप में कायम रखा गया।
समुद्ी सटटॉक के मेटाबारकटॉकडंग पर आधाररत अनुमान पर पया्षवरणीय DNA (eDNA) पररयोजना में, eDNA आधाररत दृष्टिकोण का
उपयोग करके कुमरगम पश्चजि की मछिी
जीवसंखया ववववधता का अध्ययन ककया गया।
समुद्ी मछिी पोरण में, पोमपानो के खाद्य के
लिए मछिी भोजन के सथान पर कािी ससपाही
मक्खी प्रोटीन का उपयोग ककया गया। क्वाड्ाटटक ररग्रेरन प्रवतमान और रेसपोन्स सफ्षस प्रणािी का
उपयोग करते हुए ववमभन्न मापदंडों के ववश्िेरण के बाद यह देखा गया कक इसके आहार में 90%
तक के मछिी भोजन के सथान पर वृधधि और खाद्य उपयोवगता पर प्रवतकूि प्रभाव के वबना कािी
ससपाही मक्खी कडंभक भोजन (BSFLM) का
उपयोग ककया जा सकता है। पोमपानो के ककरोरों
के लिए इष्टतम आहार टटप्टोफैन आवश्यकता
1.34 से 1.65 ग्राम/100 ग्राम आहार की सीमा में
होने का अनुमान ककया गया, जो 0.59 से 0.73 ग्रा/ 100 ग्राम डायटरी क्रूड प्रोटीन के अनुरूप था। ससल्वर पोमपानो वृधधि और सामान्य सवासथय पर ककसी प्रवतकूि प्रभाव के वबना 1000 ppm मुक्त गोससपोि (कपास बीज के आहार में पाए जाने वािा एक प्रवत पोरण रटक) तक सहन कर सकता है।
मछिी अपलरष्ट अवक्रमण जीवाणु कन्सोलरडिया
के ववकास में, मछिी के तेि को नष्ट करने वािे
रोगाणुओं के लिए मात्रात्मक परख को अनुकूलित ककया गया और अनुकूलित परख के द्ारा मछिी
तेि कम कराने वािे सकारात्मक आइसोिेटों का
मान्यकरण ककया गया।
पोरण के क्षेत्र में जैवरसायन अध्ययन के भाग के रूप में, फाइटोकेममकि संकेतकों और एन्टीऑक्सिडेन्ट गवतववधधयों के लिए उष्णकटटबंधीय हरे समुद्ी
रैवािों के ईथाइि असेटेट-मेथनोि एक्सटैक्टटस का ववश्िेरण ककया गया। हरे समुद्ी रैवािों, उल्वा िैक्टटूका (पहिे उल्वा फाससएटा), हालिमेडा
आन्टेन्निया के ओगा्षटनक एक्सटैक्टों का
संयोजनात्मक ववश्िेरण करने से कुि वफनोि, टेपपेनोइडटस, सापोटनन्स और फ्ावनोइडटस जैसे
फाइटोकोन्स्टिटुएन्टटस की उपस्थिवत पहचानी गयी।
फैटी आससड और अममनो आससड के साथ भारत के
दजक्षण-पस्चिम तट (अरब सागर) से फसि संग्रकहत अररस्टियस अल्कोकी, हेटेरोकाप्षस वगबबोसस, पारापेटनयोप्सिस स्पिटनपेस, सोिेनोसेरा चोप्रै और मेटापेटनयोप्सिस अन्डमानेन्सिस जैसे सामान्यतः
उपिबध पांच चचंगट प्रजावतयों की अनुमाटनत संरचना की तुिना की गयी। ये गहरा सागर चचंगट प्रजावतयॉं, ववरेरतः ए. अल्कोकी मानव उपभोग के
लिए आवश्यक पोरक तत्वों का महत्वपूण्ष स्ोत हैं।
पख मछलियों में की गयी रोग जांच से यह संकेत हुआ कक, समुद्ी खाद्य मछलियों में ममक्सोसपोररयन संक्रमण की वयापकता 29.0% से 91.0% तक थी।
ममक्सोसपोरों की ववसतृत आकारममवत, रूपममवत और आण्विक ववश्िेरण से पता चिा कक खाद्य मछलियों को संक्रममत करने वािे ममक्सोसपोररयनों
की छः प्रजावतयॉं नयी थीं। कोचीन के पश्चजिों
से, मल्िेट, प्िाटनलिज़ा माक्रोिेवपस के वगि
वफिमेन्टों में परजीववत करने वािी ममक्सोबोिस की एक नयी प्रजावत का वण्षन ककया गया। फ्ैट हेड ग्रे मल्िेट मुवगि सेफािस को संक्रममत करने
वािी टनयोएकाइनोररन्कस (N.) सेफािी n.sp.
नामक एकान्तोसेफािन परजीव की नयी प्रजावत की पहचान की गयी और वण्षन भी ककया गया।
प्राकृवतक सथानों से संग्रकहत सीबास मछिी में
ववमब्यो एप्गिनोलिटटकस का संक्रमण एफ डी ए द्ारा अनुमोटदत एन्टीबायोटटक दवाओं से प्रवतरोधी
पाया गया। प्रवतसूक्षमजीव प्रवतरोध के अनुसंधान से बहु प्रवतजैववक प्रवतरोध (MAR) सूचकांकों का
चचत्रण ककया गया और एम ए आर सूचकांक पर आधाररत वगतीकरणों की जांच भी की जा रही है।
पहिी बार, पेना्ष ववररकडस से फेररटटन जीन का पूण्ष
िक्षण वण्षन पूरा ककया गया और पी. ववररकडस के
बयोमटॉटनटररंग और रोग प्रबंधन के लिए एक मंच बनाया गया।
मछिी के मेगािोसाइटीवायरस, रेड सी ब्ीम इररडोवायरस (RSIV) और मछिी के वतिावपया
िेक वायरस (TiLV) संक्रमण के लिए नैदाटनक प्रोटोकटॉि के गहांदर अनुकूिन को पूरा ककया गया।
मेगािाना वबलिनेटा में जीन अमभवयक्ति और लिंग टद्रूपता में राममि आण्विक तंत्र का अध्ययन
(मादा और नर) और टनयंत्रण ऊतक (मैन्टि) के
टान्न््रिप्टोम ववश्िेरण का उपयोग करके ककया
गया।
चार से पांच टदनों तक तुिसी के तेि से उपचार करने के बाद प्रवतरक्षा उत्तेजक और खटनज ममश्रण के साथ अनुपूरण करने से पोमपानो में टाइकोडीना
प्र. का संक्रमण टनयंवत्रत करने में प्रभावी पाया गया।
जिीय परु रोगों के लिए राष्टीय टनगरानी काय्षक्रम (NSPAAD) के अंतग्षत 2.17% टद्कपाटी नमूनों में
OIE सूचीबधि रोगजनकों, पेककडिनसस ओिसेनी, बोनाममया ओन्सटए और माटतीलिया रेवरिन्जेन्स का ममचश्रत संक्रमण देखा गया। जांच ककए गए सभी नमूनोंमें बोनाममया ओन्सटए और माटतीलिया
रेवरिन्जेन्स का संक्रमण नहीं देखा गया।
मछिी सवासथय पर अन्खि भारतीय नेटवक्ष पररयोजना में, ववमब्यो एसपीपी के तीन क्षेत्र प्रभोदों, अथा्षत, ववमब्यो हावपेयी, वव. वस्निवफकस और वव. पाराहीमोलिटटकस के न्खिाफ ऑक्सीटेटासाइक्लिन की न्यूनतम टनरोधात्मक सांद्ता और न्यूनतम जीवाणुनारक सांद्ता
टनधा्षररत की गयी।
एन्टीमाइक्रोवबयि रेसससटेन्स (AMR) इन इंकडयन नेटवक्ष फटॉर वफररीस एंड एटनमि
एन्टीमाइक्रोवबयि रेसससटेन्स (INFAAR) पर नेटवक्ष काय्षक्रम के तहत, 12 प्रवतजैववक दवाओं
का उपयोग करके ए एम आर के लिए ववमब्यो
एसपीपी के चौबीस अविगनों का परीक्षण ककया
गया, उच्चतम प्रवतरोध सेफोटैक्सिम (79.2%) के
न्खिाफ और इसके बाद सेफोक्सिटटन (29.2%) के न्खिाफ देखा गया।
आर्थ्रैटटस, टाइप-2 मधुमेह और उच्च रक्तचाप के न्खिाफ उपयोग करने हेतु समुद्ी जैव पूवपेक्षण अनुसंधान के उत्पादों को पायटनयर फाम्षसयूटटकल्स के माध्यम से एक नए वाजणस्यिक सहभागी के रूप में पुनः व्यवसायीकरण ककया
गया। डटॉ. बी. मीनाकुमारी, भूतपूव्ष उप महाटनदेरक (मा.), भा कृ अनु प द्ारा टदनांक 3 माच्ष, 2020 को ओस्टियोपोरससस का मुकाबिा करने के लिए
तैयार ककए गए कडिमीनTM एन्टी-आइसोपोरोटटक एक्सटैक्ट (AOe) का औपचाररक ववमोचन ककया
गया। समुद्ी रैवाि से कडिमीनTM इमयूनो-बूसट एक्सटैक्ट (CadalminTM IBe) का ववकास भी
पूरा ककया गया। समुद्ी रैवाि से जुड़े बाससिस एममिोलिक्विफेलरयन्स MB6 से टनकािे गए
