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Unit-III Interfacing of Memory and I/O Devices

Following major topics will be covered in this unit

• Memory & I/O Interfacing

• Data Transfer Schemes, Interrupt of Intel 8085

• Interfacing Devices

• PPI (Intel8255), PIC (Intel8259), PCI (Intel8251), Intel8253 What is Interfaced?

• A microprocessor combined with memory and input/output devices, forms a microcomputer

• The microprocessor is the heart of a microprocessor

• Memories and input/output devices are interfaced to microprocessor to form a microcomputer

• The selected memories and input/output devices should be compatible with microprocessor Address Space Partitioning:

• The Intel8085 uses a 16-bit wide address bus for addressing memories and I/O devices

• Using 16-bit wide address bus it can access 216 = 64 K bytes of memory and I/O devices

• The 64K addresses are to be assigned to memories and I/O devices for their addressing

• There are two schemes for the allocation of addresses to memories and input/output devices:

1. Memory mapped I/O scheme 2. I/O mapped memory I/O scheme

Memory mapped I/O scheme:

• In this scheme, there is only one address space

• Address space is defined as the set of all possible addresses that a microprocessor can generate

• Some addresses are assigned to memories and some addresses to I/O devices

• An I/O device is also treated as memory location and one address is assigned to it

• The addresses of I/O device are different from the addresses which have been assigned to memories

• The addresses which have not been assigned to memories can be assigned to I/O devices

• One address is assigned to each I/O device

• all the data transfer instructions of the microprocessor can be used for both memory as well as I/O devices

• For Example: MOV A, M will be valid for data transfer from the memory location or I/O device, whose address in H-L pair

• If the H-L pair contain the address of a memory location, data will be transferred from the memory location to accumulator

• If the H-L pair contain the address of an I/O device, data will be transferred from the I/O device to accumulator

• The memory mapped I/O scheme is suitable for a small system I/O mapped I/O scheme:

• In this scheme, the address assigned to memory locations can also be assigned to a I/O devices

• The same address may be assigned to a memory location or to an I/O device

• The microprocessor must issue a signal to distinguish whether the address on the address bus

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• for a memory location or I/O device

• The Intel8085 issues IO/͞M signal for this purpose

• Two extra instructions IN and OUT are used to address I/O devices

• The IN instruction is used to read data from an input device

• The OUT instruction is used to send data to an output device

• This scheme is suitable for a large system Memory & I/O Interfacing:

• Several memory chips and I/O devices are connected to a microprocessor

Memory Chip and I/O Device selection

• An address decoding circuit is employed to select the required I/O device or a memory chip

• If IO/͞M is high, the decoder-2 is activated and the required I/O device is selected

• If IO/͞M is low, the decoder-1 is activated and the required memory chip is selected

• A few MSBs of the address lines are applied to the decoder to select a memory chip or an I/O device

Interfacing of Memory and I/O Devices

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Memory Interfacing

• The address of a memory location or an I/O device is sent out by the microprocessor

• The corresponding memory chip or I/O device is selected by a decoding circuit

• The decoding task can be performed by a decoder, a comparator, a bipolar PROM or PLA

• PLA (Programmed Logic Array), PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) Application of 74LS138, a 3 to 8 lines decoder

• G1, G2A and G2B are enable signals

• To enable 74LS138, G1 should be high and G2A and G2B should be low

• A, B and C are select lines

• Y0, Y1, ……..Y7 are output lines

• An output lines goes low when it is selected, Other output lines remain high Interfacing of Memory Chips using 74LS138

Truth Table for 74LS138

Interfacing of Memory chips

• When G1 is low or G2A is high or G2B is high, all output lines become high

• Thus, 74LS138 acts as decoder only when G1 is high, and G2A and G2B are low

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• The memory locations for EPROM1lie in the range 0000 to 1FFF

• These are the memory locations for ZONE0 for the memory chip

• Which is connected to the output line Y0 of the decoder

• Similarly, for ZONE1 is 2000 to 3FFFand for ZONE7 is E000 to FFFF Interfacing of Memory chips

• The entire memory address has been divided into 8 zones

• Address lines A15, A14 and A13 have been applied to select lines A, B and C of the 74LS138

• The logic applied to these lines selects a particular memory device, an EPROM or RAM

• Other address lines A0, A1, …….., A12 go directly to memory chip

• IO/͞M is connected to G2B, when IO/͞M goes low for memory read/write operation G2B goes low

• G1 is connected to +5Vd.c supply and G2A is grounded Memory locations for various Zones

I/O Interfacing

• The interfacing of I/O devices through decoder 74LS138

• An address of the I/O device is o 8-bits, only A8–A15 lines of address bus are used for I/O addressing

• The address lines A8, A9 and A10 have been applied to select lines A, B and C of the 74LS138

• The address line A11–A15 are applied to G2B through a NAND gate

• G2B becomes low only when all address lines A11–A15 are high, G2A is grounded

• IO/͞M is connected to G1, when IO/͞M goes high for I/O read/write operation, G1 goes high Interfacing of I/O Devices using 74LS138

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Address of I/O Devices connected to 74LS138

Data Transfer Schemes

• To solve the problem of speed mismatch between microprocessor and I/O device

• A number of data transfer techniques have been developed

• The data transfer schemes are classified into the following two categories:

1. Programmed data transfer scheme

2. DMA (Direct Memory Access) data transfer scheme

Programmed data transfer scheme

• Programmed data transfer scheme s are controlled by the CPU

• Data are transferred from an I/O device to CPU (or to the memory through CPU) or vice versa

• Programmed data transfer scheme are employed when small amount of data are to be transferred

• The programmed data transfer schemes are classified into the following three categories:

1. 1.Synchronous data transfer scheme 2. Asynchronous data transfer scheme 3. Interrupt driven data transfer scheme

DMA data transfer scheme

• In DMA data transfer scheme CPU does not participate

• Data are directly transferred from an I/O device to the memory or vice versa

• The data transfer is controlled by the I/O device or a DMA controller

• The scheme is employed when large amount of data are to be transferred

• An I/O device which wants to send data using DMA technique, sends the HOLD signal to the CPU

• On receiving a HOLD signal the CPU gives up the control of buses on completion of machine cycle

DMA data transfer scheme

• The CPU sends a hold acknowledge signal to the I/O device to indicate

• It has received the HOLD request and it has released the buses

• DMA transfer scheme is a faster scheme as compared to programmed data transfer scheme

• It is used to transfer data from mass storage devices such as hard disk, optical disk etc.

• DMA data transfer are of the following two types:

1. 1.Burst mode of DMA transfer

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2. Cycle stealing technique of DMA data transfer

Burst mode of DMA transfer

• In which the I/O device withdraws the DMA request only after all the data bytes have been transferred

• Called burst mode of data transfer

• By this technique a block of data is transferred

• This technique is employed by magnetic disk drives

• In case of magnetic disks data transfer can not be stopped or slowed down without loss of data

• Hence, block transfer is must

Cycle stealing technique of DMA data transfer

• In this technique a long block of data is transferred by a sequence of DMA cycles

• In this method after transferring one byte or several bytes the I/O device withdraws DMA request

• This method reduces interference in CPU’s activities

• The interference can be eliminated completely by designing an interference circuitry

• Which can steal bus cycle for DMA data transfer only when the CPU is not using the system

• bus Examples of DMA controller chips are: Intel 8237A, 8257 etc.

Synchronous data transfer scheme

• Synchronous means “at the same time”

• The device which sends and device which receives data are synchronized with the same clock

• When the CPU and I/O devices match in speed, this technique of the data transfer is employed

• The data transfer with I/O devices is performed executing IN or OUT instructions for I/O mapped I/O

• The IN instruction is used to read data from an input device or input port

• The OUT instruction is used to send data from the CPU to an output device or output port

• This technique is rarely used Asynchronous data transfer scheme

• Asynchronous means “at irregular intervals”

• In this method data transfer is not based on predetermined timing pattern

• This technique is used when the speed of an I/O device does not match the speed of microprocessor,

• And, the timing characteristic of I/O device is not predictable

• In this technique the status of the I/O device i.e. whether the device is ready or not,

• Checked by the microprocessor before the data is transferred

• When I/O device becomes ready, the microprocessor sends instructions to transfer data

• This mode of data transfer is also called handshaking mode of data transfer

• because some signals are exchanged between the I/O device and microprocessor

• before the actual data transfer takes place

• Asynchronous data transfer is used for slow I/O devices

• This technique is inefficient because the precious time of the microprocessor is wasted in waiting

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Interrupt driven data transfer scheme

• In this scheme the microprocessor initiates an I/O device to get ready, and then

• It executes it main program instead of remaining in a program loop to check the status of the I/O device

• When the I/O device becomes ready to transfer data,

• It sends a high signal to the microprocessor through a special input line called an interrupt line

• Interrupt driven data transfer is used for slow I/O devices

• It is an efficient technique as compared asynchronous data transfer scheme

Interrupt Driven Data Transfer Scheme

Interrupts of Intel 8085

Interrupts

• The Intel 8085 has five interrupts inputs namely TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5 and INTR

• The TRAP has the highest priority, followed by RST7.5, RST6.5 and RST5.5

• The INTR has the lowest priority

• When interrupts are to be used, they are enabled by software using the instruction EI (Enable Interrupt)

• The instruction EI sets the interrupt enable flip-flop to enable the interrupts

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Interrupts Contd…

• The use of the instruction EI enables all the interrupts

• The instruction DI (Disable Interrupt) is used to disable interrupts

• The DI instruction resets the interrupt enable flip-flop and disables all the interrupts

• Except nonmaskable interrupt, TRAP

• The system RESET also resets the interrupt enable flip-flop

• When interrupt line goes high processor completes its current instruction

• Saves program counter on the stack Interrupts Category

• The interrupt which can be masked-off (i.e., made ineffective) are called maskable interrupts.

• Masking is done by software

• The Intel 8085 has two categories of interrupts: maskable and nonmaskable

• The TRAP is a nonmaskable interrupt, it need not be enabled and disabled, not accessible to user

• It is used for emergency situation such as power failure and energy shut-off

• RST7.5, RST6.5 and RST5.5 are maskable interrupts Hardware and Software Interrupts

• Interrupts caused by I/O devices are called hardware interrupt

• The normal operation of a microprocessor can also be interrupted by abnormal internal conditions

• Such an interrupt is called a software interrupt

• RSTn instructions of the microprocessor are used for software interrupt

• When RSTn instruction is inserted in a program, executed upto the point where RSTn has inserted

• When several I/O devices are connected to INTR, an external hardware is used to interface I/O devices

Interrupt Call Locations

• When an interrupt occurs, the program is transferred to a specific memory location

• Then the monitor transfers the program form the specific memory location to a RAM memory location

• From where the user can write the program for interrupt service sub-routine (ISS)

• For TRAP, RST7.5, 6.5, and 5.5 the program is automatically transferred

• To specific memory locations without any external hardware Vectored Interrupt

• An interrupt for which hardware automatically transfers the program

• To a specific memory location is known as vectored interrupt

Interrupt Call-location in Hex

TRAP 0024

RST 7.5 003C

RST 6.5 0034

RST 5.5 002C

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INTR CALL-locations

• There are 8 numbers of CALL-locations for INTR interrupt

RST n Hex-Code Call-locations

RST 0 C7 0000

RST 1 CF 0008

RST 2 D7 0010

RST 3 DF 0018

RST 4 E7 0020

RST 5 EF 0028

RST 6 F7 0030

RST 7 FF 0038

Summary of Intel 8085 Interrupts

RST 7.5, 6.5 and 5.5

• These are mask able interrupts

• These interrupts are enabled by software using instruction EI and SIM (Set Interrupt Mask)

• The execution of the instruction SIM enables/ disables interrupt

• According to the bit pattern of the accumulator

• Bits 0 – 2 set/reset the mask bits of interrupt mask register for RST 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5

• Bit 0 is for RST 5.5 mask, bit 1 for RST 6.5 mask and bit 2 for RST 7.5 mask

• If a bit is set to 1 the corresponding interrupt is masked off (disabled)

• If it is set to 0, the corresponding interrupt is enabled

• Bit 3 is set to make bits 0 – 2 effective

• Bit 4 is an additional control for RST 7.5, if it is set to1, the flip-flop for RST7.5 is reset

• Bit 6 and 7 are for serial data output

• The instruction SIM is also used for serial data transmission

• Bit 6 is to enable SOD

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• If SIM instruction is executed the content of the 7th bit of the accumulator is output on SOD line

• The content of bit 7 may be either high (1) or low (0) Accumulator Content for SIM

Ex1: Enables all the interrupt of Intel 8085

• The content of the accumulator for instruction SIM to enable RST 7.5, 6.5 and 5.5 are programmed as follows:

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

SOD SOE X R7.5 MSE M7.5 M6.5 M5.5

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 = 08

• Bits 0,1 and 2 are set to 0 to enable R7.5,6.5 & 5.5

• Bit 3 is set to make Bits 0,1,2 effective

• Bit 4 is set to make 0 to enable RST 7.5 Program:

Mnemonics Comments

EI Enable Interrupts

MVI A, 08 Accumulator bit pattern to enable RST7.5, 6.5 and 5.5

SIM Enable RST 7.5, 6.5, and 5.5

Ex2: Enable RST 6.5 and disable RST 7.5 and 5.5

The content of the accumulator for instruction SIM to enable RST 6.5, and disable RST 6.5 and 5.5 are programmed as:

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

SOD SOE X R7.5 MSE M7.5 M6.5 M5.5

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 = 1D

(11)

• Bits 0 and 2 are set to 1 to mask off (disable) RST7.5, and 5.5

• Bit 3 is set to make Bits 0,1,2 effective

• Bit 4 is set to make 1 to disable RST 7.5, (Bit 1, 0 = enabled) Program:

Mnemonics Comments EI Enable Interrupts

MVI A, 1D Accumulator bit pattern to enable RST6.5 and mask-off RST 7.5 and 5.5 SIM Enable RST 6.5 and disable RST 7.5, and 5.5

Pending Interrupts:

• When one interrupt request is being served, other interrupt may occur resulting in a pending request

• When more than one interrupts occur simultaneously, the interrupt having higher priority is served

• The interrupt with lower priority remain pending

• An interrupt may occur while other interrupt is being served resulting in a pending interrupt

• The 8085 has an instruction RIM using which we can know the current status of pending interrupts

• This instruction gives the current status of only maskable interrupts Bit patterns of RIM instruction

• Bit 0 – 2 are for interrupt mask, 1 = masked

• Bit 3 indicates interrupt enable flag, 1 = enabled

• Bit 4 – 6 indicate pending interrupts, 1 = pending

• Bit 7 serial input data (SID)

• After executing the ISS the processor checks whether any other interrupt is pending using RIM instruction

• If an interrupt is pending the processor executes its interrupt service subroutine

• Before it returns to the main program Accumulator Content after the Execution of RIM

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Interfacing & I/O Devices

• To communicate with the outside world microcomputer use peripheral (I/O devices)

• Commonly used peripherals are: A/D converter, D/A converter, CRT, printers, hard disks, floppy disks etc.

• Peripherals are connected to the microcomputer through electronic circuits, called interfacing circuit

• The interfacing circuit converts the data available from an input device into compatible format

• The interface associated with the output device converts the output of the microcomputers

• Into the desired peripheral format

General & Special Purpose Interfacing Devices

• General purpose devices are:

• I/O Port

• Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)

• DMA Controller

• Communication Interface

• Special purpose interfacing devices are designed to interface a particular type of I/O device, examples as:

• CRT Controller

• Optical Disk Controller

• Key Board and Display Interface Control Signals for Memory & I/O Devices

• Intel8085 issues control signals R͞D, W͞R for read and write operation of memory and I/O devices

• It also issues a status signal IO/͞M

• Memory and I/O devices require control signals in the form of:

• MEMR – Memory read

• MEMW – Memory write

• IOR – I/O read

• IOW – I/O write

• These control signals are generated using R͞D, W͞R and IO/͞M using logic gates Control Signals for Memory I/O Read Write Operation

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Memory and I/O Read/Write Operations

• To get MEMR, use IO/M̅ ˅ R͞D: Memory read operation takes place when both are low

• To get MEMW, use IO/͞M ˅ W͞R: Memory write operation take place when both are low

• I/O read/write operation takes place when IO/͞M is high

• To get IOR and IOW signals, IO/͞M is inverted and then applied to OR gates

• Get IOR using inverted IO/͞M ˅ R͞D

• Get IOW using inverted IO/͞M ˅ W͞R I/O Ports

• An input device is connected to the microprocessor through an input port

• An input port is a place for unloading data

• An input device sends data to the input port

• The microprocessor reads data from the input port

• Thus data are transferred from the input device to the accumulator via input port

• Similarly, an output device is connected to the microprocessor through an output port

• The microprocessor sends data to an output port Interfacing of I/O Devices through I/O Port

I/O Ports Description

• An I/O port may be programmable or non-programmable

• A non-programmable port behaves as an input port if it has been designed so and connected in input mode

• Similarly, a non-programmable port designed so and connected in output mode, acts as an output port

• But a programmable I/O port can be programmed to act either as an input port or output port

• The electrical connections remain same

• The Intel 8212 is an 8-bit non-programmable I/O port

• It can be connected either as an input or output port Interfacing of Intel 8212

• If we require one input port and one output port, two units of Intel 8212 will be required

• One of them will be connected in input mode and the other in the output mode

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INPUT MODE

OUTPUT MODE

Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)

• A programmable peripheral interface is a multiport device

• The ports may be programmed in a variety of ways as required by the programmer

• The device is very useful for interfacing peripheral device

• The term PIA, Peripheral Interface Adapter is also used by some manufacturer Intel 8255

• The Intel 8255 is a programmable peripheral interface

• It has two versions, namely the Intel 8255A and the Intel 8255A-5

• General description for both are same, known as 8255

• Its main functions are to interface peripheral devices to the microcomputer

• It has three 8-bit ports: Port A, Port B and Port C

• The Port C has been further divided into two of 4-bit ports, Port Cupper and Port Clower

• Each port can be programmed as an input port or an output port Architecture of Intel 8255

• It is a 40 pin I.C. package, it operates on a single 5 Vd.c.

• Its important characteristics are:

• Ambient temperature 0 to 70oC, Voltage of any pin: 0.5 V to 7 V, power dissipation 1 Watt

• VIL = Input low voltage, Min = 0.5 V, Max = 0.8 V

(15)

• VIH = Input high voltage, Min = 2 V, Max = Vcc

• VOL = Output low voltage = 0.45 V

• VOH = Output high voltage = 2.4 V

• IDR = Darlington drive current = Minimum 1 mA, Maximum 4 mA of any 8 pins of the port Schematic Diagram of Intel 8255

The Pins for various Ports

• The pins for various ports are as follows:

• PA0 – PA7: 8 pins of port A

• PB0 – PB7: 8 pins of port B

• PC0 – PC3: 8 pins of port Clower

• PC4 – PC7: 8 pins of port Cupper

• D0 – D7: Data bus

• RESET: Indicates that the device is reset

• VCC: supply (operating input) voltage

• GND: Grounded Important Control Signals

• The important control signals are as follows:

• C͞S (Chip Select): It is a chip select signal

• The Low status of the signal enables communication between the CPU and 8255

• R͞D (Read): when R͞D goes low, the 8255 sends out data or status to the CPU

• W͞R (Write): when W͞R goes low, the CPU writes data or control world into 8255

• A0 and A1: the selection of ports and control world register

• It is done using A0 and A1 in conjunction with R͞D and W͞R Operating Modes of 8255

• The Intel 8255 has the following three modes of operations which are selected by software:

• Mode 0: Simple Input/Output

• Mode 1: Strobed Input/Output

• Mode 2: Bidirectional Port

• The 8255 has two 8-bit ports (Port A and Port B) and two 4-bit ports (Port Cupper and Port Clower)

• In Mode 0: a port can be operated as a simple input or output port

(16)

• Each of the four ports of 8255 can programmed to be either an input or output port

• Mode 1 is strobed input/output mode of operation

• The Port A and Port B both are designed to operate in this mode of operation

• When Port A and Port B are programmed in Mode 1, six pins of port C are used for their control

• PC0, PC1 and PC2 are used for the control of the Port B which can be used either as input or output port

• If the Port A is operated as an input port, PC3, PC4 and PC5 are used for its control

• When the Port A is operated as an output port, PC3, PC6 and PC7 are used for its control

• The combination of Mode 1 and Mode 0 operation is also possible

• Ex: when Port A is programmed to operate in Mode 1, the Port B can be operated in Mode 0

• Mode 2 is strobed bidirectional mode of operation

• In this mode, Port A can be programmed to operate as a bidirectional port

• The Mode 2 operation is only for Port A

• When Port A is programmed in Mode 2, the Port B can be used in either Mode 1 or Mode 0

• For Mode 2, PC3 to PC7 are used for the control of Port A Control Word of Intel 8255

• According to the requirement a port can programmed to act either as an input or an output port

• For programming the ports of 8255 a control word is formed

• Control word is written into the control word register (CWR) which is within 8255

• No read operation of the CWR is allowed

• The control word bit corresponding to a particular port is set to either 1 or 0

• If a particular port is an input port, the bit is set to 1

• If a particular port is an output port, the bit is set to 0 Control Word Bits for Intel 8255

Description of Control Word Bits

• Bit No. 0: It is for Port Clower, Input = 1, output = 0

• Bit No. 1: it is for Port B, Input = 1, output = 0

• Bit No. 2: it is for selection of the mode for Port B, for Mode0 = 0, for Mode1 = 1

• Bit No. 3: It is for Port Cupper, Input = 1, output = 0

• Bit No. 4: It is for Port A, Input = 1, output = 0

• Bit No. 5 and 6: these bits are to define the operating mode of the port A,

• Mode 0 = 00, Mode1= 01, Mode 2 = 1x (10 or 11)

• Bit No. 7: set to 1,if all Ports are as input/output port, 0 if individual pins of port C are to be set or reset

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Control Words for 8255 for Mode 0 Operation

Problem#1 on Control Word Register

• Ex1: Make the control word when the ports of Intel 8255 are defined as follows:

• Port A as an input port

• Mode of the Port A – Mode 0

• Port B as an output port

• Mode of the Port B – Mode 0

• Port Cupper as an input port

• Port Clower as an output port

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

The Control Word = 98 H

Problem#2 on Control Word Register

• Ex2: Form the control word for the following configuration of the ports of 8255 for Mode 0

• Port A – output

• Port B – output

• Port Cupper – input

• Port Clower – output

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7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

The Control Word = 88 H

Problem#3 on Control Word Register

• Ex3: Make the control word for the following arrangement of the ports of 8255 for Mode 0

• Port A – output

• Port B – output

• Port Cupper – output

• Port Clower – output

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The Control Word = 80 H

Problem#4 on Control Word Register

Ex4: Frame the control word for the following configuration of the ports of 8255 for Mode 0

• Port A – input

• Port B – input

• Port Cupper – input

• Port Clower – input

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

The Control Word = 9B H

Problem#5 on Control Word Register

• Ex5: Make the control word when the ports of Intel 8255 are defined as follows:

• Port A – input, Mode of the Port A – Mode 1

• Port B – output, Mode of the Port B – Mode 1

• Port Cupper – input

• Port Clower – input/output

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 0 1 1 1 1 0 x

The Control Word = BC H or BD H

Problem#6 on Control Word Register

• Ex6: Frame the control word for the following configuration of the ports of 8255 for Mode 1

• Port A – output

• Port B – output

• Port Cupper – input

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 x

(19)

• The Control Word = AC H if Port Clower = output

• The Cintrol Word = AD H if Port Clower = input Problem#7 on Control Word Register

• Ex7: Find control word for the following configuration of the ports of 8255 for Mode 2

• Port A – bidirectional

• Port B – input, Mode of Port B – Mode 0

• Port Clower – output

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 1 x x x 0 1 0

• If assume all undefined bits 0, the control word is C2

• The computer ignores the undefined bits, for making the control word they me be assumed either 1 or 0

Problem#8 on Control Word Register

• Ex8: Write the control word for the following configuration of the ports of 8255 for Mode 2

• Port A – bidirectional

• Port B – output, Mode of Port B – Mode 1

• If assume all undefined bits 0, the control word is C4

• If assume all undefined bits 1, the control word is FD

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 1 x x x 1 0 x

• If assume all undefined bits 0, the control word is C4

• If assume all undefined bits 1, the control word is FD Problem#9 on Control Word Register

• Ex9: Determine control word for the following configuration of the ports of 8255

• Port A – output, Mode of Port A – Mode1

• Port B – output, Mode of Port B – Mode 0

• Port Clower – output

• Port Cupper – output

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

The Control Word = ???

Problem#10 on Control Word Register

• Ex10: Determine control word for the following configuration of the ports of 8255

• Port A – input, Mode of Port A – Mode1

• Port B – output, Mode of Port B – Mode 0

• Port Clower – input

• Port Cupper – output

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7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

The Control Word = ???

Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC)

• The programmable interrupt controller is used when several I/O devices transfer data using interrupt

• They are to be connected to the same interrupt line of the microprocessor

• When the number of I/O devices is less than the number of interrupt lines of the microprocessor

• Such controllers are not required Intel 8259

• The Intel 8259 is a single chip programmable interrupt controller

• It is compatible with 8086, 8088 and 8085 microprocessor

• It is a 28-pin I.C. package and uses N-MOS technology

• It requires a single +5V supply for its operation Schematic Diagram of Intel 8259

The Details of Pins of Intel 8259

• C͞S: Chip Select

• W͞R: Write, A low on this pin enables Intel 8259 to accept command from CPU

• R͞D: Read, A low on this pin enables Intel 8259 to send various status signals on data bus for CPU

• D0 – D7: Bidirectional data bus, control, status and interrupt information are transferred via this bus

• CAS0 – CAS1: Cascade lines

• S͞P/ E͞N: Slave program/ Enable buffer, it is related to cascade control

• INT: Interrupt, it is used to interrupt CPU

• INTA: Interrupt acknowledge

• IR0 – IR7: Interrupt requests, I/O devices send interrupt request through these lines

• A0: Address line, it acts in conjunction with R͞D, W͞R and C͞S

• 8 I/O devices can be connected to Intel 8259 through IR0 – IR7 lines

• The interrupt controller functions as overall manager in an interrupt driven system

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• If more than one I/O devices send interrupt request at the same time, the interrupt controllers set the priority

Interfacing of Intel 8259 and I/O Devices

Internal Registers of 8259

Interrupt Request Register (IRR):

• It stores the interrupt request

• It keeps information about the interrupts inputs which have requested for interrupt service

• When an interrupt request is received, the corresponding bit in IRR is set In-Service Register (ISR):

• Which interrupt is currently being serviced, this information is stored in the ISR

• The bit corresponding to the interrupt of the highest priority is selected Interrupt Mask Register (IMR):

• It contains a specific bit for each interrupt line

• It is used to mask (disable) or enable (unmask) individual interrupt input

• An interrupt input can be masked by setting the corresponding bit to 1 in IMR

• An interrupt which is masked by software is not recognized and serviced

• Even if the corresponding bit is set in the IRR

• The 82C59 is the CHMOS version of NMOS 8259

• It consumes less power

Programmable Communication Interface (PCI)

• Programmable communication interface is used for serial data transmission

• Programmable peripheral designed for synchronous/ asynchronous serial data communication

• It receives parallel data from the CPU and transmit serial data after conversion

• Also receives serial data from the outside & transmits parallel data to the CPU after conversion

Intel 8251

• The Intel 8251 is a programmable communication interface

• It is Universal Synchronous/ Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter (USART)

• It is compatible with 8085, 8086, 8088 etc.. systems

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• The I.C. chip is fabricated using N-channels silicon gate technology

• The 8251 can be used to transmit/ receive serial data

• It is packed in 28 pins I.C. package

• It accepts data in parallel format from the μP and converts them into serial data for transmission

Schematic Diagram of Intel 8251

The Details of Pins of Intel 8251

• C͞S: Chip Select

• C/D̅: Control/Data, When it is low data is transmitted on data bus, when high control signal is transmitted

• W͞R: Write, when it is low the CPU writes data into Intel 8251

• R͞D: Read, when it is low the CPU reads data from Intel 8251

• D0 – D7: Bidirectional data bus, control and status information are transferred via this bus

• DSR: Data Set Ready

• DTR: Data Terminal Ready

• RTS: Request to send

• CTS: Clear to send, A low on this pin enables 8251 to transmit serial data

• TxC: Transmitter clock, it governs the rate of data transmission

• TxE: Transmitter empty, TxE goes high when 8251 has no characters to transmit

• TxRDY: Transmitter ready

• RxRDY: Receiver ready

• RxD: Line for receiving data

• TxD: Line for serial data transmission

• RxC: Receiver clock, it governs the rate at which characters are received

• SYNDET/BRKDET: SYNC Detect/Break Detect

• VCC: Operating voltage

• GND: Ground CLK: Clock

• RESET: Indicates that the device is reset

• A high on TxRDY line informs CPU that the transmitter is ready to accept data

• DSR, DTR, RTS and CTS are standard modem control signals

• Modem is a modulating/ demodulating device

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Block Diagram of Intel 8251

Description of Intel 8251:

• The block diagram of Intel 8251 has five different sections

• The five different sections are as follows:

1. 1.Read/ Write control logic 2. Transmitter

3. Receiver 4. Data Bus Buffer 5. Modem Control

Programmable Counter/Interval Timer

• A programmable counter/interval timer is used in real time application

• For timing and counting function such as BCD/ binary counting generation of accurate time delay

• Generation of square wave of desired frequency, rate generation,

• Hardware/software triggered strobe signals, One shot signal of desired width etc..

• Popular programmable interval timer chips are Intel 8253 and Intel 8254

• Both are pin to pin compatible, operates in six modes Intel 8253

• The Intel 8253 is a programmable counter/interval timer

• The 8253 is 24-pin I.C, package and operates at 5 Vdc

• It contains three independent 16-bit counter

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• The 8253 is compatible to 8085 microprocessor

• The 8253 operates in the frequency range of d.c. to 2.6 MHz

• The 8253 uses NMOS technology

• The programmer can program 8253 to operate in any one of the 6 operating modes

• It operates under software control Schematic Diagram of Intel 8253

The Details of Pins of Intel 8253

• C͞S: Chip Select

• W͞R: Write, when it is low the CPU outputs data in the form mode information or loading of counters

• R͞D: Read, when it is low the CPU reads data

• D0 – D7: Bidirectional data bus

• A0, A1: These pins are connected to the address bus, these are used select on of the three counters

• These are also used the address the control word registers for mode selection

• CLK0, CLK1 and CLK2 are clock for Counter 0, Counter 1, and Counter 2 respectively

• GATE0, GATE1 and GATE2 are gate terminals of Counter 0, Counter 1 and Counter 2

• OUT0, OUT1 and OUT2 are output terminals of Counter 0, Counter 1 and Counter 2

• VCC: Operating voltage

• GND: Ground

• The 8253 contains a data bus buffer, read/write logic and Control Word registers Operating Modes of Intel 8253

• The Intel 8253 operates in the following six modes:

Mode 0: Interrupt on terminal count Mode 1: Programmable one-shot Mode 2: Rate generator

Mode 3: Square wave generator Mode 4: Software triggered mode Mode 5: Hardware triggered mode

References

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