ep~vh
fgqzH ;otD f;zx
P\;hns s/ ouBk
fgqzH ;otD f;zx gqf;ZX y/v^b/ye jB. T[BQK dk iBw fIbQk b[fXnkDk d/ fgzv ueo fty/ 8 i[bkJh, 1940 ƒ fgsk pkp{ f;zx ;zX{ d/ xo wksk eosko e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. ‘gzikp d/ T[~x/ fyvkoh’, ‘y/v^;z;ko’,
‘gzikph fyvkoh’, ‘y/v^irs ftZu Gkos’, ‘Ubzfge y/vK’, ‘fgzv dh ;ZE ’u'A’, ‘pksK tsB dhnK’, ‘y/v w?dkB ’u'A’, ‘y/v irs dhnK pksK’, ‘y/v gfoeowk’,
‘y/v doPB’, ‘y/v w/b/ t/yfdnK’, ‘c/oh tsBK dh’, ‘nZyhA t/y Bk oZihnK’,
‘gzikp dhnK d/;h y/vK’, ‘y/vK dh d[Bhnk’, ‘w/b/ epZvh d/’, ‘nwodhg ekbi d/ dkBtho’, ‘gzikp d/ u'Dt/A fyvkoh’, ‘nZyhA fvZmk epZvh tobv eZg’,
‘J/EBI s'A bzvB’, ‘y/v s/ ;/js tkosk’, ‘feZ;k epZvh dk’, ‘r'bvB r'b’
‘T[bzfge y/vK dh ;dh’, ‘y/v s/ f;js tkosk’, pbpho f;zx dh ihtBh T[BQK dhnK g[;seK jB. ‘j;zfdnK y/bzfdnK’ ;t?^ihtBh j?. ‘;g'oN; w?B nk|
gzikp’ T[BQK dh nzro/Ih GkPk ftZu fJZe j'o g[;se j?.
ep~vh
eZpvh gzikphnK dh wK^y/v wzBh rJh j?. PkfJd jh e'Jh gzikph j't/ fi;
dk fyvkoh iK doPe d/ o{g ftZu epZvh Bkb brkT[ Bk fojk j't/. ni'e/
g/Av{ gzikp ftu epZvh ;G s'A wep{b y/v j?. fJ; y/v tZb nkw gzikphnK dh J/Bh fyZu j? fe fJZe pzB/ Ubzfge y/vK j' ojhnK j'D s/ d{i/ pzB/ T[~u gkJ/
dh epZvh sK T[j epZvh t/yD ƒ soihj d/Dr/. i/ ed/ J/Xob/ s/ UXob/ gzikp
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE brkT[ Lfgnko wep{b LwzBh j'Jh,
gquZbs soihj Lgfjb d/Dk J/Xob/ LGkosh UXob/ Lgkfe;skBh
dk n;bh epZvh w?u j't/ sK tZv/ s'A tZvk ;N/vhnw th BZe'^BZe Go ikt/.
fJj y/v g/Av{nK ’u J/Bh jowB fgnoh j? fe fgzvK d/ ;kXkoB w?uK T[~s/ th jIkoK doPe i[V iKd/ jB. 1974 ftZu id'A gzikp dh epZvh Nhw fJzrb?Av d/ gzikphnK dh Nhw fto[ZX w?u y/vD bJh bzvB rJh sK T[~E/ ;kT{Ekb dk fJZe gkoe doPeK Bkb nkco frnk ;h. r'o/ j?okB ;B fe fJj fejVh y/v j? fi; ƒ Uto NkJhw bkT[D tkb/ gzikph fdjkVhnK GzB e/ th d/y oj/ jB.
epZvh dh y/v gzikph ;ZfGnkuko dk nfBZyV nzr j?. gzikph fiZE/ th rJ/ jB fJ; y/v ƒ nkgD/ Bkb jh b? rJ/ jB. fJj y/v gzikp d/ G{r'b s/ fJfsjk; ’u'A ;[Gkfte s"o ’s/ T[gih j?. gzikp dh Xosh ;dhnK pZXh jZfbnK s/ T[BQK dhnK mZbQK dk w?dkB pDh ojh j?. epZvh dh y/v okjhA gzikp dk fJfsjk; o{gwkB jz[dk j?. fw;kb ti'A fJZe fyvkoh epZvh gkT[D iKdk Xkth d/ o{g ftZu jZbk p'bdk j?. nZr'A e'Jh fyvkoh T[; Bkb wZEk bkT[D bJh fBsodk j? fit/A jwb/ ƒ mZbQ gk fojk j't/. Xkth seVk j't/ sK T[j mZbQ gkT[D tkb/
ƒ GzB wo'V e/ s/ T[jd/ T[~s/ csfj jk;b eoe/ ;[yh ;Kdh nkgD/ xo gos nkT[Adk j?. i/eo wkVk j't/ s/ nZr'A seV/ j'D sK T[j \[d wkfonk iKdk j?.
fJj' gzikp dk fJfsjk; j?. fijVk jwbkto gzikp T[~s/ ufVQnk i/ T[j seVk
;h sK T[; B/ gzikphnK ƒ wkfonk s/ bZ[fNnk ns/ i/ wkVk ;h gzikphnK jZE'A y'fjnk s/ wkfonk frnk.
eZpvh Ppd ‘epZv’ s'A pfDnk j?, fi; dk noE j?, eZpk. Xkth epZvh epZvh efjzdk Xktk eodk j? fit/A nky fojk j't/, “w?A eZpk jK, w?E'A pu'.”
nZr'A eZp/ ƒ eZpk jh Neodk j? s/ fiZs seV/ dh j[zdh j?. fJ; y/v okjhA nkw gzikphnK d/ eZp/ ;[Gkn dh th Mbe fd;dh j?. i/eo epZvh dh y/v dk ftfrnkBe nfXn?B eohJ/ sK fJj fJZe ;zg{oB s/ nwho y/v f;ZX j[zdh j?.
fJ; y/v ftZu eJh y/vK d/ ob/ fwb/ r[D fwbd/ jB. fJ; d/ ftZu dw, d"V s/ skes dh goy j' iKdh j?. u[;sh, ukbkeh s/ ukb Ykb dk fJwfsjkB j' iKdk j?. geV s/ g?AsV/ dk th gsk bZrdk j?. fJ; d/ ftZu ;{M, f;oV s/ f;ZXhnK g[ZmhnK wkoB d/ th fBsko/ j' iKd/ jB. epZvh dh y/v ftZu n?Eb?fNe; th j? s/ fiwBk;fNe; th. e[Psh th j? s/ ebk th. fJZe' ;kj epZvh epZvh dk nbkg c/cfVnK dh rzdh jtk fBu'V e/ T[BQK ƒ skIh Bo'Jh jtk dh nktkikJh dk do y'bQdk j?. jo/e ;kj fJZe fwzBh e[Psh x[bfdnK
;oho dh jzYD;koh tZXdh j?. ;kj Bk N[ZND d/D dk f;oV pzd/ ƒ n"yhnK n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
nkco frnk LGo frnk GzB e/ Lezw SZv e/
nfBZyV LtZy Bk j'D tkbk, nN[ZN jZfbnK LjwfbnK mZbQK Lo'eK fw;kb LT[dkjoD Xkth Ljwbkto$ e"vh
gkT[D tkbk x[bkVh LrzBk ghV
tkbh wPhB
cfsj LfiZs
ufVQnk Ljwbk ehsk g?AsV/ Ltko$sohe/
f;oV LfdqVQsk fBsko/ Lc?;b/, Bshi/
do LdotkIk
xVhnK ftZu th fiT{D dk tZb f;ykT[Adk j?. j[D th f;nkbK dh o[Zs/ gzikp d/ ;?AeV/ fgzvK ftZu epZvh d/ N{oBkw?AN j[zd/ jB. fiBQK ’u jIkoK fyvkoh Gkr b?Ad/ s/ bZyK doPeK dk f;jswzd wB'oziB eod/ jB.
epZvh dh y/v d/ gzikp d/ tZy^tZy fJbkfenK ftZu nB/eK o{g gqufbs oj/ jB. fJ; dh fJZe ftP/P o{g
;"Auh gZeh j[zdh ;h. n;b ftZu ;"Auh s'A jh epZvh dhnK j'o fe;wK ftef;s j'JhnK jB. fJZe fe;w dh r[zrh e"vh iK u[Zg e"vh ;h, fi; ƒ nzpo;oh e"vh th fejk iKdk ;h.
fJ; e"vh ftZu wko e[NkJh ekch j[zdh
;h. nzpkbth e"vh ftu dkfJok pj[s szr j[zdk ;h s/ Xkth ƒ fJZe ikch d/
jZE'A S[ZN ikD pknd d{;ok ikch, c/o shik, u"Ek, ikch tkoh tkoh iZc/ bk
;ed/ ;B. bkj"oh e"vh ftZu dkfJok BjhA ;h j[zdk. f;o| S/ Y/ohnK j[zdhnK
;B. ikch s/ Xkth d' Y/ohnK T[~s/ yVQ iKd/ s/ fto'Xh fXo dh Y/oh ƒ jZE bk e/ iK T[~go dh r/Vk eZY e/ xo gosDk j[zdk ;h. bkfJbg[oh e"vh ftZu y/v d"okB gkDh dh x[ZN th BjhA ;h ghD fdZsh iKdh. fco'Ig[oh e"vh ftZu fyvkoh jzfXnK s'A ekch d{o Y/ohnK T[~s/ yV'Ad/ ;B. fJzi jh fJZe S/ jzXh epZvh ;h s/ fJZe PwfbnK tkbh e"vh. gho e"vh XB g'm'jko d/ fJbke/ ftZu y/vh iKdh ;h. fJ; e"vh dh ftP/Psk fJj ;h fe Xkth ƒ nZfrT[A d' pzd/
x/od/ ;B. p?mthA e"vh, x'V epZvh, uhothA e"vh, bzwh epZvh, d'X/ s/ p[oihnK tkbh e"vh nkfd epZvh dhnK j'o ;EkBe tzBrhnK ;B. go j[D ;kohnK epZvhnK B/ ni'eh dkfJo/ tkbh epZvh dk fwnkoh o{g XkoB eo fbnk j?.
epZvh e"wh ;NkJhb fJ; s'A tZyoh j?.
gzikp ;NkJhb epZvh fi; ƒ dkfJo/ tkbh epZvh th fejk iKdk j? j[D 22 whNo d/ dkfJo/ ftZu y/vh iKdh j?. gfjbK fJ; ƒ gzdoK gzMZso c[ZN dk dkfJok fejk iKdk ;h. j[D 22 whNo bzpkJh sZe chsk y'bQ e/ e/Ado s'A nkb/
d[nkb/ dkfJok beho fbnk iKdk j?. ftueko f;ZXh beho dk gkVk fyZu fdZsk iKdk j?. T[; gkV/ d/ ftueko 6 whNo dh ftZE ’s/ d' Y/ohnK bk bJhnK iKdhnK jB, fiBQK ƒ jzX/ fejk iKdk j?. fJBQK ftZu dh fyvkoh B/ e"vh gkT[D ikDk s/ tkg; gosDk j[zdk j?. fyvkohnK dhnK NhwK 14^14 fyvkohnK ’s/
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE f;nkbK L;odhnK
;"Auh LepZvh dk w[ZYbk o{g nzpo;oh Lnzfwqs;o, gzikp ftu fJe fJbkek nzpkbth Lnzpkb/ tkbh bkfJbg[oh Lgkfe;skB
ftu fJe Pfjo dk BK PwfbnK LgrVh T[go
fBefbnk s[obk g'm'jko Lgkfe;skB d/
y/so dk BK jzfXnK LgkV/ dhnK
Y/ohnK ni'eh LnZi eZbQ dh gkV/ Lftuekobh
bkJhB g?ANQ Lnze nt/;b/ Lbkgotkj nDr"fbnk LBIo nzdkI,
fXnkB Bk d/Dk w{jfoT[A L;kjwD/ s'A
cVkJh LcVBk
e?Auh LbZsK Bkb cVB dk dkn tb?sh Lftd/P
wkfJe LnkoEe
fYZv'A ikJh LnkgDh wK^y/v cozrhnK Lnzro/IK
fBoGo j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK ftu 4^4 fyvkoh okyt/A j[zd/ jB. fJZe Nhw gkV/
d/ fJZe gk;/ s/ d{ih d{i/ gk;/ yVQdh j?. y/v g[Pke f;o| eZSk jh j[zdh j?
go j[D fes/ fes/ fyvkoh p[B?D th gkT[D bZr/ jB. y/v d/ w?u dk ;wK thj gzi thj fwzN j[zdk j?. f;Zek T[Skb e/ Nk; dk |?;bk ehsk iKdk j?. Nk;
fiZsD tkbh Nhw dh T[Sb j[zdh j? fe wBGkT[Adk gk;k wZb/ iK e"vh gkT[D dh gfjb b? bt/. tX/o/ nze jk;b eoB tkbh Nhw i/s{ frDh iKdh j?. pokpo nzeK dh ;fEsh ftZu gfjbK nze jk;b eoB tkbh Nhw ƒ i/s{ eoko fdZsk iKdk j?. d' fyvkt/ j[zd/ jB s/ fJZe ;wKgkb s/ d' bkJhBw?B. epZvh y/vfdnK mZph, ug/V iK T[vthA e?Auh wkoBh wBQK j[zdh j?. e'Jh nzr wo'VBk iK ikD e/ ;ZN wkoBh th |kT{b y/v frDh iKdh j?.
gzikp ftZu epZvh jowB fgnkoh j'D d/ pkti{d y/v ndkfonk tZb'A epZvh n|;'; dh rZb fJj j? fe gzikp d/ y/v ndkfonK tZb'A epZvh dh y/v ƒ UBk wjZst BjhA fdZsk iKdk i' gZSw tZb'A nkJhnK y/vK ƒ fdZsk iKdk j?. dbhb fJj fdZsh iKdh j? fe epZvh dk x/ok e/tb gzikp iK nKY^r[nKY d/ e[M fJbkfenK sZe jh ;hws j? idfe jkeh, c[ZNpkb s/ feqeN nkfd nzso^okPNoh y/vK jB. e[M y/v nfXekoh sK fJj th efjzd/ ;[D/ jB fe epZvh dk uzr/
s'A uzrk fyvkoh eh yZN bt/rk < don;b n;hA gzikph nkgD/ ;ZfGnkuko tZb'A nt/;b/ j' e/ pj[sh tko j'oBhA gk;hA bZr s[od/ jK. gzikp dk e'Jh rZGo{ nzro/
IK dh y/v feqeN d/ uko NZb/ tXhnk bk d/t/ sK T[jdk iZ; eoB'A BjhA EZed/
s/ fJBkwK^;BwkBK d/ Y/o bk fdzd/ jK go epZvh d/ XBzso fyvkoh ƒ nDr"fbnk eo fdzd/ jK.
fco th epZvh d/ eJh nfij/ fyvkoh jB fiBQK B/ nkgDh y/v ;edk gzikphnK d/ fdbK ftZu BkfJeK torh EK pDkJh j'Jh j?. thjthA ;dh d/ nkozG ftZu ;or'X/ dk pkp{ ceho w[jzwd j'fJnk j? fijVk fNtkfDnK dh gqf;ZX epZvh Nhw dk egskB jz[dk ;h. T[jd/ pko/ ejkts uZbh ‘e"vh ceho dh gk;/ ikt/
uhodh’. ;[bskB Pkj nkd/ tkbk th XZeV Xkth ;h. fi; ƒ fNtkfDnK B/
fJBkw tZi'A d' w[oZp/ IwhB fdZsh. T[jƒ e'Jh wkJh dk bkb vZe BjhA ;fenk.
f;o| PkjI'o fyvkoh skok f;zx rZNh tkbk jh fJZe w?u ftZu T[; dh pokpoh eo ;fenk.
gzikphnK ftZu feogkb f;zx ;kX epZvh dk nkcs ikch ;h. T[jd/ pko/
wPj{o ;h fe e'Jh gzSh T[~v i/ sK T[~v i/ go T[jd/ w{jfoT[A BZm e/ e'Jh pzdk BjhA ;h fBeb ;edk. efjzd/ jB r[ZN dh cVkJh ;kX T[~s/ \sw ;h.
T[j bZr/ jZE fszB^fszB e?AuhnK bk iKdk s/ ;kjh ƒ n;b'A o'b fdzdk. 1954 ftZu gkfe;skBh gzikp dh epZvh Nhw J/Xo w?u y/vD nkJh sK feogkb f;zx B/ UXob/ XkthnK ƒ pzBQ bk fdZs/. w?u fgZS'A jZE fwbk e/ w?dkB ’u'A pkjo nkT[D bZr/ sK gkfe;skB d/ fJZe Xkth B/ fejk, “Gkn ih, T[Ai sK s[jkv/
jZE e{b/ fij/ jB go y/vfdnK id'A s[;hA cVd/ ;h sK ikgdk ;h fit/A ;kv/
r[ZN t/bD/ ’u nk rJ/ j'D.”
1955 ftZu ;kX, fi; ƒ epZvh dk r[o{ th fejk iKdk ;h, J/Xob/ gzikp dh Nhw dk egskB pD e/ gkfe;skB w?u y/vD frnk. T[~E/ T[; B/ nfijhnK geVK ftykJhnK fe gkfe;skBhnK
B/ T[jƒ ‘r[ZN dk gho ;odko’
efj e/ tfvnkfJnk.
fpZb{ oki/nkDhJ/A d/ jZE fe;/
Xkth dk r[ZN nk iKdk sK doPe e{e T[md/, “nk rJh x[bkVh ’u pKj. j[D feZE/ ikt/Ark <”
fBoG? owhdh tkbk iw{o tKr bZsK pkjK dh eZ; gk b?Adk
;h s/ yVQk^yVQk eJh^eJh e?AuhnK
bk iKdk. jm{o d/ SKr/ dk th fBnkDk gkT[D ’u e'Jh ;kBh BjhA ;h. pkp{
jopz; bkb fi; ƒ d';s fwZso x[Zrk efjzd/ ;B, fyvkohnK ’u ‘v/Aio’ d/
BK Bkb wPj{o ;h. bkfJbg[ohnk u"Xoh w[jzwd ;dhe th s{ckB w/b Xkth
;h. ;zs'y f;zx ‘s'yh’ J/Bk s/I soko ;h fe T[jdk BK jh ‘n?Nw pzp’ uZb fBefbnk. ;zs'y f;zx NkJhro iZc/ dk p/fw;kb PkfJo ;h. t?o'fenK dk Bzih, Y[vhfenK dk whs', r[od/t nZNk, ;'jD izg, ioB?b o[Vek, ;otD owhdh, wzƒ yK, Bio Phd', nihs wkbVh, wZd'fenK dk wZb, wfjzdo p'bk, pfmzv/ tZb d/
eoB?b s/ ;[fBnkok nkfd nB/eK nfij/ fyvkoh jB fiBQK dhnK f;|sK ;ZEK
’u j[zdhnK ojhnK.
thjthA ;dh d/ fgSb/ nZX ’u wbe w[Pske, d/th fdnkb, i'sk, gqhsk,
;Zsk, BSZso YKvh, c"ik, ihsk, skok, fo;kbk, fPtd/t, fcZvk, joihs, nzro/I fpZbk, r[bIko nbh, ;hok s/ pzs u{jVuZehnk nkfd fyvkoh pVh uVQs ftZu oj/ jB. ehjdk ehjdk BK bJhJ/ gzikp ;?AeV/ u'Nh d/ epZvh fyvkohnK Bkb Gfonk fgnk j?. ed/ pbftzdo fcZv{ dh Mzvh j[zdh ;h, s/ ed/ joihs
pkikykBk dh. T[BQK B/ epZvh d/ f;o'A bZyK o[gJ/ ewkJ/. j[D T[; dk ;hIB xZN' xZN d' bZy o[gJ/ dk brdk j?. T[BQK dh e"vh dhnK Xz[wK ;Zs ;w[zdoK gko se gJhnK ojhnK. T[j fJe' ;kj fszB fszB w?u y/v iKd/ s/ brksko
;" s'A tZX e"vhnK gkT[D Bkb th BjhA ;h jcd/.
epZvh j[D e"wKsoh y/v pD rJh j?. J/Xob/ s/ UXob/ gzikp s'A fpBK fJj y/v j'o eJh w[beK ftZu th pkekfJdk y/vh iKdh j?. fJzrb?Av, e?B/vk s/ nwohek nkfd w[beK ftZu t;/ gzikphnK d/ nB/eK epZvh ebZp s/ epZvh c?vo/PBK jB i' epZvh d/ ;" s'A tZX N{oBkw?AN eokT[AdhnK jB. feqeN tKr T[~E/ epZvh dk ‘;hIB’ y/fvnk iKdk j? fi; bJh J/Xo'A epZvh fyvkoh jtkJh ijkI dhnK fNeNK G/i e/ ;Zd/ iKd/ jB. fJj y/v nwohek, e?B/vk, ehBhnk, nk;Nq/bhnk, fJzzrb?Av, wbkfJnk s/ f;zxkg[o ik t;/ gzikphnK ’u pVh wep{b j?. Gkos^gkfe sK \?o epZvh d/ xo j'J/.
epZvh don;b gzikphnK d/ bj{ ftZu ;wkJh j'Jh j?. epZvh dk ;kj nkw gzikphnK bJh ihtB^;[nk; j? ihjƒ bJ/ fpBK T[BQK dk ;odk BjhA Gkt/A T[j gzikp dh Xosh ’s/ ofjD s/ Gkt/A tb?shA ik t;D. epZvh BK ftu jh MoBkjN j? s/ y/v ftu nk\oK dh fyZu. fJ; y/v B/ gzikp d/ rZGo{nK ƒ seV/ th pDkJh ofynk j?, fjzwsh th s/ fIzdrh dhnK orVK ;fjD i'r/ th. fJ;
y/v dk gzikphnK Bkb gfjbK th bj{ s/ ;kj dk foPsk ;h s/ j[D th j?.
gZSwh d/PK dhnK p/PZe pj[s ;kohnK y/vK gzikphnK ftu gqufbs j' u[ZehnK jB go jkbK th epZvh gzikphnK dh ;G s'A tZX jowB fgnkoh y/v j?.
b'V j? gzikp ftZu fJZe epZvh e/Ado T[;kfonk ikt/ fiE'A fJZe y/v gfsqek gqekfPs j't/. e/Ado ftZu fJZe r?boh pDkJh ikt/ fiZE/ fyvkohnK s/ y/v^fdqPK d/ fuZso bkJ/ ikD ns/ wjZstg{oB y/v fBPkBhnK ;KGhnK ikD. nkJ/ rJ/
fyvkohnK dh fojkfJP dk gqpzX j't/. T[; e/Ado tZb'A ;ZN c/N dh jkbs ns/
p/;jkok fyvkohnK bJh wkfJe ;jkfJsk d/D dk gqpzX j't/. tZy^tZy ndkfonK ftZu epZvh fyvkohnK bJh B"eohnK th ;[oZfyns oZyhnK ikD. gzikp dh fJ;
rohpDh go fYZv'A ikJh y/v bJh T[go'es ;[Mkn Gkt/A e[M b'eK ƒ Gkt[e fij/
bZrD go nk\o ƒ sK fJ; y/v dh ;ko gzikphnK B/ jh b?Dh j?, cozrhnK B/ BjhA.
fN~gDh
fJ; b/y ftZu b/ye efjDk ukjz[dk j? fe epZvh dh y/v gzikphnK ftueko
;G s'A tZX y/vh ikD tkbh y/v j?. fJj y/v gzikph ;ZfGnkuko dk nfBZyVtK
nzr j?. fJ; y/v okjhA gzikp dk fJfsjk; o{gwkB j[zdk j?. epZvh gzikp dh jowB fgnkoh y/v j?. go fJ; d/ pkti{d fJ; ƒ nzsookPNoh y/vK fizBh soihj BjhA fdZsh iKdh. epZvh gzikphnK d/ bj{ ftZu ;wkJh j'Jh j?. fJj gzikphnK bJh ihtB^iku tKr j?. b/ye B/ fyvkohnK d/ jZe ftZu nktkI p[bzd ehsh j?. b/ye dk efjDk j? fe fJ; y/v ƒ gqc[Zfbs eoB bJh e/Ado tZb'A fyvkohnK dh wkfJe ;jkfJsk eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJZe epZvh e/Ado th pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJZE/ fyvkohnK Bkb ;zpzfXs fJ; y/v dhnK fBPkBhnK dh ;zGkb ehsh ikt/. e/Ado ftZu y/v r?boh pDkJh ikt/ fiZE/ fyvkohnK ns/
y/v fdqPK d/ fuZso brkJ/ ikD. fyvkohnK dh wdd eoB bJh T[BQK tk;s/
o[Irko dk gqpzX eoB dh th b/ye B/ wzr ehsh j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) epZvh Ppd s'A eh Gkt j? <
(ii) epZvh gzikphnK dh jowB fgnkoh y/v feT[A j? <
(iii) “epZvh dh y/v okjhA gzikphnK dk fJfsjk; o{gwkB j[zdk j?.” fJ;
eEB dh ftnkfynk eo'.
(iv) gzikp ;NkJhb epZvh d/ pko/ ft;Eko Bkb uouk eo'.
(v) epZvh dh y/v ƒ nzsookPNoh y/vK fizBh soIhj feT[A BjhA fdZsh iKdh <
(vi) epZvh d/ e[M gqw[Zy fyvkohnK d/ BK dZ;'.
(vii) ‘r[ZN dk gho ;odko’ fe; ƒ fejk frnk j? s/ feT[A <
nkU e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) eh s[;hA nkg ed/ e'Jh y/v y/vh j? < T[; y/v dhnK gqkgshnK pko/ o"PBh gkT[.
(ii) y/v ftZu jko^fiZs pko/ s[;hA eh ;'ud/ j' < eh y/v f;o| fiZs^jko sZe jh ;hfws j[zdh j? < nkgDk soe g/P eo' <
(iii) ‘gVQ'r/ fby'r/ pD'r/ Btkp, y/v'r/ eZ[d'r/ j't'r/ \okp’ eh s[;hA fJ;
eEB Bkb ;fjws j' < i/ BjhA sK fJ; d/ fto'X ftZu nkgDhnK dbhbK g/P eo'.
(iv) gzikphnK dh wK^y/v fejVh j? < fJe ukoN dh wdd Bkb fJ;
dh ;zouBk dk fusoB eo'.
(v) fJZe fyvkoh d/ s"o ’s/ fe;/ o?|oh iK nzgkfJo pko/ s[jkv/
eh ftuko jB. fyvkoh s/ fJBQK dk ;zpzX y/v T[go eh n;o gkT[Adk j? <
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) s/ }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) epZvh dh y/v gzikph ;ZfGnkuko dk nfByVtK nzr j?.
(ii) epZvh dh y/v dk ftfrnkBe nfXn?B BjhA j' ;edk.
(iii) epZvh dh fJe fe;w ;"Auh gZeh jz[dh j?.
(iv) epZvh dk e'Jh th fyvkoh BkfJe tork BjhA pD ;fenk.
(v) epZvh t/yD bJh ;kT{Ekb dk gkoe doPeK Bkb Go frnk ;h.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) gzikph T[bzfge y/vK Bkb'A HHH t/yD ƒ soIhj fdzd/ jB.
(ii) epZvh gkT[D tkb/ ƒ HHH nkyd/ jB.
(iii) epZvh dh y/v ƒ HHH dh wK y/v wzfBnk iKdk j?.
(iv) Gkos s/ gkfe;skB epZvh d/ HHH jB.
(v) epZvh dh y/v dhnK fBPkBhnK ;zGkbD bJh HHH dh b'V j?.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L
(i) u"Xoh w[jzwd ;dhe v/Aio (ii) feogkb f;zx ;kX n?Nw pzp (iii) pkp{ jopz; bkb s{|kB w/b Xkth (iv) ;zs'y f;zx s'yh r[ZN dk gho ;odko
xo r?boh
ep~vh
Xkth gzikphnK
jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L (i) gosDk HHH (ii) u[;s HHH (iii) tXhnk HHH (iv) cVBk HHH
eH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L (i) Xkth HHH
(ii) eko HHH (iii) f;nkb HHH (iv) brkT[ HHH
yH ep~vh dhnK j/m fbyhnK fe;wK dh ftP/Psk d~;' L (i) nzpo;oh e"vh HHH
(ii) nzpkbth e"vh HHH (iii) bkj"oh e"vh HHH (iv) fco'Ig[oh e"vh HHH (v) gho e"vh HHH
(vi) gzikp ;NkJhb epZvh HHH
wjkswk p[~X dhnK ;{\wskJhnK
r[oBkw f;zx sho
P\;hns s/ ouBk
r[oBkw f;zx sho dk iBw 30 i{B, 1930 ƒ fgzv e'N ;[yhnk, |ohde'N, gzikp fty/ fgsk Bzd f;zx pokV d/ xo wksk nk; e"o dh eZ[y'A j'fJnk. T[BQK B/ ftnzrkswe fBpzXK d/ y/so ftZu uzrk BkwDk yZfNnk j?. ;sjh jk;/ s'A gko ik e/ fdb dhnK vz{xkDK sZe I\w bkT[Adh eNk\Ph BPso T[BQK dhnK fbysK dk whoh r[D j?. T[BQK d/ ftP/ nkw s"o ’s/
;wkie, oki;h, Xkofwe iK nkofEe ;wZf;nk ƒ ftnzrkswe Yzr Bkb g/P eoe/ jk;^o; g?dk eod/ jB. T[BQK B/ nkgDhnK ouBktK ftZu ;z;ko d/
wzB/^gqwzB/ XowK d/ ;{\w jk;^ftnzr ƒ th g/P ehsk j?. T[BQK XowK d/ wjkB T[gd/P fit/A nkgD/^nkg ƒ Xowh efjD d/ pkti{d ;ko/ Xzd/ nXow d/ eoB tkb/ wB[ZyK nkfd B[efsnK ƒ S'fjnk j?.
r[oBkw f;zx sho ;gskfje ekbw ‘ukuk uzvhrVQhnk’ th fbyd/ ;B.
T[j fJZe b/ye, tehb (n?vt'e/N), gZsoeko ns/ ;hBhno nekbh B/sk th ;B. T[j 15 ngq?b, 1991 ƒ nekb ubkDk eo rJ/. T[BQK dhnK w[Zy ouBktK ‘neb ikVQ’, ‘r[VQsh’, ‘nZXh oks dhnK jkeK’, ‘ukuk uzvhrVQhnk’,
‘nkofN;N p'fbnk’, ‘w?ƒ w?E'A pukU’, ‘fwZmhnK ghVK’, ‘fdZbh dh tehb e[Vh’,
‘r[zMbK’, ‘S{j^wzso’, ‘fBoh cVQ’, ‘jZ;dk gzikp’, ‘jZ;dh d[Bhnk’, ‘tkj fgnk ikDhJ/’ nkfd jB.
wjkswk p[~X dhnK ;{\wskJhnK
wjkswk p[ZX efjej/ wkoe/ jZ;D d/ nkdh BjhA ;B. fBzwh^fBzwh s/ ;{\w w[;eokjN Bkb eJh tko fIzdrh dhnK tZvhnK^tZvhnK ;ZukJhnK fByko e/ oZy fdzd/ ;B.
wjkswk p[ZX d/ ;w/A e[M nkdwh nkgD/ nkg ƒ ePN d/D ftZu wjkBsk
;wMd/ ;B. T[BQK B/ th P[o{^P[o{ ftZu fJBQK tkbk nfGnk; ehsk, gozs{ fco SZv fdZsk. fJZe fdB wjkswk p[ZX ƒ fJZe nfijk pzdk fwfbnk, fi; B/ fe wjkswk p[ZX ƒ |\o Bkb fejk, “w?A 25 ;kbK d/ nfGnk; pknd J/Bh :'rsk gqkgs eo bJh j? fe w?A dfonk d/ gkDh T[~s/ s[o ;edk jK.”
wjkswk p[ZX w[;eokJ/ s/ efjD bZr/, “GkJh sz{ sK fco fIzdrh d/ 25 toQ/ r[nk e/ oZy fdZs/ jB. fJj ;wK s?ƒ fe;/ uzr/ b/y/ bkT[Dk ukjhdk ;h.
fePsh tkb/ ƒ fJZe Nek d/ e/ dfonk dk gkDh sK sz{ 2^4 fwzN ftZu jh NZg
;edk ;h.”
nkgD/ nkg ƒ ePN d/D tkb/ nkdwhnK pko/ wjkswk p[ZX d/ fJZe pzX{
B/ nk e/ dZf;nk fe cbkD/^cbkD/ d' pzd/ nkgD/ :sBK Bkb e[Zsk s/ eK pDB dh e'fPP eo oj/ jB. T[BQK dh fJ; fIzdrh dk fgZS'A eh pD/rk <
wjkswk ih w[;eok e/ efjD bZr/, “iK sK fJj d't/A pzd/ e[Zs/ s/ eK dh i{B ftZu gk fdZs/ ikDr/ s/ iK fco pzd/ dh i{B ƒ y/j^\okp eoB eoe/ BoeK d/ Gkrh j' ikDr/.”
wjkswk p[ZX dk fJZe u/bk g[ZNk fJZe fdB wjkswk ih dh T[;ssh eodk j'fJnk efjD bZrk, “w?A ;wMdk jK fe ;ko/ ;z;ko ftZu s[jkv/ s'A tZvk p[ZX Bk ed/ j'fJnk j?, ns/ Bk jh nZr'A bJh j't/rk.”
wjkswk ih w[;eok e/ efjD bZr/, “;qh g[ZNk, fJ; dk wsbp fJj j'fJnk fe s[jkƒ j[D sZe j' u[Ze/ p[ZXK s/ T[BQK dhnK gqkgshnK pko/ g{ok^g{ok frnkB j?.”
;qh g[ZNk efjD bZrk, “BjhA wjkoki, n?;h sK e'Jh rZb BjhA.”
fco wjkswk p[ZX efjD bZr/, “fijV/ p[ZX nZr'A g?dk j'Dr/, PkfJd s[jkƒ T[BQK pko/ th gfjbK jh frnkB j' u[Zfenk ikgdk j?.”
pzX{ BhthA gk e/ efjD bZrk, “BjhA ih, fpbe[b BjhA.”
nZr/ uZb e/ wjkswk p[ZX efjD bZr/, “j'o BjhA sK sz{ xZN'^xZN w/o/
o'w^o'w d/ jo ftuko s'A Gbh gqeko ikDz{ j?A, s/ fJ; pko/ nEkj frnkB oZydk j?A.”
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE efjej/ LT[~uh
;{yw Ljbeh
|\o LwkD
y/j \okp
eoBk LfwZNh \okp eoBk, popkd eoBk T[;ssh Lgq;z;k nEkj LftPkb,
pj[s fInkdk
“BjhA jI{o, fJj rZb BjhA j?.”
wjkswk p[ZX jZ;d/ j'J/ efjD bZr/, “nkdwh ƒ J/vh e[ gkvh jh wkoBh ukjhdh j?, fiZvh e[ T[; dh ;{M^p{M nkfrnk d/t/. sz{ sK gfjbK tkb/ p[ZXK ns/ nkT[D tkb/ p[ZXK pko/ fJ; soQK efj fojk j?A, fi; soQK fe sz{ T[BQK dh fIzdrh s'A Gbh^GKs ikDz{ j't/A s/ g{ok^g{ok frnkB oZydk j't/A. fJj p/^p[fBnkd rZbK dk nk\o eh bkG <”
wjkswk p[ZX fJZe fdB rik eoB rJ/ sK T[j fJj' fij/ fJZe xo ub/
rJ/, fijVk T[BQK ƒ fxoDk dh BIo Bkb t/ydk ;h. T[; xo tkb/ B/ rik gkT[D dh EK wjkswk p[ZX ƒ rkbQK eZY fdZshnK.
wjkswk p[ZX r[Z;k eoB dh EK jZ; e/ efjD bZr/, “d';s, i/ e'Jh fe;/
ƒ dyPDk d/t/, go nrb/ gkf;T[A dyPDk b?D tkbk BKj eo d/t/ sK fco dyPDK tkb/ wkb ’s/ fe; dk jZe j'fJnk <”
xo tkbk efjD bZrk, “dyPDk d/D tkb/ dk.”
bkov p[ZXk efjD bZr/, “uzrk fco s/o/ tZb'A fdZshnK rJhnK rkbQK w?A t;{b eoB bJh fsnko BjhA jK. fJj nkgDk ehwsh wkb sz{ nkgD/ jh gk; oZy b?. w?ƒ sK e/tb J/BK n|;'; j? fe w?A nZr/ Bkb'A j'o rohp j' frnk jK, feT[Afe w?ƒ s/o/ tork fJZe ehwsh d';s SZvDk g? fojk j?.”
bkov p[ZXk fJZe fdB eEk eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ ;kEhnK ƒ efjD bZr/, “fIzdrh p/Pow, bVke/, Pokosh ns/ ftjbV b'eK bJh r[IkoBh pj[s jh ;"yh j?.
fijV/ fJwkBdkoh, B/e^Bhns, ;Zu/ fdb ns/ ;opZs d/ Gb/ ƒ ;kjwD/ oZy e/ ;zrokw eod/ jB, T[BQK bJh fIzdrh r[IkoBh e[M n"yh j[zdh j?. go i'
;tkd nfij/ b'eK ƒ gqkgs j[zdk j?, T[j b[ZN^x;[ZN eoB tkb/ b'eK ƒ gqkgs BjhA j[zdk.”
bzw/ GkPD d/D tkfbnK pko/ wjkswk ih efjD bZr/, “nebwzdh Bkb fejk fJZe Ppd xzfNnK pZXh fdZs/ rJ/ cI{b GkPD Bkb'A fInkdk ehwsh j[zdk j?.”
fJ;/ soQK nZr/ uZb e/ efjzd/ jB, “B/e ns/ gftZso g[oP dh fIzdrh dk fJZe fdB w{oy pzd/ dh jIkoK ;kbK dh fIzdrh Bkb'A fes/ fpjso jz[dk j?. fijV/
pzd/ pj[sk p'bd/ j'D, T[BQK ƒ pj[s tZvk ftdtkB BjhA ;wM b?Dk ukjhdk. fijV/
Grt/A bhV/ gkJh fcod/ j'D, Io{oh BjhA fe T[j ;zs j'D.”
fco nZr/ uZb e/ wjkswk pZ[X ih c[owkT[Ad/ jB, “T[; pzd/ bJh oks pVh bzwh j' iKdh j?, fi; ƒ ikrDk gt/. T[; ƒ nkgDk g?Avk j'o th bzwk bZrdk j?, fijVk pzdk EZfenk^N[ZfNnk j't/ s/ ;G s'A p/noE fIzdrh T[; pzd/ dh j' n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
gkvh wkoBk LcV wkoBh, vhAr wkoBh rik LrZi e/ (T[~u/
;[o Bkb p'b e/) wzrh j'Jh fGZfynk YZfrnK tor/LgP{nK tor/
nfeqsxD Lnfj;kB
|okw'P
iKdh j?, fijVk w{oy j't/. e[dos s/ fJB;kB d/
ekƒBK s'A jo soQK Bkb nBikD j't/. fJ; bJh fe;/ w{oy Bkb ;kE fBGkT[D Bkb'A fJeZb/ ofjDk fes/ uzrk j[zdk j?. fi; w{oy ƒ nkgDh nfrnkBsk dk frnkB j' ikJ/, T[j f;nkDk frfDnk ikt/rk s/
fijVk nkgD/ nkg ƒ wZb' wZbh f;nkDk ;wMdk fco/, T[j don;b tZvk w{oy j[zdk j?. fijV/ pzd/
xZN frnkB gqkgs eod/ jB, T[j ;koh T[wo YZfrnK tor/ j[zd/ jB, T[AM Gkt/A T[j T[wo d/
fbjkI Bkb fezB/ tZv/ j[zd/ ub/ ikD.”
wjkswk ih fJZe fdB efjD bZr/, “wkV/ pzd/ dh d';sh eoBk ns/ uzr/ pzd/
Bkb d[PwDh eoBk pzd/ dh fIzdrh ftZu w[;hpsK dk tkXk eodh j?. fijV/ pzd/
nkgD/ XB dh e/tb nkgDhnK fBZih y[PhnK bJh jh tos'A eod/ jB, s/ fe;/
j'o d/ wz{j ftZu fJZe rokjh gkT[Dk gkg ;wMd/ jB, T[j XB dh Y/oh s/ p?m/
Ifjohb/ ;ZgK tor/ j[zd/ jB. i/ e'Jh w{oy iK nfeqsxD pzdk g[Zm/ f;ZX/ Yzr Bkb oki sys ’s/ ik fpoki/ sK fizBhnK w[;hpsK b'eK bJh T[j tXkT[Adk j?, UBhnK PkfJd j'o e'Jh Bk tXkT[Adk j't/. jo pzd/ d/ wz{j ftZu ihG dh EK e[jkVh oZyh j[zdh j?, id'A fJj e[jkVh wkV/ Ppd p'bdh j? sK T[j T[; dh Pkjor ƒ tZY
;[ZNdh j?. fJ; bJh wz{j ftZu oZyh e[jkVh s'A ;dk pu e/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?.”
fN~gDh
fJj b/y Bhsh puBK T[~s/ nkXkfos jk;^ftnzr j?. fJ; ftZu wjkswk p[ZX dk ;{\w jk;^ftnzr j?. T[j fBzwh^fBzwh s/ ;{\w w[;eokjN Bkb fIzdrh dhnK tZvhnK^tZvhnK ;ZukJhnK fByko e/ oZy fdzd/ ;B. nkgD/ ;oho ƒ ePN d/ e/
e[M BtK eoB tkfbnK iK cVQK wkoB tkfbnK ƒ T[BQK B/ pj[s ;fjisk Bkb
;wMkfJnk j?. b/ye B/ w{oy s/ p[ZXhwkB, frnkBh s/ nfrnkBh ns/ wkV/ s/
uzr/ ftueko |oe ƒ wjkswk p[ZX d/ puBK okjhA pVh ;obsk Bkb ;wMkfJnk j?. r[oBkw f;zx sho B/ ftnzrkswe P?bh ftZu fJ; b/y dh ouBk ehsh j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) pj[s nfGnk; s'A pknd dfonk d/ gkDh T[~s/ s[o ;eD tkb/
ftnesh ƒ wjkswk p[ZX B/ eh fejk <
(ii) wjkswk p[ZX d/ u/b/ g[ZNk B/ T[BQK dh gq;z;k ftZu eh fejk <
(iii) wjkswk p[ZX B/ nkgD/ j'o rohp j'D dk eh ekoB dZf;nk <
(iv) feBQK b'eK bJh fIzdrh r[IkoBh n"yh j[zdh j? <
(v) ‘wz{j ftZu oZyh e[jkVh s'A ;dk pu e/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?’, tke dk Gkt ;gPN eo'.
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) fe;/ j'o Xkofwe P\;hns d/ B?fse T[gd/PK ƒ fJeZmk eoe/
;eo?g p[Ze ftZu fby'.
(ii) wjkswk p[ZX d/ ihtB dhnK j'o xNBktK d/ jtkb/ Bkb ft;sko ftZu f;ZfynkdkfJe soeK pko/ ikDekoh fdT[.
(iii) p[ZX Xow d/ ‘nPN wkor’ pko/ fJZe ukoN fsnko eo'.
(iv) eh s[jkƒ nkgDh pd^I[pkBh ekoB ed/ fe;/ d/ r[Z;/ dk fPeko j'Dk fgnk j? < nfijh fe;/ xNBk dk toBD eo'.
(v) eh s[;hA fe;/ nfij/ ftnesh ƒ ikDd/ j' i' nkgDh p[[ZXh s'A tZX P/yh wkodk j't/ < T[; dh fJ; nkds ƒ ft;sko ftZu fbyD dh e'fPP eo'.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) pzX{ B/ wjkswk p[ZX ƒ d' pzfdnK d/ e[Zsk s/ eK pDB
dhnK e'fPP pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh.
(ii) wjkswk p[ZX B/ nkgD/ u/b/ g[ZNk tb'A ehsh gq;z;k wzB bJh.
(iii) wjkswk p[ZX B/ wkV/ pzd/ Bkb d';sh eoB dh jwkfJs ehsh.
(iv) bzw/ s/ |I{b GkPD ƒ p[ZX B/ Bekfonk j?.
(v) wjkswk p[ZX B/ wz{j ftZu oZyh e[jkVh ƒ ubkT[D dh iku f;ykJh.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) wjkswk p[ZX B/ dyPDK ftZu fwbhnK HHH tkg; eo fdZshnK.
(ii) HHH pzd/ dh fIzdrh p/noE j[zdh j?.
(iii) nkgDh HHH ƒ ikDB tkbk pzdk f;nkDk jz[dk j?.
(iv) i' pzdk d/o sZe ikrdk ofjzdk j? T[;
bJh HHH pVh bzwh j' iKdh j?.
(v) }bs Yzr Bkb oki s\s ’s/ gj[zfunk pzdk b'eK bJh HHH dk ekoB pDdk j?.
;H gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ n~r/ Ppd i'V e/ ;wk;h Ppd pDkT[ L (i) HHH P[o{
(ii) HHH g{ok (iii) HHH p{M (iv) HHH x;[ZN jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L
(i) nEkj HHH (ii) :'rsk HHH (iii) frnkBh HHH (iv) fJwkBdkoh
eH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L (i) p[ZXhwkB HHH (ii) p/noE HHH (iii) fxoDk HHH (iv) ePN HHH
yH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L (i) nfeqsxD HHH HHH HHH HHH (ii) b[ZN^y;[ZN HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) dyPDk HHH HHH HHH HHH (iv) nfrnkBh HHH HHH HHH HHH
oks w[;hps
w{oy
rkbQK nfrnkBsk
u~b w/oh rmVh Pfjo' Pfjo `
e[bpho f;zx eKr
P\;hns s/ ouBk
e[bpho f;zx eKr dk iBw 13 iBtoh, 1936 ƒ nzfwqs;o fty/ fgsk frnkBh r[ouoB f;zx d/ xo wksk irihs e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[j gzikph
;kfjs ftu fJZe ftbZyD b/ye jB. fJZe f;ow"o nkb'ue j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb T[j fJZe ;|b b/ye th jB. T[BQK B/ fJZe nB[tkde d/ s"o ’s/ th gqf;ZXh gqkgs ehsh. eKr gzikph irs ƒ bfbs fBpzX dhnK S/ g[;seK gqdkB eo u[Ze/ jB. fJBQK fBpzXK ftZu jo gqeko d/ ftP/
bJ/ rJ/ jB fit/A o'wKue, ;wkie, nkoEe, okiBhse s/ wB'^ftfrnkBe.
eKr d/ eJh fBpzX ekft^wJh jB. T[j eftsk BjhA fbyd/ go eftsk T[jd/
nzdo^pkjo t;h gJh j?. T[j rZbK th ekfte^nzdkI ftZu jh eod/ jB. eftsk Bkb T[BQK dk ns[ZN fgnko j?. T[BQK ftZu fJZe uzrk b/ye j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb fJZe ;|b eth d/ ;ko/ r[DK dk ;[w/b j?. T[BQK d/ :'rdkB bJh GkPk ftGkr, gzikp B/ 1984 ftZu T[BQK ƒ r[op\P f;zx gqhsbVh fJBkw Bkb ;BwkBs ehsk.
fJnkgk (e?B/vk) B/ th 1994 ’u T[BQK ƒ fJBkw d/ e/ fBtkfInk.
u~b w/oh rmVh Pfjo' Pfjo `
gfjbh tko xo'A pkjo B"eoh eoB bJh fi; Bro frnk, T[j gzikp dk fJZe fJfsjk;e e;pk ;h. nes{po wjhB/ dh mzvh s/ wB^b[GkT[Dh jtk s/
gZehnK |;bK dh wfje B/ w/ok ;tkrs ehsk ;h—g[okD/ febQ/ d/ yzvoK ftu'A w?ƒ fgnkoh fijh niBphns dk MkT[bk fgnk—w?A T[;/ fdB s'A T[E'A i'rk j' n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
rZmVh L fJE/ ;oho s'A Gkt j?
wB^b[GkT[Dh L wBw'jD tkbh yzvoK L ofjzd^yz{jd niBphnsL nihp'^rohp MkT[bk L fdf;nk
frnk, fco fJj rmVh 25
;kbK s'A eJh PfjoK, e;fpnK, fgzvK, gjkVK s/
;w[zdoK d/ uZeo bk nkJh j?—go gZek fNekDk eoBk w/oh nkds BjhA. fJe fgzv ftu w?ƒ nfijk fpoX ftnesh th fwfbnk ;h i' 65 ;kbK s'A T[E/ jh ;h s/
edh pkjo BjhA ;h frnk, w?A
;'funk nfij/ ;okg/ g[oP d/ doPB eoBk th wzd GkrK dh rZb j?.
xo p/Pe fgnkok nkbQDk j?, go pkjobk oNB ns/ BthnK EktK dh :ksok iK e[M fuo bJh w[ekw, T[; s'A th tXhnk j?. edh^edh w??A ;'udk jK fe j:{B ;Kr s/ ckjhnkB dh o{j feT[A ;"A rJh j?—xo'A T[dk;hnK ’s/
s[o g?D tkbk r[o{ BkBe feE/ j? < g?Ash^ukbh ;kb dh gZeh B"eoh eoe/ g?BPB b?D tkb/ pzd/ fJ; eftsk s/ ;zrhs ƒ BjhA ;wM ;ed/ i' G[tB/Pto s/ g[oh d/ wzdoK dh gqkuhBsk ftu'A bZGdk j?. w?ƒ fJBQK wzdoK ftu'A wqdzr dh rz{i
;[DhAdh ;h. ns/ ;w[zdo feBko/ p?m e/ oks ƒ itkjoGkN/ ftu fGiDk fezBk fgnkok nB[Gt j?. w?A s/ w/ok d';s (;toB) oks d/ fszB ti/ se fJ;
itkoGkN/ dhnK wX[o SZbK ftu p?m/ oj/. fJ; fsqgfjo/ ftu ;kƒ T[; dh xpokJh gsBh B/ irkfJnk. T[; ƒ vo ;h fe gzikp'A nkfJnk fJj owsk T[; d/ gsh d/ g?oK ftu uZeo Bk gk d/t/. n"os dh w'j^wwsk s/ wkfJnk ftu T[; dh o{jkBh y[Ph j?, ;kvh nkgDh o{j j?. w/oh wK s/ w/oh gsBh ƒ th fJjh frbk j? fe s[jkv/ Bkb d/ s/ s[jkE'A fgS'A s[o/ pzd/ feZE/ d/ feZE/
gj[zu rJ/ jB, w?A eh yZfNnk < G'bk w'j fJj BjhA ikDdk fe i' w?A bfGnk j?, T[j fJBQK yb's/ gkDhnK ƒ B;hp BjhA j' ;edk, tfjzdk dfonk jh ;kro ƒ g'Ajdk j?, ;o'toK s/ SgVK ftu id'A ihtkD{ e[opbkjN wuk d/Ad/ jB sK T[jBK dk gkDh eZY e/ BtK GoBk g?Adk j?. fJe nzro/Ih fBpzX An apology for idlers ftu w?A gfVQnk ;h fe nkpPko d/ Yfjzd/ gkDhnK ftu'A T[vdh c{jo dh mzve ƒ nkgD/ fujo/ s/ ;oho T[s/ wkDB tkbk ftnesh jh fizdrh ƒ
;wM ;edk j?.
fe;/ fJe ftnesh iK Bro d/ w'j ftu ieV/ ikDk ;kXkoD fposh
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE uZeo L r/V/
fNekDk L v/ok, fojkfJP fpoX L pI[or
;qkg/ L ;okg d/ wko/
j'J/
wzd GkrK L pdfe;wsh nkbQDk L xo,
o?D p;/ok oNB L GqwD w[ekw L mfjoBk j:{B ;Kr,
ckjhnkB L uhBh :ksoh T[dk;hnK L :ksoktK
o{j L nkswk
gqkuhBsk L g[oksBsk wqdzr L ;kI wX[o L ;[ohbhnK,
fwZmhnK o{jkBh L nfXnkswe,
nkswe yZfNnk L ewkfJnk yb's/ gkDhL fJZe EK pZM e/
ofjD tkb/ b'e g'Ajdk L nzdo ikDk, gqt/P eoBk, wfj;{; eoBk
w'j L fgnko
e[op[bkjN L uhe^g[eko, o'Dk^X'Dk c{jo L c[jko, gkDh
dhnK pz{dK fposh L ;[Gkn, ;'u
j?, fJBQK w'jK ƒ s'V e/ Bro^Bro x[zwD tkb/ ftnesh
;?AeV/ feskpK dk frnkB nkgDh ;kXkoD p'b^ukb ftu ;w'Jh p?m/ jB—okj[b ;zeosk:B B/ th fJBQK x[wZeVK ƒ Bw;eko ehsk ;h—feT[Afe T[j nkg wjK x[wZeV ;h. ;skoK ;kb o{; ftu ofj e/, gsBh s/ pZfunK ƒ T[E/ jh SZv e/ Gkos nk ikD tkb/ T[; p'Xh b/ye ftu'A j:{B ;Kr dh o{j bZGh ik
;edh j?.
nZi^eZbQ fJe pj[s gqkuhB wZX^ekbh Bro ftu B"eoh eo fojk w?A ;'u fojk jK fe j[D d/P d/ pkeh ofjzd/
fjZf;nK dh jtk Io{oh wkDBh j?, fco pd/PK dh \ke th SkDBh j?. xo Io{o nktkIK wkodk j?, go fJj rmVh r'o ftu ikD s'A gfjbK nkekP S{j b?D bJh T[sktbh j?.
w?ƒ fJzM ikgdk j? fe T{mK d/ rb gJhnK NZbhnK dh nktkI nk ojh j? s/ efj ojh j?, “nk uZbhJ/, g[zƒ dk Bro g[eko fojk j?.”
fN~gDh
fJ; b/y ftu b/ye B/ frnkB jk;b eoB bJh xz[wD^fcoB dh b'V T[go I'o fdZsk j?. b/ye nkg th fJe EK pZM e/ BjhA ofjDk ukjz[dk. T[j fBozso
;|o ftu ofjD ƒ jh soihj fdzdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN T[j fJe' EK pZM e/
ofjD tkb/ wBZ[y ƒ e';dk th j?. T[j fJfsjk;e P\;hnsK d/ jtkb/ Bkb
;|o dh nfjwhns ƒ ;wMkT[D bJh isBPhb j?. r[o{ BkBe dhnK T[dk;hnK s/ okj[b PzeoskfJB d/ ;|o dh nkds ƒ T[j nkgDk gq/oBk ;o's pDkT[Adk j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj th BjhA fe T[j xo ƒ fsnkr fdzdk j?. xo th T[; ƒ fgnkok brdk j?. go T[j d/P^d[BhnK dh :ksok eoB dh nkgDh fJZSk th g{oh eoBh ukjz[dk j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) b/ye feZE/ B"eoh eoB bJh frnk ns/ T[~E/ T[; ƒ eh nfj;k;
j'fJnk <
(ii) b/ye B/ nkgD/ ihtB ftZu fejVh^fejVh EK dh :ksok ehsh <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE x[wZeV L x[zwD fcoB
tkb/
pd/PK L ftd/PK
\ke L fJZE/ x[zwD^
fcoB s'A Gkt j?
r'o L epo, wVQh T[sktbh L T[s;[e
(iii) b/ye d/ xo ofjD tkb/ ns/ pkjo fcoB tkb/ ftnesh d/ eh ftuko jB <
(iv) gkm ftZu fpoX ftnesh dh fejVh rZb ehsh rJh j? <
(v) b/ye d/ G[tB/Pto s/ g[oh dh c/oh ;w/A d/ nB[Gt ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'<
(vi) b/ye dh wK s/ gsBh d/ b/ye pko/ eh ftuko jB <
(vii) gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ b/ye dhnK c/ohnK pko/ ikDekoh nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fdT[.
(viii)okj[b PzeoskfJB e"D ;B s/ T[j o{; ftu fezBK ƒ SZv e/ feE/ ub/
rJ/ ;B <
nkU e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/
(i) x[zwD^fcoB bJh s[jkƒ fejVhnK EktK uzrhnK brdhnK jB s/ feT[A <
(ii) i/eo s[;hA b/ye dh EK j[zd/ sK fe; soQK dk fttjko eod/ <
(iii) fe;/ ‘nkpPko’ e'b p?m e/ T[; d/ BIko/ dh ebgBk ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
(iv) r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dhnK T[dk;hnK pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' < T[BQK dhnK :ksoktK dk fJZe ukoN fsnko eoe/ t/otk th fdT[.
(v) ‘wqdzr’ fJZe ;kI j?. i/eo s[;hA j'o fe;/ ;kI pko/ ikDd/ j' sK T[; dk fuZso pDk e/ T[; dh ftP/Psk ;wMkT[.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) b/ye gfjbh tkoh fe;/ Bt/A Bro ftZu frnk.
(ii) rZmVh ƒ gZe/ fNekD/ dh nkds BjhA j?.
(iii) okj[b ;zeosk:B fJZe i?Bh b/ye ;h.
(iv) b/ye nkg x[zwD^fcoB d/ jZe ftZu j?.
(v) b/ye B/ fpoX ftnesh ƒ fwbD dh fJZSk gqrN ehsh ;h.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) T[j gzikp dk fJe HHH e;pk ;h.
(ii) xo fJZe fgnkok HHH j?.
(iii) HHH jh ;kro ƒ gkT[Adk j?.
(iv) w?ƒ fJBQK wzdoK ftZu'A HHH dh rz{i
;[DhAdh ;h.
(v) fe;/ fJZe ftnesh iK Bro d/ w'j ftZu ieV/ ikDk HHH fposh j?.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L
(i) ;wfgnk g[oP T[dk;hnK
(ii) r[o{ BkBe :ksoh
(iii) okj[b PzeoskfJB fpoX ftnesh
(iv) fjT{B;Kr x[wZeV
jH fd~s/ rJ/ PpdK d/ ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby'' L (i) fpoX HHH
(ii) fNekDk HHH (iii) mzve HHH (iv) nkekP HHH
eH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L (i) x[zwDk HHH (ii) BthnK HHH (iii) fGZiDk HHH (iv) fJfsjk;e HHH yH tke pDkT[ L
(i) yzvo HHH HHH HHH HHH (ii) frnkB HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) T[dk;hnK HHH HHH HHH HHH (iv) fJfsjk;e HHH HHH HHH HHH
dfonk ;kXkoB fJfsjk;e wqdzr nkbQDk
gzikph GkPk, nB[tkd ns/ whvhnk
vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo
P\;hns s/ ouBk
vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo dk iBw 27 wJh, 1964 ƒ gzikp d/ |ohde'N fIbQ/ ftZu fgzv e'N ;[yhnk fty/
wksk ;qhwsh ;Zfsnk d/th dh e[Zy'A fgsk wk;No ;'jD bkb d/ xo j'fJnk. T[j okiXkBh fdZbh d/ fdnkb f;zx JhtfBzr ekbi ftZu gzikph d/ nf;;N?AN g'q|?;o jB. o/vhU s/ NhHthH ;w/s whvhnk d/ y/so ftu th ;orow jB. T[BQK dhnK g[;seK ftZu ‘okw
;o{g nDyh dk Bktb ;z;ko’, ‘;kfjs^fuzsB’, ‘thBk towk dk rbgh irs’,
‘gzikph tkose^g[Bo ftuko’, ‘gzikph whvhnk’ ns/ ‘;zuko, seBhe s/
wbNhwhvhnk’ nkfd Pkfwb jB. whvhnk pko/ T[go'es feskpK tZy^tZy iwksK d/ f;b/p; ftZu gVQkJhnK ik ojhnK jB. nkg gzikph GkPk d/
gquko^gq;ko dhnK rsh^ftXhnk Bkb fBozso i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. nkg ƒ gzikph nekdwh, fdZbh tZb'A gzikph GkPk ;/tk ;BwkB Bkb ;BwkfBs eoB d/
Bkb^Bkb j'o th nB/eK ;z;EktK tZb'A wkD^;BwkB jk;b j' u[Ze/ jB.
gzikph GkPk, nB[tkd ns/ whvhnk
GkPk L
jo y/so dh nkgDh GkfPe Ppdktbh j[zdh j?. Xow, ;wki, okiBhsh, noE Pk;so, ;kfjs nkfd tKr whvhnk dh th nkgDh seBheh Ppdktbh j?. whvhnk dk gq;s[sheoB iK nB[tkd GkPk dh ikDekoh fpBk j'Dk n;zGt j?. Gkos ftu fjzdh ns/ nzrq/Ih GkPk d/ whvhnk dk p'b^pkbk j?. 20thA
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE GkfPe L GkPk dh
;dh d/ nk\oh djke/ ’u y/soh GkPktK d/ u?BbK dk d"o P[o{ j'fJnk. fJ;
nwb ftu fBZih (Private) u?BbK B/ \k; G{fwek fBGkJh. fJBQK y/soh GkPktK
’u gzikph d/ u?Bb fit/A Ih gzikph, fbPekok NhHthH (i' j[D pzd j' u[Zfenk j?) JhHNhH;hH gzikph, ghHNhH;hH gzikph, ghHNhH;hH fBT{I, gzikp N{v/ (i' j[D pzd j' u[Zfenk j?), n?~wHn?~uHtB s/ uVQdh ebk tor/ u?Bb j'Ad ftu nkJ/. d{odoPB ns/ nekPtkDh gfjbK jh gzikph gq'rokw s/ \poK g/P eod/
nk oj/ jB. fgqzN whvhnk ’u gzikph fNqfpT{B, nihs, iZrpkDh, ;g'e;w?B, d/P ;/te, gzikp ikroB, d/P gqd/P, BtK IwkBk torhnK n\pkoK gzikph GkPk s/ gzikphns dh ;/tk bJh isBPhb jB. gzikph o;kb/ th ekch wksok
’u Sg oj/ jB.
whvhnk bJh GkPk nfjw w;bk j?. ni'e/ w[ekpb/pkIh d/ d"o ftu fJ;
dh rzGhosk j'o tZX rJh j?. n"yh, r[zMbdko s/ bzw/^bzw/ tkeK dh GkfPe tos'A dk IwkBk bZd frnk j?. GkPk ƒ ;theko eoB iK oZd eoB dh Pesh gkme, ;q'sk iK doPe d/ jZE ftu j?. T[j j[D p'Mb iK nekT{ GkPk
;fjD eoB dk nkdh BjhA fojk. ftfrnkB dhnK BthnK ekYK B/ T[; ƒ pdbt/A ;kXB w[jZJhnk eok fdZs/ jB. i' gkme, ;q'sK iK doPe ed/ fJe d' n\pkoK, f;o| nekPtkDh iK d{odoPB ƒ gVQB, ;[DB iK t/yD dk nkdh
;h, T[; d/ ;kjwD/ ftPkb whvhnk w"i{d j?. fJ; bJh GkPk d/ BIohJ/ s'A j'o ;zihdk j'D dh b'V j?. n\pkoK dh GkPk jo gkme dh gj[zu ftu j'Dh ukjhdh j?. gzikph fJe nwho GkPk j?. fJ; ƒ ;ob iK w[jkto/dko sohe/
Bkb tos e/ j'o m[edko pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. whvhnk ’u fe;/ GkPD iK gZsoeko ;zw/bB (Press Conference) ƒ ;zy/g ikDekoh fdzfdnK eJh tko noEK dk nBoE j' iKdk j?. nfijk eod/ ;w/A GkfPe Ppdktbh dk :'r fJ;s/wkb jh ;jkJh j[zdk j?. gkme, ;o's/ iK doPe, nBgVQ iK gVQ/
fby/ d't/A fe;w d/ j' ;ed/ jB. fJ; bJh ;wki d/ jo ftnesh dh wkBf;esk ƒ fXnkB ’u oZy e/ jh b/yD^ekoi f;o/ ukVQBk ukjhdk j?. tke S'N/, ;ob s/ ;gPN j'D sK gVQB$;[DB tkb/ ƒ S/sh ;wM nk iKd/ jB.
whvhnk d/ ftfdnkoEh ƒ fJj rZb fXnkB ’u oZyDh ukjhdh j? fe whvhnk dh nkgDh ftbZyD p'b^pkDh j?. fJ; dh Ppdktbh ’u n;hA fe;/
j'o Ppdktbh ƒ obrv BjhA eo ;ed/. n;hA wBwoIh dh Ppdktbh gkmeK,
;o'fsnK iK doPeK T[~go BjhA E'g ;ed/. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb ;fGne GkPk th b'eK ƒ tX/o/ gqGkfts s/ nkeoPs eodh j?. ;gPN PpdK dk gq:'r eoB n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
nfjw L wjZstg{oB bZd L bzx frnk p'Mb iK
nekT{ L nek d/D tkbh
;zihdk L rzGho m[edko L gqGktPkbh obrv L o b h ^ f w b h ,
fwbktN
;w/A gzikph GkPk d/ ftnkeoDe B/wK ’s/ r"o eoBk Io{oh j?. fw;kb d/ s"o
’s/ ;wk;h PpdK ’u (^) i'VBh (Hyphen) dh tos'A :'r sohe/ Bkb j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fit/A ^ d/P fBekbk, oks fdB, j[;B J/ wfbek }bs jB. fJjBK ƒ i'VBh brk e/ d/P^fBekbk, oks^fdB, j[;B^J/^wbek fbyDk P[X j't/rk.
PpdK d/ gq:'r ;w/A fgqzN whvhnk iK fpibJh whvhnk d/ tZy'^tZyo/ ndkfonK dh gozgok ƒ ngDkT[Dk Io{oh j[zdk j?. fJe' noE tkb/ PpdK ƒ tZy'^
tZyo/ ndko/ tZy^tZy PpdK ’u g/P eod/ jB. fit/A ‘nihs n\pko’
‘fgSb/ n?stko’ ƒ ‘phs/ n?stko’ fbydk j? ns/ gzikph fNqfpT{B T[; ƒ ‘bzx/
n?stko’ fbydk j?. fJjBK PpdK dk gq:'r T[go'es n\pkoK ’u fJ;/ o{g ftZu jh j't/rk.
nB[tkd L
nB[tkd B/ g{oh d[Bhnk ƒ fJe ftPth fgzv ftu spdhb eo fdZsk j?.
nB[tkd ;dek jh n;hA d{i/
;fGnkukoK Bkb ;ztkd ouk ;ed/ jK. fJj nB[tkd jh j? fi; okjhA d{ihnK GkPktK d/ frnkB ^ftfrnkB ns/ tos'A ^ftjko ƒ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. g{o/ Gkos dh gkobhw?AN fJe j?. fJ; ftu jo ;{p/ s'A tZy'^tZyohnK GkPktK d/ gkobhw?AN w?Apo
fjZ;k b?Ad/ jB. fjzdh nzrq/Ih Bk p'bD tkb/ Bkb nB[tkd okjhA okpsk ekfJw ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK nB[tkd okPNoh J/esk bJh th fJe ;kXB ti'A ezw eodk j?. n\pkoK, o/vhU, d{odoPB nkfd ;G \poK dk nB[tkd eod/ jB.
j[D gzikp ftu e/Ado s'A jo fjzdh^nzrq/Ih tkbh uhI ƒ gzikph okjhA nB[tkd eoe/ b'eK sZe gj[zukfJnk iKdk j?. gzikph ;kfjs ftu nB[tkd wjZstg{oB EK rqfjD eo u[Zfenk j?. d{ihnK I[pkBK dk ;kfjs gzikph ftu nB[tkd j' fojk j?. J/;/ soQK gzikph ;kfjs d/ d{ihnK I[pkBK ’u nB[tkd j'D Bkb gzikph GkPk ns/ ;kfjs ƒ nwho pDkfJnk ik fojk j?. nB[tkd j[D f;o| fJe ebk BjhA pbfe g/P/ dk o{g XkoB eo u[Zfenk j?. whvhnk dk ;kok dko'^wdko jh nB[tkd T[~go fNfenk j'fJnk j?. gZsoekoh ftu fJ; dk
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
;{p/ L oki, gqKs, gqd/;
okpsk L ;zgoe g/P/ L o[Irko dko'^wdko L ezweki,
eko^ftjko T[bEkfJnk L nB[tkd
ftP/P wjZst j?. :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu fJ; dh pkekfJdk f;Zfynk fdZsh iKdh j?. J/;/ eoe/ nB[tkd j[D o[Irko dk o{g th XkoB eo frnk j?.
nB[tkd dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk L
nB[tkd Ppd td Xks{ Bkb nB[ nr/so bk e/ pfDnk j?. fJ; dk noE w[V s'A efjD iK fe;/ d/ efjD s'A wro'A efjD s'A fbnk iKdk j?. nB[tkd fbys iK p'b^pkDh d'tK dk ehsk iKdk j?. fJe GkPk d/ gkm (Text) ƒ id'A d{ih GkPk ftu T[bEkfJnk iKdk j?, T[; ƒ nB[tkd fejk iKdk j?. nB[tkd dk ezw gkm dk noE gfotosD Bk eoe/ T[; dk GkPkJh o{g pdbDk j[zdk j?. fw;kb d/ s"o ’s/ id'A n;hA nzro/Ih d/ fe;/ gkm dk gzikph GkPk ’u nB[tkd eod/ jK sK fJ; d"okB o'wB fbZgh ƒ r[ow[yh fbZgh ftu T[bEkfJnk ikt/rk. Gkt w{b ouBk d/ ftP/ iK noEK Bkb e'Jh S/V^SkV BjhA ehsh ikt/rh. fit/A j/m fbyh nzrq/Ih dh \po ƒ gzikph ’u nB[tkd eoB dh T[dkjoD t/y ;ed/ jK L
"The Uniteed States and Russia signed a landmark disarmament treaty." (nzro/Ih o{g) nwohek ns/ o{; B/ jfEnkoK dh eN"sh dh fJfsjk;e ;zXh T[~go d;s\s ehs/. (gzikph o{g) T[go'es \po dk noE d{ih GkPk ftu th poeoko fojk j?. nB[tkd Bkb e/tb GkPk dk o{g pdfbnk j?.
ftdtkB ‘tksf;nk:kB wkfPnk’ nB[;ko,
“fe;/ fJe GkPk dh gkm ;kwZroh ƒ fe;/ d{ih GkPk ’u T[;/
o{g ’u o{gKsos eoB ƒ nB[tkd fejk iKdk j?.”
gb?N' B/ nB[tkd d/ nwb ƒ ‘Beb dh d[pkok Beb’ dk BK fdZsk j?.
T[; nB[;ko fJj fe;/ j'o soQK d/ dod dk nB[Gt j?. nB[tkd dk we;d d{ih GkPk d/ ftukoK ƒ nkgDh GkPk d/ nkuko^ftjko nB[;ko Ykb e/ g/P eoBk j[zdk j?. ;kfjs ftu nB[tkd okjhA GkPktK dk nfXn?B s[bBkswe nfXn?B dk o{g XkoB eo b?Adk j?. id'A fJe GkPk ƒ d{ih GkPk ftu pdfbnk iKdk j? sK fJj GkPk ftfrnkB dh Pq/Dh ’u nk iKdk j?. ni'e/ ftPtheoB d/ :[r ’u nB[tkd dk wjZst j'o tX frnk j?.
nB[tkd dhnK ;w~f;nktK L
nB[tkd eoB dh ;wZf;nk fJe rzGho u[D"sh j?. brGr ;kohnK \poh J/iz;hnK nzrq/Ih iK fjzdh GkPk ’u \poK dk nkdkB^gqdkB eodhnK jB. fJ;
bJh J/iz;hnK s'A fwbh \po ƒ nzrq/Ih iK fjzdh GkPk s'A gzikph ftu nB[tkd eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; tk;s/ ;G s'A gfjbh Pos sK fJj j? fe \po dk w{b o{g fiT[A dk fsT[A ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fJj th BjhA j' ;edk fe wZyh ’s/ wZyh wkoh ikt/. tke dk Gkt eZY e/ T[; dh o{j nB[;ko jh nB[tkd eoBk ukjhdk j?. GkPk dk nX{ok frnkB j'D ekoB nzro/Ih^fjzdh d/ pj[s/ Ppd fiT[A d/
fsT[A tos b?D Bkb gzikph GkPk dk w[jKdok ftrVdk j?. fJ; dk ekoB fJj j? fe ;kv/ wB w;se T[~go nzro/Ih s/ fjzdh GkPktK dk gqGkt tX u[Zfenk j?. eJh tko n;hA fJBQK GkPktK ftu jh ;'uD brd/ jK. Ikfjo j? fe fi;
GkPk ftu ;'uKr/ T[;/ ftu jh fbyKr/. fJ; d/ Bkb^Bkb y/soh GkPktK d/
nkg;h nkdkB^gqdkB ;w/A th fJ;/ soQK dhnK ;wZf;nktK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j?.
BK dk nB[tkd eoB dh ;w~f;nk L
nzro/Ih fjzdh iK fe;/ j'o GkPk s'A gzikph ’u nB[tkd eoB
;w/A BK ƒ fbyD dh pj[s tZvh ;wZf;nk j?. fJj nkw t/yD ftu nkT[Adk j? fe whvhnk ’u BK nkgD/ P[X o{g ftu
nB[tkd BjhA j' ;ed/. fJ; soQK T[jBK ƒ }bs sohe/ Bkb g/P eoB Bkb b'eK ftu T[j }bs o{g ’u jh gqubs j' iKd/
jB. n\pkoK d/ Bkb^Bkb fpibJh whvhnk ’u fJj ;wZf;nk j'o th rzGho j?. o/vhU ns/ NhHthH ’s/ \poK p'bd/
n?Aeo ne;o }bs BK dk T[ukoB eod/
jB. \k; eoe/ uhBh, ikgkBh iK ncoheB nkfd b'eK d/ BK nzro/Ih okjhA id'A gzikph ’u nB[tkd j' e/ gj[zud/ jB sK T[jBK dk o{g ftrV u[Zfenk j[zdk j?. fw;kb d/ s"o ’s/ uhB d/ okPNogsh dk BK nzro/Ih GkPk ’u Wen Jia Bao fbfynk iKdk j?. gzikph ftu i/eo fJ; ƒ J/;/ soQK fbyDk j't/ sK ‘t?B ihnk pkT[’ pDdk j?. go fJ; dk P[X T[ukoD ‘t?B uhnk gkU’ j?. d/PK iK EktK d/ nB[tkd ;w/A th fJ; soQK dh ;wZf;nk dk ;kjwDk eoBk g? ;edk j?. fit/A ;hohnk dh okiXkBh o'wB ’u Damascus fbyh iKdh j? go fJ;
dk ;jh T[ukoB dfwPe j?. fJ; bJh gzikph ftu fJ; dk nB[tkd dfwPe ehsk iKdk j?. Reuter ƒ gzikph ftu okJhNo fbfynk s/ p'fbnk iKdk j?.
fJj fJ; dk P[ZX o{g j?.
BK dk ;zy/g o{g L
nB[tkd eod/ ;w/A BK dk ;zy/g o{g eJh tko jk;'^jhDk brdk j?. \po fbyD ;w/A pko^pko bzwk BK fbyD s'A puD bJh T[; dk ;zy/g o{g tos fbnk iKdk j?. fw;kb ti'A ndkeko Grtzs wkB dk \po d/ P[o{ ’u g{ok BK fby e/ wro'A fJeZb/ ;qh wkB Bkb tke fby/ ik ;ed/ jB. J/;/ soQK fe;/ Bkb iks fbyD tkb/ dk ;zy/g BK iksh nXkfos th j' ;edk j?. fit/A ;qhwsh ebgBk uktbk dk ;zy/g o{g ;qhwsh uktbk pDdk j?. go fXnkB oj/ fe BK dk ;zy/g o{g eoB ;w/A fJeZb/ BK d/ N[ZeV/ BjhA ehs/ ik ;ed/. r[ioks, fpjko, dZyDh Gkos d/ BK dk ;zy/g o{g pDkT[D bZfrnK B/w dk \k; fXnkB oZyDk j[zdk j?.
;[Mkn L
GkPk d/ nB[tkd dk whvhnk ftu \k; :'rdkB j?. whvhnk okjhA GkPk p'b e/ iK fby e/ g/P ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; bJh nB[tkde dh fIzw/tkoh pDdh j? fe T[; d/ nB[tkd ftu fszB ;Zf;nK Gkt ;ziw, ;obsk s/ ;zuko dk fwPoD Io{o j't/.
nfGnk; L
Language ^ GkPk, Literature ^ ;kfjs, Play ^ BkNe, Brief ^
;zy/g, Translation ^ nB[tkd, Example ^ T[dkjoB, News ^ \po, Newspaper ^ n\pko, Magazine ^ o;kbk, Pronounce ^ T[ukoBk, Speak ^ p'bDk, Publish ^ SkgDk, Audiance ^ doPe, Source ^ ;kXB, Journalist ^ gZsoeko, Problem ^ ;wZf;nk, Headline ^ w[Zy \po, Broadcast ^ gq;koB, Live ^ f;ZXk, Bkb'^Bkb Handbill ^ gouk, All India Radio ^ nkekPtkDh, Audio Video ^ Pqt s/ fdqP, Enternaiment ^ wB'oziB, Edit ^ ;zgkdB, Medium ^ wkfXnw
fN~gDh
T[go'es gkm ftZu gzikph GkPk, nB[tkd s/ whvhnk pko/ w[ZYbh ikDekoh fdZsh rJh j?. gzikph GkPk d/ gquko^gq;ko ftZu whvhnk d/ :'rdkB ƒ uouk dk ftPk pDkfJnk frnk j?. nB[tkd dh gfoGkPk s/ ftXh ƒ ;wMkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh rJh j?. nB[tkd eoB ftZu nkT[D tkbhnK ;wZf;nktK ƒ jZb eoB d/ sohe/ th do;kJ/ rJ/ jB. nB[tkd bJh b'VhAdh Ppdktbh d/
nfGnk; bJh nzro/Ih s'A gzikph nB[tkd tkbh Ppdktbh fdZsh rJh j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) gzikph dhnK d' gqf;ZX n\pkoK d/ BK dZ;'.
(ii) ;wk;h^Ppd eh j[zd/ jB < T[dkjoBK ;fjs ;wMkT[.
(iii) nB[tkd dh gfoGkPk fdT[.
(iv) nB[tkd dhnK ;wZf;nktK T[~go o"PBh gkT[.
(v) BK dk nB[tkd eoB dh ftXh dZ;'.
(vi) j/mK fdZs/ j'J/ nzro/Ih PpdK dk gzikph ftZu nB[tkd eo' L Language, Newspaper, Magazine, Translation, Speak
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) gzikph dh e'Jh n\pko gVQ e/ ;e{b dh n;?Apbh ftZu p'bD bJh w[Zy \poK fsnko eo'.
(ii) nzro/Ih, gzikph s/ fjzdh GkPk d/ NhHthH iK o/vhT[ T[~go \poK d/
p[b/fNB d/y^;[D e/ T[BQK ftZu tos/ rJ/ wjZstg[{oB PpdK dk d{i/
ftfdnkoEhnK Bkb fwb e/ nB[tkd eoB dk nfGnk; eo'.
(iii) eh s[jkƒ gzikph GkPk dh w[ZYbh ikDekoh jk;b j?. fJ; dh ftnkeoB dk fJZe ukoN fsnko eo'.
(iv) d' d';sK ftueko nzro/Ih ftZu j'Jh rZbpks ƒ gzikph ftZu fby'.
(v) ;e{b ftZu j'J/ ;kbkBk ;wko'j dh fog'oN ƒ gzikph s/ nzro/Ih ftZu fby'.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) nB[tkd eoB dh ;wZf;nk e'Jh rzGho w;bk BjhA j?.
(ii) nB[tkd dk ezw gkm dk noE gfotosB j[zdk j?.
(iii) nzro/Ih s/ fjzdh GkPktK dk gqGkt tX u[Zfenk j?.
(iv) ‘BK’ fJe tkoh g{ok fbyD wro'A ;zy/g ftZu fbfynk ik
;edk j?.
(v) nB[tkd ;w/A n:'r Ppdktbh dh tos'A eoBh ukjhdh j?.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) fJe GkPk s'A d{ih GkPk ftu T[bEkT[D ƒ HHH nkyd/ jB.
(ii) nB[tkd B/ HHH dk o{g Xko fbnk j?.
(iii) nB[tkd dh ;wZf;nk fJe HHH u[D"sh j?.
(iv) \poK p'bD tkb/ HHH ne;o rbsh eo iKd/ jB.
(v) BK d/ nB[tkd ;w/A T[; dk HHH o{g th tos fbnk iKdk j?.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L
(i) wZ[y \po Translation (ii) o;kbk Handbill (iii) nB[tkd Head Line
(iv) gouk Magazine
jH ‘n\pko’ fgqzN whvhnk dk fj~;k j?. fgqzN whvhnk ftu j'o eh^eh nkT[Adk j?<
HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH
eH fit/A ‘NhHthH ƒ t/fynk iKdk jK’ p'fbnk iKdk j?. j/m fbfynK ƒ eh p'bKr/ <
(i) o/vhU HHH (ii) n\pko HHH
yH nzro/Ih ftu nB[tkd eo' L
(i) nwoheh okPNogsh B/ Gkos dh jwkfJs ehsh j?.
HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH
(ii) ;fuB s/Ad[beo Gkosh feqeN dk f;oski j?.
HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) gzikp gzi dfonktK dh Xosh j?.
HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH
(iv) jo/e ftnesh ƒ nkgDh wK^p'bh ftu rZb eoBh ukjhdh j?.
HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH
(v) ftfdnkoEhnK B/ ob e/ y/v y/vh.
HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH
rzGho n?Aeo
o[Irko
nB[tkd ;zy/g
r~g pkI
fgnkok f;zx dksk
P\;hns s/ ouBk
fgnkok f;zx dksk dk iBw 15 i[bkJh, 1910 ƒ fgzv dkskGZN, fIbQk oktbfgzvh (j[D gkfe;skB ftu) fty/
fgsk okw f;zx d/ xo wksk nksw e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[BQK ƒ jk;^ftnzr dk pkdPkj fejk iKdk j?. fiZE/ T[BQK dk ftnzr e[s^e[skohnK eZYdk j?, fYZvhA ghvK gkT[Adk j?, T[~E/ r[ops, trko, wIp{oh ns/ ;wki dh ;Zuh s;tho fyZu e/ ;'uD bJh wIp{o
th eodk j?. T[BQK dhnK ouBktK jB—jk;^ftnzr, ihtBhnK, fJfsjk;,
;|oBkwk ;kfjs, nB[tkd ns/ pkb ;kfjs nkfd. T[BQK B/ ‘;cbsk’ ns/ ‘BtK
;kfjs’ o;kfbnK d/ ;zgkde dh G{fwek th fBGkJh. fJ; s'A fJbktk T[BQK B/
nB/eK g[;sek dh ;zgkdBk th ehsh j?.
r~g pkI
pN/o pkI, w[or pkI, ep{so pkI s/ gszr pkI tKr, rZg pkI th ;kv/
;wki ftu nkgDh ftP/P EK oydk j?.
rZg pkI jo xVh ;kv/ nZr/ fgZS/ wzvbKdk ofjzdk j?. T[j jo rbh wjZb/, fgzv^fgzv, Pfjo, w;id wzdo s/ ;Gk ;';kfJNhnK ftu w"i{d ofjzdk j?. nZi thjthA ;dh ftu sK e'Jh pPo th fJj efjD dh db/oh BjhA eo
;edk fe rZg pkI d/ T[; ƒ edh doPB BjhA j'J/.
rZg pkI brGr nkg p/eko ofjzdk j?, go rZbK T[j seV/ eko'pkohnK s/ ;/mK tkbhnK eodk j?. nkg T[; edh fpZbh th BjhA wkoh j[zdh, go T[j
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE wzvbKdk Lx[zwdk pPo Lnkdwh, pzdk db/oh Lpjkdoh
nkgD/ nkg ƒ P/oK dk fPekoh do;Kdk j?. IwhB n;wkB d/ ebkt/ fwbkD ftu T[j P/yfuZbh dk pkg j?. rZb^rZb ftu T[j pVhnK tZvhnK j;shnK d/
jtkb/ d/t/rk. nkgD/ fgzv'A, Pfjo'A iK d/P s'A edh T[j pkjo fBefbnk BjhA j[zdk, go rZbK pksK ftu T[j fIeo iowBh, o{; s/ nwohek dk eo/rk. fwfbnk edh T[j nkgD/ d/P d/ S'N/^w'N/ bhvo ƒ th BjhA j[zdk, go Ikfjo eo/rk, fe “cbkD/ ;w/A w?E'A gqXkB wzsoh B/ wPtok wzfrnk ;h.
;NkfbB ƒ fwbD ;w/A w?A T[; ƒ :'rsk Bkb je{ws ubkT[D dhnK eJh sithIK dZ;hnK jB. okPNogsh Bkb ukj ghD ;w/A w?A T[BQK ƒ T[gfBPdK pko/ nkgDh tke|h dZ;h, sK T[j M{w T[~m/.”
b/ye ƒ gfjbh tko rZg pkI d/ doPB fJe fgzv dh wfj|b ftu j'J/
;B. fgzvK ftu nkw eoe/ ykD ghD s'A ftjfbnK j' e/ b'eh p'jVK dh Skt/A nk p?md/ jB. T[~E/ jh T[j skP, u"gN, Psozi nkfd y/vd/ iK fgzv, Pfjo, ;{p/ no w[be pko/ fJe d{i/ s'A tke|h gqkgs eod/ jB. rZg pkI fJBQK wfj|bK ftu pVh PkB Bkb fpokiwkB j[zdk j?. ftuko/ nBgVQ g/Av{
fe;kB T[; dhnK rZbK pV/ fXnkB Bkb ;[Dd/ jB.
T[; wfj|b ftu T[j efj fojk ;h, “fgSb/ ;kb w?A fPwb/ d/ xD/ izrbK ftu fJe gjkVh dh u'Nh ’s/ p?mk ;K, fe fJe gkf;T[A w?ƒ fe;/ izrbh ikBto d/ r[okD dh nktkI nkJh. w?A nkgDh bkmh ;zGkb e/ u/szB j' yV' frnk.
d{o BhM bk e/ t/fynk, sK fJe izrbh P/o s/ P/oBh dk i'Vk BIo nkfJnk.
T[j nkg' ftu g?bK gkT[Ad/ BZud/^NZgd/ w/o/ tZb ub/ nk oj/ ;B. ;oho T[BQK d/ fJzB/A wIp{s s/ eZd d/ fJzB/A T[~u/ fe d{o'A T[j jkEh BIo nkT[Ad/ ;B. T[j w/o/ B/V/ nk e/ yV' rJ/ go w?A fpbe[b Bk vfonk. w?ƒ t/yfdnK ;ko T[BQK w/o/ ’s/ fJe fwbtK jZbk p'fbnk. w?A fJe tZv/ ;ko/ doZ\s d/ fgZS/ g[IhPB
;zGkb bJh. d' rI bzph vKr w/o/ jZE ftu ;h, fiT[A jh ;{s e/ wkoh fe gfjb/ tko Bkb jh P/o d{o ik fgnk. nkgD/ gqhsw dh fJj rs t/y P/oBh r[Z;k yk e/ nZr/ tXh, go T[; ƒ th w?A fJe' tko Bkb EK oZfynk. p; xVhnK gbK ftu d' bkPK fJe d{i/ ’s/ fvrhnK w/o/ ;kjwD/ sVg ojhnK ;B.”
w?A t/fynk, fe id'A rZg pkI, g/Av{nK dh wfj|b ftu nkgDh pjkdoh dhnK vhrK wko fojk ;h, sK ;[DB tkb/ nP^nP eo oj/ ;B. T[;
;w/A rZgh wjkoki dhnK nZyK uwe ojhnK ;B. T[; B/ nkgDh eEk ikoh oyh L
“P/o s/ P/oBh d'jK ƒ T[~E/ jh SZv w?A nZr/ s[o fgnk. okj ftu w?A fJe n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
P/yfuZbh LrZgK wkoB tkbk
wPtok L;bkj
p'jVK Ldo\s
u/szB L;[u/s j'Dk EK oZfynk LY/o eo fdZsk
nihp fijk izrbh ikBto t/fynk.
pJh eh dZ;K fe T[j fezBk T[~uk ;h.
T[; dk f;o n;wkB ƒ Sz{jdk ;h s/
g?o T[; d/ Xosh ’s/ ;B.”
w?A rZgh d/ fgZS/ p?mk ;K s/ T[;
dk uzrh soQK tke| ;K. T[; dh fgZm
’s/ w?A nkgDk jZE c/fonk, fi; dk Gkt ;h fe fJzBh tZvh rZg jZeDh mhe
BjhA. T[j w/ok fJPkok ;wM frnk s/ nkgD/ fpnkB ƒ do[Z;s eofdnK j'fJnK p'fbnk, “jK ;Zuh, T[; d/ g?o sK Xosh ’s/ ;B, go f;o T[; dk nZX n;wkB
’s/ ik gj[zudk ;h.”
w?A fco fJPkok ehsk, sK T[j p'fbnk, “jK pJh g?o sK T[; d/ Xosh Bkb bZrd/ ;B, go f;o T[; dk u"EkJh n;wkB she gj[zudk ;h.” w?A fco T[; dk g?o dpkfJnk, sK T[j w/o/ tZb wz{j eoe/ efjD bZrk, “owfsnk ` j[D dZ; fJ;
s'A th xZN w?A eh T[; dk e~d fpnkB eoK, sz{ sK w?ƒ yk jh bEk J/A.”
w?A T[; nZr/ f;o fBtk e/ T[~E'A s[o nkfJnk, sK gsk bZrk fe w/o/ fgZS'A p'jV w[Y p?m/ fJe nkdwh ƒ fJe ;Zg dk pZuk BIo nkfJnk. T[; B/ P'o wukfJnk sK ;ko/ eZm/ j' e/ rJ/ s/ xVhnK gbK ftu T[BQK B/ ;Zg ƒ wko e/ fpZb/ bk fdZsk.
fgZS'A b'eK t/fynk fe P/oK d/ fPekoh rZg pkI dk ;Zg dk BK ;[D e/ jh bj{ ;[Ze frnk ;h s/ T[j T[;/ t/b/ uzgs j' frnk ;h.
fJj P/qDh d{o^d{o sZe c?bh j'Jh j?. fejk iKdk j?, fe fJBQK dk tv/ok G"Ad{ wZb ;h. G"Ad{ pVk Gkoh rZgh ;h. T[; d/ d' g[Zso ;B—fBjkbk s/ r[gkbk. fJj d't/A fgT[ d/ th ezB e[sod/ ;B.
fJe tkoh Goh wfj|b ftu fJj d't/A rZgK jZe oj/ ;B. fBjkbk efj fojk ;h, “;kv/ pkg{ gk; eJh jIko wZMK ;B. T[j wZMK ƒ ;t/o s'A Pkw she fJe tZv/ ;ko/ sbkp ftu u'Adk ofjzdk ;h s/ b'ehA pkbNhnK Go^Go ;kok fdB d[ZX nkgD/ xohA fbiKd/ ofjzd/ ;B, fco th sbkp jo tes Gfonk jh ofjzdk ;h.
“;kv/ pkg{ B/ fJe tZvh ;koh y[obh pDkJh j'Jh ;h. T[j fdZbh s'A b?
e/ tkfPzrNB (nwohek) she bzph ;h. T[; nZr/ wZMK pzBQhnK ofjzdhnK ;B s/ T[j nkgDk ukok yKdhnK ofjzdhnK ;B.”
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE do[Z;s Lmhe eoBk uzgs
j' frnk Ld"V frnk u'Adk Ld[ZX eZYDk y[obh LgP{ d/ ukok
ykD tkbh EK
r[gkbk p'fbnk, “T[J/ p; eo rZghnk, s/o/ pkg{ dk ;kv/ pkg{ Bkb eh Nkeok < ;kv/ pkg{ e'b Xosh s'A nekP she bzwk B/Ik ;h. id'A edh d/P ftu pkoP dh b'V Gk;dh, b'ehA pkg{ d/ uoBhA nkD fvrd/. s/ pkg{ T[BQK ’s/
so; yk e/ nkgDk B/Ik n;wkB ’s/ pZdbK ftu yG' fdzdk. p; fco eh j[zdk, fSBK gbK ftu toyk j' iKdh s/ ;[Ze/ y/s jo/ Go/ j' iKd/.”
ftu'A fBjkbk N'edk, “p; eo UJ/ :pbk, i/ fJvk tZvk s/o/ fgT[ gk;
B/Ik ;h, sK T[j oydk feZE/ ;h <”
r[gkbk nZr'A s[ozs T[so d/Adk, “s/o/ fgT[ dh y[obh ftu.”
s/ p; ;[DB tkfbnK ƒ d'jK dhnK rZgK ’s/ fJedw ftPtk; nk iKdk.
bkb febQ/ fdZbh pko/ T[j d't/A fJT[A fpnkB d/Ad/ L
“bkb febQk gsk i/ fdZbh fet/A g[Zik < ni s'A d' ;" ;kb gfjbK fJj febQk r'b ezv/ dhnK gjkVhnK ’s/ yV'sk ;h. ;kv/ fgsk G"Ad{ s/ ukfunK—
bZS{ okw, fwoI/ s/ dhB/ B/ fJ; dhnK u"jK B[ZeoK Bkb uko jkEh eZ; e/ pzBQ fdZs/. fJ; fgZS'A T[BQK jkEhnK g[o u"jK gk;/ ;kv/ fgsk ih s/ ukfunK B/ jZbk p'b fdZsk. nZr/^nZr/ fJj jkEh febQ/ ƒ Xoheh nk oj/ ;B s/ fgZS/^fgZS/ fJj gzi/ GkJh x'fVnK ’s/ uVQ/ jZbk eo oj/ ;B. p; T[BQK jkEhnK B/ iwBk feBko/
febQk nkD fNekfJnk s/ nkg nZbQk ƒ fgnko/ j' rJ/.
“gziK GkJhnK B/ jkEhnK d/ oZ;/ y'bQ e/ T[BQK ƒ Xohe e/ iwBk ftu
;[ZfNnk, fJ; soQK fJj febQk w[}bK d/ jtkb/ ehsk.”
d't/A rZg pkI T[go dk ekoBkwk \sw eod/, sK ;o'sk rD tkj^tkj eo T[~md/.
fejk iKdk j? fe nZi d/ rZgh, G"Ad{ dh jh n"bkd jB. fJBQK b'eK ftu pVk Gkoh fJs|ke j?, s/ tes e[tes fJj nkgD/ GkJhpzdK dh pVh wdd eod/ jB. ftnkj PkdhnK no woB/ gofBnK s/ fJBQK dk nkw w/b j[zdk j? s/ fJBQK wjkB ;wkrwK ’s/ T[j nkgDh f;nkDg d/ efoPw/
ftykT[Ad/ jB.
ftnkj PkdhnK s/ th fJj ‘G"Ad{ dh n"bkd’ pVhnK vhArK wkodh j?.
e'Jh g[okDk w[Y rZgh ej/rk, “;kv/ tesK dh eh g[ZSd/ j', gksPkj' ` T[j th e'Jh t/b/ ;B. ;kv/ uku/ d/ wkw/ d/ ;kb/ dh Pkdh ;h. T[; poks ftu Pkwb j'D bJh wjkokik ;kfjp e'NrVQ nkg jkEh ’s/ uVQ e/ nkJ/ ;B, s/ t?;okn B/ nkgD/ bkN ƒ G/fink ;h. poks eh ;h, fJe mkmK wkodk
;w[zdo ;h. wjkokik ;kfjp d/ 500 c"ih itkB Ioe poe todhnK gfjBhA n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
B/Ik LGkbk
:pb Lw{oy
fJs|ke LJ/ek
bkN LrtoBo
poks dh PkB ƒ uko uzB bk oj/ ;B. fJe jIko sK fBo/ x'V/ jh ;B, i' fjD^fjD eod/ poks d/ d'jhA gk;hA wkou eo oj/ ;B.”
T[Xo rZgh wjkoki dh Xow gsBh nkgDk GkPB nbkg ojh j[zdh,
“;kvk th ftnkj e'Jh ftnkj ;h, w/o/ wkfgnK B/ 500 s'b/ ;'Bk s/ 10 wZMK dki Bkb fdZshnK ;B. d[~X dhnK sK ;kv/ xo BdhnK tfjzdhnK ;B, G?D BdhnK. ;kok fgzv w[|s d[ZX bZ;h b? e/ iKdk ;h. nBki d/ sK xo ftu e'm/ jh Go/ ofjzd/ ;B. p; i' ;[Zy gkfJnk, T[j nkgD/ pkpb d/ xo gkfJnk.
id dh w?A fJZE/ nkJh, p; G[ZfynK BzfrnK d/ gZb/ pzBQ fdZsh rJh, Bk uZi dk ykDk, Bk ghDk, Bk woBk, Bk ihDk. xo d/ ezw eofdnK s/ p[jkoh p'jeo c/ofdnK wo ikJhdk j?. g/e/ xo sK B"eo B"eokDhnK ezw ƒ jZE BjhA ;B bkD d/Ad/ HHH.”
;qhwsh dk GkPB jkbhA ikoh jh j[zdk j?, fe gk; p?mh T[; dh r[nKYD
;zsh nkgD/ Bkb p?mh p;zsh ƒ efjzdh j?, “;Zu efjzdh j? ftukoh. fgT[ d/
xo fJ; ƒ ykD ƒ BjhA ;h fwbdk. fJj NZpo r[nKYhnK s'A bZ;h wzr e/
r[Ikok eodk ;h, go ;j[fonK d/ xo tVfdnK jh pkpb d/ ftjV/ pzBQhnK wZMK dh :kd nk rJh ;{.”
nZbQk pukt/ fJ; e"w s'A, fizBK fJBQK s'A pfunk ikt/, UBk jh E'VQk, go fJj f;o| ows/ dh okJ/ j?, c[zwD f;zx dk sK f\nkb j? fe fJBQK b'eK ƒ
;dk nkgD/ ;Zi/^yZp/ wzvbKd/ ofjD fdU. fJj pzd/ dk fdb goukJh oyd/ jB s/ fuzsk }w iK fBok;sk T[; d/ B/V/ BjhA Y[eD d/Ad/.
fN~gDh
rZg pkI b/y ftZu fgnkok f;zx dksk B/ ;kv/ ;wki ftZu ftuodh rZg pkI dh e"w ’s/ ukBDk gkfJnk j?. fJj spek jo rbh^w[jZb/, fgzv, Pfjo s/ ;Gk
;';kfJNhnK ftZu w"i{d ofjzdk j?. jo wfj|b ftZu fJBQK dh tZyoh PkB w"i{d ofjzdh j?. nZi d/ ;w/A ftZu e'Jh th ftnesh nfijk BjhA j? fi; B/ rZg pkI d/ doPB BjhA ehs/. rZg pkI dh \{ph fJj j? fe T[j rZgK$vhArK sK pj[s tZvhnK^tZvhnK wkodk j?, go ;ZukJh Bkb o{^p^o{ j[zd/ jh T[; dk \{B ;[Ze iKdk j?. fJBQK d/ ekoBkw/ ;[Dd/ jh ;o's/ tkj^tkj eo T[~md/ jB. ftnkj Pkdh j't/ iK ;'r dk w"ek j't/ fJj rZg pkI jo EK nkgDh f;nkDg d/ efoPw/
fdykT[Ad/ BIo nkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQK rZg pkIK dh \k;hns fJj j? fe fJj pzd/
dk fdb goukJh oZyd/ jB, s/ fBok;sk ƒ B/V/ BjhA Y[eD fdzd/.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE p'jeo LMkV{
r[nKYD LBkb tkb/ xo
’u ofjD tkbh n"os
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) rZg pkI feBQK EktK ’s/ w"i{d j[zdk j? <
(ii) rZg pkI dk ufoZso T[ikro eo' <
(iii) rZg pkI dhnK rZgK dk fPeko ;wki dk fejVk tor pDdk j? <
(iv) rZg pkI dh ;wki ftZu eh EK j? <
(v) rZg pkI B/ fJ; b/y ftZu fejV/ izrbh ikBto Bkb bVB dh rZZg wkoh s/ T[; B/ fejVh ejkDh xVh <
(vi) rZg pkI dh gsBh d/ nkgD/ ftnkj pko/ eh ftuko ;B <
nkU e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) eh s[;hA nfij/ fe;/ j'o rZg pkI ƒ ikDd/ j'. i/ jK sK T[; d/
;[Gkn s/ o[ZuhnK pko/ ikDekoh fdT[.
(ii) eh s[;hA ed/ rZg wkoh j? < T[; dk s[jkƒ e'Jh B[e;kB j'fJnk j? < nfijh xNBk dk jkb fpnkB eo'.
(iii) rZg wkoBh uzrh rZb j? iK wkVh. fJ; d/ gZy iK fto'X ftZu nkgD/
ftuko g/P eo'.
(iv) eh s[;hA wzBd/ j' fe rZg pkIK ekoB n|tkjK c?bdhnK jB <
i/eo ed/ s[jkvk nfijh fe;/ xNBk Bkb tkj fgnk j? sK T[; d/
f;ZfNnK T[~go o"PBh gkT[.
(v) |oI eo' s[jkvk e'Jh fwZso rZg pkI j?. T[; dk fJ; nkds s'A fgZSk S[vkT[D bJh s[;hA eh eo'r/ <
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) rZg pkI jo rZb ftZu pj[s tZvhnK j;shnK dk jtkbk
fdzdk j?.
(ii) nBgVQ g/Av{ fe;kB rZg pkI dhnK rZbK dk fPeko BjhA j[zd/.
(iii) rZg pkI P/o s/ P/oBh d/ e'b jh p?mk ofjzdk j?.
(iv) r[gkbk efjzdk j? fe T[; dk pkg{ pZdbK ftZu B/Ik wko e/ toyk eotk ;edk ;h.
(v) rZgh wjkoki dh gsBh nkgD/ xo d[ZX dhnK BdhnK trD dh rZg wkodh j?.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) bkb febQk HHH dh wdd Bkb iwBk feBko/ fbnKdk frnk.
(ii) rZg pkI dhnK HHH ;[D e/ fgzv tkfbnK dh wfj|b nP^nP eo T[~mh.
(iii) nZi d/ rZgh ƒ HHH dh n"bkd fejk iKdk j?.
(iv) c[zwB f;zx rZghnK dh e"w dk HHH g{odk j?.
(v) fdZbh d/ bkb febQ/ ƒ HHH dhnK gjkVhnK s'A fbnkT[D dh rZg wkoh rJh j?.
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L
r'b e[zvk pkoP
B/Ik iwBk
r'gkbk gjkVhnK
bkb febk :Zpb
jH fg~S/ Ppd bk e/ ;wk;h Ppd pDkT[ L (i) fgzv HHH
(ii) fjD HHH (iii) rZb HHH (iv) d{o HHH
eH fbzr pdb' L
(i) ;/m
(ii) gsh (iii) jkEh (iv) jEBh yH tke pDkT[ L
(i) vhArK wkoBhnK HHH HHH HHH HHH (ii) jZbk p'bDk HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) fpnkB eoBk HHH HHH HHH HHH (iv) fpb/ bkT[Dk HHH HHH HHH HHH
vhArK g~y
jkEhnK
r'be[zvk G"Ad{
;t?^o~fynk
;kX{ f;zx nKub
P\;hns s/ ouBk
;kX{ f;zx nKub dk iBw 9 nes{[po, 1932 ƒ fgzv GfXnkDk, fIbQk ibzXo fty/ fgsk pfuZso f;zx d/
xo wksk feogkb e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. w[ZYbh ftZfdnk fgzv d/ ;oekoh ;e{b s'A jk;b ehsh ns/
;e{bh gVQkJh s'A pknd phHJ/H eoe/ fdZbh g[fb;
ftZu Gosh j' rJ/. ;oft; eofdnK jh fdZbh :{Bhtof;Nh s'A n?~wHJ/H gzikph gk; ehsh. T[j
;jkfJe g[fb; efwPBo d/ nj[d/ ’s'A ;/tk^w[es j'J/. nkgDh B"eoh d"okB th T[BQK B/ toePkgK s/ ;?whBkoK okjhA ;e{bK, ekbiK d/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ
;t?^oZfynk Bkb ;zpzXs sohe/ ngBkT[D bJh gq/fos ehsk. T[j wPj{o gzikph
;kfjseko jB. Gkt/A T[BQK B/ fInkdkso eftsktK s/ rhsK dh ouBk ehsh j?, fco th tkose d/ y/so ftZu fJBQK dk tZvw[Zbk :'rdkB j?. T[BQK d/ ekft^;zrqfj wB[Zyh gq/oDk d/ ;o's jB. ‘;ZXoK dhnK bkPK’, ‘fdb d/ dkr’, ‘fpoj'A fgnk
;kv/ fynkb’ ‘dod ftS'V/ dk jkb’, ‘BjhA oh;K gzikp dhnK’ ‘nbp/bk gzikp’,
‘nkjK s/ nZEo{’ s/ ‘f;Zyh dk ;|o’ T[BQK dhnK wPj{o g[;seK jB.
;t?^o~fynk
wB[Zyh j'Ad d/ Bkb jh T[; ftZu ;t?^oZfynk dk fXnkB nkfJnk. izrbh ikBtoK s/ e[dosh nk|sK s'A fJbktk nZr^gkDh dk efjo wB[Zy bJh ;dk jh vo dk ftPk pfDnk fojk j?. nkdwh nkozG s'A jh fJj' fijhnK nk|sK s'A puD bJh Yzr sohe/ ;'udk nk fojk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh d[PwD T[~s/
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
;t?^oZfynk L ;[oZfynk nk|sK L w[;hpsK efjo L r[Z;k ekoro L ;jh
jwbk eoB d/ Yzr sohe/ th ;'udk fojk j?. wB[Zy dh jZE'^jZE bVkJh ftZu vzvk, bkmh, sbtko s/ poSk wB[Zyh tko ƒ o'eD bJh ekoro sohe/ ngDkJ/
ik ;ed/ jB. pzd{e, sbtko iK j'o r'bh f;Zek, pko{d dh ekY s'A gfjbK wB[Zy T[go dZ;/ jfEnko jh ;t?^oZfynk bJh tosdk fojk j?. rse/pkIh th
;t?^oZfynk dk fJe ;kXB wzBh iKdh j?. wB[Zy nkgD/ nkg ƒ bkmh, sbtko nkfd s'A pukn d/ Yzr dZ;dk j?. rse/pkIh ftZu ewo s'A EZb/ d/ fjZ;/ d/
pukn bJh g?oh sohe/ ngDkJ/ iKd/ jB. g?oh (;kJhv) bZsK iK ewo T[~s/
ehs/ tko ƒ nkyd/ jB. fi; ƒ bkmh Bkb o'fenk ik ;edk j?. b/feB n;hA fJE/ ;t?^oZfynk d/ ftP/ ti'A ykbh jZE oZfynk bJh Yzr sohfenk dk T[gkn iK tos'A pko/ rZb eo oj/ jK.
eokN/ ikgkBh GkPk ftu d' PpdK dk i'V j?—‘eo’ dk noE j? ykbh s/ ‘N/’ dk wsbp j? jZE, Gkt ykbh jZE. nkdwh tb'A ykbh jZEK Bkb ngDkJ/
rJ/ s"o sohfenK ƒ ‘eokN/’ nkyd/ jB. eokfNnK ƒ ikgkBh GkPk ftZu i{v' noEks e[Psh th nkyd/ jB. ikgkBh GkPk ftZu fJ; ƒ fJT[A fpnkB eo
;ed/ jK fe i/eo s[;hA ;ohoe s"o s/ skesto BjhA j' sK th s[;hA nkgDh oZfynk eo ;ed/ j'. i/eo s[;hA eokfNnK dh w[jkos jk;b eoe/ nkgD/
fi;w ƒ wIp{s pDk fbnk j? sK d{i/ T[~s/ jwbk eoB dh s[jkƒ e'Jh b'V BjhA. fJZe j'o eEB th fJ; ftP/ Bkb i'fVnk ik ;edk j?, fi; ƒ n;hA efjzd/ jK fe ;t?^;[oZfynk sK jh eo ;ed/ jK i/eo ;kvk fdb s/ fdwkr fJe' t/b/ ;kE d/D ftZu ;woZE j'D.
eokfNnK dk nkozG sK fe;/ t/b/ gqkuhB ekb ftZu dZyDh ;{p/ e/ob dh Xosh (Gkos) T[~s/ j'fJnk, go fJ; dk ftek; ikgkB ftZu frfDnk iKdk j?.
fJ; dk r[o{ whuB c'BkePh gqf;ZX ftnesh j'fJnk j?. fi; B/ ;t?^oZfynk bJh pV/ s"o^sohe/ dZ;/ jB. ;G s'A gfjbK fJ; ftZu jZEK s/ pkjtK dk gq:'r j?. jZEK Bkb n;hA fe;/ d/ ehs/ j'J/
fi;wkBh jwb/ (;ohoe tko) ƒ o'e
;ed/ jK. jZEK Bkb nkgD/ jZE dhnK pzd ehshnK j'JhnK gzi T[ArbK dh w[Zm pDk e/ gzu wko ;ed/ jK. fi; ƒ gzikph ftZu m'; w[Zek wkoBk th fejk ik ;edk j?. fJj gzu jwkbkto d/ iK jwbk eoB tkb/ d/ BZe T[~s/, wz{j
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
ekY L y'i
rse/pkIh L P;so ubkT[Dk g?oh L ewo iK bZsK
T[~s/ ehs/ iKd/
jwb/
T[gkn L sohe/
w[jkos L wkfjo b'V L Io{os gqkuhB L g[okD/ ;w/A
ftZu gqf;ZX L wPj{o s"o^sohe/ L Yzr fi;wkBh L ;ohoe w[Zm L w[Zmh gzu L w[Zek
T[~s/, dzdK T[~s/, nZyK T[~s/ iK wZE/ T[~s/ wko e/ T[;
ƒ fJe uzrh ;ZN gj[zuk ;ed/ jK. fJ; s'A fpBK fJj w[Zek fdb T[~s/ iK g/N T[~s/ th wkfonk ik
;edk j?. jZE ƒ n;hA EZgV iK ug/V wkoB bJh th tosd/ jK. fJ; ftZu jZEK dk f;ZXk iK g[Zmk gk;k d[PwD ƒ ek|h ;ZN wko ;edk j?.
fJ; s'A fpBK n;hA nkgDhnK pkjK dh e{jDh ƒ w"e/ w[skpe d[PwD d/ fe;/ fjZ;/ T[~s/ th wko
;ed/ jK. e{jDh dh jZvh pVh wIp{s j[zdh j?.
fJ; bJh e{jDh w'V e/ i/ ;ZN wkoh ikJ/ sK jwbkto ƒ ekch o'e gkJh ik
;edh j?.
bZsK s/ g?oK dk gq:'r th ;?bc fvc?A; (;t?^;[oZfynk) bJh pj[s jh ekoro ;kps j[zdk j?. g?o dk m[Zvk wko e/ n;hA d[PwD dhnK bZsK iK g?oK ƒ B[e;kB gj[zuk ;ed/ jK. pV/ I'o Bkb wkfonk j'fJnk m[Zvk d[PwD dh bZs dh jZvh s'V ;edk j?. g?oK d/ Bkb m[Zv wko e/ d[PwD ƒ ekch jZd sZe I\wh ehsk ik ;edk j?. EZb/ fvZr/ j'J/ d[PwD ƒ n;hA nkgD/ r'v/ wko e/ p/j'P eo ;ed/ jK. r'v/ th ;kv/ fi;w ftZu wIp{s jZvhnK dk fJZe i'V j?. nkw ny"s j? fe tes dk fJZe NKek p/tes d/ jIkoK NKfenK Bkb'A uzrk j?. id'A feXo/ th ;kv/ fi;w ƒ e'Jh \sok pD/ sK xpokT[Dk fpbe[b th BjhA ukjhdk pbfe fdwkrh Pesh ns/ fi;wkBh skes dk w/b fwbk e/ jwbkto s'A pukn ehsk ik ;edk j?. w?A fJE/ s[jkv/ Bkb fJZe n;b xNBk pko/ ;KM gkT[Dk Io{oh ;wMdk jK—Gkos d/ dZyDh ;{p/ eoBkNe d/ fJZe fgzv ftZu ofjD tkbk pzdk |?eNoh ftZu ‘tku n?Av tkov nk|h;o’ nkgDh |?eNoh dk d"ok eo fojk
;h. |?eNoh d/ Bkb bZrd/ izrb ftZu'A nukBe fJZe P/o fBeb nkfJnk.
P/o ƒ nkT[AfdnK t/y e/ T[; ƒ e[M Bk ;[ZfMnk fe j[D eh ehsk ikt/ < nukBe T[; ƒ IwhB ’s/ gJh j'Jh fJe yZgsh Gkt b'j/ dh sbtko BIo nkJh. T[;
ƒ T[j nkgD/ jZE ftZu u[Ze e/ P/o d/ w[ekpb/ bJh fjZe skD e/ yVQk j' frnk ns/ T[; B/ P/o ƒ pV/ I'o Bkb bbeko e/ fejk, “nk w?A fJ; sbtko Bkb tZY e/ s/o/ N[eV/ eo fdnKrk.” T[; dh bbeko s/ sbtko d/ G?n s'A vofdnK P/o nZr/ tXD'A o[e frnk ns/ fgZS/ w[V frnk.
nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu n;hA o'IkBk n\pkoK ftZu gVQd/ jK iK N?bhftIB T[~s/
d/yd/ jK fe pZfunK iK n"osK T[~s/ wzd GktBk Bkb jwb/ ehs/ iKd/ jB fiBQK n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
;ZN L u'N
m[Zvk L m'jeo r'vk L x[NDk (;oho
dk nzr) ny"s L ejkts fi;w L ;oho tku n?Av tkov nk|h;o L u"ehdko fjZe L Sksh
tZY L eZN
wzd L p[oh
ƒ nkgD/ jZEK^g?oK d/ gq:'r eoe/ Gkt eokN/ d/ tko Bkb ;cbskg{ote o'e
;ed/ jK. fJ; s'A fpBK tv/oh T[wo d/ pI[orK T[~s/ b[ZN^y'j d/ jwb/ th j[zd/
ofjzd/ jB fiBQK ƒ i{v' d/ tko Bkb o'fenk ik ;edk j?.
eokfNnK d/ r[o{ efjzd/ jB fe o'IkBk dk nfGnk; nkdwh d/ fi;w ƒ buedko pDk fdzdk j? i' f;js bJh pj[s jh ckfJd/wzd j?. fJj sohe/ tos'A ftZu fbnKfdnK ;kvk jkiwk th do[Z;s ofjzdk j? ns/ ;kv/ fi;w dh \{Bh joes th mhe ofjzdh j?.
fN~gDh
b/ye B/ fJ; ouBk ftZu fJj dZf;nk j? fe n;hA nkgDh ;[oZfynk fejV/
Yzr^sohe/ Bkb eo ;ed/ jK. Io{oh BjhA fe n;hA nkgDh oZfynk fe;/
jfEnko d/ Bkb jh eo ;ed/ jK. i/eo ;kv/ ’s/ e'Jh jwbk eodk j? ns/
;kv/ e'b T[; ;w/A e'Jh jfEnko iK c/o e'Jh j'o ;kXB BjhA j? sK c/o n;hA nkgD/ jZEK^g?oK dh tos'A eoe/ th jwbkto ƒ fuZs eo ;ed/ jK s/ nkgDh
;[oZfynk th eo ;ed/ jK. b/ye nB[;ko nZi d/ ;w/A ftZu jo wB[Zy ƒ nkgDh ;[oZfynk eoBh f;ZyDh ukjhdh j?. fJ; bJh T[j i{v' iK eokN/
torhnK y/vK ƒ ngDk e/ fiZE/ jwb/ s'A pukn eodk j? T[~E/ Bkb jh ;ohoe s"o T[~s/ szdo[;s th ofj ;edk j?. fJ; b/y ftZu b/ye B/ pZfunK iK n"osK T[~go jwb/ ƒ o'eD bJh nksw^oZfynk dk nk;kB sohek ;wMkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) wB[Zy bJh fejVh P?n vo dk ftPk pDh ojh j? <
(ii) nkjw'^;kjwD/ dh bVkJh ftZu fejV/ sohe/ ngDk e/ n;hA
;t?^oZfynk eo ;ed/ jK.
(iii) ewo d/ j/mb/ fjZ;/ dh oZfynk fet/A ehsh ik ;edh j? <
(iv) eokN/ dk eh noE j? <
(v) eokN/ dk nkozG gqkuhB ;w/A ftZu feZE/ j'fJnk <
(vi) jZEK ns/ g?oK Bkb n;hA nkgDh oZfynk fet/A eo ;ed/ jK <
(vii) d[PwD ƒ ;ohoe s"o s/ B[e;kB gj[zukT[D bJh eh ehsk ik
;edk j? <
nkU e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) ;t?^oZfynk ƒ gqrNkT[D tkb/ sohfenK dk ;z[do ukoN pDkT[.
(ii) Gkos d/ j'o ;{fpnK ftZu ;t?^oZfynk bJh ngDkJ/ iKd/ ;kXBK pko/
s;thoK ;fjs ikDekoh fdT[.
(iii) ni'e/ ;w/A ftZu oZfynk d/ tZy'^tZyo/ sohfenK ƒ f;ZyDk feT[A Io{oh j? <
(iv) eh s[;hA ed/ fe;/ d/ jwb/ dk fPeko j'J/ j' < s[;hA nkgDh oZfynk fet/A ehsh < ft;sko ftZu ;wMkT[.
(v) eh s[jkƒ eokN/ f;ZyD ftZu fdbu;gh j? < fJ; y/v d/ r[DK T[~go o"PBh gkT[.
nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) s/ }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L (i) eokN/ dk nozG coK; ftZu j'fJnk ;h.
(ii) bZsK iK ewo T[~s/ ehs/ tko ƒ g?oh nkyd/ jB.
(iii) r'v/ ewI'o jZvhnK dk fJZe i'V j?.
(iv) g?o dk m[Zv e[M BjhA eo ;edk.
(v) jZEK Bkb th d[PwD ƒ fuZs ehsk ik ;edk j?.
JH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) ikgkBh GkPk ftu ‘eo’ ƒ HHH nkyd/ jB.
(ii) rse/pkIh ftZu HHH d/ sohe/ f;ykJ/
iKd/ jB.
(iii) j/mK fvZr/ d[PwD ƒ HHH dh ;ZN Bkb B[e;kB gjz[ukfJnk ik ;edk j?.
(iv) tkuw?B B/ |?eNoh ftZu HHH dk
;kjwDk ehsk.
(v) eokfNnK d/ nfGnk; Bkb ;oho HHH pDdk j?.
r'v/ g?oh
P/o
buedko ykbh
;H i'V/ pDkT[ L
eo P/o
tkuw?B ykbh
N/ r[o{
whuB c'BkePh jZE
jH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ fto'Xh Ppd fby' L (i) d[PwD HHH
(ii) oZfynk HHH (iii) fBjZEk (iv) skesto
eH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L (i) T[gkn HHH
(ii) fi;wkBh HHH (iii) gzu HHH (iv) w[jkos yH tke pDkT[ L
(i) ;t?^oZfynk HHH HHH HHH HHH (i) B[e;kB gj[zukT[Dk HHH HHH HHH HHH (i) N[eV/ eo d/Dk HHH HHH HHH HHH (i) buedko HHH HHH HHH HHH
