April-June 2 002
NEW CONIDIAL FUNGI FROM ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA
M A RIA D’SOUZA, S A N JA Y K. SINGH A N D D.J. BHAT*
Department o f B otany, G o a University, G oa-403 206, India 'C orresponding author: djbhat@unigoa.ernet.in
A B S T R A C T
Four new spccies o f litter-inhabiting H yphom ycetcs arc described from the forests o f M iddle Andaman Island. India. These arc. (1) A r g o p c ric o iv a in d tm ci sp. nov, characterized by c aten ate, globose, hyaline blastic conidia d ev elo p in g o n flcxuous conidiophores with discrete con id io g en o u s cells; (2) V irgaiospora nalarajpnsis sp . n o v . producing fusiform , non-septatc, olive g re en to dark brown, phialidic conidia with lo ngitudinal su rfa ce ridges on e rec t synnem atous co n id io m ata , both isolated from decaying leaves o f C a la m u s thwaHesii; (3) P h ia lo cep h a la viltalensis sp. n o v . with catenate, 1-sep tate, pale brown, ph ialid ic co n id ia developing on a p ic ally branched c o n id io p h o res;
and (4) S tratiphorom yces rctg h u ku m a ren sis sp. nov, pro d u cin g fusiform, curved, 1-sep tate, phialidic conidia on percurrently -reg en eratin g conidiophores, isolated from fallen lea v e s o f Caryota urem .
Key words: Biodiversity. Taxonomy. Hyphomycetes
IN T R O D U C T IO N
The Andamans, a siring o f ab o u t 350 islands in the Bay o f Bengal, lying betw een 6° and 14°N, and 92° and 94° E, harb o u r dense evergreen tropical forests in their interiors while extensive m angrove sw am ps fringe their coastlines. The islands have a warm and humid climate with te m p eratu re ranging from 24°-36°C, relative hum idity between 80-90% and rainfall o f up to 4 5 0 cm per year. G eographic isolation and relative inaccessibility from the mainland have th u s far contributed to preservation o f the forests on the islands.
No authoritative reports have yet been published on the litter fungi o f A ndam an and Ntcobar Islands, India, except that o f B h a t & Kendrick (1993). During a Holistic stu d y o f the lungi o f the forests o f the A ndam an Islands and W estern Ghats in southern India, Bhat and Kendrick (1993) described 9 tfew conidia! fungi from the Andaman region. In the present study, an additional 4 novel taxa o f hyphomycetes isolated from fallen and decaying leaves o f Calamus thwaitesii B ecc. and Caryota w e n s Linn, arc described.
These hitherto unknown fungi are n am ed in honour o f four contemporary m ycologists who have contributed significantly to th e development o f taxonom ic mycology in India.
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Fig. 1. Argopericonia indiraei: a.Young conidiophore, b. C onidiophore with conidiogenous cells, c. Conidiophore w ith conidiogenous cells and catenate conidia.
M A T E R IA L S AND M E T H O D S
Fallen and decaying leaves o f Calamus (hwaitesii Becc. and Caryota urens Linn, w ere airlifted to the mainland and incubated in sterile moist cham bers for 7-14 days. T he sporulating fungi w ere mounted in lactophenol and examined under the microscope.
Part of the leaf fitter was cut into small bits and ground to fme particles in an electric blender. The particles were filtered th ro u g h two superim posed metal sieves w ith m esh size o f 250pm and 100 pm. The fme particles ofbetvyeen 100 and 250 pm size, trap p e d in the lower sieve, w ere repeatedly w ash ed in sterile distilled w ater and plated on malt extract agar (M E A ) medium containing a mixture o f antibiotics (Bacitracin 0 .0 2 g, Neomycin 0.02 g, Penicillin G 0 .0 2 g , Polymixin 0.02g, Streptomycin 0 .0 2 g and ferram ycin 0.04g dissolved in 10 nil o f distilled w ater and added to 1 L o f M E A medium). Fungal liyphae arising from th e particles w ere asepticaily and individually transferred into fresh MEA slants. T he fungi in culture sporulated after several w eek s o f incubation. These w ere examined un d er the microscope. C am era lucida draw ings w ere m ade using a draw ing tube attached to an Olympus m icroscope.
T A X O N O ivU C D E SC R IPTIO N
Argupericonia inciiraci sp.nov. (Fig. l , a - d )
[Named in honour of Dr. Indira Kalyanasundarani, C.A.S.in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, India]
Ad fungos conidiales, Hyphomycetes, pcrtinens. Colonial in MBA regulares, tardus cresco, atro olivaceo viridis, ad m arginiae rhizoidalis, usque ad I cm diam post 7 dies.
Mycfitium humiduin partim imtnersuni, ox hyphis super-ficialis laevis, septatis, ram osis, tenui-tunicatis, pallide brunnis, 1 5 -2 p in lalis compositis. Conidiophara ex mycelii superficialis orienda, singula, discreta, erecta, recta, laevia, 3-7-seplala, ram osa versus apicem, atrobrunnea, crassitunicata, 50-1 15 x 3-5 pm. Cellulae coniUiogemie discretae, terminates, ellipsoideae, polyblasticae, cicatrices non incrassatae, laeviae, hyalinae, 4-5 x 2-3 pm. Coniclia solitaria vel catenata, in catenis ramosis acropetalia; globosa, non- septata (am erosporia), laevia, hyalina, 2 .5 -4 pm diam, collapsis in mucosa massis.
HOLOTYPUS: C ultura in MEA exiccata, extractis in putridinis foliis Calam us rhwaitesii. Middle Andaman Islands, leg. M aria D’Souza, 31 Jan. 2000, IMI 386675 Conidial fungi, hyphomycetes. Colonies on MEA regular in outline, adpressed, flat, w ith rhizoidal margin, dark olive green, slow growing, attaining a diam o f 1 cm after 7 days.
Mycelium partly immersed, partly superficial, composed o f smootli-walled, sep tate, branched, pale brow n, hyphae 1.5-2 f.mi w ide, often aggregated into superficial mycelial knots 10-20 [im diam. ConiiHophores single, discrete, erect, straight or flexuous, smooth, thick-walled, 3-7-septate, 5 0-115 x 3-5 pm, d ark brow n in the low er half, branched and pale brow n to colourless tow ard the lip, with rhizoid-like branches at the base, arising from superficial m ycelium . Coniciiogenous eg I Is discrete, term inal, ellipsoidal, colourless, polyblastic, w ith unthickcned scars, 4-5 x 2-3 pm. C onhiia solitary to catenate, globose, nonsep tate (amerosporous), sm ooth, hyaline, 2.5-4 f.im diam, developing in branched, acropetal chains, often collapsing into slimy, g lo b u la r mass.
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Fig.2. Phialocephala vittalensis: a. M ature conidiophores, b. E nlarged conidiophores, c. Cortidia, d. C aten ate conidia.
The previously m onotypic genus Argopericonia B.Sutton & Pascoe (1987), typified by
A. e/egans B .S utton & Pascoe, is characterized by production o f solitary o r shortly j catenate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, smooth, polyblastic conidia on integrated hyaline, apical,
cuneiform conidiogenous cells, and dark brow n, single conidiophores. Conidiogenesis in ! Argopericonia is similar to that ot' Periconia Tode: Fr. Though similar to Argopericonia I elegaiis, A. indiraei differs from the type by its (i) globose and smaller, conidia (conidia ! in A. elegans are ellipsoidal, 11-12.5 x 7-8.5 pm ) which develop in branched, acropetal i chains and often collapse into slimy, globular masses, (ii) terminally branched I conidiophores and (iii) conidiophores arising from rhizoid-like branches at the base.
Phialocephala viftalensis sp. nov. (Fig-2, a-d)
[Named in honour of Dr. B.P.R. Vittal, C.A.S. in Botany, University o f Madras, Chennai, India)]
Ad fungos conidiales, Hyphomycetes, pertinens. Coloniae effusae, amphigenae.
Mycelium partim immersum, ex hyphis su p e rfic ia l seplatis, laevis, ramosis, tenui- tunicatis, hyalinis, 2-3 pm latis, com posito. Conidiophora singula, crecta, recta vcl raro flexuosa, laevia, atrobrunnea, crassitunicata, 4-6-seplata, 360-1200 x 10-20 pm, usque ad 25 pm lata ad basim ,10-!5 pm lata ad apicem, palliodora versus supra dimidiatum, septatum, ex stipite penicilliformi com posita et ordenare in 3-5 serie metularum. Cellulae conidiogenae in conidiophoris incorporatac, term inales, monophialidicae, enteroblasticae, tenui-tunicatae, subhyalinae, hyalo non incrassato, 10-30 x 2.5-5 pm , experse collaretto, Conidia solitaria to catenata, in catenis subterminaliter forinata, fiisiforma vel elipsoidea, recta vel curvata, basim attenuate truncata, apicem papillata vc!
rotundata, laevia, l-septata, pelleda brunnea, 9-18 x 3-5 pm, om nia glutinata.
HOLOTYPUS: In foliis emortuis Caryola mens, Middle Andam an Island, leg. Rajiv
Kumar, 15 Dec. 2000, IM1 386678. ' ‘ '
Conidia! fungi, hyphomycetes. Colonies ell'use, am phigenous. Mycelium partly immersed, com posed o f septate, branched, sm ooth hyphae 2-3 pm wide. Conidiophores solitary, erect, straight to rarely flexuous, smooth-walled, dark brown, thick-walled, 4-6- septate, 360-1200 x 10-20 pm, up to 25 pm wide at the base, slightly paler and penicillately branched in the apical region, with 3-5 series o f m etulae bearing an apical cluster o f phiaiides. Conidiogenous cells terminal, discrete, monophialidic, enteroblastic, thin-walled, subhyaline, 10-30 x 2.5-5 pm, without collarette. Conidia solitary to shortly-catenate, in subterminaily attached chains, fusiform to ellipsoidal, slightly curved, base narrowly truncate, papillate to rounded at the lip, smooth, 1-septate (didymosporous), mid brown, 9-18 x 3-5 pm , produced in slimy masses.
The genus Phialocephala W .B.Kendr. (Kendrick, 1961), with P. dintorphoxjiora W .B.Kendr. as type species, presently accom m odalcs 21 species'reported from all over the world (Crane, 1971; Jong & Davis, 1972; Kendrick, 1963a,b; Kendrick, 1964;
Kowalski & Kehr, 1995, Kirschner & Oberwinkler, 1998; M aggi & Persiani, 1984;
M atsushima, 1989; Onofri & Zucconi, 1984, Onofri et a!,, 1994; Shearer et al., 1976;
Siegfried el al., 1992; Sutton, 1975, Sivasilhamparam, 1975; Wingfield, 1985; W ang,&
Wilcox, 1985; W ingfield el al., 1987; V ujanovic et al., 2000). According to Onofri &
Zucconi (1984) and Vujanovic et al. (2000), who provided taxonom ic keys, the species o f Phialocephala can be segregated into tw o groups, those with well-defined and conspicuous collarettes on the phiaiides and those without well-defined collarettes. P.
viH atem isM h into th e latter
>
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Fig. 3. Stratiphoromyces ragh u kit mare nsis: a. Mature conidiophores, b. Portion o f conidiophores and conidiogenous cells, c, Conidia.
category. Further, am ong the species w ithout conspicuous collarettes, P. vittalensis can be com pared only with P. ivoriensis Zucconi & Onofri, in which the conidia are catenate, term inally attached to each other in the chain, subcylindrical, non-seplate, pate brow n and 4.5-5.4 x 1.8-2,2 pm . P. vittalensis differs in its fusiform, apicalty papillate, curved,
1-septate (didym osporous), mid brown conidia, 9-18 x 3 -5 pm, arranged in subterminaSly attached chains.
Stratiphoromyces raghukitmarcnsis sp .jio v . (Fig.3, a-c) [Named in honour of Dr. S. Ragliukumar, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India]
Ad fungos conidiales, Hyphomycetcs, pertinens. Coloniae in substrato naturali eflusae, atrobrunneae. Mycelium partim immersum, ex hypliis superficialis septatis, lacvis, ram osis, tenui-tunicatis, hyalinis vel pallide brunneis, 2-2.5 pm latis, composito.
Conidiuphora singula, erecta, recta vel flexuosa, multiseptata, non-ramosa, crassitunicata, atrobrunnea ad basim, luteobrunnea vel fere hyalinae ad apicem, regeneratione percurrenti, 120-250 x 9-15 pm. Cellulae conidiogenae monophialidicae, incorporatae terminates, lagenifonnes, supra medium ad crassa, apicem versus deminutae crassae, successione conidiorum planum eundem produccnles proliferatione enteroblastica, 30-40 x 5-8 pm, experse collaretto. Conidia solitaria, ellipsoidea, curvata, laevia, 1-septata, nonconstricta ad septa, ex ceilula distalis triangularia, cellula proxim itatis rhomboidea cum hilo inflato praedita, laevia, 10-15 x 3-5 pm; uha setula ad apicem et una ad basim, flexuosa, usque ad 8 pm longa.
H O LO TY PU S: In foliis emortuis Caryota m ens, Middle Andam an Island, leg. Rajiv Kum ar, 15 Dec. 2000, IM I 386679.
Conidial fungi, hyphomycetes. Colonies on natural substrate efiuse, confined to the edges o f leaf substrate, dark brown. Mycelium partly immersed, com posed of septate, branched, hyaline to pale brown, smooth hyphae 2-2.5 pm wide. Conidiophores single, erect, straight to flexuous, multiseptate, unbranched, thick-walled, dark brown in the low er half, light brown at the apex, percurrently regenerating from broken ends, 120-250 x 9-15 nm. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, integrated, term inal, spalhulate to lageniform, broadest above the middle, n arro w e r at the apex, w ithout a collarette, 30-40 x 5-S pm, with simultaneously developing cntcroblastic conidia. Conidia solitary, ellipsoidal, slightly curved, 1-septate, not constricted at the septum , with distal cell triangular and proximal cell rhomboidal, w ithout a protuberant hilum, rounded at the tip, smooth-walled, 10-1? x 3-5 pm, with a single, (lextiou.s setula tip lo 8 pm King at each end
W ith its spathulate to lageniform, phialidic conidiogenous cells and setulate, ellipsoidal, curved, moderately brow n didymoconidia, this fungus show s som e similarity to Kylindria excentrica Bhat & B.Sutton (1985) and Stratiphoromyces bnumeisporus Goh
& H yde (1998). The genus Kylindria D iCosm o, Burch & W .B.Kendr. (DoCosmo & ai., 1983), with K. triseptata (Matsush.) D iCosm o et ai. as type, is characterized by production o f one- to several-septate, colourless conidia from monophialidic conidiogenous cells with narrow apertures, borne on setiform, dark couidiophores, w hereas in the monotypic genus Stratiphoromyces Goh & K.D.I lyde (1998), typified by S. bnmtKisporus Goh & K.D.Hyde, the conidiophores are stout, erect, mononematous and percurrently regenerating, and the conidiogenous cells repeatedly proliferate to produce a crop o f solitary, rhexolytically
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•■n,
Fig. 4. Virgatospora naiarajq/fsis: a. Synnem a, b. Portion o f synnema, c. C onidiogenous cells (phialides), d. Conidia.
I
seceding, brow n, 1-septate, curved, setulate conidia with a triangular distal cell and a rhomboidal proximal cell with a conspicuously protruding hilum.
In our opinion, conidiogenesis in Stratiphoromyces is phialidic and similar to that in Kylindria. The illustration in Fig. 20 o f Stratiphoromyces brwm eisponts (p. 1151, G oh 1 & Hyde, 1998), clearly shows a conidiogcnous cell with narrow apical a p e rtu re and
phialidic conidiogenesis. There is a need for reexam ination o f the type o f S.
brwmeisponts and redescription o f the genus Stratiphoromyces.
How ever, the m oderately brown, setulate, I-septate, curved conidia with distal triangular ceil and proximal rhomboidal cell o f Stratiphoromyces significantly differ from th o se o f Kylindria. O ur fungus is similar to Stratiphoromyces in its conidial m orphology and is therefore described as a new species, iS'. raghukumarensis, w hich differs from th e type species in having occasionally proliferating conidiophores and the absence o f a protruding hilum from the rhomboidal proxim al ccll o f the conidium .
Virgatospora natarajanensis sp.nov. (Fig-4, a-d) [Named in honour o f Dr. K. Natarajan, C.A.S. in Botany, University o f Madras, Chennai, India) A d fungos conidiales, hyphomycetes, pertinens. Coloniae effusae, olivaceae melano, ex synnematis num eroso irregulariter interspersus, rectus, de leuco vel griseus, viridulus m ucosus capitatus, compositum. Mycelium plerum que in substrato immersum, ex hyphis crassitunicatis, septatis, ramosis, hyalinis, 2-4 |_im lat. com posito. Conidiomata synnematosa, conidiophoris crassitunicatis, septatis, ramosis, laevis inter basilaris partis, distinctae echinulatus inter apicalis fertilis regionis, subhyalinis; synnemata usque ad 680 Um longa, in basim usque ad 90 jam, in m edio 25-35 lat., apice in capitulum fertile expanso usque ad . 170 jam lat. Cellulae conidiogenae monopliialidicae, discretae, plerum que terminates, interdum subterm inales, elongatae, subcylindricae, recte vel subcurvatae, 18-25 |jm longae, in basim u sq u e ad 2-2.5 urn iat., in medio 2-3.5 jam lat, usque ad 1.5 urn lat. in apicem, cum collarulo distincto apicali 2.5 jxm lat. Conidia solitaria, eilipsoidea vel fusiformia, aseptata, olivea viridis vel brunneis, cum costatis distinctis longitudinalis in superficie, 10-13.5 ^m lonjja, 3.5-4.5 (.im iat. in medio, rotundata ambi term inalis, crassitunicata, aggregatae in capitatis mucosis ad apicem synnemata.
H OLO TY PU S: In foliis emortuis Calamus thwaitesii, Middle A ndam an Island, leg. Rajiv Kum ar, 15 Dec.2000, IMI 386680.
Conidial fungi, hyphomycetes. Colonies effuse, olivaceous black, com posed o f a number o f irregularly scattered erect, off-white to greyish, synnematal conidiom ata with greenish slimy heads. Mycelium partly immersed, com posed o f sm ooth, septate, and branched, hyaline, thin-walled, hyphae 2-3 fim wide. Conidiomata synnem atous, conidiophores thick-walled, septate, branched, smooth below , distinctly echinulate toward the apex, subhyaline, synnemata up to 680 jam long, up to 90 pm thick at th e base, 25-35 pm thick in the middle, up to 170 |itn thick at the flared apex. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, discrete, mostly term inal, sometimes subterm inal, elongate, subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, sm ooth, 18-25 pm long, 2-2.5 pim wide at the base, 2-3.5 pm wide in the middle, up to 1.5 (am w ide at the tip, w ith a distinct collarette 2.5 (im wide at the apex.
Conidia solitary, ellipsoidal to fusiform, non-septate (am erosporous), pale olive green to brow n, with distinct longitudinal ridges on the surface, 10-13.5 ^ m long, 3.5-4.5 ^im w ide in the middle, rounded at both ends, thick-walled, aggregated in large slimy heads at the tips o f synnemata.
The monotypic genus Virgatospora Finley (1967), with V echinoftbrosa Finley as type species, was described for synnematous fungi producing slimy, septate, phialidic conidia with distinct longitudinal ridges, on the surface on echinulate conidiophores (Bills et al., 1994). V natarajanensis differs from the type by its fusiform , non-septate, smaller conidia. The conidia in V echinoftbrosa are ellipsoidal to timoniform, papillate at both ends, curved, 3-septate (phragm osporous), grey to dark brow n, 38-45 x 12-15 [im, w hereas in F. natarajensis the conidia are fusiform, non-septate (am erosporous), rounded at bofh ends and 10-13.5 x 3.5-4.5 (.un.
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ACKNOW LEDGMENTS
This work is supported by a research grant to Goa University from the Western Ghat Development Secretariat, Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi. One o f us
■(MD), is grateful for a research fellowship from tlic Department of Sciencc & Technology, New Delhi. We are indebted to Prof. Bryce Kendrick, University of Victoria, Canada, and Prof. Roger D. Goos, University of Rhode Island, U.S.A., for kindiy reviewing the manuscript.
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