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SCERT TELANGANA

(2)

The Indian National Flag is the symbol of the land and people of India. Our National Flag is a tricolour panel made up of three rectangular panels or sub-panels of equal widths. The

Our National Flag Our National Flag Our National Flag Our National Flag Our National Flag

colour of the top panel is India saffron (Kesaria) and that of the bottom is India green.

The middle panel is white, bearing at its centre the design of the Ashoka Chakra in navy blue colour with 24 equally spaced spokes. The Ashoka Chakra is visible on both sides of the Flag in the centre of the white panel. The Flag is rectangular in shape with the ratio of the length to the height (width) being 3:2.

Dr. S. Radhakrishnan explained about the National Flag in the Constituent Assembly which adopted it, “Bhagwa or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct.

The green shows our relation to the soil, our relation to the plant life here on which all other life depends. The Ashoka Wheel is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principles of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is life in movement. India must move and go forward.”

If done properly, there is no restriction on the display of the National Flag by common people, private organizations or educational institutions. Consistent with the dignity and honour of the Flag as detailed in the Code of India, anyone may hoist/

display the National Flag on all days and occasions, ceremonial or otherwise.

Where the practice is to fly the Flag on any public building, it must be flown on the building on all days including Sundays and holidays and, except as provided in the Code, it shall be flown from sunrise to sunset irrespective of weather conditions. The Flag may be flown on such a building at night also but this should be only on very special occasions.

The Flag must not be used as a drapery in any form except in State/ Military/

Central Paramilitary Forces funerals. In such cases also the Flag must not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre. The Flag must not be draped over the hood, top, sides or back of a vehicle, train or boat. It must not be used or stored in such a manner as may damage or soil it. When the Flag is in a damaged or soiled condition, it must not be cast aside or disrespectfully disposed of but be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning. The Flag must not be used as a covering for a building. Although the Flag can be used as a costume or uniform, it should not be used as undergarments or below the waist. It must not be embroidered or printed upon cushions, napkins, etc. Lettering of any kind must not be put upon the Flag. It must not be used in any form of advertisement. Showing disrespect or insult to the National Flag is a punishable offence.

The National Flag must not be flown from a single masthead simultaneously with any other flag. There must be separate mastheads for different flags. The flag mast should be in white colour. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by Government, the National Flag is flown on the right side of the car and the Flag of the foreign countries on the left side of the car.

In the event of the death of the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister, the National Flag is half-masted throughout the country.

Over the last five decades, several people including members of the armed forces have laid down their lives to keep the tricolour flying in its full glory. We must salute and cherish our National Flag.

SCERT TELANGANA

(3)

5 %

5

%

gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z

H$jm

IX

Social Studies Class IX (Hindi Medium)

Vob§JmUm gaH$ma X²dmam àH$m{eV, h¡Xam~mX

µH$mZyZ H$m AmXa H$amo&

µH$mZyZ H$m AmXa H$amo&

µH$mZyZ H$m AmXa H$amo&

µH$mZyZ H$m AmXa H$amo&

µH$mZyZ H$m AmXa H$amo&

A{YH$ma àmßV H$amo&

A{YH$ma àmßV H$amo&

A{YH$ma àmßV H$amo&

A{YH$ma àmßV H$amo&

A{YH$ma àmßV H$amo&

{dX²¶m go AmJo ~‹T>mo&

{dX²¶m go AmJo ~‹T>mo&{dX²¶m go AmJo ~‹T>mo&

{dX²¶m go AmJo ~‹T>mo&

{dX²¶m go AmJo ~‹T>mo&

{dZ‘«Vm go ahmo&

{dZ‘«Vm go ahmo&

{dZ‘«Vm go ahmo&

{dZ‘«Vm go ahmo&

{dZ‘«Vm go ahmo&

g§nmXH$

g§nmXH$

g§nmXH$

g§nmXH$

g§nmXH$

àmo. Eg. nX²‘Om, àmo. Eg. nX²‘Om, àmo. Eg. nX²‘Om,

àmo. Eg. nX²‘Om, àmo. Eg. nX²‘Om, ^yJmob {d^mJ, Cñ‘m{Z¶m {díd{dX²¶mb¶, h¡Xam~mX S>m°. AmB©. {Vé‘{b,

S>m°. AmB©. {Vé‘{b, S>m°. AmB©. {Vé‘{b, S>m°. AmB©. {Vé‘{b,

S>m°. AmB©. {Vé‘{b, d[að> AÜ`Vm, AmB©grEgEgAma, ZB© {Xëbr lr AaqdX gaXmZm,

lr AaqdX gaXmZm, lr AaqdX gaXmZm, lr AaqdX gaXmZm,

lr AaqdX gaXmZm, EH$bì¶, ^monmb, ‘. à.

àmo.E.gË`Zmam`Um (godm {Zd¥V), àmo.E.gË`Zmam`Um (godm {Zd¥V), àmo.E.gË`Zmam`Um (godm {Zd¥V), àmo.E.gË`Zmam`Um (godm {Zd¥V), àmo.E.gË`Zmam`Um (godm {Zd¥V), B{Vhmg {d^mJ, Cñ_m{Z`m {díd {dÚmb`, h¡Xam~mX

S>m°. Ho$.Ho$.H¡$bme, S>m°. Ho$.Ho$.H¡$bme, S>m°. Ho$.Ho$.H¡$bme, S>m°. Ho$.Ho$.H¡$bme,

S>m°. Ho$.Ho$.H¡$bme, amOZr{V emó {d^mJ, h¡Xam~mX H|$Ðr` {díd {dÚmb`, h¡Xam~mX

S>m°. gr.Eg. ~mb MÝÐZ, S>m°. gr.Eg. ~mb MÝÐZ,S>m°. gr.Eg. ~mb MÝÐZ, S>m°. gr.Eg. ~mb MÝÐZ,S>m°. gr.Eg. ~mb MÝÐZ, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^yJmob emór, ~¢Jbyé lr E.gË`Zmam`U aoÈ>r, lr E.gË`Zmam`U aoÈ>r, lr E.gË`Zmam`U aoÈ>r, lr E.gË`Zmam`U aoÈ>r, lr E.gË`Zmam`U aoÈ>r, {ZXoeH$, Eg.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r., Vob§JmUm, h¡Xam~mX

S>m°. gwH$Ý`m ~mog, S>m°. gwH$Ý`m ~mog, S>m°. gwH$Ý`m ~mog,

S>m°. gwH$Ý`m ~mog, S>m°. gwH$Ý`m ~mog, nam_e©XmVm, NIPFP, ZB© {Xëbr S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>,

S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>, S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>, S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>,

S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>, A{ggQ>|Q> àmo’o$ga,

^yJmob {d^mJ, Eg.dr. ¶y{Zd{g©Q>r, {Vén{V lr gr.EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘,

lr gr.EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘,lr gr.EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘, lr gr.EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘, lr gr.EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘,

EH$bì¶, ‘. à.

àmo. Or. Amo‘H$maZmW, àmo. Or. Amo‘H$maZmW, àmo. Or. Amo‘H$maZmW, àmo. Or. Amo‘H$maZmW,

àmo. Or. Amo‘H$maZmW, AW©emó {d^mJ, h¡Xam~mX {díd{dX²¶mb¶, h¡Xam~mX àmo. AmB©. bú‘r,

àmo. AmB©. bú‘r, àmo. AmB©. bú‘r, àmo. AmB©. bú‘r,

àmo. AmB©. bú‘r, B{Vhmg {d^mJ, Cñ‘m{Z¶m {díd{dX²¶mb¶, h¡Xam~mX àmo. H$moXÊS>am_,

àmo. H$moXÊS>am_, àmo. H$moXÊS>am_, àmo. H$moXÊS>am_,

àmo. H$moXÊS>am_, aOZr{V emó {d^mJ,

P.G. H$m°boO {g{H$ÝÐm~mX, h¡Ðm~mX àmo. Ho$. {dO¶ ~m~y,

àmo. Ho$. {dO¶ ~m~y, àmo. Ho$. {dO¶ ~m~y, àmo. Ho$. {dO¶ ~m~y,

àmo. Ho$. {dO¶ ~m~y, B{Vhmg {d^mJ, H$mH$Vr¶ {díd{dX²¶mb¶, da§Jb S>m°. Ho$. Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r,

S>m°. Ho$. Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r, S>m°. Ho$. Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r, S>m°. Ho$. Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r,

S>m°. Ho$. Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r, A{gñQ>|Q> àmo’o$ga,

^yJmob {d^mJ, Cñ‘m{Z¶m {díd{dX²¶mb¶, h¡Xam~mX S>m°. E‘. dr. lr{ZdmgZ,

S>m°. E‘. dr. lr{ZdmgZ, S>m°. E‘. dr. lr{ZdmgZ, S>m°. E‘. dr. lr{ZdmgZ,

S>m°. E‘. dr. lr{ZdmgZ, A{gñQ>|Q> àmo’o$ga, S>rB©EgEgEM, EZgrB©AmaQ>r, ZB© {Xëbr lr Ho$. gwaoe,

lr Ho$. gwaoe, lr Ho$. gwaoe,

lr Ho$. gwaoe, lr Ho$. gwaoe, ‘§Mr nwñVH$‘, h¡Xam~mX lr Abo³g. E‘. Om°O©, lr Abo³g. E‘. Om°O©, lr Abo³g. E‘. Om°O©, lr Abo³g. E‘. Om°O©, lr Abo³g. E‘. Om°O©,

EH$bì¶, ‘. à.

nmR²>¶nwñVH$ {dH$mg g{‘{V nmR²>¶nwñVH$ {dH$mg g{‘{V nmR²>¶nwñVH$ {dH$mg g{‘{V nmR²>¶nwñVH$ {dH$mg g{‘{V nmR²>¶nwñVH$ {dH$mg g{‘{V

lr_Vr Mmé {gÝhm, lr_Vr Mmé {gÝhm, lr_Vr Mmé {gÝhm, lr_Vr Mmé {gÝhm,

lr_Vr Mmé {gÝhm, AmB.nr.Eg,

(gbmhH$ma-qbJ g§doXZerbVm VWm ~mb b¢{JH$ àVm‹S>Zm) {ZXoeH$, ACBVob§JmUm, h¡Xam~mX

lr E. g˶Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r, lr E. g˶Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r, lr E. g˶Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r, lr E. g˶Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r, lr E. g˶Zmam¶U aoS²>S>r, {ZXoeH$,

Eg.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r., Vob§JmUm, h¡Xam~mX

lr ~r. gwYmH$a, lr ~r. gwYmH$a, lr ~r. gwYmH$a, lr ~r. gwYmH$a, lr ~r. gwYmH$a, {ZXoeH$, gaH$mar nmR²>¶nwñVH$ ‘wÐU àog, h¡Xam~mX S>m°. EZ. Cn|Xa aoS²>S>r,

S>m°. EZ. Cn|Xa aoS²>S>r,S>m°. EZ. Cn|Xa aoS²>S>r, S>m°. EZ. Cn|Xa aoS²>S>r, S>m°. EZ. Cn|Xa aoS²>S>r,

àmo’o$ga Ed§ Aܶj nmR²>¶H«$‘ Ed§ nmR²>¶nwñVH$ {d^mJ Eg.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r., h¡Xam~mX

SCERT TELANGANA

(4)

© Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

First Published 2013

New Impressions 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

The copy right holder of this book is the Director of School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.

We have used some photographs which are under creative common licence. They are acknowledged at later (page viii).

This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. S.S. Maplitho, Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

Free Distribution by Government of Telangana 2018-19

Printed in India

at the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press, Mint Compound, Hyderabad,

Telangana.

SCERT TELANGANA

(5)

lr Hw$aoëbm lr{Zdmg, lr Hw$aoëbm lr{Zdmg, lr Hw$aoëbm lr{Zdmg,

lr Hw$aoëbm lr{Zdmg, lr Hw$aoëbm lr{Zdmg, OrEME‘, OoS>nrEMEg, Hw$a‘oSw>, ZbJm|S>m lr ~r.{H$emoa Hw$_ma,

lr ~r.{H$emoa Hw$_ma, lr ~r.{H$emoa Hw$_ma, lr ~r.{H$emoa Hw$_ma,

lr ~r.{H$emoa Hw$_ma, `ynrEg, dyQ²>Hw$a, ZbJmo§S>m lr nr. Am§OZo`wbw,

lr nr. Am§OZo`wbw, lr nr. Am§OZo`wbw, lr nr. Am§OZo`wbw, lr nr. Am§OZo`wbw, {O`mo_ona,

CESS-DCS, h¡Xam~mX

lr Hw$am© gwaoe ~m~y, lr Hw$am© gwaoe ~m~y,lr Hw$am© gwaoe ~m~y, lr Hw$am© gwaoe ~m~y, lr Hw$am© gwaoe ~m~y,

‘Z ‘r{S>¶m J«m{’$³g, h¡Xam~mX lr H$Þæ`m Xmam, lr H$Þæ`m Xmam,lr H$Þæ`m Xmam, lr H$Þæ`m Xmam, lr H$Þæ`m Xmam, EggrB©AmaQ>r, Vob§JmUm, h¡Xam~mX

lr_Vr Ho$.nmdZr, lr_Vr Ho$.nmdZr,lr_Vr Ho$.nmdZr, lr_Vr Ho$.nmdZr, lr_Vr Ho$.nmdZr, H§$ß`yQ>a g§MmbH$, h¡Xam~mX boAmD$Q> Ed§ {S>OmBZ boAmD$Q> Ed§ {S>OmBZboAmD$Q> Ed§ {S>OmBZ boAmD$Q> Ed§ {S>OmBZboAmD$Q> Ed§ {S>OmBZ {MÌH$ma

{MÌH$ma{MÌH$ma {MÌH$ma {MÌH$ma

lr CÝXoQ>r AmZ§X Hw$‘ma lr CÝXoQ>r AmZ§X Hw$‘ma lr CÝXoQ>r AmZ§X Hw$‘ma lr CÝXoQ>r AmZ§X Hw$‘ma

lr CÝXoQ>r AmZ§X Hw$‘ma, Eg E, OoS>nrEMEg gwOmVmZJa, Iå‘‘

lr nr. lr{Zdmgwbw lr nr. lr{Zdmgwbw lr nr. lr{Zdmgwbw lr nr. lr{Zdmgwbw

lr nr. lr{Zdmgwbw, Eg E, OoS>nrEMEg hdobr KZnwa, ‘oXH$

lr nr. OJZ‘mohZ aoS²>S>r lr nr. OJZ‘mohZ aoS²>S>r lr nr. OJZ‘mohZ aoS²>S>r lr nr. OJZ‘mohZ aoS²>S>r

lr nr. OJZ‘mohZ aoS²>S>r, Eg E, OoS>nrEMEg {nS²>MoSw>, JOdob, ‘oXH$

lr E. aqdXa lr E. aqdXa lr E. aqdXa lr E. aqdXa

lr E. aqdXa, Eg E, OrEMEg Amoag, da§Jb lr E. E‘. lr{Zdmg amd,

lr E. E‘. lr{Zdmg amd, lr E. E‘. lr{Zdmg amd, lr E. E‘. lr{Zdmg amd,

lr E. E‘. lr{Zdmg amd, OoS>nrEMEg H$mobmbnw‹S>r, àH$me‘

lr Q>r. d|H$Q>æ¶m, lr Q>r. d|H$Q>æ¶m, lr Q>r. d|H$Q>æ¶m, lr Q>r. d|H$Q>æ¶m,

lr Q>r. d|H$Q>æ¶m, Eg E., OoS>nrEMEg EJwdmdr{Y, {MÎmya lr EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘,

lr EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘, lr EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘, lr EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘,

lr EZ. gw~«‘ʶ‘, Eg E, OoS>nrEMEg Q>§JQw>é, Zoëbya lr Q>r.{dîUw _y{V©,

lr Q>r.{dîUw _y{V©, lr Q>r.{dîUw _y{V©, lr Q>r.{dîUw _y{V©,

lr Q>r.{dîUw _y{V©, Eg E, `wnrEg, _ÞoJw‹S>o_, da§Jb lr E‘. ‘[a¶m amZr,

lr E‘. ‘[a¶m amZr, lr E‘. ‘[a¶m amZr, lr E‘. ‘[a¶m amZr,

lr E‘. ‘[a¶m amZr, EgE, E‘nr¶ynrEg {MbHw$aZJa, a§JmaoS²>S>r lr nr.dr. H¥$îUm amd,

lr nr.dr. H¥$îUm amd, lr nr.dr. H¥$îUm amd, lr nr.dr. H¥$îUm amd,

lr nr.dr. H¥$îUm amd, EbE’$Eb hoME‘, nrEg ‘mohëbm Z§. gmobh, ¶oëb§Xþ, Iå‘‘

lr dr. J§Jr aoS²>S>r, lr dr. J§Jr aoS²>S>r, lr dr. J§Jr aoS²>S>r, lr dr. J§Jr aoS²>S>r,

lr dr. J§Jr aoS²>S>r, Eg E, OoS>nrEMEg H$m|XþJ©, _h~y~ZJa lr Q>r. à^mH$a aoS²>S>r,

lr Q>r. à^mH$a aoS²>S>r, lr Q>r. à^mH$a aoS²>S>r, lr Q>r. à^mH$a aoS²>S>r,

lr Q>r. à^mH$a aoS²>S>r, Eg E,OoS>nrEMEg emh~mX, a§JmaoS²>S>r lr EZ. amOnmb aoS²>S>r,

lr EZ. amOnmb aoS²>S>r, lr EZ. amOnmb aoS²>S>r, lr EZ. amOnmb aoS²>S>r,

lr EZ. amOnmb aoS²>S>r, Eg E, OoS>nrnrEgEg g|Q> KZnya, OZJm±d

lr EZ.gr.OJÞmW, lr EZ.gr.OJÞmW, lr EZ.gr.OJÞmW, lr EZ.gr.OJÞmW,

lr EZ.gr.OJÞmW, OrhoMEg Hw$bgw_nwam, h¡Xam~mX boIH$

boIH$

boIH$

boIH$

boIH$

qhXr AZwdmX g‘Ýd¶H S>m°. amOrd Hw$‘ma qgh,

¶y.nr.Eg., ¶mS>ma‘, ‘oS>Mb, a§JmaoS²>S>r qhXr AZwdmX g§nmXH$

S>m°. gwa{^ {Vdmar, Cn àmMm¶m©, qhXr ‘hm{dX²¶mb¶, ZëbmHw§$Q>m, h¡Xam~mX&

S>m°. Á¶mo{V lrdmñVd, àd³Vm, qhXr ‘hm{dX²¶mb¶, ZëbmHw§$Q>m, h¡Xam~mX&

qhXr AZwdmX g‘yh S>m°. amOrd Hw$‘ma qgh, ¶y.nr.Eg., ¶mS>ma‘, ‘oS>Mb, a§JmaoS²>S>r

»y ôÆt ™oyå E“™t,∫Á[Æ u“Êty ÃÊÃÁáN˛, S>m°. g¡¶X E‘.E‘.dOmhV, Or.EM.Eg. e§Ioída ~mµOma, h¡Xam~mX gwlr Ho$. ^maVr, ¶y.nr.Eg. ‘XZnëbr, e‘em~mX, a§JmaoS²>S>r lr‘Vr emo^m ‘mhoídar, Eg.Or.dr.E‘.hmB© ñHy$b, h¡Xam~mX lr‘Vr JrVm amZr, Am¶© H$ݶm {dX²¶mb¶, H$moQ>r, h¡Xam~mX

‘mo. gwbo‘mZ Abr, ¶y.nr.Eg. Jm±Yr nmH©$, {‘¶m©bJwS>m,ZbJm|S>m

S>m°. eo˜ AãXþb JZr, Or.EM.Eg. ^wdZ{J[a, ZbJm|S>m lr‘Vr Or. {H$aU, Or.EM.Eg. S>r E§S> S>r ‘bH$noQ>, h¡Xam~mX lr‘Vr H${dVm, Or.EM.Eg. MmXaKmQ>-2, h¡Xam~mX lr gwaoe Hw$‘ma {‘lm, OoS>.nr.EM.Eg. ngw‘m‘wbm, a§Jm aoS²>S>r gwlr F$Vw ^grZ, ¶y.nr.Eg., XmoS²>{S> Abdmb, a§JmaoS²>S>r lr‘Vr A‘¥V H$m¡a, go§Q> A§S¯>O ñHy$b, ~mo¶Znëbr, {gH§$Xam~mX lr ‘wHo$e qgh R>mHw$a, nÌH$ma, ñdV§Ì dmVm©

S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>

S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>

S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>

S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>

S>m°. EZ. M§Ðm¶wSw>, A{ggQ>|Q> àmo’o$ga ^yJmob {d^mJ, Eg.dr.

{díd{dX²¶mb¶, {Vén{V lr_Vr Ho$.grVm_hmbú_r, lr_Vr Ho$.grVm_hmbú_r, lr_Vr Ho$.grVm_hmbú_r, lr_Vr Ho$.grVm_hmbú_r,

lr_Vr Ho$.grVm_hmbú_r, àmÜ`mnH$, Jd}Ý_oÊQ> {S>J«r H$mboO, amO_hoÝÐr

lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r, lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r, lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r, lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r,

lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r, OrEME‘, OoS>nrEMEg noX²XmO§J‘nëbr, dmB©EgAma H$‹S>nm

lr Ho$. gw~«‘ʶ‘, lr Ho$. gw~«‘ʶ‘, lr Ho$. gw~«‘ʶ‘, lr Ho$. gw~«‘ʶ‘,

lr Ho$. gw~«‘ʶ‘, àmܶmnH$ gaH$mar S>m¶Q>, H$Z©yb lr Q>r. aqdXa,

lr Q>r. aqdXa, lr Q>r. aqdXa, lr Q>r. aqdXa,

lr Q>r. aqdXa, àmܶmnH$ gaH$mar S>m¶Q>, da§Jb lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`U,

lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`U, lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`U, lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`U,

lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`U, àmÜ`mnH$, DIET, A§Jmbwê$, H¥$îUm lr E_ nmnæ`m,

lr E_ nmnæ`m, lr E_ nmnæ`m, lr E_ nmnæ`m,

lr E_ nmnæ`m, àmÜ`mnH$, Eg.gr.B©.Ama.Q>r., Vob§JmUm S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V,

S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V, S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V, S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V,

S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V, EgE, OoS>nrEMEg bmS>oëbm, da§Jb S>m°. ~r.dr.EZ.ñdm‘r,

S>m°. ~r.dr.EZ.ñdm‘r, S>m°. ~r.dr.EZ.ñdm‘r, S>m°. ~r.dr.EZ.ñdm‘r,

S>m°. ~r.dr.EZ.ñdm‘r, EgE, OrEMEg hþOwam~mX, H$ar‘ZJa lr H$mo[adr lr{Zdmg amd,

lr H$mo[adr lr{Zdmg amd, lr H$mo[adr lr{Zdmg amd, lr H$mo[adr lr{Zdmg amd,

lr H$mo[adr lr{Zdmg amd, EgE, E‘nr¶ynrEg nr.Ama.

nëbr, Q>o³H$br, lrH$mHw$b‘

lr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘r lr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘r lr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘r lr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘r

lr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘r, Eg E,OoS>nrEMEg Xm¡‹S>onëbr, Am{Xbm~mX lr Or. aÎm§Jnm{U aoS²>S>r,

lr Or. aÎm§Jnm{U aoS²>S>r, lr Or. aÎm§Jnm{U aoS²>S>r, lr Or. aÎm§Jnm{U aoS²>S>r,

lr Or. aÎm§Jnm{U aoS²>S>r, Eg E, OoS>nrEMEg nmoëH$‘nëbr, ‘h~y~ZJa lr_Vr ho_mIÌr,

lr_Vr ho_mIÌr, lr_Vr ho_mIÌr, lr_Vr ho_mIÌr,

lr_Vr ho_mIÌr, h¡Xam~mX, IGNIS (ày\$ ar{S>§J) lr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amd

lr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amd lr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amd lr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amd

lr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amd, OrEMEg Ym§Jadm‹S>r, H$ar‘ZJa lr E‘. nmnæ¶m,

lr E‘. nmnæ¶m, lr E‘. nmnæ¶m, lr E‘. nmnæ¶m,

lr E‘. nmnæ¶m, àmܶmnH$, EggrB©AmaQ>r, h¡Xam~mX lr Eg {dZm¶H$,

lr Eg {dZm¶H$, lr Eg {dZm¶H$, lr Eg {dZm¶H$,

lr Eg {dZm¶H$, g‘Ýd¶H$, EggrB©AmaQ>r, h¡Xam~mX lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r,

lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r, lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r, lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r,

lr E‘. Zaqghm aoS²>S>r, OrEME‘,,,,, OoS>nrEMEg noX²XmO§J‘nëbr, dmB©EgAma H$‹S>nm

lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`Um, lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`Um, lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`Um, lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`Um,

lr Ho$. bú_rZmam`Um, àmÜ`mnH$, DIET, A§Jbwé, H¥$îUm

g‘Ýd¶H$

g‘Ýd¶H$g‘Ýd¶H$

g‘Ýd¶H$

g‘Ýd¶H$

lr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amd lr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amdlr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amd

lr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amdlr A¶m{MVwbm bú‘U amd, EgE,OrEMEg Ym§Jadm‹S>r, H$ar‘ZJa S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V,

S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V, S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V,

S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V, S>m°. amMbm© JUn{V, EgE, OoS>nrEMEg bmS>oëbm, da§Jb lr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘r

lr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘rlr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘r

lr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘rlr H$mg‘ Hw$‘mañdm‘r,EgE, OoS>nrEMEg Xm¡‹S>onëbr, Am{Xbm~mX lr CÝXoQr> AmZ§X Hw$‘ma

lr CÝXoQr> AmZ§X Hw$‘malr CÝXoQr> AmZ§X Hw$‘ma

lr CÝXoQr> AmZ§X Hw$‘malr CÝXoQr> AmZ§X Hw$‘ma, EgE, OoS>nrEMEg gwOmVmZJa, Iå‘‘

lr nr.OJZ_mohZ aoS²>S>r, lr nr.OJZ_mohZ aoS²>S>r,lr nr.OJZ_mohZ aoS²>S>r,

lr nr.OJZ_mohZ aoS²>S>r,lr nr.OJZ_mohZ aoS²>S>r, EgE, OoS>nrEMEg nr‹S>MoSw>, JX²dmb, _oXH$

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iv

N>mÌm| Ho$ Zm‘ nÌ

[ච{‘Ìmo!

AnZr ‘mܶ{‘H$ {ejm ewé H$aZo na ~YmB©& Amn 9dt {deofm{YH$ma àmá Aܶ¶Z H$a aho h¢& h‘mao Xoe Ho$ ~ƒm| H$s EH$ ~‹S>r g§»¶m BVZr ^m½¶embr Zht h¡, H$jm ‘| Xm{Ibm boZo dmbo bJ^J 50% ~ƒo H$mo 8dt Ho$ ~mX AnZr {ejm Omar aIZo H$m à~§Y Zht h¡ Am¡a do Xÿgamo| H$r H$m‘ H$aZo, AnZo Kamo| H$s XoI^mb H$aZo, AmOr{dH$m H$‘mZo ~mha {ZH$bVm h¡& ¶h CZHo$ {bE Am¡a h‘mao {bE ^r ~S>r hm{Z h¡ O~ gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm|

na MMm© H$aVo h¡, Vmo CZHo$ AZw^dmo| Am¡ja {dMmam| Ho$ ~mao ‘| nVm Zht Mb nmE§Jo& Bg{bE AmnHo$ nmg CZH$s Amoa go gmoMZo Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ gdmbm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| CZHo$ Ñ{ï>H$moU Ho$ ~mao ‘| A{YH$ OmZZo H$s {Oå‘oXmar h¡&

AmYw{ZH$ {ejm Ho$ H$B© nhbwAm| H$s Vah ñHy$b {ejm, h‘ g^r Ho$ {bE Adgamo| H$s ZB© Xþ{Z¶m Imobo& {’$a

^r Ho$db Hw$N> hr CZHo$ {bE bm^ CR>mZo ‘| gj‘ h¡& Bg{bE h‘ Eogo YZ Am¡ja YZ Ho$ ~rM Jar~r Am¡a ^yI H$mo XoIVo h¡& ¶wdmAmo| Ho$ ê$n ‘|, {OÝh| Cƒ {ejm boZo H$m {deofm{YH$ma àmá h¡, AmnH$mo ¶h nyN>Zo H$s Oê$aV h¡ {H$ ¶o ³¶m| Eogm hm Am¡a H¡$go MrOo ~Xb gH$Vr h¡ Vm{H$ AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$m bm^ g^r Ho$ {bE g‘mZ ê$n go CnbãY hmo&

¶h nwñVH$ Eogo Hw$N> gdmbm| Ho$ Odm~ VbmeZo Ho$ {bE à¶ËZ H$aVr h¡& hmb Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| ‘mZd g‘mO BVZr

~S>r g§^mdZmAm| H$mo hm{gb H$aZo Ho$ {bE YZ Am¡a A{YH$mam| H$s VoOr go d¥X²{Y H$aVm h¡, bo{H$Z Cgr g‘¶

Ag‘mZVm Am¡a {ZîH$mgZ H$mo A§V H$aZo ‘| Ag’$b ahVm h¡&

¶h nwñVH$ Xmo ^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV h¡, àW‘ ^mJ ^yJmob d AW©emó ¶h Xÿgam ^mJ B{Vhmg d g‘mO-amOZr{V OrdZ& O~ Amn B§Q>a{‘{S>¶Q> ‘| BZ {df¶m| H$mo ì¶dpñWV ê$n go n‹T>|Jo d Bg‘| ‘w³¶ {df¶m| H$s OmZH$mar àmá hmoJr& ¶hm± Ho$db BZH$m n[aM¶ ‘mÌ h¡&

Bg nwñVH$ Ho$ Aܶm¶ Hw$N> ‘hËdnyU© gm‘m{OH$ ‘wÔm| H$m {díbofU H$aVo h¢, {Oggo h‘| Hw$N> OmZH$mar Xr h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ ~mao ‘| Hw$N> {ZîH$f© {XE h¡& hmbm§{H$, H¥$n¶m ¶mX aIo {H$ H$moB© ^r Aܶm¶ g^r nhþbwAm| na ܶmZ Zht Xo gH$Vm h¡ ¶m AmnH$mo EH$ nyU© {MÌ àXmZ H$a gH$Vm h¡& ¶h Ho$db nyN>VmN> Ho$ EH$ OO©Zr na ewé H$aZo

‘| AmnH$s ghm¶Vm H$aVm h¡ AmnH$mo AnZo ~mao ‘| gmoMZo, nwñVH$mb¶ ‘| A{YH$ {H$Vm~| n‹T>Zo Am¡a BZ {df¶m|

Ho$ ~mao ‘|, B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ ~mao ‘| MMm© H$aZo H$s Oê$aV h¡ Am¡a {’$a nZr am¶ ~ZmH$a AmnH$mo OmZH$mar boZo Hw$N> ^r hm{gb Zht hmoJm& BgHo$ ~Om¶ CZHo$ ~mao ‘| gmoMZo H$r H$mo{ee H$ao Am¡a CZHo$ ~mao ‘| A{YH$ OmZH$mar àmá H$ao&

O~ Amn {H$mgr J§^ra g‘ñ¶m Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar boVo h¢, Vmo Amn {d{dY àH$ma H$s gyMZmAm| go {Kam hmo OmVo h¡, BgH$m Cn¶moJ H¡$go {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡, BgH$m Cn¶moJ H¡$go {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡, Cn¶moJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-gr ghr h¡ ¶m JbV& ¶h {H$gr ^r {dX²dmZ Ho$ gm‘Zo g~ go ~‹Sr MwZm¡Vr h¡, Omo CÞV Aܶ¶Z H$aVm h¡&

g~ go nhbo AmnH$mo òmoV H$s OmZH$mar na ܶmZ XoZo H$s Amdí¶H$Vm h¡& ³¶m ¶h Iam h¡, {OgH$m Ñ{ï>H$moU

¶h 춳V H$aVo h¡& ¶h {H$g AmYma go {XImVm h¡ Ho$db V^r Amn AnZo Cn¶moJ Ho$ ~mao ‘| {H$gr {ZîH$f© na nhþ±M gH$Vo h¡&

nwñVHo$ Amn H$mo Xÿgao ³¶m gmoMVo h¡ ¶m H$aVo h¡ ~VmVo h¡& CZH$m nwñVHo$ Amn H$mo Xÿgao ³¶m gmoMVo h¡ ¶m H$aVo h¡ g‘mO H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| Aܶ¶Z H$aHo$ Amn H$mo {ZíM¶ H$aZm h¡ {H$ g‘mO H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| Amn ³¶m H$aVo h¡& AmnH$mo g‘mO H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| g‘PZm h¡ Am¡a g‘mO H$mo ~ohVa ~ZmZo H$m à¶ËZ XmoZm| H$aZm h¢& Bg H$m¶© ‘| ¶h nwñVH$ AmnH$mo ‘XX H$aoJr&

g§nmXH$g§nmXH$g§nmXH$g§nmXH$g§nmXH$

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nwñVH$ Ho$ ~mao ‘|

¶h nwñVH$ gm‘m{OH$ {dkmZ nmR²>¶H«$‘ VWm AmnHo$ X²dmam Aܶ¶Z {H$¶o Om aho g‘mO H$m {hñgm h¡& Omo ^r hmo,

¶mX aho {H$ ¶h nmR²>¶H«$‘ H$m N>moQ>m-gm {hñgm h¡& gm‘m{OH$ {dkmZ nmR²>¶H«$‘ ‘| AmnHo$ X²dmam H$jm ‘| {díbofU d gmPm H$aZo H$s Amdí¶H$Vm n‹S>Vr h¡& BgHo$ {bE EÁúN˛Áz àíZ nyN>Zo VWm H$moB© dñVw Eogr h¡, Vmo ³¶m| h¡, Ho$ ~mao ‘|

gmoMZo Ho$ {bE Amdí¶H$Vm n‹S>Vr h¡& BgHo$ {bE AmnH$mo Am¡a AmnHo$ {‘Ìm| H$mo H$jm go ~mha ~mµOma, n§Mm¶V ¶m ZJanm{bH$m H$m¶m©b¶, Jm±d Ho$ IoV, ‘§{Xa d ™uÀ\t VWm g§J«hmb¶ OmH$a nVm bJmZo H$s Amdí¶H$Vm h¡& AmnH$mo H$B© bmoJm|, {H$gmZm|, XþH$mZXmam|, A{YH$marJU, nwOmar Am{X go {‘bH$a MMm© H$aZr hmoJr&

¶h nwñVH$ AmnH$mo g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ Xm¶ao go n[aM¶ H$am¶oJr Am¡a ñd¶§ Aܶ¶Z H$aZo Ho$ ¶mo½¶ d ñd¶§ n[aH$ënZm hoVw ¶mo½¶ ~ZmEJr& Bg nwñVH$ H$s g~go ‘hËdnyU© ~mV ¶h h¡ {H$ Bg‘| CÎma Zht h¡& dmñVd ‘| ¶h nwñVH$ nyU© ê$n

‘| Zht h¡& ¶h nwñVH$ V^r g§nyU© H$hbmEJr O~ Amn Am¡a AmnHo$ {‘Ì, AܶmnH$ ñd¶§ Ho$ àíZm| d AZw^dm| H$mo {~Zm S>ao MMm© H$a| Am¡a AnZo H$maU ~VmE±& hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ AmnHo$ {‘Ì Amngo gh‘V Z hm|, qH$Vw nVm H$amo {H$ CZH$m Ñ{îQH$moU ³¶m h¡& A§VV… AnZo CÎma na AmBE& EÁúN˛Áz AnZo CÎma na A^r CVZm {dídmg Zht h¡& Amn AnZm ‘Z

~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ~hþV à¶mg-ImoO~rZ H$a|Jo& Eogr pñW{V¶m| ‘| AnZo àíZm| H$s gyMr ܶmZ go ~ZmBE Am¡a AnZo {‘Ìm|, AܶmnH$m| AWdm ~‹S>m| H$s ghm¶Vm go àíZ hb H$a|&

¶h nwñVH$ AmnH$mo h‘mao gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ Ñ{îQH$moUm|- ^y{‘ d OZVm H$s {^ÝZVm, AmOr{dH$m, {Z˶mon¶moJr dñVwAm| H$s ny{V© d à~§YZ, g^r bmoJ g‘mO ‘| g‘mZ ³¶m| Zht h¡, {H$g Vah bmoJ g‘mO ‘| g‘mZVm bmZo H$m à¶mg H$a aho h¢, {H$g Vah bmoJ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ^JdmZm| H$mo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Vah go nyOm H$aVo h¢, Am¡a A§V ‘|

{H$g Vah EH$-Xÿgao go g§nH©$ H$aVo h¢ VWm g§ñH¥${V H$m {Z‘m©U H$a gmPm H$a|Jo, Ho$ ~mao ‘| Aܶ¶Z H$aZo ‘| ghm¶Vm H$aVr h¡& >

BZ A§em| H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE AmnH$mo ^y{‘, nd©V, ‘¡XmZ d Z{X¶m| d g‘wÐm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| g‘PZm Mm{hE; Xÿgam| H$mo Ù^Áåz Ho$ {bE AmnH$mo g¡H$‹S>m| ¶m hµOmam| gmb nhbo Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZZm hmoJm; qH$Vw Amn ‘| go A{YH$ bmoJm| H$mo ~mha OmH$a AbJ-AbJ Vah Ho$ bmoJm| go {‘bH$a ~mVMrV H$aZr Mm{hE& $

O¡go hr Bg nwñVH$ H$mo Amn H$jm ‘| n‹T>|Jo, AmnHo$ gm‘Zo H$B© àíZ Am¶|Jo& AV… Eogo ñWmZm| na éH$H$a CZHo$ CÎma XoZo H$m à¶mg H$a| AWdm gwPm¶o J¶o {H«$¶mH$bmn H$a| Am¡a AmJo ~‹T>|& nmR> H$mo VoOr go n‹T>mH$a g‘mßV H$aZm Zht h¡,

~pëH$ àíZm| H$s MMm© H$aVo hþE gwPm¶o J¶o {H«$¶mH$bmn H$a|&

H$B© nmR> n[a¶moOZm H$m¶© gwPmVo h¢, {OÝh| H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amn Hw$N> {XZ bo gH$Vo h¢& BZ n[a¶moOZmAm| go Amn‘|

gm‘m{OH$ {dkmZ Ho$ nyN>VmN> Ed§ {díbofU VWm üÀoÏoyN˛∫m Ho$ H$m¡ebm| H$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡& ¶o n[a¶moOZmE± nmR> ‘|

{bIr gm‘J«r H$mo ñ‘aU H$aZo go H$ht A{YH$ ‘hËdnyU© h¡&

H¥$n¶m Amn ¶mX aI| {H$ nmR> ‘| Omo {X¶m J¶m h¡ Cgo ñ‘aU Z H$a|, ~pëH$ CZHo$ ~mao ‘| gmo{ME Am¡a ñd¶§ H$s AnZr {dMmaYmam ~ZmBE&

{ZXoeH$, EggrB©AmaQ>r, Vob§JmUm, h¡Xam~mX

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USING THIS BOOK AND NOTE TO THE TEACHER AND STUDENTS

This book is in continuation with the National and State Curriculum Frameworks which suggested disciplinary approach to teaching needs to begin only at Secondary school level. You have traditionally taught various disciplines of Geography, History, Civics and Economics . However there were various overlaps between the concepts that were discussed under them.

Text book is designed with the idea that social studies teachers and students need to bring it into the classroom and use it inside the classroom for learning. It is important to read the textbook in classroom and conduct discussion around it.

The language of the text: Efforts have been taken to write the text of this book in child friendly manner. However there are certain terms and jargons that will need explanation and clarification.

Text is often trying to give examples that may be suitable to the concept that is discussed. Each chapter has central ideas, these are often provided as subheadings. In a classroom, you may be able to cover 2 or 3 subheadings in a period roughly.

This textbook uses different style of writing. Sometimes they are fictionalised narratives like Vasu, Arun and Shivakamini in Chapter 9. These are often fictionalised but based on facts explanation of a scenario. Or there are passages that are in the form of case studies like in section on Effects of industrial activities in Patancheru in Chapter 7. There are also texts in the tables and in the form of graphs where comparative elements are put together as in the case of Financial systems and Credit Chapter 9. Concepts are thus explained using different styles.

Use of in between questions and end text questions: You will note that there are questions in between the text. Do not leave out these questions. These are integral to the teaching learning process. These questions are of different types – some of them help you in summarising, evaluating the passages that you may have read out. Or they are for collecting more information that is around the concepts discussed in the previous subheading. Do not try to dictate the answers to these questions, allow children to find the answers on their own. Allow them to have discussions amongst each other in trying to figure out the meaning of these questions and talk about possible answers.

There are different types of questions used in the book:

1) asking children to write their experiences; 2) compare their experiences with that of the examples given in the text; 3) comparing two or three different situations given in the textbooks;

4) questions that ask children to give their opinion about the situation or case study (when these opinions are asked it need not be the same for all children, allow them to express their opinion);

5) questions that are evaluating a particular situation given in the chapter.

Teacher may adopt different strategies in using these questions in the classroom. Some questions may be written down in the note book; others may be discussed in small groups; a few may be

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written as individual tasks. In all situations it is important to encourage the child to write in his own words. Avoid instructing all children to write the answers in same style and structure.

There are certain boxes in the chapters. These are often additional information on the concepts discussed in the chapter. It is important to discuss them in the classroom, and conduct the activities around.

Images used in the textbooks: In traditional textbook, images in it, serve only a visual relief.

However, our purpose in using images is as significant as text itself. There may be a few sketches like in Government Budget and Taxation. We use the images of leaders in various political movements. In all other occasions images are as important as the text, they are useful in explaining the concepts or are illustrative of the ideas used in the textbooks. We have also tried to use different styles of images: like photographs; line drawings; cartoons posters etc as well. These are also taken from different historical points of time. Hence just as different styles used in textbooks there is diversity in the images too.

Maps, tables and graphs: Maps in these books tell us about geographic, economic, political and historical aspects. They are used to present the information in an interesting manner. You will also find the use of tables and graphs. Reading tables and graphs are essential in Social Studies. These often provide much more clarity in explaining the concepts.

Projects: There are different projects suggested in the book. It may not be possible for all projects to be undertaken. It is important to remember we cannot teach all aspects of concepts merely by reading textbook. Projects thus enable children to interact with members of the society, collect new information, arrange and present them in their own manner. Making questions for an interview, planning for a visit to the bank, or creating a presentation that could include images, tabulated data or graphs based on the information they collected are also important in Social Studies skills. These encourage children to work together in groups and conduct exchange and share ideas.

We can use content related maps, tables & graphs other than text book for practice and evaluation.

Discussions, conducting interviews, debates and projects are given in the middle of the running lesson and after the improve your learning. To develop social consiousness, sensitivity and positive attitude among the children these are given. Hence these must be taken up.

We would like to acknowledge the contributions of Sri K. Joshi State Coordinator AP Human Rights Education, Dr. Ramani Atkuri Medical Practitioner Bhopal, Sri Velina Murari Bangalore, Smt K. Bhagya Lakshmi Manchi Pustakam Hyderabad, Prof. K.K. Kailash P.U.

Chandigarh, Prof. E. Shiva Nagi Reddy Dept.of Archaeology and Museums A.P., Director State Central Library and reference section staff A.P and others who directly or indirectly participated in our workshops and contributed in improving the quality of specific chapters in the textbook. Some of the photographs used in the book are taken from flickr, wikipedia or other internet sources, under creative commons license.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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ACADEMIC STANDARDS (AS)

Time should be spent in making sure that children comprehend the passages given in text. In between questions are useful in this context. These questions are of different types that would include the aspects reasoning, cause and effect, justification, mind mapping / concept mapping, observation, analysis, thinking and imagination, reflection, interpreting etc. The key concepts have been discussed subconceptwise in every chapter with examples and also given in the form of keywords.

1) Conceptual understanding (AS1) : Promoting learning of basic concepts through inquiry, discussion, reflection giving examples through case studies interpreting, observation etc.

2) Reading the text (given), understanding and interpretation (AS2) : Occasionally there are case studies about farmers, labourers in factory, or images that are used in text which do not directly convey the concept. Time should be given for children to grasp the main ideas, interpret images etc.

3) Information skills (AS3) : Textbooks alone cannot cover all different aspects of social studies methodology. For example children living in an urban area can collect information regarding their elected representatives or children living in the rural area can collect information about the way irrigation / tank facilities are made available in their area. These information may not exactly match with that of the textbooks and will have to be clarified. Representing the information that they have collected through projects are also an important ability. For example if they collect information about a tank – they may decide to draw an illustration or map etc along with written material. Or represent the information collected through images or posters. Information skill includes, collection of informatic tabulation / records and analysis.

4) Reflection on contemporary issues and questioning (AS4) : Students need to be encouraged to compare their living conditions along with that of different regions or people from different times. There may not be a single answer to these situations of comparison. Giving reasons for certain happening process and justification of informatic and interpretative.

5) Mapping skills (AS5) : There are different types of maps and pictures used in the textbook.

Developing ability related to maps as abstract representation of places are important. There are different stages of developing this ability, from creating a map of their classroom to understanding height, distance as represented in a map. There are illustrations, posters and photographs used in the textbook, these images often relate to the text and are not merely for visual effect. Sometimes there are activities like write a caption or read the images that are about architecture etc.

6) Appreciation and Sensitivity (AS6) : Our country has vast diversity in terms of language, culture, caste, religion, gender etc. Social studies does take into consideration these different aspects and encourages students to be sensitive to these differences.

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6 ßÁ∫o ™ı Nw˛u  59-74 uÃoʧ∫

7 ßÁ∫o ™ı G˘ÁzT 75-95 åƒÊ§∫

8 ßÁ∫o ™ı ÃzƒÁ TuouƒuáÆÁ 96-104 utÃʧ∫

9 uƒyÆ ümÁ¬y ™ı J m 105-117 utÃʧ∫

10 §‰joy ™Â“TÁF| EÁ{∫ \yƒåÆÁúå 118-129 ¢˛∫ƒ∫y

11 Ã∫N˛Á∫y §\b LƒÊ N˛∫Áı N˛Á uN¿˛ÆÁåƒÆå 130-142 ¢˛∫ƒ∫y

ßÁT

II

: uƒ≈ƒ Nz˛ ™ÜÆN˛Á¬yå Ãz EÁáÏuåN˛ N˛Á¬ oN˛

12 ÆÓ∫Ázú ™ı §t¬oy ÃÁÊÀNw˛uoN˛ ú∫Êú∫ÁL 1300-1800 143-159 \Óå

13 17ƒÎ ƒ 18ƒÎ LƒÊ 19ƒÎ ∆oÁ£ty ™ı ü\ÁoÁÊufiN˛ ƒ

∫Á…b~ƒÁty N¿˛ÁÊuoÆÁ 160-177 \ϬÁF|

14 EÁ{˘ÁzTyN˛∫m EÁ{∫ ÃÁ™Áu\N˛ úu∫ƒo|å 178-188 ETÀo

15 ÃÁ™Áu\N˛ uƒ¸Áz“ EÁÊtÁz¬å 189-196 ETÀo

16 ¬{ubå E™zu∫N˛Á, E¢¿˛yN˛Á EÁ{∫ Lu∆ÆÁ ™ı Gúuåƒz∆ƒÁt 197-211 uÃoʧ∫

17 ßÁ∫o ™ı Gúuåƒz∆ ƒÁt N˛Á üßÁƒ 212-225 EMoÓ§∫

18 ü\ÁoÊfi N˛Á uƒÀoÁ∫ 226-236 åƒÊ§∫

19 ü\ÁoÊfi : LN˛ GëÁo GúÁÆ 237-247 åƒÊ§∫

20 ™Áåƒ EuáN˛Á∫ EÁ{∫ ™Á{u¬N˛ EuáN˛Á∫ 248-260 utÃʧ∫

21 ™u“¬Á ÃÏ∫qÁ EuáuåÆ™ 261-269 \åƒ∫y

22 EÁútÁ ü§Êáå 270-278 \åƒ∫y

23 ÆÁoÁÆÁo u∆qÁ 279-285 ¢˛∫ƒ∫y

úÏå∫Áƒwu EÁ{∫ ƒÁu |N˛ ú∫yqÁ ™ÁY|

SCERT TELANGANA

(12)

∫Á…b~-TÁå

- ∫ƒÎ¸åÁs b{TÁz∫

\å-Tm-™å EuáåÁÆN˛ \Æ “z

!

ßÁ∫o ßÁSÆ uƒáÁoÁ@

úÊ\Á§, uÃÊáÏ, TÏ\∫Áo, ™∫ÁeÁ,

¸Áuƒ‰g, GnN˛¬ §ÊT@

uƒÊÜÆ, u“™ÁY¬, Æ™ÏåÁ, TÊTÁ GXZ¬ \¬uá-o∫ÊT@

oƒ ∆Ïß åÁ™z \ÁTz@

oƒ ∆Ïß EÁu∆  ™ÁÊTz, TÁ“z oƒ \Æ TÁsÁ

!

\å-Tm-™ÊT¬tÁÆN˛ \Æ “z

!

ßÁ∫o-ßÁSÆ-uƒáÁoÁ@

\Æ “z

!

\Æ “z

!

\Æ “z

!

\Æ, \Æ, \Æ, \Æ “z

!

üuorÁ

- n¡{S>‘[a²a d|H$Q> gwã~mamd

ßÁ∫o ™z∫Á tz∆ “{ EÁ{∫ ÙÀo ßÁ∫oyÆ ™z∫z ßÁF|-§“å “¯@ ™¯ Eúåz tz∆ Ãz üz™ N˛∫oÁ “Ó EÁ{∫ FÃÃz üÁõo uƒ∆Á¬ LƒÊ uƒuƒá rÁå-ßÊgÁ∫ ú∫ ™Ï^z Tƒ| “{@ ™¯

Ã|tÁ Fà tz∆ LƒÊ FÃNz˛ rÁå-ßÊgÁ∫ Nz˛ EåÏøú §ååz N˛Á üÆÁà N˛øÂTÁ@ ™¯ Eúåz

™ÁoÁ-uúoÁ EÁ{∫ EÜÆÁúN˛Áı osÁ ÙÀo TϪ\åÁı N˛Á EÁt∫ N˛øÂTÁ EÁ{∫ ünÆzN˛

√ÆuMo Nz˛ üuo 噿oÁúÓƒ|N˛ √ƃ“Á∫ N˛øÂTÁ@ ™¯ \yƒ-\ÊoÏEÁzÊ Ãz ßy üz™úÓƒ|N˛ √ƃ“Á∫

N˛øÂTÁ@ ™¯ Eúåz tz∆ EÁ{∫ GÃN˛y \åoÁ Nz˛ üuo Eúåy ßuMo N˛y ∆ús ¬zoÁ “ÓÂ@

GåNz˛ ™ÊT¬ LƒÊ ÙwtΩuá ™ı “y ™z∫Á ÃÏQ uåu“o “{@

SCERT TELANGANA

(13)

EÜÆÁÆ

1

“™Á∫y úw·ƒy

Fà úw·ƒy ú∫ “™, tÓÃ∫z ¬ÁQÁı EãÆ üÁumÆÁı, ƒåÀúuoÆÁı EÁ{∫ ÃÓfl™ \yƒÁı Nz˛ ÃÁs

∫“oz “¯@ “™ ™ÁåƒÁı N˛Á Fà úw·ƒy ú∫ EuÀonƒ

¬TßT LN˛ ¬ÁQ ƒ | úÏ∫ÁåÁ “{@ uN˛Ãy tÓÃ∫z EãÆ üÁmy N˛y oϬåÁ ™ı, ™åÏ…Æ, Fà úw·ƒy N˛Áz

§z“o∫ ∫“åz ÆÁzSÆ ÀsÁå §åÁåz Nz˛ u¬L, EuáN˛

üÆnå N˛∫oz \Á ∫“z “¯@ “™ Eúåz EÁúN˛Áz EÁ{∫

Eúåz EÁÃúÁà Nz˛ ÀsÁåÁı N˛Áz úu∫ƒuo|o N˛∫åz Nz˛ u¬L ¬TÁoÁ∫ üÆnå∆y¬ “¯@ úu∫ƒo|å N˛y Fà üuN¿˛ÆÁ ™ı EÁúà ™ı “™ ¬ÁzTÁı Nz˛ §yY EÁ{∫

úw·ƒy Nz˛ EãÆ \yƒÁı Nz˛ ÃÁs bN˛∫Áƒ N˛y uÀsuo GnúëÁ “Áz ∫“y “{@ ú∫ãoÏ, Få ç Ãz Hú∫, “™åz Eúåy úw·ƒy N˛Áz EÁ{∫ Eúåz uN¿˛ÆÁ N˛¬ÁúÁı N˛Áz Ù^åz N˛Á üÆnå uN˛ÆÁ “{, oÁuN˛ “™ LN˛

GuYo \yƒå \y ÃNı˛@ ¬©§z Ã™Æ Ãz, “™ úw·ƒy N˛Áz Ãßy ÃÊÃÁáåÁı Nz˛ ßÊgÁ∫ Nz˛ øú ™ı tzQoz EÁ

∫“z “¯, u\ÃN˛Á tÁz“å EÁ{∫ GúÆÁzT “™ Eúåy FXZÁåÏÃÁ∫ N˛∫ ÃN˛oz “¯@ áy∫z-áy∫z “™ Ù^åz

¬Tz “¯ uN˛ “™Á∫y Æ“ áÁ∫mÁ uN˛oåy u™·ÆÁ\åN˛ “{@ “™Á∫z ˚Á∫Á, u§åÁ ÃÁzzYz Ù^z EÁ{∫ EÃÁƒáÁåyúÓm|, uN˛ÆÁ TÆÁ úw·ƒy N˛Á tÁz“å

\ÊT¬Áz, åutÆÁı, ú“Á‰gÁı, tÓÃ∫z \yƒÁı EÁ{∫ Æ“Á oN˛ uN˛ tÓÃ∫z “™Á∫z ÃÁsy ™åÏ…ÆÁı Nz˛ uƒåÁ∆ N˛Á N˛Á∫m §å YÏN˛Á “{@ úu∫mÁ™Àƒøú u™cy úÁåy EÁ{∫ ƒÁÆÏ N˛Á uƒ ÁO˛

“ÁzåÁ, ƒ{u…ƒN˛ H…™Á N˛Á §‰jåÁ \{Ãy úÆÁ|ƒ∫myÆ ãÆÓåoÁ (environmental criser) N˛y uÀsuo GnúëÁ “Áz TF| “{@

EÁ\ “™ı úw·ƒy Nz˛ §Á∫z ™ı åƒyå Eƒ§Ázá N˛Áz uƒN˛uÃo N˛∫åÁ “{@ úw·ƒy EúåÁ N˛Á™ N{˛Ãz N˛∫oy “{, “™ úw·ƒy ú∫ MÆÁ N˛∫ ∫“z “¯ EÁ{∫ LN˛ tÓÃ∫z Nz˛ üuo “™Á∫Á √ƃ“Á∫ N{˛ÃÁ “{?

VIÃz VIII oN˛ N˛y N˛qÁEÁı ™ı, EÁúåz uƒußëÁ ÙÆÁı ™ı, úw·ƒy Nz˛ E¬T-E¬T ßÓßÁTÁı ú∫ ∫“åz ƒÁ¬z ußëÁ- ußëÁ \åÙÏtÁÆı Nz˛ §Á∫z ™ı ú‰jÁ “{ uN˛ Gã“Áıåz úw·ƒy Nz˛ úÁåy, u™cy, ƒåÁı EÁ{∫ Quå\ útÁsÁz˙ N˛Á N{˛Ãz GúÆÁzT uN˛ÆÁ? ET¬z YÁ∫ EÜÆÁÆÁı ™ı “™ úw·ƒy N˛Á GÃNz˛ uƒußëÁ ÀƒøúÁı Nz˛ ÃÁs \Áz‰gåz ƒÁ¬y N˛‰gy Nz˛ øú ™ı EÜÆÆå N˛∫ıTz@ ÃÁs “y Æ“ ßy tzQıTz uN˛ ú“Á‰g, u™cy, Quå\, úÁåy, “ƒÁ, ÃÓÆ| N˛y H…™Á, ƒå, \yƒ-\ãoÏ EÁ{∫ ™åÏ…ÆÁıı N˛Á EÁúà ™ı LN˛ tÓÃ∫z Nz˛ ÃÁs √ƃ“Á∫ N{˛ÃÁ “{ EÁ{∫ Æz LN˛ tÓÃ∫z N˛Áz ¬TÁoÁ∫ uN˛Ã üN˛Á∫ Ãz úu∫ƒuo|o N˛∫oz

∫“oz “¯@

Fig. 1.1: N˛Á¬| ÃÁTå LN˛ ƒ{rÁuåN˛ åz F∆Á∫Á uN˛ÆÁ uN˛ Æ“Á utQÁÆz TÆz úy¬z ƒw Nz˛ EÊt∫ Nz˛ ÃÓfl™ u§ÊtÏ Ãz ™Áåƒ N˛Á éúÓm|

Fuo“Áà uƒN˛uÃo “ÏEÁ, \Áz “™Á∫Á LN˛™Áfi V∫ (Earty) “{@ Æ“

uYfi EÊou∫q Ãz u¬ÆÁ TÆÁ \Áz “Pale Blue Dot” N˛“¬ÁoÁ “{@

SCERT TELANGANA

(14)

“™Á∫Á §¿“Ω™Álg, ÃÓÆ| EÁ{∫ úw·ƒy

“\Á∫Áı ÃÁ¬Áı Nz˛ ™åÏ…Æ EÁN˛Á∆ ™ı twu…b TFL “{ EÁ{∫ ƒ“Á Y™N˛åz ƒÁ¬z uúlgÁı N˛Áz Ù^åz N˛Á üÆnå N˛∫ ∫“z “¯, \{Ãz oÁ∫z \Áz LN˛ tÓÃ∫z Nz˛ Ãã™ÏQ uÀs∫ ∫“oz “{ EÁ{∫ ÃÓÆ|, \{Ãz Y㸙Á EÁ{∫ T¿“ \Áz EÁN˛Á∆

™ı ß¿™m N˛∫oz “¯@ Æz uúlg MÆÁ “{ EÁ{∫ uN˛Ã o∫“ Ãz ƒz “™Ãz \ωgz “¯? ƒz “™ı uN˛Ã üN˛Á∫ üßÁuƒo N˛∫oz

“¯@ N˛F| ¬ÁzTÁı åz EÁN˛Á∆ ™ı Vbåz ƒÁ¬y Ãßy TuouƒuáÆÁı EÁ{∫ VbåÁEÁı ú∫ ÜÆÁå tzoz “ÏL, Få uúlgÁı N˛Á ÃÁƒáÁåy Ãz EÜÆÆå uN˛ÆÁ EÁ{∫ FåN˛y üNw˛uo, uN¿˛ÆÁ EÁ{∫ Tuo N˛Á EåÏ™Áå ¬TÁÆÁ@ ∆Ïø ™ı ¬ÁzTÁı åz ÃÁzYÁ sÁ uN˛ úw·ƒy uÀs∫ “{ EÁ{∫ tÓÃ∫z uúlg FÃNz˛ uTt| Y≤˛∫ ¬TÁoz “¯@ “\Á∫Áı ÃÁ¬Áı Ãz Æz uúlg LzÃz

“y å„\∫ EÁ ∫“z “¯, FÃu¬L ¬ÁzTÁı åz Æ“ ßy ÃÁzYÁ uN˛ Æz úw·ƒy, oÁ∫z EÁ{∫ ÃÓÆ| “™z∆Á Ãz LzÃz “y “¯ EÁ{∫

uN˛Ãy ßy úu∫ƒo|å Nz˛ u§åÁ “™z∆Á LzÃz “y §åz ∫“ıTz@ bÁz¡™y åz u\ÆÁzÃzãb~yN˛ uÃÚÁão §oÁÆÁ \Áz u§åÁ uN˛Ãy úu∫ƒo|åy Nz˛ “Ázoy “{@ ¬TßT 500 ÃÁ¬ ú“¬z ƒ{rÁuåN˛ Fà åƒyå \ÁåN˛Á∫y Ãz EƒTo “ÏL uN˛- ƒÁÀoƒ ™ı úw·ƒy Fà §¿“Ω™lg Nz˛ ™ÜÆ ™ı uÀso å“Î “{@ úw·ƒy uÀs∫ å“Î “{, §u¡N˛ ÃÓÆ| Nz˛ YÁ∫Áı EÁz∫

YMN˛∫ ¬TÁoy “{@ ÀƒÆÊ ÃÓÆ| ßy Tuo N˛∫oÁ “{@ EÁN˛Á∆ Nz˛ EåuTåo oÁ∫z ƒÁÀoƒ ™ı EåuTåo ÃÓÆ|

“¯@ N˛Áú∫uåN˛Ã åz FÃz ÃÓÆ| Nz˛ã¸yo uÃÚÁão (Helio Centric System) §oÁÆÁ “{@ uúZ¬z ÃÁ{ ÃÁ¬Áı

™ı, ¬ÁzTÁı åz Æ“ ßy EÊtÁ\ ¬TÁÆÁ uN˛ oÁ∫z GnúëÁ “Ázoz “¯, §‰joz “¯ EÁ{∫ ÙÁõo ßy “Áz \Áoz “¯@

ƒ{rÁuåN˛ Fà úu∫mÁ™ ú∫ ßy ú“ÏÂYz “¯ uN˛ EÁN˛Á∆ ™ı utQÁF| tzåzƒÁ¬z Æz oÁ∫z ƒÁÀoƒ ™ı, oÁ∫Áı Nz˛ §‰gz Ùӓ, u\Ãz EÁN˛Á∆ TÊTÁ N˛“oz “¯, “™Á∫z §¿Á“Ω™Álg ™ı LzÃy ¬ÁQÁı EÁN˛Á∆ TÊTÁL uƒ˘™Áå “¯@ E§ GåN˛Á Æ“ uƒYÁ∫ “{ uN˛ ÀƒÆÊ Æ“ §¿“Ω™Álg NÏ˛Z 13.7 Q∫§ ƒ | úÓƒ| LN˛ §‰gz á™ÁNz˛ (Big Bang) Nz˛ ÃÁs EuÀonƒ ™ı EÁÆÁ, ÃÁs “y Q∫§Áı ÃÁ¬ §Át Æ“ ÙÁõo ßy “Áz ÃN˛oÁ “{@

Fà §¿“Ω™Álg Ãz “y EÁN˛Á∆ TÊTÁL §åy@ EÁN˛Á∆ TÊTÁ Nz˛ ßyo∫ EåzN˛ oÁ∫z uåu™|o “ÏL@ Få oÁ∫Áı Nz˛ YÁ∫Áı EÁz∫ T¿“Áı N˛Á uå™Á|m “ÏEÁ EÁ{∫ Æz T¿“ oÁ∫Áı Nz˛ YÁ∫Áz EÁz∫ YMN˛∫ ¬TÁåz ¬Tz@ “™Á∫z \yƒå ™ı VbåÁL §‰gy oz\y Ãz Vubo “Ázoy “¯, “™Á∫z EÁÃ-úÁà N˛y Yy\Áı ™ı üuoqm úu∫ƒo|å “ÁzoÁ “{, ú∫ãoÏ Eãou∫q é§Êáy úu∫ƒo|å ™ı “\Á∫Áı, N˛ßy-N˛ßy oÁz ¬ÁQÁı ÃÁ¬ ¬T \Áoz “¯@

EÁ\ ™Áåƒ Få tÓ∫Às EÁ{∫ §“Ïo \ub¬ Eãou∫q é§ãáy VbåÁEÁı N˛Á úoÁ ¬TÁ ∫“z “¯ EÁ{∫ Gã“ı Ù^åz N˛Á üÆÁà N˛∫ ∫“z “¯@ Få çN˛Á EÜÆÆå N˛∫åz Nz˛ u¬L EåzN˛ Eãou∫q ÆÁå Eãou∫q ™ı ßz\z TÆz@ ™åÏ…Æ Y㸙Á ú∫ Eúåz ú{∫

∫Qåz ™ı Ⲭ “Áz TÆÁ@ Eãou∫q N{˛õÃÓ¬ ú‰gÁzÃy T¿“ ™ÊT¬ ú∫ ú“ÏÂY YÏN˛Á “{ EÁ{∫ NÏ˛Z ÆÁå oÁz “™Á∫z ÃÁ{∫ úu∫T∫ Nz˛ §Á“∫ ßy \Á YÏNz˛

“¯@

ÃÊqzú ™ı “™ N˛“ ÃN˛oz “¯

uN˛, ÃÓÆ| EÁ{∫ úw·ƒy LN˛ uƒ∫Áb

§¿“Ω™Álg N˛Á “y ßÁT “¯ \Áz ¬TÁoÁ∫

Tuo N˛∫ ∫“z “{ EÁ{∫ úu∫ƒo|å∆y¬

“{@ úw·ƒy EÁ{∫ Æ“Á ú∫ \yƒå Fã“Î úu∫ƒo|åÁı N˛y Gú\ “¯ EÁ{∫ Fã“Î Ãz üßÁuƒo “Ázoz “¯@

EÁúNz˛ uƒYÁ∫ Ãz EÁ\ ¬ÁzT tÓ∫Às oÁ∫Áı EÁ{∫ EÁN˛Á∆ TÊTÁ Nz˛

∫“ÀÆÁı N˛Áz EÁ{∫ §¿“Ω™Álg Nz˛ EÁ∫Êß Nz˛ §Á∫z ™ı \Áååz N˛Áz MÆÁı GnÃÏN˛ “¯?

üÁ∫Êß ™ı “™Á∫y úw·ƒy N˛Áz Fà uƒ∫Áb §¿“Ω™Álg N˛Á Nz˛ã¸ u§ãtÏ ™ÁåÁ TÆÁ sÁ EÁ{∫ ™åÏ…Æ N˛Áz F|≈ƒ∫ N˛y çÃz ™“nƒúÓm| Ãwu…b@ E§,

\§ uN˛ “™ı Æ“ Ù^ ™ı EÁ TÆÁ “{ uN˛ Fà uƒ∆Á¬ §¿“Ω™Álg ™ı

“™Á∫y uÀsuo åTlÆ “{, “™Á∫y üÁYyå áÁ∫mÁ ú∫ FÃN˛Á üßÁƒ ú‰goÁ “{@

EÁúNz˛ VIII ƒÎ N˛qÁ N˛y ßÁ{uoN˛ uƒrÁå N˛y úÏÀoN˛ Nz˛ EÜÆÁÆ

10 <<oÁ∫z EÁ{∫ ÃÁ{∫ ™lg¬>> Ãz ÃÁ{∫ ™lg¬ EÁ{∫ ÃÓÆ| Nz˛ uTt|

VÓ™åz ƒÁ¬z T¿“Áı Nz˛ §Á∫z ™ı \ÁåN˛Á∫y LN˛ufio N˛yu\Æz@

SCERT TELANGANA

(15)

ÃÁ{∫™lg¬ N˛Á ™“nƒúÓm| T¿“-úw·ƒy

ÃÁ{∫ ™lg¬ Nz˛ Ãßy T¿“Áı Nz˛ ÙÁå, úw·ƒy Eúåy áÏ∫y ú∫ VÓ™oy “{ EÁ{∫ ÃÁs “y LN˛ uåu≈Yo N˛q ™ı ÃÓÆ| Nz˛

YÁ∫Áı EÁz∫ YMN˛∫ ¬TÁoy “{@ ÃÓÆ| Nz˛ YÁ∫Áı EÁz∫ u\à ús ú∫ úw·ƒy Tuo N˛∫oy “{, GÃz N˛q N˛“oz “¯@ Æ“ N˛q LN˛

ÙÁå Ùo¬ ú∫ “ÁzoÁ “¯, \Áz N˛q N˛Á ús N˛“¬ÁoÁ “{@

Æ“Á úw·ƒy, GÃNz˛ N˛q EÁ{∫ ÃÓÆ| N˛y uÀsuo N˛Áz t∆Á|oz “ÏL oyå uYfiÁz N˛Áz tzuQL@ EÁúNz˛ uƒYÁ∫ Ãz N˛Á{å-ÃÁ uYfi Óy “{@

A. ƒwÁN˛Á∫ ™ÁT|

B. ¬©§Á ElgÁN˛Á∫ ™ÁT|

C. ú{™Áåz Nz˛ EåÏÃÁ∫ QÎYÁ “ÏEÁ ElgÁN˛Á∫ ™ÁT|

(ÃÓÆ| ™ÜÆ ™z, ÃÓÆ| Nz˛ EÁz∫ ús N˛y tÓ∫y 1.4 Ãz.™y. EÁ{∫

tÓÃ∫y EÁz∫ ús N˛y tÓ∫y 1.5 Ãz.™y.)

ƒÁÀoƒ ™ı úw·ƒy N˛y N˛qÁ ¬TßT ƒwÁN˛Á∫ (uYfi C Nz EåÏÃÁ∫) “{@ úw·ƒy Nz˛ ÃÓÆ| Ãz çÃz tÓ∫Às u§ãtÏ (¬TßT 152 u™u¬Æå) EÁ{∫ FÃNz˛ ÃÓÆ| Ãz uåN˛bo™

u§ãtÏ (¬TßT 147 u™u¬Æå) ™ı §“Ïo N˛™ Eão∫ “{@

úw·ƒy ÃÓÆ| Nz˛ YÁ∫Áı EÁz∫ 1,07,200 uN˛.™y. üuo VÊbz N˛y oz\y Ãz YMN˛∫ ¬TÁoy “{@ Fà Tuo Ãz YMN˛∫ ¬TÁoz “ÏL, úw·ƒy N˛Áz ÃÓÆ| N˛Á LN˛ úÓ∫Á YMN˛∫ ¬TÁåz ™ı 365 1/4 utå ¬ToÁ “¯@ FÃz “™ LN˛ ƒ | N˛“oz “¯@ N˛qÁ 8 ™ı EÁú ú‰j YÏNz˛ “¯ uN˛ ÃÓÆ| Ãz H\Á| úw·ƒy Nz˛ uƒußëÁ ßÁTÁı ™ı E¬T-E¬T ™ÁfiÁ ™ı üÁõo “Ázoy “{@ úw·ƒy Nz˛ ÃÓÆ| Nz˛ YÁ∫Áı EÁz∫ VÓ™åz Nz˛ N˛Á∫m “y T¿y…™ LƒÊ ∆yo JoÏL “Ázoy “¯@

uå™í ™ı Ãz úw·ƒy ú∫ JoÏ úu∫ƒo|å Nz˛ N˛Á∫mÁı ú∫ Óy N˛Áz uå∆Áå ¬TÁFÆz :

- úw·ƒy N˛Á üuoutå Eúåz Eq ú∫ VÓ™åÁ@

- Y㸙Á N˛Á úw·ƒy Nz˛ YÁ∫Áı EÁz∫˛™ÁuÃN˛ ß¿™m@

- ÃÓÆ| N˛Á Eúåz Eq ú∫ VÓ™åÁ@

- úw·ƒy N˛Á ÃÓÆ| Nz˛ YÁ∫Áı EÁz∫ ß¿™m@

- Tuo N˛∫oz Ã™Æ úw·ƒy N˛Á Eq N˛∫ N˛qyÆ Ã™o¬ Ãz

^ÏN˛Áƒ@

- úw·ƒy N˛y TÁz¬ÁN˛Á∫ EÁNw˛uo@

- úw·ƒy N˛y ƒÁu |N˛ Tuo Nz˛ tÁ{∫Áå GÃN˛y ÃÓÆ| Ãz tÓ∫y@

T¿yN˛ ∆£t FEÁz∫s (eorthe) u\ÃN˛Á Es| ™{tÁå, u™bΩby, ÃÓQy ßÓu™ “ÁzoÁ “{@ (dictionary

online.com)@

ßÁ∫oyÆ ßÁ ÁEÁı ™ı <úw·ƒy> Nz˛

u¬L EåzN˛ úÆÁ|Æ ∆£t “¯@ ÃÊÀNw˛o

™ı úw·ƒy Nz˛ u¬L ßÓu™, úw·ƒy, á∫my, Eƒuå EÁut ∆£t “{@ §“Ïo Ãy ßÁ∫oyÆ ßÁ ÁL ßy Få uƒußëÁ

∆£tÁı N˛Á GúÆÁzT N˛∫oy “¯@

A

B

C

uYfi -1.2 úw·ƒy N˛y N˛qÁ

úw·ƒy - ∆£t úw·ƒy - ∆£túw·ƒy - ∆£t úw·ƒy - ∆£t úw·ƒy - ∆£t

SCERT TELANGANA

(16)

úw·ƒy N˛Á uƒN˛ÁÃ

ƒ{rÁuåN˛ Eßy ßy Fà uƒ Æ ú∫ YYÁ| N˛∫oz \Á ∫“z “¯ uN˛ úw·ƒy N˛Á uå™Á|m N{˛Ãz “ÏEÁ? EuáN˛ÁÊ∆

ƒ{rÁuåN˛Áı N˛Á ™o “{ uN˛ úw·ƒy N˛Á uå™Á|m ¬TßT ÃÁ‰jz YÁ∫ Q∫§ ƒ | úÓƒ| “Áz TÆÁ@ EåzN˛ EƒÀsÁEÁı

™ı Ãz TÏ\∫oy “ÏF| úw·ƒy Eúåz ƒo|™Áå Àƒøú ™ı EÁF| “{@ Æ“ ¬TÁoÁ∫ YMN˛∫ ¬TÁoz “ÏL áÓ¬ Nz˛ N˛mÁı EÁ{∫ §Át¬Áı N˛y LN˛ Tıt Nz˛ øú ™ı EÁ∫Êß “ÏF| EÁ{∫ GÃNz˛ §Át ¸ƒ EƒÀsÁ N˛Áz üÁõo “ÏF|@ GÃ Ã™Æ úw·ƒy §“Ïo T∫™ sy EÁ{∫ EÁN˛Á∆ Ãz ¬TÁoÁ∫ uƒ∆Á¬N˛ÁÆ úns∫Áı EÁ{∫ tÓÃ∫z útÁsÁz˙ N˛y ƒ Á| “Áz ∫“y sy@

Fà o∫“ Ãz úw·ƒy N˛Á EÁN˛Á∫ ßy §‰joÁ TÆÁ@ úw·ƒy Foåy T∫™ sy uN˛ ƒ“ ¸ƒ EƒÀsÁ ™ı sy@ Æut EÁú uN˛Ãy TÁ‰jz ÃÓú N˛Áz G§Á¬oz “¯@ u\Ùı EåzN˛ útÁs| “Áı, oÁz EÁú tzQıTz uN˛ ßÁ∫y N˛m ¸ƒ ™ı åyYz N˛y EÁz∫ Y¬z \Áoz “¯ EÁ{∫ “¡Nz˛ útÁs| Hú∫y Ão“ ú∫ EÁ \Áoz “¯@ Æz “¡Nz˛ N˛m Hú∫y Ão“ ú∫ eÊgz

“Ázåz ¬Toz “¯ EÁ{∫ úú‰gy N˛y LN˛ úo| §åÁoz “¯ (\{Ãz tÓá ú∫ ™¬ÁF| N˛y úo|). eyN˛ GÃy üN˛Á∫, \§uN˛

ßÁ∫y útÁsÁz˙ Ãz úw·ƒy Nz˛ uúV¬z “ÏL ßyo∫y ßÁT N˛Á (Molten Core) uå™Á|m “ÏEÁ, “¡Nz˛ útÁs| Hú∫y Ão“ ú∫ ú“ÏÂY N˛∫ eÊgz “Ázåz ¬Tz@ áy∫z-áy∫z “¡Nz˛ EÁ{∫ eÊgz útÁsÁz˙ Ãz LN˛ úú|by (úú‰gy) N˛Á uå™Á|m “ÏEÁ

\Áz EÁãou∫N˛ uúV¬z “ÏL ßÁT N˛Áz jNz˛ “ÏL sy@

úw·ƒy Nz˛ ßyo∫y ßÁT (Interior) Nz ˛¬TÁoÁ∫ eÊgz “Ázåz Nz˛ ÃÁs “y, Æ“ uÃNÏ˛‰goÁ TÆÁ EÁ{∫ Hú∫y úú‰gy ú∫ ^Ïu∫|ÆÁı \{Ãz GoÁ∫-Y‰jÁƒ N˛Á uå™Á|m “Ázåz ¬TÁ \Áz N˛Á¬Áão∫ ™ı ÙϸÁı EÁ{∫ ú“Á‰gÁı ™ı úu∫ƒuo|o

“ÏF|@

úw·ƒy Nz˛ ƒÁÆÏ™lg¬ ™ı EåzN˛ üN˛Á∫ N˛y T{Ãı “Ázoy sÎ u\å™ı \¬ƒÁ…ú ßy “Ázoz “{@ Få™ı Ãz NÏ˛Z T{Ãz LzÃy ßy sy, u\å™ı, “™Á∫Á \Áz \yƒå EÁ\ “{, ƒ“ ÃÊ߃ å“Î

“Áz ÃN˛oÁ sÁ. \yƒå Nz˛ u¬L EuåƒÁÆ| EÁ}MÃy\å ƒÁÆÏ™Êg¬ ™ı GúuÀso å“Î sy@ ÃÁÊà ¬zåz ÆÁzSÆ EÁ}MÃy\å N˛Áz §ååz ™ı N˛F| ÃÁ¬ ¬T TÆz@

úw·ƒy N˛y úú‰gy ú∫ uåu™|o T‰gjz ƒ Á| Nz˛ \¬ Ãz ß∫ TÆz EÁ{∫ Fà üN˛Á∫ ÙϸÁı N˛y ∫YåÁ “ÏF|@

úw·ƒy Nz˛ Fuo“Áà N˛Á¬ N˛y ¬©§y Eƒuá ™ı EÁáz

Ã™Æ oN˛ oÁz úw·ƒy §Ê\∫ EÁ{∫ uå\y|ƒ ∫“y@ u¢˛∫ ÙϸÁı ™ı \yƒå Nz˛ ¬qm twu…bTÁzY∫ “ÏL@ Æz“y \yƒ

“\Á∫Áı ¬ÁQÁı ÃÁ¬Áı ™ı uƒußëÁ üN˛Á∫ Nz˛ úÁ{áÁı, üÁumÆÁı EÁ{∫ ™åÏ…ÆÁı Nz˛ øú ™ı uƒN˛uÃo “ÏL@

úw·ƒy N˛y EÁÊou∫N˛ ÃÊ∫YåÁ

EÁFÆz, u\à úw·ƒy ú∫ “™ ∫“oz “¯, GÃN˛y EÁÊou∫N˛ ÃÊ∫YåÁ N˛Áz tzQz@ Æut “™ úw·ƒy N˛y T“∫ÁF|

™ı ^ÁÊN˛åz N˛y N˛Ázu∆∆ N˛∫ıTz, oÁz úw·ƒy Nz˛ uå™Á|m Nz˛ üÁ∫ÊußN˛ utåÁı Ãz EÁ\ Nz˛ øú ™ı “™ı LN˛ uå∫Êo∫oÁ utQÁF| tzTy@ Ã{N˛‰gÁı ƒ Áz˙ N˛y ƒ{rÁuåN˛ \ÁÊY EÁ{∫ üÁõo EÁÂN˛‰gÁı N˛Á uƒ≈¬z m N˛∫åz Nz˛ §Át “y “™ úw·ƒy Nz˛ Eãouå|u“o Nz˛ §Á∫z ™ı áÁ∫mÁ §åÁåz ™ı Ⲭ “ÏL@ FÃN˛Á ™ÏPÆ N˛Á∫m Æ“ “{ uN˛ EnÆão T“å QÏtÁF|

Nz˛ §Át ßy “™ úw·ƒy N˛y Ão“ Ãz Nz˛ƒ¬ NÏ˛¬ uN˛¬Áz™yb∫ “y EÊt∫ \Á ÃNz˛ \§uN˛ úw·ƒy N˛y ufi[ÆÁ ÆÁ úw·ƒy Nz˛ Nz˛ã¸ Ãz tÓ∫y 6000 uN˛¬Áz™yb∫ Ãz ßy EuáN˛ “{@

EÁú N˛Á MÆÁ uƒYÁ∫ “{ uN˛ úw·ƒy N˛y Gnúu

EYÁåN˛ “ÏF| ÆÁ ¬©§y \ub¬ üuN¿˛ÆÁEÁı Nz˛

úu∫mÁ™ Àƒøú uåu™|o “ÏF|?

NÏ˛Z ¬ÁzTÁı N˛Á uƒ≈ƒÁà “{ uN˛ úw·ƒy ú∫ “™Á∫Á EuÀonƒ tzƒÁáyå VbåÁEÁı N˛y LN˛ »ÊQ¬Á N˛Á úu∫mÁ™ “{@ Æut Æz VbåÁL å“Î “Ázoy oÁz úw·ƒy ú∫ \yƒå “y å“Î “ÁzoÁ@ MÆÁ EÁú FÃ

§Áo Ãz Ó™o “{Ê? N˛Á∫m Ãu“o Àú…b N˛yu\L@

SCERT TELANGANA

(17)

úw·ƒy N˛Á uå™Á|m oyå ™ÏPÆ úoÁz˙ Ãz “ÏEÁ “{@

1.Hú∫y úú|by Hú∫y úú|by Hú∫y úú|by Hú∫y úú|by Hú∫y úú|by (Crust)

2. ™Ázu∆∆™Ázu∆∆™Ázu∆∆™Ázu∆∆™Ázu∆∆ (Mantle)

3. ™Ó¬ ßÁT ™Ó¬ ßÁT ™Ó¬ ßÁT ™Ó¬ ßÁT ™Ó¬ ßÁT (Core)

1. úú|by úú|by úú|by úú|by úú|by (Crust) :

“™ úw·ƒy Nz˛ §Á“∫y ßÁT ú∫

∫“oz“{ \Áz úú|by N˛“¬Áoy “{@

Fà úú|by N˛Á uå™Á|m N{˛Ãz “ÏEÁ, Æ“ EÁú ú‰j YÏNz˛ “¯@ úw·ƒy Nz˛

Eãt∫ 30-100 uN˛.™y. oN˛ N˛Á ßÁT úú|by “y “{@ úú|by N˛y

§åÁƒb N˛F| üN˛Á∫ YcÁåÁı Ãz ÆÏO˛ “{@

2. ™Ázu∆∆ ™Ázu∆∆ ™Ázu∆∆ ™Ázu∆∆ ™Ázu∆∆ (Mantle):

FÃN˛y ™ÁzbÁF| 100 Ãz 2,900 uN˛.™y. “{@ Fà ™ıb¬ N˛y Hú∫y Ão“ ¬Yy¬y “Ázoy “{, u\à ú∫ úú|by o{∫oy “{@ Fà Ão“ ™ı §“Ïo Ãz ∫ÃÁÆuåN˛ útÁs| úÁÆz \Áoz “¯,

\Áz uÃu¬Nz˛b N˛“¬Áoz “¯@

3. N˛Áz∫ (™Ó¬ßÁT) N˛Áz∫ (™Ó¬ßÁT) N˛Áz∫ (™Ó¬ßÁT) N˛Áz∫ (™Ó¬ßÁT) N˛Áz∫ (™Ó¬ßÁT) (Core): N˛Áz∫ 2,900 Ãz 6376 uN˛.™y. oN˛ N˛y ™Ázby ú∫o “{@ Æ“ ÃVå EÁ{∫

ßÁ∫y útÁsÁz˙, \{Ãz ¬Áz“Á EÁ{∫ uåMN˛¬ N˛y §åy “Ázoy “{@ FÃz tÁz GúÃo“Áı ™ı §ÁÂbÁ \Á ÃN˛oÁ “{@

§Á“∫y N˛Áz∫

§Á“∫y N˛Áz∫ §Á“∫y N˛Áz∫

§Á“∫y N˛Áz∫

§Á“∫y N˛Áz∫ : 2,900 Ãz 5,100 uN˛.™y. oN˛ N˛y §Á“∫y \Áz ¸ƒ øú ™ı “Ázoy “{ EÁ{∫ u\Ùı ¬Áz“Á EÁ{∫ uåuN˛¬ \{Ãz áÁoÏ útÁs| úÁÆz \Áoz “¯@

EÁãou∫N˛ N˛Áz∫

EÁãou∫N˛ N˛Áz∫ EÁãou∫N˛ N˛Áz∫

EÁãou∫N˛ N˛Áz∫

EÁãou∫N˛ N˛Áz∫ : eÁzà EÁãou∫N˛ N˛Áz∫ u\ÃN˛y ™ÁzbÁF| 5,100 Ãz 6,376 oN˛ “Ázoy “{@ Æ“ ¬Áz“

útÁsÁz˙ EÁ{∫ ßÁ∫y áÁoÏ \{Ãz ÃÁzåz Ãz uåu™|o “{@

™\z N˛y §Áo Æ“ “{ uN˛ ™ıb¬ Nz˛ åyYz §“Ïo T“∫ÁF| ™ı úÁÆz \Áåz ƒÁ¬z útÁs|, [ƒÁ¬Á™ÏuQÆÁı EÁ{∫

t∫Á∫Áı ˚Á∫Á ƒzT Ãz Ùϸ N˛y Ão“ ú∫ EÁoÁ “{, eÊgÁ “ÁzoÁ “{ EÁ{∫ úw·ƒy N˛y úú‰gy N˛Á uå™Á|m N˛∫oÁ

“{@ úw·ƒy Nz˛ EåzN˛ ßÓßÁTÁı ™ı, úú|by Nz˛ NÏ˛Z ßÁT ™ı ™Ázu∆∆ üƒz∆ N˛∫ \ÁoÁ “{ EÁ{∫ LN˛ §Á∫ u¢˛∫ uúV¬y

“ÏF| EƒÀsÁ ™ı EÁ \ÁoÁ “{@ ßÓ úú|by Nz˛ Fà üN˛Á∫ ¬TÁoÁ∫ §ååz EÁ{∫ u§Tgåz N˛y üuN¿˛ÆÁ Fà o·Æ N˛y √ÆÁPÆÁ N˛∫oy “{ uN˛ “™Á∫y úw·ƒy Eßy ßy §“Ïo ÃuN¿˛Æ “{@ ßÓ úú|by, u\à ú∫ “™ ∫“ ∫“z “{, ƒ“

Eßy ßy ¬TÁoÁ∫ úu∫ƒuo|o “Ázoy \Á ∫“y “{@ úw·ƒy N˛y T“∫ÁF| ™ı “Ázåz ƒÁ¬y NÏ˛Z üuN¿˛ÆÁEÁı Nz˛ úu∫mÁ™

Àƒøú, \Áz ßÓN˛©ú, [ƒÁ¬Á™ÏQy N˛Á ¢˛båÁ, ßÓu™ N˛Á N˛båÁ EÁ{∫ úƒ|oÁı N˛Á HÂYÁ GeåÁ, EÁut VbåÁL “Ázoy

“¯, Gã“Î Nz˛ N˛Á∫m úú|by ™ı ßy úu∫ƒo|å “Ázoz “¯@

2 Mantle

3.a Outer

Core

MÆÁ EÁú \Áåoz “¯

MÆÁ EÁú \Áåoz “¯MÆÁ EÁú \Áåoz “¯

MÆÁ EÁú \Áåoz “¯MÆÁ EÁú \Áåoz “¯?

úw·ƒy Nz˛ EÁÆoå Nz˛ƒ¬ 1% úú|by Ãz uåu™|o “{,

16% ™ıb¬ Ãz EÁ{∫ 83% N˛Áz∫ Ãz §åÁ “ÏEÁ “{@

Æut “™ úw·ƒy Nz˛ EÁN˛Á∫ N˛y LN˛ Elgz N˛Á EÁN˛Á∫ Nz˛ §∫Á§∫ N˛¡úåÁ N˛∫ı oÁz, úú|by Nz˛ Elgz N˛y QÁz¬ u\oåy ™Ázby “ÁzTy@

“™ ™Ázu∆∆ (™ıb¬) oN˛ \ÁN˛∫ GÃNz˛ §Á∫z ™ı EÜÆÆå N˛∫åz N˛y EÁ∆Á ßy å“Î ∫Q ÃN˛oz@

ú∫ “™ ™ıb¬ Ãz üÁõo útÁsÁz˙ Nz˛ §Á∫z ™ı

\ÁåN˛Á∫y üÁõo N˛∫ ÃN˛oz “¯@ MÆÁ EÁú §oÁ ÃN˛oz “¯ uN˛ Æz útÁs| MÆÁ “Áz ÃN˛oz “¯ EÁ{∫

Gã“ı “™ N{˛Ãz üÁõo N˛∫ ÃN˛oz “¯?

1 Crust

3.b Inner

Core

Fig. 1.3: The interior of the earth

SCERT TELANGANA

References

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