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Course Structures

&

Syllabus

FOR THE SESSION 2015-2016

B.Sc. (HONS.) GEOLOGY AND

M.Sc. (APPLIED GEOLOGY)

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH

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Department of Geology, A.M.U. Aligarh Course Structure of B.Sc. (Hons.) For Session 2015-2016

First Year

First Semester

Type of Course C. No. Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact hours Sessional Mid

Semester

End Semester

Total L T P

Core Earth system and Mineral

science

10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core Lab work for Geology paper 10 30 60 100 2 0 1 2

6 Second Semester

Type of Course C. No. Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact hours Sessional Mid

Semester

End Semester

Total L T P

Core Elements of Petrology 10 30 60 100 4 48 8 0

Core Lab work for Geology paper 10 30 60 100 2 0 1 2

6

SECOND YEAR

Paper/Code No. Title Max.Marks

Sessional Exam. Total

Credits Third Semester

Theory

3 GLB-001 Earth’s Processes and Resources Lab. Work: 3 GLB-0L1 Lab work-3

20 20

80 30

100 50

4 2

Total 40 110 150 6

Paper/Code No. Title Max.Marks

Sessional Exam. Total

Credits Fourth Semester

Theory

4 GLB-001 Paleobiology & Stratigraphy

Lab. Work: 4 GLB-0L1 Lab work-4 & Geological Field Training 20 20

80 30

100 50

4 2

Total 40 110 150 6

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Semester V & VI-18+18=36 Credits Semester I to IV =24 Credits

Paper/Code No. Title Max.Marks

Sessional Exam. Total

Credit B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology Part-III

Fifth Semester Theory

5 GLB-001 Igneous Petrology & Dynamics of the Earth 5 GLB-002 Structural Geology

5 GLB-003 Natural Environment Lab. Work

5 GLB-0L1 Lab work on papers V and VII 5 GLB-0L2 Lab work on papers VI 5 GLB-0L3 Field Geology

20 20 20

20 20 20

80 80 80

30 30 30

100 100 100

50 50 50

4 4 4

2 2 2

Total 120 330 450 18

Paper Title Max.Marks

Sessional Exam. Total

Credits B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology Part-III

Sixth Semester

Theory

6 GLB-001 Energy Resources & Mineral Exploration 6 GLB-002 Sedimentary Petrology & Metamorphic Petrology 6 GLB-003 Applied Geology

Lab. Work

6 GLB-0L1 Lab work on papers VIII & X.

6 GLB-0L2 Lab work on papers IX 6 GLB-0L3 Comprehensive Viva

20 20 20

20 20 -

80 80 80

30 30 50

100 100 100

50 50 50

4 4 4

2 2 2

Total 100 350 450 18

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Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.)

P A R T - I Session 2015-2016

First Semester

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Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.)

Session 2015-2016 First Semester

Core Credit – 4, Period – 56

Paper – I

Earth System and Mineral Science Unit I:

Holistic understanding of dynamic planet ‘Earth’

1

through Astronomy, Geology, Meteorology and Oceanography.

Introduction to various branches of Earth Sciences.

General characteristics and origin of the Universe, Solar System and its planets. The terrestrial and jovian planets.

Meteorites and Asteroids

Earth in the solar system – origin, size, shape, mass, density, rotational and revolution parameters and its age.

Earth’s magnetic field

Formation of core, mantle, crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere convection in Earth’s core and production of its magnetic field

Mechanical layering of the Earth.

Concept of plate tectonics, sea-floor spreading and continental drift

Geodynamic elements of Earth-Mid Occanic Ridges, trenches, transform faults and island arcs origin of oceans, continents, mountains and rift valleys

Earthquake and earthquake belts

Volcanoes – types, products and their distribution.

Unit II:

Oceanic current system and effect of Coriolis force, Concepts of eustasy, Land-air-sea interaction, Wave erosion and beach processes, Atmospheric circulation, Weather and climatic changes, Earth’s heat budget.

Soils-Processes of formation, soil profile and soil types.

Palaeobiology: Elementary idea about origin of life, Preservation potential of organisms, requirements of fossilization, Fossils, processes of fossilization and different kinds of fossils.

Standard stratigraphic time scale and introduction to the concept of time in geological studies

History of development in concepts of unifformitarianism, catastrphism and neptunism laws of superposition and faunal succession

Introduction to geology and geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.

Distribution of elements in solar system and in Earth Chemical differentiation and composition of the Earth

General concepts about geochemical cycles and mass balance

Unit III:

Elementary ideas about crystal morphology in relation to internal structures’ crystal parameters and indices

Crystal symmetry and classification of crystals into six systems and 32 point groups Elements of crystal chemistry and aspects of crystal structures

Stereographic projections of symmetry elements and forms Unit IV:

Minerals – definition and classification, physical and chemical properties

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Composition of common rock – forming minerals

Silicate and non-silicate structures; CCP and HCP structures Nature of light and principles of optical mineralogy

Introduction to the petrological microscope and indentification of common rock-forming minerals.

5

Practicals:

:A:

Study of major geomorphic features and their relationship with outcrops through physicographic models Detailed study of topographic sheets and preparation of physographci description of an area

Study of major ocean currents of the World.

Study of some representative genera of different invertebrate phyla.

:B:

Observation and documentation on symmetry of crystals

Study of physical properties of 70 minerals in hand specimen amongst the following:

Silicates: Olivine, Garnet, Andalusite, Sillimanite, Kynanite, Staurolite, Byeryl, Tourmaline, Augite, Actnolite, Tremolite, Hornblende, Serpentine, Talc, Muscovite, Biotic, Phlogopite, Quartz, Orthocelase, Plagioclase, Microcline, Nephlinie, Sodalite, Zeolite

Quartz varities: Chert, Flint, Chacedony, Agate, Jasper, Amethyst, Rose uqartz, smoky quartz, Rock crystal.

Suggested Readings:

1) Duff, P.M.D., & Duff, D. (Eds.) (1993), Holmes’ principles of physical geology. Taylor & Francis.

2) Emiliani, C. (1992). Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and environment.

Cambridge University Press.

3) Gross, M.G. (1977). Oceanography: A view of the earth.

4) Klein, C., Dutrow, B., Dwight, J., & Klein, C. (2007). The 23rd Edition of the Manual of Mineral (after James D.Dana). J.Wiley & Sons.

5) Kerr, P.F. (1959). Optical Mineralogy, MeGraw-Hill.

6) Verma, P.K. (2010). Optical Mineralogy (Four Colour), Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

7) Deer, W.A., Howie, R. A., A., & Zussman. J. (1992). An introduction to the rock –forming minerals (Vol.

696) London: Longman.

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Semester –II Paper – II

Elements of Petrology

Core Credit – 4, Period - 56

Unit-I

Introduction to common rock forming, ore forming and industrial minerals.

Radioactive minerals, Fuel minerals, Formation and types of mineral deposits, rock association.

Unit-II

Magma: Definition, physical properties and chemical composition, origin.

Crystallization of magma: Bowen’s reaction series, magmatic differentiation and assismilation.

Forms and structures of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks.

Igneous textures: crystallinity, grain shape, size and mutual relationship of grains.

Bases of classification and types of igneous rocks.

Unit-III

Sediments: origin, transportation, deposition and lithofication.

Fabric and texture of sedimentary rocks.

Roundness of particles and its geological significance.

Classification of sedimentary rocks: terrigenous and chemical sedimentary rocks.

Important primary sedimentary structure-bedding, ripple marks, cross bedding and mud cracks.

Unit-IV

Introduction to Metamorphic rock and their significance.

Classification of Metamorphic rocks. Basic concepts of types of metamorphism.

Concepts of isograds and zones of metamorphism.

Relationship between matamorphism and deformation.

Physiographic subdivisions of Indian subcontinent-their physical, structural and geological features.

Brief account of constituent cratons of Indian shield.

Books Recommended:

1. Magma and Magmatic Rocks-Middlemost.

2. Igneous and Metamorphic petrology-Best.

3. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn.

4. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner.

5. Basic Concepts of Historical Geology-E.H. Spencer.

6. Structural Geology-M.P. Billings.

7. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar.

8. Principles of Geomorphology - Thornbury

(2GLB – OL1) Semester –II

(a) Study of megascopic characters of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks. Study of morphological characters of phyla included in the theory syllabus. Preparation and study of stratigraphic maps. Use of Clinometer and Brunton compass.

(b) Geological Field Training: Students will be required to carry out field work in a suitable geological

area to study the elementary aspects of field geology and submit a report thereon.

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7

Semester-II

Paper B 2: Introduction to Geology-II

Unit-I

Introduction to common rock forming, ore forming and industrial minerals.

Radioactive minerals, Fuel minerals, Formation and types of mineral deposits, rock association.

Magma: Definition, physical properties and chemical composition, origin.

Crystallization of magma: Bowen’s reaction series, magmatic differentiation and assismilation.

Forms and structures of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks.

Igneous textures: crystallinity, grain shape, size and mutual relationship of grains.

Bases of classification and types of igneous rocks.

Unit-II

Sediments: origin, transportation, deposition and lithofication.

Fabric and texture of sedimentary rocks.

Roundness of particles and its geological significance.

Classification of sedimentary rocks: terrigenous and chemical sedimentary rocks.

Important primary sedimentary structure-bedding, ripple marks, cross bedding and mud cracks.

Different methods of stratigraphic correlation.

Principles of nomenclature and classification of lithostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and Tectonic/genetic facies.

Unit-III

Introduction to Metamorphic rock and their significance.

Classification of Metamorphic rocks. Basic concepts of types of metamorphism.

Concepts of isograds and zones of metamorphism.

Relationship between matamorphism and deformation.

Physiographic subdivisions of Indian subcontinent-their physical, structural and geological features.

Brief account of constituent cratons of Indian shield.

Unit-IV

Palaeobiology: definition, branches and scope.

Preservation potential of organisms, requirements of fossilization.

Fossils, processes of fossilization and different kinds of fossils.

Elementary idea about origin of life.

Brief account of life through geological time, major steps in evolution of life.

Classification of organism up to phylum level, their main characters and geological range.

Standard Geological Time Scale: broad subdivisions and absolute ages.

Brief account of geographical distribution of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks of India.

Books Recommended:

1. Magma and Magmatic Rocks-Middlemost.

2. Igneous and Metamorphic petrology-Best.

3. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn.

4. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner.

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Core Credit – 2, Period - 36

BL 2: Lab work for paper B 2

(a) Study of megascopic characters of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks. Study of morphological characters of phyla included in the theory syllabus. Preparation and study of stratigraphic maps. Study of sandstone, granite, schist and gneiss under microscope.

(b) Geological Field Training: Students will be required to carry out field work in a suitable geological area to study the elementary aspects of field geology and submit a report thereon.

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Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.)

P A R T -II

Session 2015-2016

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Semester-III

Paper-III: Earth’s Processes and Resources

(3GLB-001)

Unit-I

Renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

Hydroelectric power. Energy from the sun, wind, hot springs and sea waves.

Distrubution of mineral deposits in space and time.

Physiographics, mineralogical, stratigraphic, lithologic and structural guides to ore.

Mineral processing and beneficiation: methods of size reduction, screening and separation.

Environmental implications of exploration of mineral resources.

Unit-II

Rock forming minerals: Systematic classification of minerals, Chemical composition and physical properties of the following classes of minerals.

Silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides.

Global tectonic and metallogeny trough geological time.

Geological setting, mineralogical characteristics and Indian distribution of metallic mineral deposits of iron and manganese, chromium, copper, lead and zink, gold, and aluminum.

Unit-III

Ore forming minerals: metallic and non-metallic minerals.

Processes of ore formation.

Ore deposits related to magmatic activity.

Hydrotheramal and skarn deposits.

Ore deposits formed by sedimentation. Weathering products and Residual deposits.

Ore deposits formed by oxidation & supergene enrichment.

Ore deposits formed by replacement and biochemical activity, evaporation and metamorphism, colloidal deposition.

Unit-IV

Geological setting, mineralogical characteristics and Indian distribution of non-metallic mineral deposits related to and with examples from Indian stratigraphic records:

Materials for construction (building stones and cement), ceramics, refractories and fillers, organic chemicals and synthetics, precious and decorative stones, fertilizers.

Books Recommended:

1. Economic Mineral Deposits-Jensen and Bateman.

2. Ore Deposits-Parks and Mc diarmid.

3. India’s Mineral Resources-Krishnaswami.

4. Ore Deposits of India-Gokkle and Rao.

5. Ore Petrology-Evans.

6. Industrial Mineral and Rocks-Deb.

7. Mining Geology-Arogyaswami.

Practical

(3GLB-0L1) Semester-III

Study of physical and optical properties of metallic and non-metallic minerals/resources. Preparation of maps showing distribution of important ores and other economic minerals in India. Study of metallogenic maps.

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Semester-IV

Paper-IV: Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy

(4GLB-001)

Unit-I

Methods of fossil identification, description and illustration.

Applciation of palaeontalogic studies in organic evolution, biostratigraphy, palaeoecology, palaeogeography, and palaeoclimatology.

Microfossils: definition, significance and a brief account of important groups.

Brachiopoda: Morphology and geological distribution.

Echinoidea Morphology and geological distribution.

Trilobita: Morphology and geological distribution.

Unit-II

Pelecypoda: Morphology and geological distribution.

Gastropoda: Morphology and geological distribution.

Cephalopoda: Morphology and geological distribution of Nautiloidea and Ammonoidea.

Origin of vertebrates and landmarks in vertebrate evolution.

Evolutionary history of Equidae.

Palaeobotany: Broad classification of plant kingdom and application of palaeobotanical studies.

Morphology, classification and geological range of important Lower and Upper Gondwana flora.

Unit-III

Stratigraphy and its various branches.

Stratigraphic classification and correlation.

Classification, geographic distribution, lithologic characteristics, fossil content and economic importance of

Various geological divisions of Peninsular Shield: Cratons – Dharwar, Baster, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, Aravalli, and Marwar.

Mobile belts: Eastern Ghats, Pandyan and Satpura.

Archean Basement Complex: Peninsular Gneiss of Karanata, Banded Gneissic Complex of Rajasthan, Older Metamorphics of Eastern India.

Unit-IV

Greenschist belts of Karnataka: Sargurs (enclaves), Nuggihalli, Holenarsipur and Chitradurga Belts.

Aravalli Supergroup, Delhi Supergroup, Vindhyan Supergroup, Cudappah Supergroup.

Classification, geographic distribution, lithologic characteristics, fossil content and economic importance of

Haimanta System, Muth Quartzite, Permo-Carboniferous System of Spiti. Gondwana Supergroup, Triassic of Spiti, Jurassic of Kutch, Cretaceous of south east coast of India and Deccan Traps.

Siwalik system. Evolution of Himalayas.

Books Recommended:

1. Invertebrate Palaeontology-Woods.

2. The Elements of Palacontology-Black 3. Introduction to Paleobotany-Arnold.

4. Essential of Paleobotany-Shukla and Misra.

5. Geology of India and Burma-Krishnan.

6. Fundamentals of Historicals Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar 7. Precambrian Geology of India-Naqvi and Rogers.

8. Geology of India by M.Ramakrishnan & R.Vaidyanadhan Vol. I & II, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, 2008/2010.

Practical

(4GLB-0L1) Semester-IV

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Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.)

P A R T - III

Session 2015-2016

(14)

Semester-V

Paper-V- Igneous Petrology and Dynamics of the Earth (5GLB-001)

Unit-I

Mantle petrology: mineralogy and chemistry.

Physical properties of magma, volatile contents.

Magmatic processes: fractional crystallization, magma mixing, crystal setting, liquid immiscibility, assimilation, differentation.

Trace elements and their significance in igneous petrology.

Classification of igneous rocks, basis of IUGS classification.

General characteristics of the following Precambrian igneous rock assemblages:

(a) Komatiites (b) Anorthosites (c) Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) Unit-II

Basic principles of equilibrium thermodynamics.

Concept of system, phase and component.

Chemical potential and phase rule.

Phase equilibria of the following two and three component silicate systems:

Binary system-Albite-Anorthite, Diopside-anorthite, Nepheline-silica. Forsterite - Silica Rock association in space and time.

Concept of Rock Series.

Mineralogical characteristics and origin of the following rock types:

(I) Granite, granodiorite, diorite, rhyolite, (II) Basalt, dolerite, gabbro (III)Syenite, nepheline-syenite, trachyte, (IV) Peridotites.

Unit-III

Internal structure constitution and chemical composition of various layers of the earth.

Geochemical evolution of the earth.

Geophysical conditions of the earth: gravity, magnetism, heat flow.

Concept and theories of isostasy.

Movements of the earth’s curst: orogenic and epeirogenic phases.

Plate tectonics theory-the mechanism of plate tectonics.

Nature and types of plate margins.

Geometry and driving mechanism of plate motion.

Unit-IV

Evolution of continents and oceans.

Magnetic anomaly patterns in the ocean basins and sea-floor spreading.

Origin, significance and distribution of divergent margins, mid-oceanic ridges.

Island arcs and trenches.

Tectonics of continental rifts, continental margins, shelves, marginal basins and intracratonic basins.

Relationship of magmatism, metamorphism and metallogeny with orogeny.

Neotectonics: Active fault systems.

Indicators of recent tectonic activity.

Causes of natural and man-made geohazards and their prevention.

Books Recommended:

1. Principles of igneous and Metamorphic Petrology-Philpots 2. Magma and Magmatic Rocks-Middlemost.

3. Igneous and metamorphic petrology-Best.

4. Plate Tectonics and Crustal evaluation-Condie.

5. Aspects of Tectonics-Valdiya.

6. Global Tectonics-Kearey and Vine.

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Paper-VI-Structural Geology

(5GLB-002)

Unit-I

Mechanical Principles: Definition of force, stress and strain, stages of rock deformation, stress-strain diagram. Effects of geological factors on mechanical behavior of rocks-confining pressures, temperature, time, solutions, pore pressure, anisotropy and inhomogeneity.

Unit-II

Unconformities, their types and recognition in the fields and on geological maps. Geological significance of unconformities.

Criteria for distinguishing faults from unconformities.

Description and nomenclature of folds.

Geometric and genetic classification of folds.

Recognition and interpretation of folds in field and geological maps.

Unit-III

Description and classification of faults.

Normal faults, horst and graben, rifts, strike-slip-faults.

Reverse faults, thrusts, thrusts and overthrusts. Nappe, Klippe, Window.

Criteria for recognition of faults, in the field and on geological maps.

Joints, their classification and significance.

Unit-IV

Planar structures, their identification and description. Type of cleavage and schistosity and their origin, relation of cleavage and schistosity to major structures. Types of lineations, their origin and their relation to major structures.

Geological criteria for determination of stratigraphic superposition, on the basis of biostratigraphy, fossil disposition, volcanogenic structures, cleavage bedding relationship and external form and internal organization of sediments.

Books Recommended:

1. Structural analysis of metamorphic Tectonics-Turner and Weiss.

2. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions-Davis 3. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-Ramsay.

4. An outline of Structural Goelogy-Rubbs, Mears and William.

5. A manual of problems in Structural Geology-Gokhle.

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Paper-VII-Natural Environment (5GLB-003)

Unit-I

Definition of Environmental Geology. The interdisciplinary approach to environmental geology.

Fundamental Concept: The earth as closed system, understanding hazardous earth processes.

Concept of natural ecosystems on the earth and their mutual relations and interactions (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere): Cycles in earth system: carbon energy cycle, biogeochemical cycle, rock cycle,geochemical cycle

Unit-II

Soil: process of soil formation, classification of soil, soil degradation and mitigation.

Landslides: slope stability, causes of land slides, prevention and mitigation.

Floods: causes, impact and mitigation. Earthquakes: causes, impact and mitigation.

Unit-III

Environmental and Geological consideration in site selection of dams, and tunnels.

Dams: foundation materials, structures causes of failure, siesmicity.

Tunnels: geology, structures, role of water table and seismicity.

Introduction to hydrogeology. Hydrologic cycle and its component.

Rock properties affecting groundwater. Vertical distribution of ground water.

Classification of aquifers. Darcy’s Law and its validity. Permeability and methods of its measurement.

Impact of mining activity on groundwater.

Unit-IV

Basics of remote sensing, EMR, platforms, sensors. Types of aerial photographs, Framing and scanning systems.

Types of satellites and images. Spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. Sensors and their characteristics on board IRS, Landsat and SPOT satellites

EMR interaction with atmosphere and earth surface.

Elements of image interpretation (photographic and geotechnical). Basic drainage pattern and their characteristics.

Application of remote sensing in natural hazards. Examples from India.

Books Recommended:

1. Environmental Geology-Keller 2. Groundwater Hydrogeology-Todd.

3. Principles of Engg. Geology and Geotectonics-Krynine and Judd.

4. Engineering Geology-Kesavulu.

5. Remote Sensing-Principles and Interpretation-Sabins.

6. Environmental Geology-Montgomery.

7. Groundwater Assessment, Development and Management – Karanth 8. Remote Sensing and image interpretation – Lillesand and Keifer 9. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph

10. Remote Sensing of Environment by A.R. Jensen

11. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System by Anji Reddy

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Practical

(5GLB-0L1) Semester-V

Microscopic study of major igneous rocks. Model mineralogy of some Plutonic and hypabassal rocks and their nomenclature using Streckeisen’s approach.

Study of sections across continental margins, island arcs and plate tectonics models.

Study of geohazard maps and introduction to basic geophysical instruments used for understanding the dynamics of the Earth.

Morphometic analysis using sample watershades. Scale determination and conversion. Exercises related to river basin water availability, drought assessment and flood prone regions. Spatial analysis using multiple data sets. Exercise on land degradation and resource depletion.

Drawing of hydrogeological cycle, depth to water table map, measurement and presentation of rainfall data-arithmetic mean, isohytal map, isocones and other methods of representation of chemical data . Preparation and interpretation of water table maps.

Identification and uses of water on the basis of quality (drinking, irrigation and industrial purpose).

(5GLB-0L2)

Exercises on structural geology problems. Stereographic projections of structural data. Geometrical problems on folds and faults. Drawing and the interpretation of profile sections across the geological maps.

(5GLB-0L3)

Geological Field Training: Field work including geological mapping of structurally complex area. The field report should be based on the mapping as well as laboratory work on the rock samples collected during the fieldwork.

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Semester-VI

Paper-VIII-Energy Resources and Mineral Exploration

(6GLB-001)

Unit-I

Petrology of coal. Peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal.

Gondwana and Tertiary coalfields of India. Geothermal energy provinces in India.

Source and reservoir rocks of hydrocarbons.Structural, stratigraphic and mixed oil traps.

Hydrocarbon exploration techniques-geological and geophysical methods.

Onshore and off-shore distribution of petroliferous basins in India.

Unit-II

Radioactive minerals: mineralogy, geochemistry, origin and distribution of uranium and thorium deposits in India.

Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Methods of prospecting for radioactive minerals.

Radioactive well logging. Nuclear waste disposal: problems and solutions.Surface and subsurface methods of mineral exploration. Application of remote sensing techniques in mineral exploration.

Unit-III

Geophysical methods of mineral exploration-airborne versus ground surveys.

Gravity, electrical, magnetic and seismic methods.Prospecting for economic minerals.

Methods of drilling, sampling, assaying and reserve estimation.

Fundamentals of geobotanical and Geochemical methods of exploration.

Unit-IV

Principles of mineral economics. Bore-hole logging and deviation testing.

Strategic, critical and essential minerals.Mineral production in India.

Changing pattern of mineral consumption. National mineral policy of India including hydrocarbon Mineral concession rules.Mineral resources of the sea and law of sea.

Books Recommended:

1. Coal Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.

2. Text Book of Coal-Chandra, Singh and Singh.

3. Petroleum formation and occurrence-Tisot and Welte.

4. Radioactivity in Geology-Principles and Application-Durrance.

5. Courses in Mining Geology-Arogyaswami.

6. Mineral Economics-Husain.

7. Mineral Economics-Chatterjee.

8. Techniques in Mineral exploration-Readman.

9. A text book of Petroleum Geology - Leverson

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Paper-IX-Sedimentary Petrology and Metamorphic Petrology

(6GLB-002)

Unit-I

Significance of grain size distribution in relation to environments.

Particle size of detrital rocks-grade scale in mm and phi scales.

Shape and sphericity of clastic particles.

Zingg’s and Folk’s shape classes. Chemistry of weathering processes.

Concept of sedimentary facies. Basic principles of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate analysis.

Basic ideas about depositional environments and their classification.

Morphology and occurrence of bedding plane structures, internal structures, soft sediment deformational structures, biogenic structures and significance of ichno fossils.

Unit-II

Sandstone: classification and origin. Petrography and geological significance of quartz arenite, arkose and greywacke.

Conglomerates: origin and classification.

Heavy minerals and their geological significance. Diagenesis of terriginous and chemical sediments.

Petrography and geological significance of diamictite and tillite.

.Shale, types, their bedding characteristics and mineralogy.

Classification and origin of carbonates with special reference of Folk’s classification.

Tectonics and sedimentation. Cratonic and plateform basins and facies.

Geosyncline basins and facies. Krynine’s cycle.

Unit-III

Metamorphic processes and a detailed account of agents and their role in metamorphism.

Types of metamorphism-contact, regional, cataclastic and metasomatism.

Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks and their significance.

Barrovian zones of regional metamorphism and principles of isograd mapping.

Rosenbusch’s zones of thermal metamorphism Unit-IV

Metamorphism in relation to plate tectonics. Paired metamorphic belts.

Cataclastic metamorphism and its products. Contact metamorphism of carbonate rocks. Regional metamorphism of pelitic rocks.

Metasomatism: types mass transfer and products, anatexis and granitisation.

Petrology, origin and distribution (in India) of charnockites, khondalites and granulites.

Books Recommended:

1. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn

2. Palaeo current and Basin Analysis-Potter and Pettijohn.

3. Origin of Sedimentary Rocks-Baltt, Mid delton, Murray.

4. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner.

5. Petrology of Metamorphic Rocks-Mason.

6. Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology-Philpots.

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Paper-X-Applied Geology

(6GLB-003)

Unit-I

Introduction of Urban geology, geological and hydrogeological constrains in urban planning. Foundation problem, Impact of urbanization on landuse. Impact of urban waste disposal, liquid waste disposal their management and control.Environmental legislation in India. Introduction to Medical geology and its future scope: geologic factors of environmental health.

Trace elements and human health, chronic diseases. Water borne diseases-cause and remedies. Food intake as sources of trace metals in humans.

Unit-II

Maps: elements, scale of map.Concept of datum and coordinate system. Map projections: Conical, cylindrical and azimuthal projection. Basic concepts and applications of GIS in geosciences, functions of GIS, data structure, data input and analysis in GIS.Global positioning system (GPS): components, operating principle, applications and limitations. GIS applications in geosciences.

Unit-III

Geochemical sampling: stream sediments, lake sediments, soil and water samples.Pathfinder elements in exploration.

Geobotanical survey and biogeochemistry.Geochemical analysis: precision and accuracy. Introductory knowledge about the principle andfunctioning of flame photometer, spectrometer, AAS (single beam & double beam), XRF, XRD and ICP.

Ores and rock processing industries and their impact on human health.

Unit-IV

Formation of minerals, basic qualities (beauty, durability, rarity), classification of gem materials, weight and measures, Physical character of gem stones: hardness, cleavage, fracture, parting, specific gravity optical characteristics. Nature of light:

electromagnetic spectrum, transparency, light reflection and refractive index and its measurement.Colour and its causes, pleochroism, dispersion, absorption spectroscopy luminescence phenomenal effects, chatoyancy, asterism, sheen, aventurescence, play of colour, change of colour etc.

Description and identification of precious, semi-precious gem stones. Description and identification of organic gem stones.

Gemstone cuts: basic and simple style of cut.

Books Recommended:

1. Environmental Geology-Montgomery.

2. Environmental Sciences-Miller.

3. Manual on environmental and Urban Geology of fast growing cities-ESCAE, United Nations Publications.

4. Techniques in Mineral Exploration-Readman.

5. Geochemical Exploration-Bjorklund.

6. Practical Gemmology-Webster.

7. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System-M.Anji Reddy.

8. Fundamentals of GIS- M. Demers

9. Datum Map Projection and Coordinate System – Survey of India (lecture notes) 10. Lecture notes on remote sensing GIS and map protection (reference Copy) 11. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System by A.M. Chandra

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Practical

(6GLB-0L1) Semester-VI

Hand specimen study of different types of coals, selected radioactive minerals and their host rocks. Exercises in showing distribution of various mineral deposits, fuel resources and hydrocarbon resources on map of India. Laboratory exercises in solving exploration related problems. Data representation & analysis of field resources.

Description and identification of rough and cut precious and semi-precious stones. Determination of R.I., specific gravity and optical properties. Grading of Gem stones. Industrial mineralogy: industrial specifications of various minerals used in the refractory and ceramic industry, glass industry, cement industry, Abrassive and fertilizer industry. Minerals used in various industries around Aligarh.

Case studies of environment related problems. Introduction to modern analytical techniques of geological, geophysical and geobotanical survey for environmental studies. Evaluation and interpretation of geochemical data for exploration.

(6GLB-0L2)

Study of important primary sedimentary structures in hand specimens. Microscope study of sedimentary textures, mineralogy and diagenetic features in sedimentary rocks. Microscopic study textures and mineralogy of metamorphic rocks. Laboratory exercises in graphic plots for petrochemistry and interpretation of paragenetic diagrams.

(6GLB-0L3) - Comprehensive Viva

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Course Structure

&

Syllabus

M. Sc. (Applied Geology)

For

Session 2015-2016

Department of Geology Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh

(23)

Department of Geology A.M.U., Aligarh

Programme: M.Sc. (Applied Geology), Semester System

(Total Four Semesters)

Session 2015-2017

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

Types of Courses: Core, Elective (Discipline Centric), Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) and Open Elective (Ability Enhancement)

First Semester Type of

Course

Course No.

Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours

Sessional Mid Semester

End Semester

Total L T P

Core M 1 Ore Geology and Mining Geology 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M2 Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques

10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M3 Structural Geology 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M4 Geotectonics 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M5 Hydrogeology - I 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core ML1 Lab work: Ore Geology, Mining Geology, Structural Geology, Geotectonics and Survey

Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2 Core ML2 Lab Work: Mineralogy, Instrumentation and

Analytical Techniques and Hydrogeology-I

Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2 Elective

(DC)

ME 1 Choose 01 course amongst the following 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

a) Coal Petrology b) Oceanography c) Glaciology

AE (DE) MAE 1 Field Geology/Industrial/ Laboratory Training- I 40 60 100 2 Total 24 Second Semester

Type of Course

Course No.

Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours

Sessional Mid Semester

End Semester

Total L T P

Core M6 Paleobiology and Indian Stratigraphy 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M7 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M8 Remote Sensing in Geosciences 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M9 Geophysical Exploration 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M10 Hydrogeology - II 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Elective (DC)

ME 2 Choose 01 course amongst the following 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

a)Geodynamic Processes and Crustal Evolution b)Global Climate Change

AE (DE) MAE 2 Lab work: Paleobiology, Indian Stratigraphy , Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

Continuous evaluation -40 60 100 2 0 1 2 AE (DE) MAE 3 Lab work: Remote Sensing in Geosciences

Geophysical Exploration and Hydrogeology

Continuous evaluation -40 60 100 2 0 1 2 Total 24

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M.Sc. (Applied Geology) – Part II

Paper Title Max.Marks

Sessional Exam Total

Credits M.Sc. Applied Geology Part –II

Third Semester Theory

IX (M9) Fuel Geology (Coal, Petroleum and Atomic Minerals) X (M10) Geophysical Exploration and Engineering Geology XI (M11) Geochemistry- I

XII (M 12) Sedimentology - I

XIII (M 13) Environmental Geology- I

XIV (M 14) Special Paper – I ( Optional amongst the following) 1. Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences – I

2. Applied Geochemistry- I

3. Sedimentary Environments and Sedimentary Basins- I 4 .Micropalentology – I

5. Advance Ore Geology – I 6. Advance Hydrogeology – I

7. Impact of Geology on Environment – I 8. Petroleum Exploration – I

9. Gemmology – I

10. Engineering Geology and Geotechniques – I 11. Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-I Lab. Work

VII (ML7) Coal, Petroleum and Atomic Minerals,Geophysical

Exploration, Engineering Geology and Computer Applications VIII (ML8)Geochemistry, Sedimentology, Environmental

Geology

30 30 15 15 15 15

30 30

70 70 35 35 35 35

70 70

100 100 50 50 50 50

100 100

4 4 2 2 2 2

4 4 Total 180 420 600 24 M.Sc. Applied Geology Part – II

Fourth Semester Theory

XV (M 15) Geochemistry- II XVI (M 16) ) Sedimentology - II XVII (M 17) Environmental Geology- II

XVIII (M 18) Special Paper – II ( Optional amongst the following) 1. Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences – II

2. Applied Geochemistry- II

3. Sedimentary Environments and Sedimentary Basins- II 4. .Micropalentology –II

5. Advance Ore Geology – II 6. Advance Hydrogeology – II

7. Impact of Geology on Environment – II 8. Petroleum Exploration – II

9. Gemmology – II

10.Engineering Geology and Geotechniques – II 11. Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-II

XIX ( M 19) Project Oriented Dissertation (To be allotted after

15 15 15 15

30

35 35 35 35

70 50 50 50 50

100 2 2 2 2

4

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M. Sc. (Applied Geology): Part - I Semester - I

Core Credit – 4, Period - 56

Paper M 1: Ore Geology and Mining Geology

Unit-I

Modern concepts of ore genesis.

Spatial and temporal distribution of ore deposits- a global perspective.

Comparison between Earth’s evolutionary history and evolutionary trends in ore deposits. Ore deposits and Plate Tectonics.

Mode of occurrence of ore bodies-morphology and relationship of host rocks.

Textures of ores and their genetic significance.

Ore bearing fluids, their origin and migration. Wall-rock alteration.

Structural, physico-chemical and stratigraphic controls of ore localization.

Petrological Ore associations with Indian examples wherever feasible:

Unit – II

Geothermometry of ore deposits. Fluid inclusion in ores: Principles, assumptions, limitations and applications.

Inversion points, exsolution textures and stable isotopes as indicators of depositional temperatures.

Geochemistry of ores- major, trace elements, REE and isotopic studies

Ores of mafic-ultramafic association- diamonds in kimberlite; REE in carbonatites; Ti-V ores; chromite and PGE; Ni ores; Cu, Pb-Zn.

Ores of silicic igneous rocks with special reference to disseminated and stock work deposits, porphyry associations.

Unit –III

Ores of sedimentary affiliation-chemical and clastic sedimentation, stratiform and stratabound ore deposits (Mn, Fe, non-ferrous ores), placers and palaeoplacers.

Ores of metamorphic affiliations-metamorphism of ores, Ores related to weathering and weathered surfaces laterite, bauxite. Contemporary ore-forming systems e.g., black smokers, mineralized crusts, Mn nodules. Mineralogy, genesis and important Indian distribution of ore minerals related to: Mn, Au, Sn, W and U.

Unit – IV

Application of rock mechanics in mining.

Planning, exploration and exploratory mining of surface and underground mineral deposits involving diamond drilling, shaft sinking, drifting, cross cutting, winzing, stoping, room and pillaring, top-slicing, sub-level caving and block caving.

Cycles of surface and underground mining operations. Exploration for placer deposits. Open pit mining.

Ocean bottom mining.

Types of drilling methods. Mining hazards: mine inundation, fire and rock burst.

Books Recommended:

1.Craig, J.M. & Vaughan, D.J., 1981: Ore Petrography and Mineralogy-John wiley 2.Evans, A.M., 1993: Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals-Blackwell

3.Sawkins, F.J., 1984: Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics-Springer Verlag 4.Stanton, R.L., 1972: Ore Petrography-McGraw Hill

5.Torling, D.H., 1981: Economic Geology and Geotectonics-blackwell Sci publ.

6.Barnes, H.L., 1979: Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits-John Wiley

7.Klemm, D.D. and Schneider, H.J., 1977: Time and Strata Bound Ore Deposits-Springer Verlag 8.Guibert, J.M. and Park, Jr. C.F., 1986: The Geology of Ore Deposits-Freeman

9.Mookherjee, A., 2000: Ore genesis-a Holistic Approach-Allied Publisher 10.Mckinstry, H.E., 1962: Mining Geology. II Ed.-Asia Publishing House 11.Clark, G.B., 1967: Elements of Mining.III Ed.-John Wiley

12.Arogyaswami, R.P.N., 1996: Courses in Mining Geology.IV Ed.-Oxford IBH

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Core Credit – 4, Period - 56

Paper M 2: Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques

Unit-I

Indicatrix- concept and application.

Orthoscopy- pleochroisom and absorption schemes, Interference colours, dispersion Conoscopy- interference figures (uni- and biaxial)

Determinative mineralogy – Refractive index, axiality, optic sign, and optic axial ange (2V) by microscope

Description and function of microscopic aids- compensation plates and wedges, Universal stage.

Sample - Definition, field samples, sampling methods. Sample preparation for geochemical analysis.

Thin Section Studies-Etching and Staining techniques particularly for feldspars, carbonates, dolomite, paragonite and quartz

Model analysis and techniques, Polished Section Studies-Reflectance (specular and diffusive) and reflactance spectrometry

Bireflactance and reflection pleochroism, Colour of opaques, Microhardness and determination

Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM & TEM) :Principle, parts, function and application. Diffraction and imaging

Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA) :Principle, parts, operation and application

Principles, instruments and geological applications of Cathodeluminescence and thermoluminescence . Unit-II

Properties associated with bond types( ionic size, radius ratio, coordination principle, coordination number)

Polymorphism, polytypism, pseudomorphism

Atomic structure, mineral chemistry, and mode of occurrence of following mineral groups (a) Nesosilicates-Garnet, Olivine, (b) Sorosilicates- Epidote

(c) Ionosilicates – Pyroxene, Amphibole (d) Phyllosilicates - Mica, Clay minerals (e) Tectosilicates-Quartz, Feldspar, Feldspathoids, Zeolites, Spinel.

P.T. stability diagrams and their significance with suitable examples Unit-III

Chemical composition, crystal structure and mode of occurrence of following groups of non-silicate minerals.

Native elements: Gold, Silver, Copper, Platinum, Iron, Sulfides- Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn sulfides.

Sulfosalts-Ag, Cu and Pb sulfosalts , Oxides-simple and multiple oxides excluding SiO2

Hydroxides- Brucite, Gibbsite, Goethite, Limonite, Psilomelane, Carbonates-Calcite, Magnesite, Rhodochrosite, Dolomite, Siderite

Mineral assemblages- Assemblages and phase rule, Assemblages and rock types

Gem and Semi-precious minerals – identification, diagnostic properties, classification, important deposits of India

Unit-IV

Powdering Methods and tools-Conventional and Modern Contaminations (precautious and measures)

Concept in analytical Chemistry-Terms & definitions, Units of measurement., Accuracy and precision.

Statistical tests of reliability. Detection limits. Contamination (analytical)

Calibration of Instruments, Elements and analytical techniques, Presentation of geochemical data X-rays: Nature, generation and spectra of X-ray , Diffraction, Bragg’s law,

X – rays and Crystal structure

X-ray Diffractrometry , X-ray diffractrometer (XRD) :Principle, parts, operation X-rays and Petrochemistry

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Optical spectrometry- Principles, Nature of light, Absorption and emission of light

Instrumentation for optical spectrometry, Monochromaters, optical filter, slits, photon detectors etc Principles, parts, operation mechanism, advantages and limitations of the following:

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer- Single and double beam (AAS) Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) HPLC ( for water analysis)

Mass Spectrometry & Instruments: Principles and Types Theoretical working knowledge of the following instruments:

(a) ICP-Mass, (b) Thermal Ionization-Mass, (c) Gas Source-Mass Books Recommended:

1.Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J., 1996: The Rock forming Minerals-Longman 2.Klein, C. and Hurlbut, Jr. C.S., 1993: Manual of Mineralogy-John Wiley

3.Putnis, Andrew, 1992: Introduction to Mineral Sciences-Cambridge University Press

4.Spear, F.S. 1993: Mineralogical Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time paths-Mineralogical 5.Society of America Publ.

6.Phillips, Wm, R. and Griffen, D.T., 1996: Optical Mineralogy-CBS Edition

7.Hutchinson, C.S., 1974: Laboratory Handbook of Petrographic Techniques-John Wiley

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Core Credit – 2, Period - 28

Paper M 3: Structural Geology

Unit-I

Mechanical principles and properties of rocks and their controlling factors. (confining pressure, temperature, time, pore fluid pressure etc). Concept of stress.

Stress analyses of deformed objects in structural geology.

Unit-II

Concept of strain. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous strain. The fundamental strain equation. Two dimensional strain analysis. Types of strain ellipses and ellipsoids, their properties and geological significance. Strain marker in naturally deformed rocks.

Unit - III

Description of componental parts of Folds. Mechanics of folding and buckling, Flexure folds; flexure flow folds. Distribution of strains in folds.

Unit - IV

Genetic and geometric classification of faults. Casues and dynamics of faulting. Strike slip faults, Normal faults, Thrust fault.

Books Recommended:

1.Badgley, R.C. 1965: Structure and Tectonics-Harper and Row 2.Ramsay, J.G. 1967: Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-McGraw Hill

3.Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D. and Williams, P.F. 1976: An Outline of Structural Geology-John wiley 4.Davis, G.R., 1984: Structural Geology of Rocks and Region-John Wiley

5.Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I. 1987: Modern structural Geology, Vol. I & II Academic Press 6.Price, N.J. and Cosgrove, J.W. 1990: Analysis of Geological Structure-Cambridge University Press 7.Bayly B., 1992: Mechanics in Structural Geology: Springer Verlag

8.Ghosh S.K., 1995: Structural Geology Fundamentals of Modern Developments-Pergamon Press 9.Moores, E. and Twiss, R.J. 1995: Tectonics-Freeman

10.Keary, P. and Vine, F.J. 1990: Global Tectonics-Balckwell

11.Storetvedt, K.N. 1997: Our Evolving Planet: Earth’s History in New Perspective-Bergen (Norway), Alma Mater Fortag

12.Valdiya, K.S., 1998: Dynamic Himalaya-Universal Press, Hyderabad

13.Summerfield, M.A., 2000: Geomorphology and Global Tectonics-Springer Verlag

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Core Credit – 2, Period - 28

Paper M 4: Geotectonics

Unit-I

Historical perspective of the theory of plate tectonics: Continental drift, Sea-floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics, Impact of plate tectonics. The framework of plate tectonics: plates and plate margins, Distribution of earthquakes, Relative and absolute plate motions, Hotspots, Polar wander.

Unit-II

Sea-floor spreading, Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic reversals, Magnetostratigraphy, Dating the sea-dloor.

Oceanic ridges: Ridge topography, structure of the upper mantle beneath ridges, Heat-flow and hydrothermal circulation, transform faults and oceanic fracture zones.

Unit-III

Continental rifts and rifted margins: Characteristics of narrow and wide rifts, Rift initiation and volcanic activity along rifts, Transition from rift to rifted margin, The Wilson Cycle. Continental transform and strike slip faults.

Unit-IV

Subduction zones: Oceanic trenches, Morphology of island arc systems, Structure deciphered from earthquakes, Volcanic and plutonic activity, Metamorphism, Gravity anomalies of sunduction zones.

Orogenic belts:Ocean-continent convergence, Compressional sedimentary basins, Continent-continent collision, Arc-continent

collision.

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Core Credit – 2, Period - 28

Paper M 5: Hydrogeology-I

Unit-I

Hydrologic cycle and its components

Ground water origin, types, importance, occurrence, renewable and non-renewable ground water resources .Sub surface movement and vertical distribution of groundwater

Hydrologic properties of rocks : porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific retention, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, storage coefficient and methods of their measurements Hydrographs.

Unit-II

Hydraulic properties of aquifer and aquitard and their controlling factors, transmissivity, storavity and specific yield, Well Hydraulics, Darcy’s law and its validity, confined, unconfined steady, unsteady and radial flow, Determination of permeability in the lab and field. Ground water flow equations

Unit-III

Water table contour maps, hydrostratigraphic units of India. Artificial recharge of ground water, rain water harvesting. Water balance methods, water level fluctuations : causitive factors and their measurement, Problem of over exploitation.

Ground water legislation.

Unit-IV

Surface and subsurface geophysical and geological methods of ground water exploration.

Hydrogeomorphic mapping using various remote sensing techniques.

Surface geophysical methods: resistivity, seismic, gravity and magenetic methods. Well logging for delineation of aquifers and estimation of water quality, electrical resistivity and SP, radiation logging, Gamma, Gamma Gamma, Neutron Caliper and temperature logging

Books Recommended:

1.Todd, D.K., 1980: Groundwater Hydrology-John Wiley

2.Davies, S.N. & De Wiest, R.J.M., 1966: Hydrogeology-John Wiley 3.Freeze, R.A. & Cherry, J.A., 1979: Ground Water-Prentice Hall 4.Fetter, C.W., 1990: Applied Hydrogeology-Merill Publishing 5.Raghunath, N.M., 1982: Ground Water-Wiley Eastern

6.Karanth, K.R., 1987: Groundwater Assessment-Development and Management-Tata McGraw Hall 7.Alley, W.M., 1993: Regional Ground Water Quality-VNR, New York

8.Subramaniam, V., 2000: Water-Kingston Publ. London.

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Core Credit – 2, Period – 36

ML 1: Lab Work (Exercise related to Ore Geology, Mining Geology, Structural Geology, Geotectonics and Survey)

(a) Megascopic study of structures and fabrics of different ores and their associations. Mineralogical and textural studies of common ore minerals under ore-microscope and petrological study of other industrial and non-metallic minerals. Exercises in the determination of relative hardness of common ore minerals.

(b) Diagrammatic representation of open cast and underground mining. Methods of mining survey.

Exercises on mine sampling and determination of tenor, cut-off grades and ore reserves.

(c) Preparation and interpretation of geological maps and sections. Structural problems concerning economic deposits. Recording and plotting of field data. Plotting and interpretation petrofabric data and resultant diagrams.

(d) Study of large scale tectonic features of the Earth.

(e) various methods and instruments of surveying including plane table, prismatic and theodolite and Telescopic Aledade.

Core Credit – 2, Period - 36

ML 2: Lab Work (Exercise related to Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques, and Hydrogeology)

(a) Microscopic study of rock forming minerals using optical accessories. Exercises on thin section and polished section making, etching and staining.

(b) Exercises in sample dissolution, determination of elemental composition of minerals and rocks by flame photometer and AAS, sample preparation for powder diffraction by XRD and interpretation of X- ray diffractograms of common minerals and components of the bulk rocks.

(c) Delineation of hydrological boundaries on water-table contour maps and estimation of permeability Analysis of hydrographs and estimation of infiltration capacity. Chemical analysis of water.

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Elective (Discipline Centric) ME 1 Credit – 4, Period - 56

(a): Coal Petrology

Unit I

Coal Petrology- Definition, Formation of coal, varieties of coal.

Coal rank - physico-chemical coalification, processes associated with rank change Maturation concept: physico-chemical coalification – rank change

Origin and Indian distribution of coal, stratigraphy of coal measures. Methods of coal exploration Unit II

Petrographic composition of organic matter and types, Proximate analysis, Ultimate analysis

Biochemical coalification : The maceral concept, Mceral groups and sub-groups, Vitrinite group and sub-groups, Inertinite macerals, Liptinite macerals, Telovitrinite

Detrovitrinite subgroup, Gelovitrinite subgroup, Liptinite group, Sporinite

Chemical affinities of the Liptinite macerals: cutinite , suberinite, resinite , liptodetrinite, alginite, bituminite, exsudatinite.

The inertinite group: fusinite, semifusinite, inertodetrinite, macrinite, micrinite, funginite, secretinite, microlithotypes Organic petrological methods: vitrinite reflectance, optical properties of vitrinite and their influence on measurements, relationship of reflectance to other optical properties Techniques for measuring vitrinite reflectance: use of various immersion media, mean maximum reflectance, Random measurements but with polar, Random reflectance carbonization: mesophase development in natural bitumen, natural coke. little limestone coal, visean, meta-exsudatinite

Unit III

Industrial application of coal- Coal carbonization, Hydrogenation, Liquification and gasification, underground coal gasification, Coal bed Methane, coal mining methods

Unit IV

Coal hazards and mitigation measures- Environmental impact of coal mining, acid mine drainage, mine subsidence,

groundwater inundation, spontaneous combustion of coal, environmental impact of coal based power plants, disposal of coal ash, carbon sequestration.

Books recommended

1.Taylor, G.H., Teichmuller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R. and Robert, P., 1998: Organic 2. Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart

3. Chandra, D., Singh, R.M. and Singh, M.P., 2000: Textbook of Coal (Indian Context)-Tara Book Agency, Varanasi.

4. Singh, M.P., (Ed.), 1998: Coal and Organic Petrology-Hindustan Publ. Corp., New Delhi

5. Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.T.H., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller, M. and Teichmuller, R., 1982:

7.Stach’s Text Book of Coal Petrology- Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart

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(b): Oceanography

Unit I

General Circulation and climate Modelling:Observed zonally symmetric circulations, meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy, angular momentum and energy budgets;

zonally asymmetric features of general circulation; standing eddies; eastwest circulations in tropics: climate variability and forcings; feedback processes, low frequency variability, MJO (Madden Julian oscillation), and sunsport cycles.

Unit II

Basic principles of general circulation modeling; gridpoint and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modeling; interannual variability of ocean fields and its relationship with monsoon, concept of ocean-atmosphere coupled models.

Unit-III

The global wind system; action of wind on ocean surface’Ekman’s theory; Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk’s theories; upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean. Inertial currents; divergences and convergences; geostrophic relationship between density, pressure and dynamic topography; relative and slope currents. Wind driven coastal currents; typical scales of motion in the ocean.

Unit IV

Characteristics of the global conveyor belt circulation and its causes. Formation of subtropical gyres; western boundary currents; equatorial current systems; El Nino; monsoonal winds and currents over the North Indian Ocean; Somali current; southern ocean.

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(c): Glaciology

Unit I

Climatic and glacier: Snowline altitude in different mountains and continents, effect of precipitation effect of latitude, effect of solar radiation, terminal altitude of glaciers, Cirque and glacier development

Unit II

Spatial snow, ice and glaciers: Physical and Chemical Properties of Ice, Global Hydrological Cycle and snow and ice component, Water Inventory and snow and ice on earth, snow covered areas covered on the Globe

Unit III

Glacial Geomorphology : ice scoured basins , roche mountonnees , meltwater valleys cirque, arete , horn , hanging valley , glacial trough , truncated spur , glacial drift, till, outwash , glacio-lacturine sediments , glacio-tectonic drifto , moraines, eskers, kame , valley train and outwash plain

Unit IV

Climate change and glaciers: Snow cover evolution and glacier evolution, Causes of ice ages, Orbital parameters, Milutin Milankovitch cycle, role of CO2 and other green house gases, weathering, mountain building etc., Impact of Climate change on Himalayan glaciers: The records of glacier retreat and advancement in centuries with spatial distribution

Readings:

Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology by Bryn Hubbard and Neil F. Glasser, willey International The Physics of Glaciers, Fourth Edition Hardcover, 2010, Kurt M. Cuffey and W. S. B. Paterson

Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology Paperback 1993, P. McL. D. Duff and Arthur Holmes Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Syed Iqbal Hasnain, Allied Publishers

Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Naseeuddin Ahmad and Sarwar Rais, Allied Publishers Snow and Glacier Hydrology, 2000, P. Singh, Vijay P. Singh

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Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) MAE 1 Credit – 2 Field Geology/Industrial/Laboratory Training-I

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M. Sc. (Applied Geology): Part – I Semester - II

Core Credit – 4, Period –56

Paper M 6: Paleobiology and Indian Stratigraphy

Unit-I

Origin of life, Pre-Cambrian fossil record and major events in the history of life.

Organic evolution: evidence, causes, mechanism, and patterns; determining phylogenetic relationship.

Species concept in palaeontology: definition, origin, biologic and palaeontologic methods of species determination species problem in palaeontology.

Ontogeny and growth of organisms: types of growth, isometric and anisometric growth, rates and causes, interpretation of growth curves. Functional morphology: methods of functional morphologic analysis with examples from the fossil record.

Taphonomy: taphonomic processes, types of fossil assemblages and their application.

Unit II

Application of fossils in palaeoclimatic interpretations, climatic bioindicators, use of stable isotopes in palaeoclimatic studies.

Major groups of microfossils with special reference to morphology and geological applications of foraminifera.

Origin and evolution of early vertebrates: fishes and amphibians, major groups, general characters and geological distribution.

Reptiles: general characters, major groups, their geological distribution, evolution and extinction of dinosaurs.

Aves and mammals: evolution, general features and geological distribution, adaptive radiation of Cenozoic mammals.

Evolutionary histories of Proboscideans and Homonidae.

Unit-III

Lithostratigraphy, Codes units, correlation and contacts. Biostratigorphy- units, biogeographical acme zone provinces, controlling factors,zonation and their time significance. Basic principles of seismic staratigraphy and sequence Stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, event Stratigraphy.

Origin and composition of primitive crust, atmosphere & hydrosphere.

Tectonic and crustal evolution, lithostratigraphy, age constraints of the following cratonic blocks:

Dharwar, Aravalli-Bundelkhand, Singhbhum and Bhandara-Bastar.

Unit – IV

Basin configuration, stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of the following basins. Vindhyan, Chattisgarh and Cuddappah.

Paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions prevailing in Indian subcontinent during Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Igneous activity in Indian subcontinent in relation to break up of Gondwanaland. Mountain building activities in Indian subcontinent during Cenozoic Era.

Archean-Proterozoic; Proterozoic-Cambrian,

Permian- Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary problems in Indian subcontinent.

Books Recommended:

1.Clarkson, E.N.K., 1998: Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution.IV Ed.-Blackwell 2.Stearn, C.W. & Carroll, R.L, 1989: Palaeontology-the Record of Life-John Wiley

3. Principles of Paleontology by David M. Raup and Steven M. Stanley. CBS Publishers and Distributers.

4. Evolution of Vertebrates by E.H. Colbert. Wiely Eastern Ltd.

5.Pomerol, C., 1982: The Cenozoic Era: Tertiary and Quaternary-Ellis Harwood Ltd.

References

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