eoskok e"seh
r[ofdnkb f;zx
P\;hns s/ ouBk
r[ofdnkb f;zx gzikph ;kfjs dh fJZe nfjw P\;hns jB, nkg g'q|?;o d/ nj[d/ s'A ;/tk^w[es j'J/. T[BQK ƒ ftP/P gqf;ZXh gzikph Bktb d/ y/so ftZu fwbh. ‘wVQh dk dhtk’, ‘nDj'J/’, ‘nZX ukBDh oks’,
‘go;k’ nkfd T[BQK d/ gqw[Zy Bktb jB. T[BQK B/
fJeKrh th fby/ jB. r[ofdnkb f;zx dhnK ouBktK d/ ftP/ wkbt/ d/ feo;kDh s/ y/sh wId{oK d/ :EkoE Bkb ;zpzXs j[zd/ jB. T[BQK ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko s/ j'o wkD^;BwkB th fwb/ B/.
eoskok e"seh
gkso L eoskok, gkbk, fuVhnk, G'bk s/ php'. T[wo 10 ;kb s'A 14
;kb ftueko. eoskok ;G s'A tZvk s/ php' ;G s'A S'Nh T[wo dh j?. ;ko/ fgzv d/ ;e{b d/ ftfdnkoEh jB.
;wK L nkED t/bk
;EkB L eosko/ d/ xo dk ftjVk—godk T[mfdnK, ;Zi/ gkf;UA gkbk, fuVhnk s/ G'bk nkT[Ad/ jB.
gkbk L U eoskfonk ` eosko ` (eoskok nzdo'A nkT[Adk j?) nZi ;e{b y/vD BjhA uZbDk <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE e"seh Luwsekoh,
u'ih, e"se eoB tkbk
eoskok L (jZE ftZu cVh j'Jh ;'Nh T[~s/ d'J/ jZE oZy e/ T[~s/
m'vh fNekT[AfdnK) w/oh ;bkj n? gJh nZi xo/ jh y/vhJ/ HHH swkPk eohJ/.
fuVhnk L s/ s/oh p/p/ s/ pkg{ ih.
eoskok L T[j rJ/ B/ wzvh. oks ƒ w[VBr/. w?A s/ php' Jh xo nK.
pkg{ ;kvk xo BjhA, ;kƒ fe;/ dk vo BjhA. nkJh pks
;wM w/A <
gkbk L go xo/ eh y/vKr/ <
eoskok L w/oh ;bkj j?, T[j' fijk swkPk eohJ/ fijVk go;'A nkgD/ fgzv T[j w'Nk pzdk s/ T[jd/ Bkb d/ w[zv/ ftyk e/ rJ/ ;h <
fuVhnk L go T[jBK Bkb sK fJZe e[Vh th ;h <
eoskok L T[j rZb th w?A ;'u bJh n?. T[j e[Vh ;kvh php' pD ikT{.
w?A T[jƒ ;koh rZb ;wMk fdZsh ;h. T[j pZ;, GKv/ wKi e/ j[D/
nkJh ;wM'.
gkbk L s?ƒ :ko fJj' fij/ e"se ;[Md/ feZE'A B/ <
eoskok L (\[Ph Bkb f;o fjbk e/) jK, sph sK efjzd/ j?A fJ;h ek Bkw phdkBk j? i' ;kr{dkD/ d/ ;kE ykfJnk iKdk j?HHH jwkok BkNe HHH
gkbk L (ftZu'A N'e e/) uzrk GekJh c/o wkohA, j[D dZ; nkgK swkPk P[o{
fet/A eoB? <
eoskok L (jo/e d/ w'Y/ T[~s/ tko'^tkoh jZE bkT[AfdnK) d/y' sz{ sK pD ikJ/A nkgD/ fgzv tkbk eogkb{ ezi{;. fJj G'bk pD ikJ/rk puBk ekohro s/ fuVhnk j'fJnk xhbk—pZ;
swkPk HHH ;Zu GkJh swkPk BjhA BkNe, BkNe. pZ;, BkNe fsnko ;wM'.
fuVhnk L feT[A w?A xhbk feT[A pDK < HHH nk rJ/ tZv/ BkY{
yK ` gkbk e'Jh tZvh wK dk g[Zs n?.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE wzvh LPfjo,e;pk swkPk Likd{ro dh
y/v, fdyktk
GKv/ LposB
wKi e/ LX' e/
;[nko e/
e"se Luwseko, ewkb, u'i
;kr{dkDk LykX gdkoE GekJh Lckbs{ p'bDk BkY{ yK LwkD wZsk,
xwzvh, njzekoh
eoskok L UfJ w{oyk ` sz{ e'Jh ;Zuh w[Zuh xhbk pD ikJ/Ark < fJj sK BkNe n?. nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
fuVhnk L ;Zuhw[Zuh Bk ;jh go fgZS'A ;ko/ w?ƒ ‘xhbk xhbk’ efj e/
S/fVnk eo'r/. w?A BjhA pDdk HHH
gkbk L uzrk, sz{ tZvk ;odko jh ;jh, w?A pD ikBK xhbk HHH c/o Bkb/
wro'A sz{ w?ƒ S/V e/ ftykJhA, i/ s/ok w[ork Bk pDk fdnK sK.
(gkbk jZ; g?Adk j? s/ Bkb d{i/ th j;d/ jB.)
eoskok L jZSk, j[D w?A j'fJnk n|;o. (nzdo ik e/ wz[i dk w{Vk u[Ze e/ pkjo nkT[AfdnK) fJj j' rJh w/oh e[o;h. nkj j? w/oh yz{vh. (jZE ftZu cVh ;'Nh ftyKdk j'fJnk, w{V/Q T[~s/ p?m iKdk j?.)
gkbk L j[D w?A s/o/ e'b |fonkd eoB nktK <
eoskok L jK, pZ;, fit/A go;'A T[j w[zv/^e[VhnK eod/ ;h, i' T[jBK B/ fejk
;h, s[;hA ;kfonK B/ Ut/A eoB?, T[j' rZbK efjDhn?A.
gkbk L n;hA sK T[j nZXhnK G[Zb th rJ/.
eoskok L fijVhnK G[Zb rJ/ U T[j nkgD/ e'b'A i'V fbU. iK w?A dZ;h ikT{A HHH w?ƒ ;kohnK :kd n?. jZSk j[D BkNe P[o{ eo' HHH nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
gkbk L (nkgDh gZr dk bV y'bQ e/ rb ftZu gkT[Adk, d'jK jZEK Bkb T[jƒ cV e/ jZE i'VfdnK nZr/ tXdk j?) jI{o wkJh pkg ` HHH w/oh fJZe |fonkd n? HHH
eoskok L (ftZu'A N'e e/) UfJ rfXnk, j[D IwkBk pdb frnk. |fonkd sK b'e okfinK w{jo/ eod/ j[zd/ ;h. sz{ f;ZXkHHH‘N/BSB’ j' e/ p'b.
nZi eZbQ n|;o b'eK d/ ;/te n?, b'e n|;oK d/ B"eo BjhA.
nkJh pks ;wM w/A < nkgDk ;ogzu ed/ t/fynk BjhA n|;oK Bkb fet/A rZbK eodk j[zd? < n?B pokpo yV' e/ HHH
gkbk L (gZr dk bV mhe eoe/) uzrk c/o j[D t/yhA sz{ fwZsoK d/
BIko/. (gfjbK fgSKj w[V iKdk j? s/ c/o |"ihnK tKr s[odk eosko/ d/ ;kjwD/ nk e/ pV/ o[np Bkb T[~uh p'bdk j?) UJ/
n|;ok ` J/; fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ B/ nZi s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbK w?E'A Bed ;Zs ;" o[gJhJ/ HHH
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE jZSk LnZSk, uzrk
|fonkd Lp/Bsh, nodk;, noI'Jh
eoskok L Xhok j/ Xhok ` j[D sz{ w?ƒ ‘UfJ n|;ok’ efjB? wkVh fijh fJZIs Bkb p'b ‘n|;o ih’ sK efj BjhA sK HHH t/yD tkb/
s?ƒ jh efjDr/ fe pVk p{MV pzd?.
gkbk L (o';/ fij/ Bkb) s/ok th :ko e'Jh gsk BjhA brdk. ed/ wo ik fuVhJ/ ed/ fiT[A gT[ fuVhJ/ fJj e'Jh rZb pDh < j[D c/o eh p'bK <
(pkeh ;ko/ jZ; g?Ad/ jB.)
fuVhnk L uZb, j[D w?A P[o{ eodK. (fJZe tko fgSKj w[V e/ eosko/ d/
;kjwD/ nkT[AfdnK) n|;o ih ` fijVh rZb fJj gkbk ikDh eogkb{ ezi{; efjzd? gJh w?A fJ; s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbK ;Zs
;" o[gJhJ/ b? e/ yk frnk s/ j[D Bk fpnki d/Adk jK s/ Bk g?;/
w'Vdk jK, fJj fBok M{m ped? HHH
gkbk L (gZr dk y[ZfbQnk bV NzrD bJh jZE ftZu cV e/ r[Z;/ Bkb nZr/ tXdk j'fJnk) w?A fJj rZb ed'A nkyh n? UfJ pmbh f;fonk <
eoskok L eo’sh Bk T[j' rZb ` UfJ w{oyk ` sz{ efjDh sK J/j' rZb ;h, fe BjhA go;'A tkb/ BkNe ftZu T[; pzd/ B/ fit/A fejk ;h <
gkbk L go gfjbK w?ƒ efj sK b?D fdzd/. fJj, ftZu'A jh nkgDk x'Vk Gik s[fonk. fJj eh BkNe j'fJnk c/o <
fuVhnk L uzrk gfjbK sz{ efj b? i' efjD?. (o';/ Bkb fgSKj j' iKdk j?.) eoskok L (php' ƒ nkT[Adh t/y e/) bU, php' nk rJh. s[;hA d'J/ fgZS/
jN ikU. j[D gfjbK fJj p'b{rh.
php' L (u[zBh d/ gZb/ Bkb jZE gz{Mdh j'Jh) w?A thok eh p'bD? <
eoskok L s?ƒ dZf;nk sK ;h sVe/. fuVhnk pfDn? xhbk, s{z pD/rh fuVhJ/ dh G?D. fit/A T[j go;'A tkb/ BkNe ftZu T[; pzd/ xhb/
dh G?D p'bdh ;h, Ut/A sz{ p'bhA ` nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
php' L (o[Z; e/ fgSKj w[Vdh j'Jh) w?A BjhA J/; wZu/^;V/ dh G?D pDdh.
eoskok L (T[~m e/ T[jƒ pkj'A cVdk s/ jZ;dk j'fJnk) j? ewbh ` nkgK sK swkPk eod/ nK, e'Jh ;Zuh^w[Zuh dh rZb sK BjhA eod/.
nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
php' L (eosko/ s'A pKj S[vkT[D dk :sB eodh j'Jh) w?A sK n?t/A
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
p{MV Lw{oy,
nfrnkBh
gJh LpJh (fJe
;zp'Xeh Ppd)
fBok Lfpbe[b
ped? Lpetk;
eodk j??
pmbh f;fonkLpmb tork f;o d'J/ Ld't/A n?t/A L|I{b jh,
p/eko
n?t/A th fJjdh G?D BjhA pDdh. n?stko ƒ w?A fJ;s'A gVQB ƒ gzithA dh g[okDh gzikph dh feskp wzrD rJh, w?ƒ efjzdk,
‘ikj GZi ik, w/o/ e'b e'Jh feskp^es{p BjhA’, ;fVnk fijk Bk j't/.
fuVhnk L (w[;eok e/) T[j sK G?D/ w?A s?ƒ n?t/A jh efjzdk ;h. sz{
j[D Gkt/A ;kohnK feskpK u[Ze fbnkJhA. w?A T[j g[okDhnK eh eoBhn?A <
(php' u[zBh mhe eodh w[V g?Adh j? go ni/ th fuVhJ/ tZb x{o x{o e/ sedh j?. T[;/ t/b/ G'bk T[~E'A fy;e iKdk j?.) eoskok L (php' tZb sZe e/) b? G?D/ j[D sz{ j'Jh fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ dh G?D.
w?A j'fJnk tZvk n|;o. nkJh pks ;wM w/A < w?A s?ƒ g[Sd?A HHH phph fJj gkbk ikDh eogkb{ ezi{; efjzd? fe s/ok Gok fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ B/ nZi s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbK fJ; s'A
;Zs ;" o[gJhnk w[zv/ d/ ftnkj tk;s/ fbnk ;h. j[D Bk T[j g?;/ w'Vd?, Bk T[j HHH
php' L (r[Z;/ Bkb gkb/ tZb sZedh, uhethA ntkI ftZu) n?t/A eZ[sk G"Aed?. fejVhnK fJjB/ ;Zs ;" w'joK fdZshnK ;h w/o/
tho ƒ < i/ w/ok tho ;Zs ;" o[gJhnk fbnkfJnk j[zdk sK gfjbK w?ƒ Skg/ dh gkgbhD dk ;{N ;ztK e/ Bk fdzdk <
w/o/ f;o ’s/ sK d;K tfoQnK dh g[okDh u[zBh n?A (u[zBh dk gZbk ;kjwD/ eo e/ ftyKdh j?.) sz{ GkJh pVk tZvk n|;o n?A.
;kv/ Bkb nB;k| eohA. J/; eogkb{ ezi{; B/ sK ;kƒ ed/
y/s'A ;kr dh uhoBh BjhA s'VB fdZsh. fJj feZXo'A nk frnk w/o/ Gok ƒ ;Zs ;" o[gJhnk T[Xko d/D tkbk < HHH n?t/A GekJh wkod?.
eoskok L (y[P j' e/, J/Xo UXo t/ydk j'fJnk) HHH U gJh G'bk ikDh puBk ekohro feZXo frnk < j[D sK T[; dh p'bD dh tkoh
;h HHH php' B/ sK ewkb eo ’sh, BkNe tkbh e[Vh dk nZyo^
nZyo :kd eo fbnk. PkpkP/ G?D/ `
G'bk L (osk e[Zp eZY e/ p[ZfYnK tKr fgZS/ jZE eoe/ s[odk j'fJnk nkT[Adk j?) jI{o n|;o ;kfjp ` w?A pkjo yVQ/ B/ ;ko/ o"bk n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
fy;e Ls[o ikDk
w'Vd? Ltkg;
eodk j?
gkgbhD LegV/ dh fJe tXhnk fe;w
;ztk LpDtk e/
tfoQnK L;kbK nB;k| LfJB;k|,
fBnK
;kr dh uhoBhL w[Zmh Go
;kr ikDh Lgsk BjhA osk LE'VQk fijk o"bk L;wZf;nk,
w;bk
;[D fbnk. gkbk ikDh eogkb{ ezi{; pzdk Jh pVk wkVk j?
ih. fJjB/ sK jI{o ni/ skJhA w/o/ jkVh dh ;/gh d/ dkD/ BjhA fdZs/. s[;hA fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ dk nB;k| wro'A efoU, gfjbK w/ok j;kp fJjd/ Bkb eokU iBkp `
eoskok L feT[A gJh gkbk f;zx fJj G'bk ikDh puBk ekohro eh efjzd? < nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
gkbk L (r[Z;/ Bkb) fJj feZXo eheB/ w/o/ rb gk fdZs/ sz{ HHH ;Zu G[Zb frnk n|;o ;kfjp ` rZb n;b fJj j? fe fgzv d/ ;ko/
b'e nZr/ tor/ ;kT{ pzd/ BjhA oj/. nZr/ b'e fJZe^d{i/ dk ezw eod/ ;h s/ nkgDh fwjBs^wi{oh b?Ad/ ;h. j[D gsk BjhA fej' fijk IwkBk nk frnk. fJj oZp fiZv/ fiZv/ sK M{m wkod/
n?, Bkb/ g?;/ b? e/ w'Vdk BjhA. T[~s'A dkp/ fdzd/ n? fe n;hA s?E'A fejVh o'eV bJh ;h. fJj puBk ekohro M{m p'bdk j?. Bkb/ xhbk w/o/ g?;/ w[Zeodk j? s/ w?ƒ vokt/ th fdzdk ofjzdk j?.
php' L b?, ;[D b' fJjdh rZb. t/ uZgD ezfBnK ` n;hA s?ƒ fJj rZb ed'A nkyh ;h. s{z n?v/ n?v/ e[co s'bd?A, s?ƒ Pow BjhA nkT[Adh < ed'A s?E'A GkB bJh ;h s/ ed'A s?ƒ xhb/ B/ vokt/
fdZs/ n?. o[gJhnk s?E'A gzi ;" fbnk ;h Io{o. s/ T[j th gkJh^gkJh Bp/V fdZs/, fpnki ;D/. sz{ fbyh fcod?A ;Zs ;" s/
fpnki nZv. ikj bk b? i'o. d[nkBh Bh fdzd/.
eoskok L GkJh phph PKsh eo'. jwkoh pks ;[D'. ;oeko B/ c?;bk ehsk j? fe i/ e'Jh fe;/ ƒ eoIk d/ e/ Bi?i iK g?;/ tZX fby/rk fpnki tZX bt/rk sK T[;ƒ ;\s ;Ik fdZsh ikt/rh Bkb/ fi;
ek eoIk d; ;kb ;/ g[okDk j' frnk j? T[; e' wkc ehsk ikt/rk ` s/ i/ Pkj{eko B/ w{b ;/ fInkdk fpnki b/ fbnk j't/
sK tkX{ fpnki th tkg; eotkfJnk ikt/rk.
G'bk L s/ jI{o w/oh ;/gh d/ dkD/ th fdtk fdU, fJ; ezi{; s'A. w?A sK ezw ehs? e'Jh w[|s ’u sK BhA wzrdk <
eoskok L nph mfjo', s[wkoh pks th ;[Ds/ j?A. (;'Nh T[sKj uZ[e e/) n|;o ek j[ew ;[D'. ;ko/ u[Zg j' ikU. nkJh pks ;wM
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
ikDh LefjD dk
Gkt, wsbp
;/gh LnBki d/
;/tkcb pdb/ ezw eokT[Dk wi{oh LwId{oh
IwkBk L;wK
dkp/ LXwekT[Dk, vokT[Dk
o'eV Loew
w[Zeodk LfJBeko
uZgD ezfBnK LuZgD tor/
ezBK tkbk
e[|o LM{m
s'bd?A Lp'bdk j?A
GkB Lg?;/
(y[ZbQ/ f;Ze/) gkJh^gkJh LfJZe fJZe
g?;k, ;ko/
o[gJ/
;D/ L;w/s
nZv LtZyok
w{b Lw{bXB, gz{ih e"vhnK Lf;ZghnK
w/A < (;ko/ u[Zg ukg esko pzBQ e/ yV' iKd/ jB) nZSk GkJh gkbk f;zx, ikDh feogkb{, J/; t/b/, s[wko/ gk; fenk j? <HHH jwkok wsbp j? fe e'Jh g?;k^Nek s[wkoh i/p w/A j? < HHH nkJh pks ;wM w/A<
gkbk L (i/p u"Vh eoe/ t/ydk j'fJnk) fszB d;hnK, fJZe gzih s/
uko e"vhnK.
eoskok L (rzGho j' e/) nZSk, np jwkok nB;k| ;[D'. d' d;hnK s'A sz{
tkX{ bJ/ fpnki e/ pdb/, fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ e' fdU, fJZe d;h G'b/ ikDh puB/ ekohro e' fdU ;/gh e/ dkfDnK e/ pdb/. pkeh gzih jwkoh HHH BjhA BjhA, php' ikDh xhb/ dh G?D e' fdU, fJj Skg/ eh gkgbhD dk ;{N ;wkJ/rh. n"o e"vhnK jw e' fdU, jwko/ gk; y/vD e' BjhA j?. nkJh pks ;wM w/A < fJj e"vhnK jw y/vD e/ wKrsk j?, foPts BjhA b/sk.
(fuVhnk s/ G'bk g'bk^g'bk j;d/ jB s/ php' wz{j nZr/ u[zBh dk gZbk d/ e/, gkb/ tZb e[BZyh Mkedh jk;k o'eD dk :sB eodh j?.)
gkbk L (o'; Bkb, i/p ftZu jZE gkJh yV'sk j?) pZb/ UfJ tZfvnk ubkek ` fJj uzrk BkNe ouD bZr/ UA s[;hA ;ko/ r'Ad rz[d e/. g?Ash g?;/ w?A pkg{ s'A ekgh yohdD ƒ fbnKd/ n?, s[;hA g?f;nK d/ Bkb w/ohnK e"vhnK th y'j bU.
(;ko/ T[~uh T[~uh jZ; g?Ad/ jB)
eoskok L (j;dk j'fJnk) UfJ ik UfJ wkV/ i/o/ tkfbnk ` s?E'A sK n?t/A n?t/A swkP/ ’u th db/oh Bk ftykJh rJh. nkJh pks
;wM w/A <
gkbk L (w[;eokT[AfdnK) w?A db/oh ftyk e/ g?Ash g?;/ mrk p?mK s/ s[;hA eZbQ ƒ ob e/ fJjBK dhnK e[bchnK yk ikU. Bkb/ w?ƒ ;e{b
’u w\"b eo'. w/ok fdwkr \okp j'fJn? <
eoskok L (T[~m e/ gkb/ d/ w'Y/ ’s/ jZE oyfdnK) ikj :ko sz{ sK BkNe dk ;[nkd Jh rkb fdZsk n;hA e'Jh s/o/ g?;/ ;Zuh^w[Zuh b?
iKd/ < HHH uZb' j[D y/bQ ysw s/ g?;k jIw. pkeh BkNe eZbQ y/vKr/. (;'Nh T[sKj u[edk j'fJnk yZp/ gk;/ s[o iKdk j?.)
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE dZ;hnK Ld; g?;/ d/
pj[s ;ko/
f;Ze/
gzih Lgzi g?;/
;wkJ/rh LpDtkJ/rh e[BZyh Lu'o nZy
Bkb t/yDk
r'Ad LgbkN,
:'iBk, soshp
i/ok L;kj;,
fjzws, firok wy"b LwIke,
jk;k^mZmk, fNueo
rkba L\okp
G'bk L (jZE pzBQ e/ ezpdh fijh p[ZfYnK torh nktkI ftZu) jI{o wkJh pkg ` w/o/ ;/gh d/ g?;/ sK dtk ikU HHH w?A p[ZYk nkdwh eZbQ ƒ nkNk feZE'A fbnkT{A <
php' L (u[zBh dk gZbk wz{j ftu dZp e/ j;dh^j;dh eosko/ d/ wro/
iKfdnK s/ G'b/ tZb wz{j eofdnK) thok o'Nh sz{ nZi ;kv/ xo/
yk bJhA. nkJh pks ;wM w/A.
eoskok L (c/o pkjo nk e/) s[wkok nB;k| nrbh tko nk e/
eoKr/. nrb/ wjhB/ dh ;skoK sohe e' nkT[Dk. id'A tki gt/
jkIo j'Dk. tki n?;/ gJ/rh L “G'bk ikDh puBk ekohro jkIo j't/ pJh U HHH.” nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
(fuVhnk, G'bk s/ gkbk ;Zi/ gk;/ s[o iKd/ jB s/ php' s/ eoskok yZp/ gk;/ ub/ iKd/ jB.)
gkbk L (iKdk iKdk) eosko/ ƒ rZb pVh ;[ZMh, w[zfvU ` sd/ fJjdk BK
;e{b ’u wk;No ih B/ e"seh oZfyn? Bk.
(T[j fszB/ fyV^fyVk e/ j;d/ jB.) (godk fvrdk j?)
fN~gDh
fJeKrheko r[ofdnkb f;zx dk fJj fJZe pkb^fJeKrh j?. 10 s'A 14 ;kb sZe dh T[wo tor d/ pZu/ fJ; d/ gkso jB. fJeKrh ftZu fJZe BkNe y/vD dh i[rs okjhA fJ; ftZu jk;^o; g?dk ehsk frnk j?. fJ; dk ftPk feo;kBh ;wki Bkb ;zpzXs j?. fJ; dk tksktoB, ;wZf;nk ns/ Ppdktbh wkbt/ dh Mbe g/P eod/ jB. eoskok, gkbk, fuVhnk, G'bk s/ php' fJ;
d/ gzi pkb^gkso jB. T[j nkgD/ ;ztkdK okjhA fe;kB s/ wId{o tor dhnK wIp{ohnK ƒ g/P eoB bJh ‘swkPk’ Gkt BkNe dh f;oiBk eod/ jB. w[Zy
;wZf;nk wId{oh ns/ ftnki ’s/ g?f;nK d/ b?D^d/D Bkb ;pzXs j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) fJ; fJeKrh ftZu y/v/ rJ/ BkNe d/ gksoK dh ikDekoh fdT[.
(ii) gkbk eosko/ e'b fejVh |fonkd b? e/ nkT[Adk j? <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
tki LnktkI
(iii) G'b/ B/ gkb/ dh eh fPekfJs ehsh <
(iv) eoskok eh fJB;k| eodk j? <
(v) php' fuVhJ/ dh G?D feT[A BjhA pDBk ukjz[dh <
(vi) gkbk Bt/A s/ g[okD/ pzfdnK dh s[bBk eodk j'fJnk eh efjzdk j? <
(vii) G'bk fe; uhI d/ g?;/ wzrdk j? <
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) ftnki ’s/ g?;/ dk eko'pko eoB tkfbnK ƒ ne;o fuzss t/fynk iKdk j?. fe;/ nfij/ ftnesh dk gkso^fusoB eo'.
(ii) eh s[;hA ed/ fe;/ ikd{ro dh y/v iK swkPk t/fynk j? < nfij/
fdqP ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
(iii) i/eo s[jkƒ iZi pDB dk w"ek fdZsk ikt/ sK e/;K dk fBgNkok eoB pko/ s[jkvk eh fdqPNhe'B j? < ftuko g/P eo'.
(iv) eh s[;hA ed/ fe;/ BkNe ftZu fjZ;k fbnk j? < nkgDk nB[Gt g/P eo'.
(v) fe;/ nZyhA d/y/ BkNe d/ gksoK s/ wzu d/ fdqP ƒ fJZe ukoN T[go do;kT[D dh e'fPP eo'.
nH tuB pdb' L (i) GKvk HHH (ii) w[zvk HHH (iii) e[Vh HHH (iv) w{VQk HHH (v) rXk HHH (vi) swkPk HHH (vii) e[o;h HHH (viii) wK HHH (ix) gZr HHH (x) ;{N HHH
JH j/m fby/ PpdK dk P[~X o{g fby' L (i) nB;k| HHH
(ii) eBi{; HHH (iii) e"YhnK HHH (iv) p[Zvk HHH
;H j/m fby/ Xks{nK s'A fefonktK pDkT[ L (i) yk HHH
(ii) ik HHH (iii) ;'u HHH (iv) oZy HHH (v) ;[D HHH (vi) T[~m HHH
jH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u fefonk ftP/PDK dh gSkD eo' L (i) php' j"bh^j"bh p'bdh j?. HHH
(ii) nrb/ wjhB/ dh ;skoK sohe ƒ fJE/ nkT[Dk. HHH (iii) b'e feT[A o'I bVd/ jB < HHH
(iv) eoskok tXhnk fJB;k| Io{o eo/rk. HHH
(v) php' y/s ftu'A ;kr dh uhoBh S/shA^S/shA s'V ojh j?. HHH eH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u ekb d/ t~y'^t~yo/ o{gK dh gSkD eo' L
(i) eoskok fJB;k| g;zd nkdwh ;h. HHH
(ii) gkbk d' xzfNnK s'A fojo;b eo fojk ;h. HHH (iii) fuVhnk nk fojk j?. HHH
(iv) xhb/ dh G?D gkgbhD dk ;{N f;bkT{rh. HHH
(v) php' BkNe ftu xhb/ dh G?D dh G{fwek fBGkT[Adh j?. HHH yH j/m fbfynK nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L
(i) T[j fejVh rbh fiZE/ Gkr' BjhA ybh HHH (ii) nZyhA t/y e/ wZyh BjhA fBrbh iKdh HHH (iii) ;kJhnK fes/ tXkJhnK fes/ HHH
(iv) fJZe u[Zg ;" ;[Zy HHHH
(v) jKvh T[pb/rh sK nkgD/ jh ezY/ ;kV/rh HHH
eosko f;zx ;okGk
vkH jopz; f;zx uktbk
P\;hns s/ ouBk
f;Zy fJfsjk; ns/ pkb ;kfjs fbyD tkfbnK d'jK jh y/soK ftZu vkH jopz; f;zx uktbk fJZe wjZstg{oB
;EkB oZyd/ jB. nkg ih dk iBw 15 ngo?b, 1937 JhH ƒ fgzv w[jktk, wzvh pjkT[dhB, fIbQk r[ioks, sfj;hb |kbhnk (gkfe;skB) ftZu j'fJnk. nkg ih d/ wksk ih dk BK wkfJnk d/th ns/ fgsk ih dk BK w{bk f;zx ;h. ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo ykb;k ekbi, fdZbh s'A ps"o fJfsjk; d/ gq'|?;o ;/tk^w[es j'J/. T[BQK tb'A doiB s'A tZX g[;seK f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXs g[;seK, 8 ejkDh ;zrqfj ns/ 1 ekft^;zrqfj gqekfPs j' u[Ze/ jB.
eosko f;zx ;okGk
16 Btzpo, 1915 ƒ id'A eosko f;zx ;okGk ƒ cK;h fdZsh rJh sK T[;
dh T[wo 19 ;kb ns/ e[M wjhB/ ;h. Gkos dh nIkdh bJh Pjhd j'D tkb/
B"itkBK ftZu'A T[j ;G s'A xZN T[wo dk eqKshekoh ;h. T[j }do bfjo d/
w'YhnK ftZu'A ;h, fiBQK B/ nzro/IK fto[ZX P;so eqKsh fbnk e/ d/; ƒ nIkd eokT[D dk ;[gBk t/fynk ;h. }do bfjo dk gqXkB pkpk ;'jB f;zx GeBk, T[; ƒ ‘pkpk ioB?b’ efj e/ p[bkfJnk eodk ;h. Grs f;zx T[; ƒ nkgDk gq/oBk ;o's, nkgDk r[o{, nkgDk fwZso ns/ nkgDk Gok efj e/ :kd eodk
;h. id'A Grs f;zx ƒ frq|sko ehsk frnk sK eosko f;zx dh s;tho T[;
dh i/p ftZu ;h, fi; ƒ T[j jw/Pk nkgD/ e'b oZydk j[zdk ;h.
;zB 1912 dh rZb j?. 15 e[ ;kb dk fJZe B"itkB Gkos s'A uZb e/ nwohek dh pzdorkj ’s/ gZ[fink. ijkI d/ j'o w[;k|oK ƒ T[so ikD dh nkfrnk fwb rJh go Gkos s'A nkJ/ fjzdhnK ƒ o'e fdZsk frnk. T[BQK ftZu fJj B"itkB th ;h fijVk T[~u ftZfdnk gqkgs eoB bJh nwohek tor/ nIkd d/; ftZu gj[zfunk
;h. fJwhro/PB nfXekoh B/ ijkI s'A T[sofdnK jh T[; ƒ g[ZfSnk L
“s/ok BK eh j? <”
“eosko f;zx ;okGk.”
“sz{ fJZE/ eh eoB nkfJnk j?A <”
“w?A fJZE/ ftfdnk gqkgs eoB bJh nkfJnk jK.”
“eh fjzd[;skB ftZu gVQD bJh e'Jh EK BjhA ;h <”
“fjzd[;skB ftZu :{Bhtof;NhnK sK jB go w?ƒ gsk brk j? fe nwohek ftZu pj[s uzrhnK :{Bhtof;NhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu eJh d/;K d/
ftfdnkoEh nk e/ gVQd/ jB. w?A th fJZE/ gVQBk ukjz[dk jK s/ e[M pDBk ukjz[dk jK.”
“i/ s?ƒ fJE/ T[soB Bk fdZsk ikt/ ns/ tkg; w'V fdZsk ikt/ sK eh eo/Ark <”
“nwohek tor/ nIkd d/; ftZu th i/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ o'eK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB sK ;z;ko dh T[~Bsh fet/A j't/rh < w/oh p/Bsh j? fe w?ƒ Bk o'fenk ikt/. eh gsk w?A fJZE'A ftZfdnk gqkgs eoe/ ;z;ko d/ Gb/ dk e'Jh wjkB ezw eo ;eK, fi; Bkb fjzd[;skB dh jh BjhA nwohek dh th fJZIs tX ;e/.”
fJj ;[D e/ fJwhro/PB nfXekoh y[P j' frnk s/ T[; B/ ;okGk ƒ
;kB|oKf;;e' T[soB dh nkfrnk d/ fdZsh.
eosko f;zx dk iBw fgzv ;okGk, fIbQk b[fXnkDk ftZu wzrb f;zx d/
xo 24 wJh, 1896 ftZu j'fJnk. T[j oZi/ g[Zi/ fe;kB ;B. fgzv ftZu T[BQK dh u'yh IwhB ;h. eosko f;zx ni/ pZuk jh ;h fe T[; d/ fgsk dk d/jKs j' frnk. ;okGk dk gkbD^g';D nkg d/ dkdk puB f;zx B/ ehsk. T[BQK dh
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE w'YhnK L pkBhnK fjzdhnK L fjzd[;skBhnK T[~Bsh L soZeh u'yh L pj[s fInkdk
fJj ohM ;h fe ;okGk tZvk j' e/ e'Jh tZvk ;oekoh n|;o pD/. eosko f;zx dh fJZe S'Nh G?D th ;h, fi; dk BK XzB e"o ;h.
eosko f;zx dk pugB pV/ bkv fgnko ftZu phfsnk. gzi e[ ;kb dh T[wo ftZu T[; ƒ ;okG/ d/ gqkfJwoh ;e{b ftZu dk\b eotk fdZsk frnk.
T[; s'A pknd wkbtk \kb;k jkJh ;e{b b[fXnkDk ftZu dk\b j' frnk. fJZE'A T[; B/ fwvb gk; ehsh s/ fco fwPB jkJh ;e{b ’u dk\bk b? fbnk. fJZE/
gVQkJh ftZu fdb Bk brD eoe/ T[j B"thA iwks dh gVQkJh ftZu/ jh SZv e/
nkgD/ ukuk ih e'b T[Vh;k ubk frnk.
T[Vh;k ftZu ofjzfdnK T[; B/ d;thA gk; ehsh. fJBQK fdBK ftZu jh pzrkb ns/ T[Vh;k ftZu nIkdh ;pzzXh ikrqsh g?dk j' ojh ;h. T[; B/ nzro/Ih n\pkoK okjhA d/;^ftd/P ftZu tkgo ojhnK xNBktK pko/ gfVQnk. T[; B/
gfjbh tko fJj wfj;{; ehsk fe nzro/Ih ;kwoki fe; p/dodh Bkb Gkostk;hnK dk bj{ u{; fojk ;h. fJZE/ T[; ƒ nrKjtX{ ;kfjs, fJfsjk;
ns/ okiBhsh Bkb ;zpzXs eJh g[;seK gVQB dk nt;o th fwfbnk. T[j pVk ;wMdko ns/ shyD p[ZXh tkbk ftfdnkoEh ;h. T[; B/ nkgDh wks^GkPk gzikph d/ Bkb^Bkb fjzdh, T[od{ ns/ nzro/Ih dh uzrh w[jkos jk;b eo bJh
;h. T[; ƒ c[Npkb ns/ feqeN y/vD dk th pj[s P"e ;h.
d/; ƒ nIkd eotkT[D bJh eqKshekoh ;'u oZyD tkfbnK dh fJZe BthA
;z;Ek pDkJh rJh. fJ; dk Bkw ‘dh fjzdh n?;';hJ/PB nk| g?f;f|e e';N’
oZfynk frnk. ;okGk ƒ T[; dh S'Nh T[wo eoe/ gkoNh dk e'Jh nj[dk Bk fdZsk frnk go fJZe Btzpo, 1913 ƒ id'A ‘}do’ gou/ dk gqekPB P[o{ j'fJnk sK T[; dh ;koh fIzw/tkoh eosko f;zx ƒ jh ;"Agh rJh. fJ; gou/ d/ BK
’s/ jh ‘fjzdh n?;';hJ/PB nk| g?f;f|e e';N’ dk BK pdb e/ ‘}do bfjo’
gqf;ZX j' frnk.
;okGk }do bJh pVhnK i'PhbhnK eftsktK fbfynk eodk ;h. id'A gou/ dhnK ekghnK nkgD/ ;kJheb ’s/ oZy e/ T[j xo'^xohA tzvD iKdk sK T[; d/ p[bQK ’s/ ne;o fJj gzeshnK j'fJnk eodhnK ;B L
;/tk d/P dh fizdVhJ/ pVh n"yh, rZbK eoBhnK Y/o ;[ybhnK B/.
fiBQK d/P ;/tk ftu g?o gkfJnk, T[BQK bZy w[;hpsK MZbhnK B/.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE ohM L fJZSk nt;o L w"ek shyD L s/I w[jkos L fBgz[Bsk
id'A fJj B"itkB eqKshekoh d/P ƒ nIkd eotkT[D d/ nkgD/ fwPB dh g{osh ftZu br frnk T[d'A T[; dh T[wo e/tb 18 ;kb dh ;h. T[; dk fBZs dk gq'rokw fJ; soQK ;h fe T[j fgzvK ftZu iKdk, b'eK ƒ fwbdk, T[BQK ftZu }do dk gquko eodk ns/ b'eK ƒ nzro/IK fto[ZX fsnko j' ikD bJh gq/odk.
eosko f;zx ;okGk T[; ;w/A }do bfjo dh nrtkJh eo fojk ;h.
T[j |"ih SkT[DhnK ’s/ jwb/ eoe/ T[~E'A e[M jfEnko gqkgs eoBk ukjz[dk ;h.
fJ; ezw bJh gkoNh d/ fIzw/tko w?ApoK ƒ tZy'^tZyohnK SkT[DhnK dk ikfJIk b?D bJh fB:[es ehsk frnk. fJBQK ;kfonK ftZu skbw/b pDkJh oZyD dh fIzw/tkoh eosko f;zx dh ;h fi; ƒ Bk ;w/A f;o ykD^ghD dh ftjb ;h s/ Bk nkokw eoB dh. T[; d/ fdb'^fdwkr ’s/ p; fJZe' jh ftuko SkfJnk j'fJnk ;h fe nkgD/ r[bkw d/P ƒ fe; soQK nIkd eotkfJnk ikt/.
}do bfjo P[o{ eoB bJh 21 cotoh, 1915 dk fdB fBPfus ehsk frnk. fJ; bJh ;kohnK fsnkohnK th w[ezwb eo bJhnK rJhnK. }do w/om, f|o'Ig[o ns/ whnKwho (bkj"o) s'A P[o{ j'Dk ;h. ;okGk B/ f|o'Ig[o ns/ ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ B/ w/om dh ekotkJh ftZu fjZ;k b?Dk ;h. }do d/
e[M j'o gqw[Zy B/sktK B/ 20 cotoh, 1915 ƒ b'g'e/ d/ g[fb; ;N/PB ’s/ jwbk p'b e/ 21 cotoh, 1915 ƒ bkj"o gj[zuDk ;h. go fJ; s'A gfjbK fe }do dhnK fJj :'iBktK nwbh ikwk gfjB ;edhnK }do gkoNh d/ fJZe w?Apo feogkb f;zx B/ fJBQK :'iBktK dh ;{uBk nzro/I nfXekohnK se gj[zuk fdZsh.
T[; ƒ gkoNh ftZu Pkwb j'J/ ni/ e[M jh fdB j'J/ ;B.
}do gkoNh d/ w?ApoK ƒ th gsk bZr u[Zek ;h fe T[BQK d[nkok fwZEh sohe dk fe;/ soQK ;oeko ƒ gsk bZr u[Zek j?. T[BQK B/ ekjbh ftZu c?;bk b? e/
}do dh sohe d' fdB gfjbK eo fdZsh. j[D 21 cotoh, 1915 dh EK 19 cotoh ƒ }do eoB d/ nkd/P toeoK ƒ G/i/ rJ/. fJj ;{uBk th feogkb f;zx B/ nzro/I nfXekohnK se gj[zuk fdZsh. T[BQK B/ }doh B/sktK d/ r[gs fmekfDnK ns/ b[ethnK EktK ’s/ Skg/ wko e/ pj[s ;ko/ B/sktK ƒ frqcsko eo fbnk s/ fJ; soQK }do P[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK jh fJZe d/P^Xo'jh eoe/
n;|b j' frnk. fJ; bfjo ƒ nk\oh MNek T[d'A bZrk id'A 2 wkou, 1915 ƒ eosko f;zx ns/ 23 wkou, 1915 ƒ ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ ƒ frq|sko eo fbnk frnk.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE g{osh L g{ok eoBk ikfJIk L nzdkIk,
nB[wkB ekjb L S/sh,
ibdpkIh rdo L ftdo'j,
prkts
frq|skoh wro'A eosko f;zx ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftZu fbnKdk frnk.
T[; T[go fJzrb?Av d/ pkdPkj fto[ZX :[ZX S/VB ns/ nzro/Ih oki dk s\sk gbND dh e'fPP tor/ ;zrhB fJbIkw brk e/ w[eZdwk ubkfJnk frnk.
eosko f;zx B/ Bk sK nkg jh e'Jh ;|kJh g/P ehsh ns/ Bk jh ndkbs tb'A Bh:s ehs/ rJ/ tehb ƒ e[M efjD fdZsk. T[j ndkbs ftZu ne;o fejk eodk ;h fe w?ƒ ibdh cK;h fdT[ sK fe w?A fco iBw b? e/ nkgD/
nX{o/ ezw ƒ g{ok eo ;eK. T[; B/ ;oeko tb'A brkJ/ ;ko/ d'P ep{b eofdnK fejk fe w?A i' ehsk j? T[j nkgD/ d/P ƒ s[jkvh r[bkwh s'A nIkd eotkT[D bJh ehsk j?. w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ ’s/ e'Jh gSsktk BjhA.
r'oh ;oeko tb'A rfms ehsh rJh ftP/P NqkfJfpT{Bb B/ T[; ƒ ‘;G s'A tZX \soBke fJBebkph’ eoko fdzd/ j'J/ 13 d;zpo, 1915 ƒ w"s dh ;Ik
;[Dk fdZsh. eosko f;zx ƒ 16 Btzpo, 1915 ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftZu cK;h fdZsh rJh.
fN~gDh
vkH jopz; f;zx uktbk dk eosko f;zx ;okGk pko/ fJj b/y p/jZd y'i Gog{o b/y j?. fJ; b/y ftZu T[BQK B/ ;okG/ dh 19 ;kb dh S'Nh fijh T[wo ftZu ehs/ pjkdoh d/ ekoBkfwnK, j"A;b/, nksw^ftPtk; s/ brB ƒ do;kfJnk j?. fJBebkp T[; d/ \{B ftZu ;h. T[j fJBebkp bJh ihftnk ns/ fJ;/ bJh Pjhd j'fJnk. ‘}do bfjo’ d/ nkr{nK ftZu'A PkfJd jh e'Jh T[; tKr BkfJe pD e/ T[Gfonk j't/. T[j }do bfjo dk ;oho th ;h ns/
T[; dh nkswk th. ;okGk d/ ihtB s'A gq/oBk b? e/ nB/e B"itkBK B/ Gkos dh nIkdh dh bVkJh bJh ikBK tkohnK. Grs f;zx ’s/ th ;okG/ dh Pjhdh dk vz{xk n;o j'fJnk.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) eosko f;zx ;okGk d/ w[ZYb/ ihtB ’s/ o"PBh gkT[.
(ii) eosko f;zx ;okGk T[~u^ftfdnk jk;b eoB bJh fejV/ d/P frnk ;h <
(iii) Grs f;zx dh i/p ftZu fe; dh s;tho ofjzdh ;h s/ feT[A <
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE :[ZX L bVkJh, izr
;zrhB L rzGho w[eZdwk L e/;
fJBebkph L eqKshekoh, pkrh, i'Phbk
(iv) eosko f;zx ;okGk ƒ cK;h d/D bJh eh fJbIkw bkfJnk frnk <
(v) }do dh n;|bsk bJh e"D fIzw/tko ;h <
(vi) }do eoB bJh fe;^fe; eqKshekoh ƒ fIzw/tkoh ;"Agh rJh ;h.
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) Gkos dh nIkdh d/ ;zxoP ftZu Pjhd j'J/ fe;/ j'o d/P^Grs pko/
ikDekoh fdT[.
(ii) eh s[;hA fe;/ nfijh Pjhd n"os ƒ ikDd/ j' fi; B/ d/; ƒ nIkd eokT[D bJh ikB e[opkB ehsh j't/ < T[; pko/ fJZe b/y fby'.
(iii) }do bfjo dhnK wjZstg{oB fwshnK Bkb fJ; dhnK ;orowhnK dh uouk eo'.
(iv) s[;hA nkgD/ d/; ƒ fezBk e[ fgnko eod/ j' < ftuko g/P eo'.
(v) PjhdK ns/ d/; Xq'jhnK pko/ fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo' < s;thoK
;w/s t/ot/ ;fjs ikDekoh th fdT[.
nH ykbh EktK Go' L
(i) ;okG/ ƒ HHH T[soB dh nkfrnk fdZsh rJh.
(ii) ;okG/ ftZu HHH dh u/sBk T[Vh;k ftZu g?dk j'Jh.
(iii) nzro/I ;oeko B/ ;okG/ ƒ ;G s'A tX ysoBke HHH eoko fdZsk.
(iv) HHH g[fb; ;N/PB T[go jwbk eoB dh :'iBk pDkJh rJh.
(v) feogkb f;zx B/ }do dh HHH nzro/IK ƒ fdZsh.
JH j/m fby/ PpdK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L
w'vhnK, ;oQkpk, fJshjk;, i{Bhtof;Nh, iPhbk
;{uBk nkIkdh fJBebkph
;kBcoKf;;e' b'g'e/
;H fto'Xh Ppd fby' L (i) d/P^Grs HHH (ii) frq|skoh HHH (iii) nIkdh HHH (iv) g{osh HHH
jH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L (i) jwbk HHH
(ii) w[ezwb HHH (iii) }do HHH (iv) ;zrhB HHH
eH j/mK fd~s/ tkeK ft~u beho/ PpdK d/ BktK dh gSkD eo' L (i) ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ B/ w/om ftZu ftdo'j eoBk ;h. HHH
(ii) ;okG/ T[go nzro/I ;oeko dk s\sk gbND dk fJbIkw bkfJnk frnk.
(iii) feogkb f;zx, ;okG/ s/ fgzrb/ Bkb'A p[Ifdb ;h. HHH (iv) Grs f;zx, ;okG/ dh c'N' nkgDh i/p ftZu oZydk ;h. HHH (v) ;okGk i'PhbhnK eftsktK fbydk j[zdk ;h. HHH
yH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u'A ekoe u[D e/ T[BQK d/ BK fby' L (i) eosko f;zx ;okGk B/ d/; bJh Pjkds fdZsh.
(ii) ;okG/ B/ T[Vh;k ftZu d;thA dh gVQkJh ehsh. HHH
(iii) ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ ƒ w/om s'A frq|sko ehsk frnk. HHH (iv) ;okG/ B/ i'Phbh eftsk fbyh. HHH
(v) eosko f;zx ;okG/ ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftu cK;h d/ e/ Pjhd ehsk frnk.
g[bkV dh goh ^ ebgBk uktbk
;[Bhb e[wko p/dh
P\;hns s/ ouBk
;[Bhb e[wko p/dh dk iBw 3 cotoh, 1975 ƒ fgzv o[x{nkDk, fIbQk f;o;k, jfonkDk fty/ fgsk bkb uzd d/ xo wksk oki e[wkoh dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[BQK B/
gzikph s/ noE^Pk;so ftZu n?~wHJ/H dh gVQkJh ehsh. g/P/ ti'A T[j nfXnkge jB. nkg gzikph GkPk d/ gquko s/ gq;ko bJh ;orowh Bkb tuBpZX jB.
g[bkV dh goh ^ ebgBk uktbk
“w?A d[BhnK d/ fe;/ fJZe yz{i/ bJh iBw BjhA fbnk. w/o/ bJh g{oh d[BhnK jh w/oh wksG{wh j?. HHH d{i/ PpdK ftZu HHH ;w[Zuk pqfjwzv w/ok gfotko j?.”
fJj wjkB ftuko ;B g[bkV ftZu ikD tkbh gfjbh Gkosh w[fNnko vkH ebgBk uktbk d/.
pugB s'A jh gZe/ fJokd/ tkbh ebgBk uktbk dk iBw 1 i[bkJh, 1961 ƒ wK ;z:'frsk dh e[Zy'A eoBkb fty/ j'fJnk. T[; d/ fgsk dk BK pBko;h bkb ;h. T[j nkgD/ uko G?D^GoktK ftZu'A ;G s'A S'Nh ;h. T[; ƒ ;ko/ fgnko Bkb w'AN{ efjzd/ ;h.
ebgBk dk w[ZYbk ;wK eoBkb wkvb NkT{B tkb/ xo ftZu jh phfsnk.
xo dh SZs T[~s/ b/N/^b//N/ T[j uzB skfonK dh ojZ;wJh d[BhnK pko/ ;'udh ofjzdh. T[; dk gfotko Xkowe ftukoK dk ;h. T[; d/ wksk^fgsk Xow ns/ ;/tk d/ ezwK ftZu tX uVQ e/ fjZ;k b?Ad/ ;B. fJ; dk n;o fJj j'fJnk
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE yz{ik Le'Bk wksG{wh LiBw^G{wh
;wZ[[uk L;kok
g[bkV LnekP,
ybkn w[fNnko Li[nkB e[Vh e[Zy Lg/N (roG) w[ZYbk LP[o{nksh ojZ;wJh LG/sGoh
fe ebgBk fJZe g[bkV ftfrnkBh j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb fJZe ;z;ekoh th ;h.
T[j Gkos ftZu ojh iK po|hb/ ftd/Ph fJbkfenK ftZu, go ihtB Go Pkekjkoh ojh.
ebgBk B/ u"Eh iwks ftZu ;g/; PNb dk wkvb pDkfJnk ;h ns/ fejk fe tZvh j' e/ fJ; soQK ;g/; PNb ftZu :ksok eo/rh. T[; B/ d;thA dh gqhfynk N?r'o pkb fBe/sB ;e{b, eoBkb s'A gk; ehsh. fJZe gk;/ Gkos^
gkfe;skB dh tzv T[gozs P/y{g[ok, gzikp (gkfe;skB) s'A eoBkb ftZu nk e/
tf;nk ebgBk dk ;XkoB gfotko ns/ d{i/ gk;/ g[bkV ftZu ikD d/ ;[gB/
b?D tkbh ebgBk. fJE'A d/ vhHJ/HthH robI ekbi ns/ fdnkb f;zx ekbi s'A gqh^:{Bhtof;Nh (11thA) ns/ gqh^fJzihBhnfozr gk; ehsh. fJZE/ jh T[; B/
fJZe cbkfJzr ebZp dh w?Apo pD e/ g[Pge ftwkB T[vkT[Dk ns/ rbkJhfvzr eoBk f;Zy fbnk ;h.
T[j fJzihBhnfozr ekbi uzvhrVQ s'A p?ubo nk| fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh eoBk ukjz[dh ;h. fgsk nkgDh p/Nh ƒ nfXnkgB iK vkeNoh g/P/ tZb G/iDk ukj[zd/ ;B. ebgBk B/ pVh w[Peb Bkb nkgD/ wksk^fgsk ƒ okih ehsk. T[j fe;/ tZv/ ;[gB/ ƒ ;keko eoB bJh nZr/ tX ojh ;h. T[j
;g/; fJzihBhno pD e/ jtk ftZu T[vDk ukjz[dh ;h, g[bkV ftZu ik e/ uzB^
skfonK d/ ojZ; ikDBk ukjz[dh ;h. nkgD/ ekbi dh w?rIhB bJh b/y th fbydh ;h. T[j ghV ƒ uho e/ nZr/ fBebDk ikDdh ;h. uko ;kb dh ;\s fwjBs s'A pknd 1982 ftZu T[; B/ phHJhH dh fvroh nZtb doi/ ftZu gk;
ehsh. fJZE/ jh e[M ;wK T[j nfXnkgB th eodh ojh. go ebgBk dk we;d e[M j'o ;h.
ebgBk S'N/ eZd dh T[s;kjh, fBvo ns/ pjkd[o e[Vh ;h. T[j fdqVQ fJokd/ tkbh, fwjBsh ns/ ikro[e ;h. T[j w[zv/ s/ e[VhnK d/ fbzr^G/d ƒ BjhA wzBdh ;h. T[; ftZu B[wkfJzdrh eoB dh ekpbhns th ;h. fJ;/ bJh T[; ƒ ‘n?o' n?;No' ;[;kfJNh’ dh ;eZso u[D fbnk frnk ;h. T[j e[VhnK ƒ T[~u^f;Zfynk d/D d/ jZe ftZu ;h. T[j T[BQK b'eK ƒ B|os eodh ;h i' nkgDhnK XhnK ƒ ekbi G/iD s'A fJBeko eod/ ;h. T[j ;'udh ;h fe n"os f;o| xo dh ukodhtkoh ftZu e?d j' e/ jh Bk ofj ikt/. T[; ƒ xo s'A pkjo nk e/ nkgDh :'rsk ftykT[D dk w"ek fwbDk ukjhdk j?. n"os gVQ/rh BjhA sK ;wki ftZu spdhbh fet/A nkt/rh.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
;zihdk LfIzdkfdb
;z;ekoh LXkowe fposh tkbh
;g/; PNb Lg[bkVh ijkI
tzv LpNtkok
cbkfJzr ebZpLfiZE/ ijkI T[vkT[D dh f;ybkJh fdZsh iKdh j?
g[Pge ftwkB LS''Nk ijkI
1982 ftZu nwohek dh N?e;k; :{Bhtof;Nh B/ T[;
ƒ wk;No ^ fJB ^ n?o'BkNheb fJzihBhnfozr dh gVQkJh bJh u[D fbnk. wksk^fgsk ukjz[d/ ;B T[j fJZE/ ofj e/ wk;No fvroh eo bt/. fJ; tko ebgBk B/ pVh id'^ifjd eoe/ nkgD/ wksk^fgsk
ƒ okih ehsk. 1982 ftZu T[j nwohek ubh rJh. 1984 ftZu :{Bhtof;Nh nk| N?e;k;, nofbzrNB s'A J/no';g/; fJzihBhnfozr dh n?~;Hn?~;H dh gVQkJh g{oh ehsh ns/ 1988 ftZu T[; B/ :{Bhtof;Nh nk| e'b'o/v' p"bdo s'A nkgDh d{ih wk;No fvroh ns/ ghHn?~uHvhH dh fvroh gqkgs ehsh. fJ;/ d"okB T[;
dh fwZsosk coK;h;h B"itkB ihB ghno j?oh;B Bkb j'Jh i' ekch ;kbK s'A nwohek ftZu ofj fojk ;h. T[j feZs/ ti'A fJZe cbkfJzr fJB;NoeNo ;h.
d'tK dhnK o[uhnK s/ wkBf;e gZXo fJZe j'D eoe/ fJj ;pzX ftnkj ftZu spdhb j' rJ/.
1988 ftZu jh ebgBk B/ Bk;k (The National Aeronautical and Space Administation) ftZu ezw eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk. fJZE/ T[; ƒ ;ko/ e/H;hH d/
BK Bkb p[bkT[Ad/ ;B. T[j gqwkfDs cbkJhN fJz;NoeNo ;h. T[; B/
J/noeok|N ns/ rbkJhvo T[vkJ/. T[; e'b fJefjo/ fJziD, pj[^fJziD, jkJhvo' gb/N ns/ rbkJhvo T[vkT[D bJh tgkoe gkfJbN dk bkfJ;?A; ;h.
T[; B/ J/no';g/; Bkb ;pzXs eJh fvrohnK jk;b eo bJhnK ;B. 1993 ftZu ebgBk Bk;k ftZu ‘Uto w?Ev; fJze’ Bkwh fwPB d/ tkJh; gq?ihv?AN ns/ y'i ftfrnkBh ti'A i[V rJh. T[; dh fIzw/tkoh sob gdkoEK d/ rsh ftfrnkB, Xosh s'A f;ZXh uVQkJh ns/ T[sokJh Bkb ;pzXs seBhe fsnko eoBk ns/ T[; ƒ bkr{ eoBk ;h. g[bkV ftZu r[o{sk pb dh ewh d/ ekoB wB[Zyh ;oho d/ nzr nkgD/^nkg feqnkPhb j'D bZr iKd/ jB. ebgBk dh fIzw/tkoh ftu T[BQK feqnktK dk nfXn?B eoBk Pkfwb ;h. fJZE/ ofj e/ jh ebgBk B/ Xosh s'A f;ZXh uVQkJh ns/ T[sokJh (Verticle Takeoff and Landing) Bkb ;pzXs ezw ehsk. fJ; soQK 1995 sZe T[j Bk;k d/ n?;No'B"N e'og; dk wjZstg{[oB fjZ;k pD u[Zeh ;h.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE n?o'BkNheb LijkI
T[vkT[D dh ftZfdnk
;zi' e/ L;KG e/
nZtb Lgfjb/
Bzpo ’s/
fpBk Bkrk Lbrksko
fdqVQ LgZek
B[wkfJzdrh LnrtkJh, bhvofPg, gqshfBXsk fJB;NoeNo LnfXnkge Bk;k Lnwohek dh
fJZe ;z;Ek i' g[bkV
;pzXh y'i dk gqpzX eodh j?
rbkJhvo LfJziD ofjs jbek ijkI r[o{sk pb LfyZuD dh
Pesh
1996 ftZu T[j nkgD/ ihtB d/ gfjb/ Xosh d[nkb/ :ksok fwPB ftZu
;g/; PNb d/ wjZstg{oB w?Apo ti'A u[Dh rJh. fJj fwPB (STS-87) 19 Btzpo, 1997 ƒ P[o{ j'fJnk. fJ; fwPB dk T[d/P g[bkV (nzsfoeP) ftZu fJe ;gkoNB ;?N/bkJhN (Spartan Sattlelite) BK d/ T[grqfj ƒ rqfjgzX ’s/
gkT[Dk ;h. fJ;/ ;kb Gkos nkgDh nIkdh dh 50thA toQ/rzY (r'bvB i[pbh) wBk fojk ;h. fJ; :ksok d/ d"okB ebgBk pj[s y[P ;h. T[; B/ g[bkV ftu'A jh gqXkB wzsoh ;qh fJzdo e[wko r[iokb Bkb rZb ehsh ;h. T[; B/
jo Gkosh Bkrfoe d/ BK ;zd/P ftZu fbfynk L “i/ s[;hA fpBK fe;/ T[d/P ns/ brkU d/ ezw eo oj/ j' sK s[jkƒ nBzd BjhA nkt/rk. i/ s[;hA e[M eoBk ukjz[d/ j'' sK fJ; bJh eo' feT[Afe T[j s[jkvh nzso nkswk ƒ g;zd j?. :kd oj/, id'A s[;hA ezw gqsh g{oh soQK ;wofgs j''t'r/ sK jh s[;hA nkgDh wzfIb
’s/ gjz[uD ftZu ekw:kp j''t'r/.” fJ; c/oh s'A pknd ebgBk g[bkV ftZu :ksok eoB tkbh gfjbh Gkosh n"os ns/ d{i/ Gkosh j'D dk wkD jk;b eo u[Zeh ;h. fJ; dk iPB g{oh d[BhnK ftZu wBkfJnk frnk. fJ; s'A gfjbK oke/P Powk 1984 ftZu g[bkV ftZu ik u[Zfenk ;h.
fJ; fwPB s'A pknd ebgBk ƒ fJZe seBheh wkjo dk o[spk fwb frnk
;h. nkgD/ ezw ftZu fwjBs ns/ brB ;dek T[; ƒ fJZe tZyoh gSkD fwb rJh
;h. ebgBk B/ fJ; fwPB d"okB nB[Gt pko/ d;d/ j'J/ fejk fe, “id w?A T[~s/
(g[bkV ftZu) ;K sK w?ƒ wfj;{; j'fJnk fe w?A Xosh d/ fe;/ \k; fjZ;/ s'A BjhA nkJh pbfe w?ƒ brdk ;h fe w?A T[; skfonK dh d[BhnK dh ofjD tkbh jK.”
;zB 2000 ftZu ebgBk ƒ d[pkok fJZe T[vkD fwPB fi; dk BK STS- 107 ;h, fjZ;k pDB dk w"ek fwfbnk. fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk ƒ T[go'es
;{\w r[o{sk Pesh gq:'r Bkb ;pzXs pj[s wjZstg{oB fIzw/tkoh fdZsh rJh.
fJ; fwPB dk T[d/P Xosh ns/ g[bkV ftfrnkB nfXn?B dk ft;Ekog{ote y'i ekoi eoBk ;h. go e[M seBheh ekoBK eoe/ fJj fwPB tko^tko oZd j[zdk fojk.
16 iBtoh, 2003 ƒ ebgBk fJZe tko fco fwPB STS-107 d/ ezw ƒ g{ok eoB bJh e'bzphnk BK d/ g[bkVh ijkI dh wjZstg{oB w?Apo ti'A ybkn ftZu gj[zu rJh. d{ih tkoh g[bkV ftZu ikD s'A gfjbK T[; B/ fejk
;h, “fJZe tko fco g[bkV ftZu ikDk fJZe ;[gB/ dh soQK j?. fJj fJZe ;[yktK nB[Gt j?.”
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE d[nkb/ Luko/ gk;/
to/rzY L;kbfrojk
c/oh L:ksok
iPB Ly[Ph
wkjo LfBg[zB
tZyoh LnbZr
fwPB Lekoi, T[d/P
;{yw Lpj[s S'Nk (pohe) r[o{sk LXosh dh
fyZu Pesh e'bzphnk Lg[bkVh
ijkI dk BK
;[yktK L;[ydkJh
fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk ƒ nkX[fBe seBkb'ih ftek; g[bkV :ksoh f;js ns/ ;[oZfynk, Xosh ns/ g[bkV ftfrnkB nfXn?B d/ Bkb^Bkb ;{yw r[o{sk Pesh Bkb ;pzXs fIzw/tkoh fdZsh rJh. ebgBk ns/ T[; d/ ;kEh ftfrnkBhnK B/ fwb e/ wB[Zyh ;oho T[~s/ nzsfoeP dk gqGkt, e?A;o e'fPektK dh ;whfynk, ehN^gszfrnK T[s/ GkojhDsk gqGkt ns/ pqfjwzv d/ j'o ojZ;K dh ikDekoh Bkb ;pzXs seohpB 80 gq:'r ehs/. fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk B/ wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh.
16 fdB g[bkV ftZu ofjD s'A pknd 1 cotoh, 2003 ƒ nkgD/ fIzw/ br/
ezw ƒ g{ok eoe/ ebgBk uktbk nkgD/ ;kEh ftfrnkBhnK Bkb Xosh tZb tkg; gos ojh ;h. nk\oh ;'bK fwzN pj[s xkse f;ZX j'J/. Xosh tk:{wzvb ftZu dk\b j'D s'A f;o| 16 fwzN gfjbK ;G e[M mhe bZr fojk ;h. go nukBe eh j'fJnk < fe;/ ƒ e[M ;wM BjhA ;h nk fojk. ezNo'b o{w tb'A fJZe tko BjhA, d' tko BjhA pbfe eJh^eJh tko e'bzphnk Bkb ;zgoe eoB dh e'fPP ehsh rJh. go nzsfoeP dh \kw'Ph ƒ ezNo'b o{w dh e'Jh ntkI s'VB ftZu Bkekw:kp ojh. Xosh d/ tk:{wzvb ftZu dk\b j'D ;w/A ijkI dh o|sko ns/ skgwkB r[o{sk Pesh ekoB tX iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJj ;wK
;zeN Gfonk j[zdk j?.
Gkosh w{b dh ebgBk uktbk ;w/s ;Zs g[bkV ftfrnkBhnK ƒ b? e/
fwPB T[~s/ rJ/ e'bzphnk :kB d/ w[;hps ftZu c;D d/ ;p{s fwb rJ/ ;B.
ezNo'b o{w ftZu p?m/ b'e fpbe[b g/P/to b'eK dh soQK PKs ;B. go j[D g[bkVh ijkI dh u[Zgh T[BQK ;GBK ’s/ Gkoh g? ojh ;h.
e?b/c'oBhnk, N?e;k; ns/
noeB;k; s'A wkjo fBrokBK d/ ;zd/P nk oj/ ;B fe T[BQK B/
s/I o"PBh t/yh i' N[ZN/ j'J/ wbp/
ftu'A fBebh ikgdh ;h. ezNo'b o{w ftZu p?m/ wkjo b'e :kB d/
;zd/P gVQB ftZu br/ j'J/ ;B fe, nukBe :kB dk skgwkB pj[s fInkdk tZX frnk ns/
fJ; s'A pknd u[Zg g;o
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE nzsfoeP Lybkn,
nekP
ehN LehV/
GkojhDsk LfpBK Gko (tIB) d/
gos Ltkg;
xkse L\soBke
ft;c'N LXwkek
rJh HHH o/vhT[ \k;'P ;h HHH ;eohB T[~s/ Bk e'Jh jbub HHH s/ Bk jh e'Jh T[whd puh ;h HHH.
1 cotoh, 2003 ƒ Pkw ;kY/ ;Zs ti/ fJZe Xwke/ d/ Bkb jh fJj g[bkVh ijkI spkj j' frnk. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ebgBk uktbk ns/ S/ j'o g[bkV ftfrnkBh ybkn ftZu nG/d j' rJ/ ;B. t/yd/ jh t/yd/ y[Ph dk wkj"b wksw ftZu pdb u[Zfenk ;h. nwohek B/ nkgDk Mzvk M[ek fdZsk ;h. ebgBk d/
gfotko bJh fJj ;dwk n;fj ;h. g{ok ;z;ko fJ; jkd;/ Bkb }wrhB ;h.
d/;K^ftd/PK d/ w[yhnK d/ ;'r^;zd/P nkT[D bZr/. ebgBk B/ \[d fJZe tko fejk
;h, “id th w/o/ woB dk ;wK nkt/rk, w?A g[bkV ftZu jh woBk g;zd eoKrh.” T[; dh nuDu/s ejh rZb ;G ƒ u/s/ nk ojh ;h. e'bzphnk PNb dk wbpk b[f;nkBk ns/ N?e;k; d/ fJbke/ ftZu c?b frnk. fJ; d/ e[M N[eV/
jh fwb ;e/.
woB T[gozs ebgBk ƒ ‘e"Aro/PBb ;g/; w?vb’, ‘Bk;k ;g/N cbkJhN w?vb’, ‘Bk;k fv;fNzr[fJPv ;oft; w?vb’ fwb/. ebgBk d/ ;BwkB ftZu okPNoh ns/ nzso^okPNoh gZXo ’s/ pj[s ;ko/ fJBkw ns/ ;z;EktK dh
;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. :{Bhtof;Nh nk| e'b'o/v' B/ 1983 s'A fdZs/ ik oj/
‘nkT{N;N?Afvzr oh;?AN n?b{fwBh ntkov’ dk BK j[D ‘ebgBk uktbk ntkov’
oZy fdZsk j?. eoBkb ftZu ebgBk uktbk w?vheb ekbi dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. jfonkDk ;oeko tb'A e[o{e[P/so ftZu ‘ebgBk uktbk skok wzvb’
dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. fJ; soQK d/;K^ftd/;K s'A pj[s ;ko/ ;BwkB T[;
ƒ fwb/ jB.
ebgBk dh eoBkb s'A g[bkV sZe dh :ksok jw/Pk ;kv/ fIjB ftZu skIk oj/rh. g[bkV tk;h ebgBk uktbk j[D ed/ tkg; BjhA gos/rh HHH go Gkos nd[Zsh ns/ j'Djko p/Nh T[~s/ ;dk |\o eodk oj/rk. B"itkB ghVQh T[; s'A g/qoBk b? e/ nZr/ tXD d/ :sB eodh oj/rh.
fN~gDh
fJ; ihtBh ftZu g[bkV ftfrnkBh ebgBk uktbk dh ;zxoPwJh fIzdrh T[go o"PBh gkJh rJh j?. ebgBk uktbk B/ fJZe ;kXkoB gfotko ns/
S'N/ Pfjo ftZu iBw b? e/ th nkgDh fwjBs, brB ns/ fdqVQ fJokd/ ;dek soZeh d/ f;\o ƒ S'fjnk. fto'Xh ;wkie jkbs d/ pkti{d T[; B/ jko BjhA n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
nG/d Lbkgsk,
rkfJp
wksw L;'r
rwrhB LT[dk;
w[yhnK Lnkr{nK nuDu/s LnukBe
u/s/ L:kd
fIjB Lfdwkr
nd[Zsh LftbZyD
|\o LwkD
wzBh. pugB ftZu fwE/ Nhu/ ƒ g{ok eoB bJh Bk;k s'A j[zdh j'Jh g[bkV ftZu gj[zu rJh. T[; B/ ;koh d[BhnK ;kjwD/ f;ZX eo fdZsk fe fdqVQ fJokd/
Bkb ihtB d/ fe;/ th w[ekw ƒ jk;b ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[j Gkt/A j[D ;kv/
dofwnkB BjhA ojh go nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh gq/oBk^;o's pDh oj/rh. T[; B/ fJj th f;ZX eo fdZsk fe n"osK fe;/ th gZy'A wodK Bkb'A xZN BjhA jB. Gkos dh BjhA pbfe g{oh d[BhnK d/ b'eK d/ fdbK ’u T[;
dh :kd skIk oj/rh.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) g[bkV ftfrnkBh ebgBk uktbk dk pugB fe; soQK phfsnk <
(ii) gfotkoe wkj"b dk ;kjwDk ebgBk B/ fe; soQK ehsk <
(iii) ebgBk gfjbh tko g[bkV ftZu ed'A rJh ns/ T[; fwPB dk T[d/P eh ;h <
(iv) ebgBk uktbk dh w"s fe; soQK j'Jh <
(v) g[bkV d/ fejV/ ojZ; dk G/s ebgBk bJh gq/oBk^;o's pfDnk <
(vi) ebgBk uktbk d/ ihtB s'A ;kƒ eh gq/oBk b?Dh ukjhdh j? <
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) ebgBk uktbk s'A pknd Gkosh w{b dh ;[Bhsk ftbhnw; th 2006 ftZu g[bkV ’u rJh. T[; dh ihtBh Bkb ;pzXs fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.
(ii) eh s[jkƒ fe;/ ftfrnkBe y'i ftZu fdbu;gh j? < fJ; pko/
ikDekoh Gog{o fJZe b/y fbyD dh e'fPP eo' <
(iii) g[bkV dk ftfrnkBe nfXn?B I'\w Gfonk j?. eh fJ; d/ pkti{d ftfrnkBhnK ƒ y'i ikoh oZyDh ukjhdk j? < ftuko g/P eo'.
(iv) ebgBk uktbk dh y'i Bkb ;pzXs tZy'^tZyo/ ekoiK ƒ do;kT[Adk fJZe ukoN pDkT[.
(v) eh s[;hA nkgDh fIzdrh ftZu e[M eoB bJh e'Jh fwPB fwfEnk j? < T[; pko/ ekoi^:'iBk s/ nkgD/ fJokd/ pko/ y[ZbQ e/ ftuko g/P eo'.
JH j/m fby/ PpdK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L
w[N/nko, tfrnkBh, w/jBs, Bkroe, wknj"b
;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u'A ftP/PD u[D e/ T[BQK dhnK fe;wK fby' L (i) ebgBk uktbk wkfjo ftfrnkBh ;h. HHH
(ii) g[bkV ’u ikD tkbh ebgBk gfjbh Gkosh n"os j?. HHH (iii) ebgBk B/ g[bkV ftZu pj[s gq:'r ehs/. HHH
(iv) g{ok ;z;ko fJ; jkd;/ Bkb pj[s }wrhB ;h.
(v) T[; :kB d/ e[M N[eV/ jh fwb ;e/.
jH i'V/ pDkT[ L
N?e;k; g[bkVh ijkI
eoBkb coK;h;h
e'bzphnk nwohek
ihB ghno/ j?oh;B ebgBk uktbk
wdB bkb YhArok
;toB f;zx
P\;hns s/ ouBk
;toB f;zx dk iBw 10H5H1934 ƒ fgzv fGUok, fIbQk o'gV fty/ j'fJnk. nkg r[o{ s/r pjkdo
\kb;k ekbi, fdZbh s'A ps"o gq'|?;o ;/tk^w[es j'J/. nkg ‘e"wh tzrko’ o;kb/ d/ w[Zy ;zgkde oj/. T[BQK B/ wokmh s'A nB[tkd th ehsk fi; ftZu
‘wkfjw dh ykVh’, ‘Bkwd/t’, ‘pqkjwD ezfBnk’ s/
‘c[Zb e[wbkfJnk’ Pkfwb jB. e[M ;zgkfds feskpK
jB fit/A L ‘ni'eh gzikph ejkDh’, ‘r[op\P f;zx gqhs ;z;ko’. nkg dhnK w"fbe ouBktK jB L ‘BktD uZb/ shoEhA’, ‘;H Grs f;zx’, ‘Xos ;[jkth’,
‘o[Zs fcoh’, ‘fuZso ftfuZso’, ‘nIkdh d/ ;[Zu/ tDiko/’.
wdB bkb YhArok
wdB bkb YhArok dk iBw 18 cotoh, 1883 JhH ƒ nzfwqs;o ftZu j'fJnk. T[jd/ fgsk ih vkeNo ;kfjp fdZsk wZb ;B. T[j nzfwqas;o ftZu gq?efN; eod/ ;B. wdB bkb d/ tZv/^tv/o/ ;kjhtkb, fIbQk ;or'Xk d/ ofjD tkb/ ;B. wdB bkb d/ S/ Gok s/ fJZe G?D ;h. wdB bkb d/ wkg/ uzr/
;od/^g[id/ ;B. pj[s nwho. T[jd/ fgsk ih fj;ko ns/ r[odk;g[o d/
f;ftb ;oiB ofj u[Ze/ ;B. T[j gZe/ nzro/I^Grs ;B. fJ;/ bJh nzro/i ;oeko B/ T[BQK ƒ okJ/ ;kfjp dk f\skp fdZsk ;h. nzfwqs;o nk e/
t;D dk ekoB T[~E/ \kBdkBh IwhB ikfJdkd dk j'Dk ;h. wdB bkb d/ Gok th nzro/I^gZyh ;B. T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ tZv/^tZv/ nj[fdnK ’s/ ezw eod/ ;B.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
f\skp Lfvroh
nzro/I^gZyh Lnzro/IK d/
jwkfJsh
wdB bkb d/ wkg/ T[jƒ fJzihBhno pDkT[D d/ fJZS[e ;B. go nzfwaqs;o dh ibtk:{ B/ T[jd/ ftukoK ftZu p}kts Go fdZsh ;h. T[j nzro/IK dk
;\s d[PwB ;h feT[Afe nzro/I T[jdh fdqPNh ftZu GkoshnK ƒ b[ZNd/^g[ZNd/
ns/ T[BQK T[~go I[bw Ykj[zd/ ;B. wdB bkb ;dk d/;^fgnko s/ nIkdh dhnK rZbK eodk ofjzdk. wkg/ T[jƒ ‘e[okjhnk’ s/ ‘gkrb’ efjzd/ ;B. wdB bkb B/ nzfwqs;o s'A pkoQthA iwks gk; ehsh. T[j phHJ/H ftZu r"ofwzN ekbi, bkj"o dk\b j'fJnk. bkj"o T[BQK fdBK ftZu oki;h ;orowhnK dk e/Ado
;h. wdB bkb T[~go d/; dh nIkdh bJh bVB tkbhnK sfjohoK dk \k;
n;o fgnk. T[jB/ gVQkJh SZv fdZsh. T[j gzikp ;oeko d/ ;?Nbw?AN wfjew/
ePwho ftZu ebeo dh gdth ’s/ ezw eoB bZr fgnk. J/E/ T[jƒ b'eK dh rohph pko/ d[ydkfJe nB[Gt j'fJnk. nB/eK b'eK ƒ fJZe vzr dh o'Nh th BjhA i[Vdh ;h. wdB bkb nwho wkfgnK dk g[Zso ;h. T[jB/ uzr/ fdB d/y/ j'J/ ;B. go b'eK ƒ G[Zy/^Bzr/ d/y e/ T[jB/ T[BQK dh rohph dk ekoD nzro/IK ƒ ;wMDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. wB ftZu fB;uk ehsk fe nzro/IK ƒ fjzd';skB ’u'A jo jkbs ftZu eZYDk j?. T[jB/ fJe eko\kB/ ftZu th wI{o ti'A ezw ehsk. J/E/ ofjzfdnK No/v :{BhnB pDk bJh. wkbeK B/ T[jƒ B"eoh s'A itkp d/ fdZsk.
wdB bkb d/ xo tkb/ T[; Bkb ;\s BkokI ;B. T[j T[jƒ fe;/ T[~u/
nj[d/ ’s/ ezw eodk d/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. T[jƒ T[u/oh f;Zfynk dtk e/ fJj ezw eoB d/ fJZS[e ;B. xo tkfbnK s'A szr g? e/ wdB bkb nkgD/ Gok fpjkoh bkb e'b ;zro{o ubk frnk. fpjkoh bkb fonk;s ihAd dk w[Zy w?vheb n|;o ;h. T[; B/ wdB bkb ƒ ;wMk^p[Mk e/ j'o gVQkJh eoB bJh oIkwzd eo fbnk. wdB bkb ƒ fJzihBhnfozr dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB bJh fJzrb?Av ubk frnk. xo tkfbnK dk f\nkb ;h fe fJzrb?Av ik e/ T[jd/ ftukoK ftZu spdhbh nk ikt/rh.
wdB bkb YhArok 6 i[bkJh, 1906 ƒ fJzrb?Av ik gj[zfunk. T[jB/
:{Bhtof;Nh ekbi bzdB ftZu dk\bk b? fbnk. fJzrb?Av ftZu nzro/I GkoshnK Bkb j'o th G?Vk ;b{e eod/ ;B. T[BQK ƒ n;ZfGnk b'e ;wMd/ ;B. r[bkw j'D d/ Bks/ T[BQK dk dk\bk j'NbK ftZu th pzd ;h. T[E/ fjzd[;skBh ftfdnkoEh d{i/ doi/ d/ Pfjoh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B. T[BQK Bkb ftsefonK Gfonk ;b{e ehsk iKdk ;h. bzdB ftZu ‘fJzvhnk jkT{;’ oki;h ;orowhnK dk e/Ado ;h.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE fJZS[e Lukj[zd/
ibtk:{ Lwj"b wkg/ Lwksk^fgsk e[okjhnk L}bs o;s/
fgnk j'fJnk oki;h LokiBhse sfjohoK LGkPDK
vzr Lt/bk
wI{o LwId{o
;b{e Lfttjko
n;ZfGnk Lizrbh, w{oy
J/E/ eqKshekoh ftukoK d/ Gkosh ne;o nk i[Vd/ ;B. T[j d/; dh nIkdh bJh ftuko^tNKdo/ eod/ ns/ j'o th eJh gqeko d/ tkd^fttkd eod/ ofjzd/ ;B.
;ko/ ftfdnkoEh fJZe oki;h iZE/pzdh d/
o{g ftZu J/E/ ezw eod/ ;B. wdB bkb B/
th fJzvhnk jkT{; ftZu j'D tkbhnK whfNzrK ftZu Gkr b?Dk P[o{ eo fdZsk.
fPnkw ih feqPB towk ns/ tho
;ktoeo fJzvhnk jkT{; d/ w?Apo ;B.
d't/A row f\nkbK d/ eqKshekoh ;B. T[BQK d'jK dhnK e'fPPK Bkb jh 1905 JhH ftZu
‘fJzvhnk jkT{;’ ns/ ‘fJzvhnB j'w o{b ;';kfJNh’ dh BhAj oZyh rJh ;h.
fPnkw ih feqPB towk ‘d fJzvhnB ;'PhUb'fi;N’ BK dk ;gskfje gZso th eZYdk ;h. tho ;ktoeo B/ ‘nfGBt Gkosh’ BK dh ;z;Ek ubkJh j'Jh ;h.
fJ; ;z;Ek dtkok fjzd';skBh B"itkBK ƒ iZE/pzd ehsk iKdk ;h. wdB bkb, fPnkw ih feqPB towk ns/ tho ;ktoeo s'A nfsnzs gqGkts j'fJnk.
wdB bkb ‘nfGBt Gkos’ ;Gk dk w?Apo pD frnk. tho ;ktoeo T[jdk fJwfsjkB b?Dk ukjz[dk ;h. T[jB/ wdB bkb ƒ g[ZfSnk fe T[j d/; bJh eh e[M eo ;edk j?. wdB bkb dk itkp ;h, “w?A d/; bJh nkgDh ikB se e[opkB eo ;edk jK.” fJj rZb ;[D e/ tho ;ktoeo ƒ ftPtk; j' frnk fe wdB bkb tkeJh d/; dh nkB^PkB T[~go wo fwFN ;edk j?.
fJzrb?Av ftZu Gkosh B"itkBK$ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ jfEnko ubkT[D dh sophns fdZsh iKdh ;h. wdB bkb B/ fg;s"b ubkT[D dh f;Zfynk gqkgs ehsh. T[j fJZe Bzpo dk fBPkB/pkI ;h. T[; e'b d' fg;s"bK ;B. T[j fBZs fg;s"b ubkT[D dh wPe eodk. feqPB towk okiBhse nfjz;k ƒ ikfJI
;wMdk. T[j nIkdh bJh ehs/ rJ/ y{B ƒ esb th BjhA ;h ;wMdk. wdB bkb T[~go fJBQK ftukoK dk ftP/P gqGkt fgnk.
d/; ftZu nIkdh dh sfjohe I'o cV ojh ;h. ftd/PK ftZu fjzd';skBh B"itkB nzro/IK fto[ZX jfEnkopzd izr bVB dhnK fsnkohnK eo oj/ ;B.
Gkos ftZu nihs f;zx dtkok nozG ehsk j'fJnk fe;kB nzd'bB nkgD/ f;\o
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE tkd^fttkd Lpfj;
oki;h LokiBhse, f;nk;h row f\nkbK Li'Phb/
;gskfje gZsoLj|sktkoh n\pko nfsnzs Lpj[s
fInkdk tkeJh Ln;b ftZu,
;Zuw[Zu sophns Lf;ybkJh
wPe LnfGnk;
sfjohe L;zxoP dtkok Ld[nkok, tZb'A
’s/ gj[zu u[Zek ;h. wjKokPNo ftZu pkb rzrkXo fsbe ns/ rD/P ;ktoeo ƒ ;oeko B/ frq|sko eoe/ b'eK ƒ GVek fdZsk ;h. T[;/ ;w/A y[dh okw p';
ns/ eKPh okw tor/ eJh B"itkB cK;h uVQ u[Ze/ ;B. B"itkBK dk y{B y"b fojk ;h. T[j nzro/I ;bsBs Bkb NZeo b?D bJh fsnko p?m/ ;B. GkoshnK ftoZ[X jo gqeko d/ I{bw eoB d/ d'Ph fszB nzro/I ftnesh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B.
fJj ;B—bkov eoIB, bkov wkob/ ns/ wkob/ dk oki;h J/HvhH;hH ;o eoIB tkfJbh. eoIB tkfJbh d/ wdB bkb d/ fgsk ih Bkb d';skBk snb[Zeks ;B. wdB bkb d/ Gok e[zdB bkb B/ tkfJbh ƒ fJZe fBZih gZso ftZu wdB bkb ƒ fJzvhnk jkT{; dhnK oki;h ;orowhnK s'A d{o oZyD dh p/Bsh ehsh ;h.
fJzrb?Av d/ fjzd';skBh ftfdnkoEh tkfJbh d/ ;\s fto'Xh ;B. T[jƒ fxqDk eod/ ;B. eoIB tkfJbh B/ wdB bkb ƒ fwbD bJh fJzvhnk jkT{; ftZu nkT[D dk ;Zdk fdZsk. wdB bkb B/ T[jd/ ;Zd/ dh T[~ek jh e'Jh gotkj Bk ehsh. wdB bkb ƒ gsk ;h fe tkfJbh T[jƒ fwb e/ fJBebkph ekotkJhnK eoB s'A o'e/rk. fJjd/ T[bN wdB bkb B/ eoIB tkfJbh, bkov wob/ ns/ bkov eoIB ƒ esb eoB dk c?;bk eo fbnk. T[jB/ fJ;
rZb dh fe;/ ƒ Gk| sZe Bk eZYh. f;o| nkgD/ wB ftZu fJj rZb XkoB eo bJh.
wdB bkb UHJ/H fjT{w dh gqf;ZX eftsk ‘Ubv w?BI j'g’ ƒ gVQ e/ pj[s gqGkfts j'fJnk. fJ; eftsk dk y[ZbQk wsbp fJj ;h^‘Gkos d/ ;g{s' ` s[;hA fejV/ d/tsk dh fJzsIko ftZu p?m/ j'. bZe pzBQ e/ fjzws eo' ns/ bVB^woB bJh fsnko j' ikU. ;tor iK Boe s'A fe;/ soQK dh ;jkfJsk dh T[vhe Bk eo'. nkgDh wdd nkg eo'. fJZSk Pesh ns/ ;kj; oZyD tkbk ftnesh jh ;G e[M j?. e"wK nkgD/ jZEhA jh nkgD/ nkg ƒ pDkT[AdhnK jB.’
wdB bkb YhArok dh fJZSk^g{osh dk fdB nkfrnk. 11 i[bkJh, 1909 ƒ ‘d B?PBb fJzvhnB n?;';hJ/PB’ dh whfNzr fJz;NhfuT{N nk| fJzghohnb
;NZvhI d/ ijKrho jkb ftZu j'Dh Bhns j'Jh. J/E/ jIkoK dk fJeZm ;h.
nzro/I n|;oK s/ tgkohnK Bkb jkb yukyu Gfonk fgnk ;h. \{p iPB wBkJ/ ik oj/ ;B. Bku^rkfDnK dk g'qrokw uZb fojk ;h. eoIB tkfJbh oks d/ ;kY/ d; ti/ d/ eohp T[~E/ gj[zfunk. YhAro/ dhnK BIoK eoIB tkfJbh ƒ bZG ojhnK ;B. wdB bkb B/ fszB nzro/IK ƒ fuZs eoBk ;h.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE snb[Zeks L;zpzX
fxqDk LB|os
;Zdk Lp[bktk
Gkc L;{j
Bhns LfBPfus
yukyu LBZe'^BZe, pj[s fInkdk
fuZs LwkoBk
T[jƒ :ehB ;h fe bkov eoIB, bkov wkob/ ns/ eoIB tkfJbh T[~E/ Io{o gj[zuDr/. T[jd/ e'b d' fg;s"b ;B. go T[jB/ eoIB tkfJbh ƒ fJeZfbnk nkT[AfdnK d/fynk. T[jB/ T[jƒ jh \sw eoB bJh ftuko pDk fbnk. eoIB tkfJbh wdB bkb ƒ d/y e/ T[jd/ tZb tfXnk. tkfJbh d/ w{zj ftZu ni/ fJj Ppd fBeb/ jh ;B^‘Bk sz{ w/oh fuZmh dk T[~so fdZsk j? ns/ Bk jh w?ƒ fwbD bJh nkfJn?A <’ wdB bkb B/ MN i/p ftZu'A fg;s"b eZfYnk ns/ fJedw r'bhnK toQkT[DhnK P[o{ eo fdZshnK. tkfJbh T[~E/ jh dw s'V frnk. fJe gko;h vkeNo bkb ekek tkfJbh tZb tfXnk. wdB bkb B/ T[; ƒ th r'bh wko fdZsh. T[jƒ n|;'; Io{o ;h fe T[jB/ fJZe p/e;{o pzd/ ƒ wko fdZsk
;h. r'bhnK uZbD ’s/ jkb ftZu jkfJ^d[jkJh wZu rJh. b'e pkjo ƒ GZi/.
wdB bkb T[~E/ jh yb'sk fojk. T[jƒ g[fb; B/ fjok;s ftZu b? fbnk.
fpqe;NB i/bQ ftZu pzd eo fdZsk. T[jd/ e'b'A g[fb; B/ j'o pzfdnK dk BK g[ZSD dh e'fPP ehsh go T[jB/ fe;/ dk BK Bk fbnk.
wdB bkb d/ fgsk vkH ;kfjp fdZsk wZb B/ tkfJ;okJ/ d/ fBZih ;eZso vBbg ;fwZE ƒ fJZe fuZmh fbyh. T[jB/ fuZmh ftZu nkgD/ gZso d[nkok eoIB tkfJbh d/ esb dh ;\s fBzfdnk ehsh. Bkb jh nkgD/ gfotko dh nzro/Ih ;oeko gqsh t|kdkoh pko/ fJZe P'e ;Gk dk nk:'iB ehsk frnk.
T[; whfNzr ftZu eoIB tkfJbh d/ esb pko/ vz{xk d[Zy gqrN ehsk frnk.
wdB bkb YhArok d/ gfotko B/ T[jd/ Bkb'A nkgD/ gfotkoe ;zpzX s'VB dk th n?bkB ehsk. row dbhJ/ b'eK B/ wdB bkb d/ fJ; ekoi dh p/jZd gq;z;k ehsh. T[; dh d/;^Grsh ƒ ;bkfjnk frnk. n?Bh p/;/AN B/ T[jdh gq;z;k eofdnK fejk, “d/; dh nIkdh bJh ni/ j'o wdB bkbK dh b'V j?.” bkbk jofdnkb B/ nkfynk, “YhArok B/ nkgD/ T[~s/ ub oj/ w[eZdw/ d/ jo gVkn
’s/ g[oksB ekbhB tho BkfJeK tKr ftjko ehsk ;h. T[; dh tho GktBk
;kƒ wZXekbh okig{sK ns/ f;ZyK dh :kd fdtkT[Adh j?, fijV/ w"s ƒ fJZe d[bjB tKr fgnkod/ ;B. fJzrb?Av ;'udk j? fe T[; B/ YhArok ƒ wko fdZsk j? gozs{ n;bhns fJj j? fe T[j ;dk jh ihAdk oj/rk. T[; B/ Gkos ftubh poskBth gqG{;Zsk ƒ w"s d/ fp;so ’s/ gk fdZsk j?. nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A id'A Gkos ftubk poskoBh ;kwoki fwZNh ftZu fwb ikt/rk, YhArok d/ ;wkoe
;kv/ w[Zy BroK d/ u"AeK dh ;iktN j'Dr/. ;kvhnK ;zskBK ƒ YhArok dh T[~uh s/ ;[Zuh fIzdrh ns/ thosk g{oB fwqs{ dh :kd eotkT[Dr/ fi; B/
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE jkfJ d[jkJh Ljkb^
d[jkJh, P'o^Pokpk
yb'sk LyVk
ekoi Lezw
row dbhJ/ Lfjz;e, Bk M[eD tkb/
b'e
;bkfjnk Lgq;z;k ehsh
tho Lpjkdo
gqG{;Zsk Lokiszso,
;oeko
;wkoe L:kdrko, p[Zs
nkgD/ d/; dh nIkdh bJh ftd/P ftZu nkgD/ gqkDK dh nkj{sh d/ fdZsh.”
wdB bkb YhArok T[go w[eZdwk ubkfJnk frnk. T[jB/ nkgD/ pukT[
bJh e'Jh tehb Bk ehsk. T[jƒ nkgD/ ehs/ rJ/ ekoi pko/ gsk ;h fe T[jdk Bshik eh fBebDk j?. ndkbs ftZu fpnkB fdzfdnK T[jB/ fejk, “w?A i' ehsk, n\bkeh s"o ’s/ ;jh ehsk j?. w?A }bs fpnkB d/ e/ nkgDh ikB pukT[Dk p[Ifdbh ;wMdk jK. w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ dk e'Jh gSsktk BjhA.” wdB bkb B/
nkgD/ xotkfbnK ƒ th tehb eoB s'A BKj eo fdZsh. T[jd/ Gok GiB bkb B/ T[jƒ i/bQ ftZu fwbD dh e'fPP ehsh. go wdB bkb B/ BKj eo fdZsh. 10 i[bkJh, 1909 ƒ iZi B/ T[jƒ nkgDh ;|kJh ftZu e[M efjD bJh nkfynk.
T[; B/ fejk, “w?A nkgD/ pukU ftZu e[M BjhA efjDk ukjz[dk. w?A e/tb nkgD/ ehs/ nwbK ƒ ;jh f;ZX eoBk ukjz[dk jK. w/ok fJj ftuko j? fe fe;/
th nzro/Ih ndkbs ƒ w/o/ ’s/ w[eZdwk ubkT[D dk iK fwqs{ dzv d/D dk e'Jh nfXeko BjhA. w?A efjzdk jK fe i/eo iowB s[jkv/ d/; T[go epIk eo b?D sK i/ T[BQK fto[ZX fe;/ th nzro/I dk x'b ikfJI ns/ gq;z;:'r j? sK c/o nkgD/ d/; bJh w/ok nzro/IK fto[ZX ehsk x'b th ikfJI ns/ ;jh j?. s[;hA w/o/ nDfrDs d/; tk;hnK ƒ cK;h ns/ ibktsBh dh ;Ik fdZsh j?.”
n\ho 23 i[bkJh, 1909 ƒ iZi B/ wdB bkb YhArok ƒ w"s dh
;Ik ;[DkJh.
tho ;ktoeo ns/ T[jd/ e[M ;kEhnK B/ nzro/I ;oeko e'b'A T[jd/ fwose
;oho dh wzr ehsh. go ;oeko B/ ;k| fJBeko eo fdZsk. wdB bkb ƒ g?ANBftfb i/bQ d/ epof;skB ftZu d|BkfJnk frnk.
wdB bkb YhArok wjkB d/;^Grs ;h. w'j^bkbu s'A T[~uk. fJZE'A sZe fe T[jƒ nkgD/ gfotko Bkb th e'Jh w'j BjhA ;h.
Pjhd wdB bkb YhArok dhnK n;EhnK 13 d;zpo, 1976 ƒ Gkos fbnKdhnK rJhnK. fJBQK ƒ fdZbh s'A ib{; dh Peb ftZu nzfwqs;o fbnKdk frnk. nzs fJBQK n;EhnK ƒ jfod[nko ftZu ib^gotkj eo fdZsk frnk.
fN~gDh
fJ; ihtBh s'A ;kƒ gsk brdk j? fe wdB bkb YhArok wjkB d/;Grs
;h. fi; ftZu d/; gqsh fgnko e[ZN^e[ZN e/ Gfonk j'fJnk ;h. d/; dh ykfso T[; B/ nkgDh e[opkBh jZ;d/ j'J/ d/ fdZsh. fJj T[; d/ d/;^fgnko n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
pd/; Lftd/P
gqkD L;kj, ;[nk;
nkj{sh Le[opkBh, pbhdkB w[eZdwk Le/;
dzv L;Ik
x'b L;zxoP
ibktsBh Ld/; fBekbk, d/; ftu'A pkjo eZY d/Dk n;EhnK LjZvhnK
dk iIpk ;h fe T[; B/ nkgD/ Gok ƒ th fwbD s'A wBQK eo fdZsk. T[; B/
nkgD/ e/; dh g?oth bJh e'Jh tehb BjhA ehsk s/ ndkbs ftZu iZi ƒ bbekod/ j'J/ fejk fe w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ dk e'Jh gSsktk BjhA j?. w?A i' e[M ehsk j? nkgD/ d/; dh nDy \kso ehsk j?. nyho fJj' fij/ wjkB d/;^Grs ƒ nzro/I ;oeko B/ cK;h bk e/ jw/Pk bJh T[; dk ihtB \sw eo fdZsk.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) wdB bkb YhArok dk iBw ed'A ns/ feZE/ j'fJnk ;h <
(ii) wkg/ wdB bkb ƒ eh pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B <
(iii) bkj"o fe; uhI dk e/Ado ;h ns/ wdB bkb T[~s/ fe; uhI dk n;o fgnk.
(iv) bzdB ik e/ wdB bkb ƒ eh wfj;{; j'fJnk <
(v) GkoshnK T[go I[bw eoB dk fto'Xh fejV/ nzro/IK ƒ ;wfMnk iKdk ;h <
(vi) fJj Ppd fe; B/ fe; ƒ ej/^‘d/; dh nIkdh bJh ni/ j'o wdB bkbK dh b'V j?’ <
(vii) wdB bkb dhnK n;EhnK ed'A Gkos fbnKdhnK rJhnK ns/ T[BQK ƒ feZE/ gqtkj ehsk frnk <
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) wdB bkb YhArok s'A fJbktk d/; dh nIkdh bJh e[opkBh d/D tkb/
fe;/ j'o d/;^Grs d/ ihtB pko/ 15 s'A 20 ;soK fby'.
(ii) eh s[jkƒ brdk j? fe PjhdK B/ fi; ekoi bJh Pjkds fdZsh ;h, d/; T[BQK d/ ;[gB/ ƒ g{ok eo fojk j?. fJ; pko/ ft;sko ;fjs fJZe b/y fby'.
(iii) nkgD/ d/; bJh s[jkv/ wB ftZu eh e[M eoB dh fJZSk j? < eh s[jkv/ nzdo th d/;^Grsh dk iIpk j? < b'V g?D ’s/ s[;hA d/;
bJh eh e[M eo ;ed/ j' <
(iv) nZi Gkos fJZe nIkd d/; j?. go ni/ th b'e r[bkwh dh rZb eod/ jB. d/; d/ nzdo jh T[j fejVh r[bkwh j? < T[; ƒ fet/A d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(v) Gkos dh nIkdh ftZu n"os PjhdK dh e[opkBh pko/ ikDekoh Gog{o fJZe ukoN pDkU.
nH j/m fby/ pj[^noEe PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L (i) gZyh HHH
(ii) ;ZN HHH (iii) ;[o HHH (iv) T[bNh HHH (v) T[~uk HHH (vi) nkeV HH (vii) jkb HHH (viii) eZuk HHH (ix) jko HHH (x) x'Vk HHH JH tuB pdb' L
(i) nj[dk HHH (ii) nwho HHH (iii) Gkosh HHH (iv) ftuko HHH (v) e[opkBh (vi) ;orowh HHH (vii) frq|skoh HHH (viii) BIo HHH (ix) BkfJe HHH (x) n;Eh HHH
;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u fefonk dh gSkD eo' L
(i) wdB bkb YhArok B/ fg;s"b Bkb tkfJbh ƒ wkfonk. HHH (ii) ftfdnkoEh fJBebkph dh ihtBh gVQd/ jB. HHH
(iii) wdB bkb YhArok d/P^Grs ;{owk ;h. HHH
(iv) ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh fJZe oki;h iE/pzdh d/ o{g ftZu ezw eod/ ;B. HHH (v) YhArok dhnK n;EhnK ib^gotkj eo fdZshnK rJhnK. HHH jH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ ftP/PD s/ fefonk ftP/PD o{gK ƒ tkeK ft~u tos' L
E'VQk, j"bh, nzsbk, nX{ok, Io{o eH ekb dhnK fe;wK fby' L
(i) wdB bkb YhArok ƒ cK;h j' u[Zeh j?.HHH
(ii) wdB bkb YhArok d/ fJZe Gok s/ fJZe G?D ;h. HHH (iii) p/;jkok b'eK dh wdd eo'. HHH
(iv) nIkdh dh jtk uZb ojh j?. HHH
(v) gVQkJh eoB bJh YhArok fJzrb?Av ubk frnk ;h. HHH yH j/m fbyhnK nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L
(i) jkEh d/ dzd ykD d/ j'o, fdykT[D d/ j'o HHH (ii) ;;sk o't/ tko^tko, wfjzrk o't/ fJZe tko HHH (iii) fJZe gzE d' eki HHH
(iv) T[~uk bzwk rZGo{ s/ gZb/ mheohnK HHH (v) nkgDh ghVh j/m ;'Nk c/oBk HHH
wbNh^whvhnk
vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo
P\;hns s/ ouBk
vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo dk iBw 27 wJh, 1964 ƒ gzikp d/ |ohde'N fIbQ/ ftZu fgzv e'N ;[yhnk fty/
fgsk wk;No ;'jD bkb d/ xo wksk ;qhwsh ;Zfsnk d/th dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[j okiXkBh fdZbh d/ fdnkb f;zx JhtfBzr ekbi ftZu gzikph d/ nf;;N?AN g'q|?;o jB. o/vhU s/ NhHthH ;w/s whvhnk d/ y/
so ftu th ;orow jB. T[BQK dhnK g[;seK ftZu
‘okw ;o{g nDyh dk Bktb ;z;ko’, ‘;kfjs^fuzsB’, ‘thBk towk dk rbgh irs’, ‘gzikph tkose^g[Bo ftuko’, ‘gzikph whvhnk’ ns/ ‘;zuko, seBhe s/ wbNhwhvhnk’ nkfd Pkfwb jB. whvhnk pko/ T[go'es feskpK tZy^tZy iwksK d/ f;b/p; ftZu gVQkJhnK ik ojhnK jB. nkg gzikph GkPk d/
gquko^gq;ko dhnK rsh^ftXhnk Bkb fBozso i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. nkg ƒ gzikph nekdwh, fdZbh tZb'A gzikph GkPk ;/tk ;BwkB Bkb ;BwkfBs eoB d/
Bkb^Bkb j'o th nB/eK ;z;EktK tZb'A wkD^;BwkB jk;b j' u[Ze/ jB.
wbNh^whvhnk
‘wbNh^whvhnk’ gfoGkPe Ppd dh ekY pkZp r'bv;NhB (Bob Goldstein) B/ i[bkJh, 1966 ƒ ;kT{E?gNB fty/ nkgD/ fJe P'n (Show) dk gquko (Promote) eoB bJh eZYh ;h. whvhnk dh d[Bhnk ftZu wbNh^whvhnk fJZe e/Adoh Ppd dk o[spk jk;b eo u[Zfenk j?. 19thA ;dh d/ d;t/A djke/
ftZu ezfgT{No dh \ohd^|o'\s ƒ ‘wbNh^whvhnk ezfgT{No’ dk BK jh fdZsk n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
o[spk LdoIk
tZ; Lekp{
frnk ;h. fJ; dk w[Zy ekoB fJ; ftZu fJZe ;hHvhH o'w vokJht (CD-Rom drive) dk w"i{d j'Dk ;h. fJ; okjhA thvhU s;thoK s/ nkvhU nzefVnK d/
;?AeV/ w?rkpkJhN; (Megabytes) w[jZJhnk eoB dk gqpzX ;h. fJ; ƒ f;Zfynk wbNh^whvhnk d/ fBowkD ftZu fJZe tkX/ ti'A t/fynk frnk. T[d'A s'A whvhnk wkfXnw (Medium) dk pj[^tuBh pD frnk.
fJ; ftZu ;zuko Bkb ;pzfXs fJZe s'A tX/o/ sZs w"i{d j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJ; ƒ ;zfrnk iK ftP/PD d/ s"o ’s/ th fJ;s/wkb eo fbnk iKdk j?.
wbNh^whvhnk ’u gkm (Text), nktkI (Sound), ;fEo s;thoK (Still Images), thvhU ftP/P gqGktK (Special Effects) s/ ihtzs fuZso (Animation) dk ;[w/b j[zdk j?. wbNh^whvhnk dk ekoi ezfgT{No ns/ fpibJh izsoK dh wdd Bkb j[zdk j?. fJ; okjhA gq'rokw foekov ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB iK Bkb'A Bkb (Live) th fdykJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; ƒ bhBhno (Liniear) s/
}?o^bhBhno (Non-Liniear) fe;wK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?. bhBhno whvhnk ftZu t;s{ T[go doPe dk tZ; (Control) BjhA jz[dk. fit/A fJZe f;B/wk g/Pekoh ’u nfijk tkgodk j?. go }?o^bhBhno t;s{ ftZu tos'Aeko ƒ fJ; dk fJ;s/wkb eoB dh y[ZbQ j[zdh j? fit/A ezfgT{No dh y/v (Computer Game) jkJhgo^whvhnk (Hyper-Media) }?o^bhBhno t;s{
dh fJZe fw;kb j?. foekov^P[dk (Recorded) g/Pekoh okjhA fJZe B/thr/PB f;;Nw okjhA ;zgoe dk gqpzX j' ;edk j? idfe Bkb'A Bkb (Live) wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh ’u gq;s[seosk iK ndkeko Bkb rZbpks (Inforation) okjhA ;zgoe pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. wbNh^whvhnk B/ gzikph gq'rokwK ƒ uko uzB bkJ/
jB. gzikph nekdwh fdZbh B/ ;zB 2011 ’u f|o'IPkj e'Nbk d/ ftPkb ;N/vhnw
’u wbNh^whvhnk ’s/
nXkos o"PBh s/ nktkI (Light and Sound) g'qrokw
‘rkEk e{ek bfjo dh’ ƒ f|bwkT[D ’u ;|bsk jk;b ehsh ;h.
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE tos'Aeko LtosD
tkbk gq;s[seosk Lgq;s[s$g/P
eoB tkbk ftPth LftPt gZXo
dk
wbNh^whvhnk dhnK gqw[~y ftP/PsktK L
wbNh^whvhnk dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jB L
1H wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh ƒ ;N/i, gq'i?eNo, NqK;whNo iK ;EkBe gZXo ’s/ fJZe whvhnk gb/no okjhA fdykfJnk ik ;edk j?.
2H fJ; okjhA g/Pekoh foekov^P[dk (Recorded) iK Bkb'A Bkb (Live) j' ;edh j?.
3H wbNh^whvhnk ftP/P gqGktK (Special Effects) okjhA gq'rokw ftZu j'o fByko fbnkT[Adk j?.
4H \poK d/ ;zgkdB (Editing) d"okB wbNh^whvhnk nktkI s/ s;thoK ƒ ebkswe Yzr Bkb sokPdk j?.
wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A L
fJ; dh tos'A fJPfsjkopkIh, ebk, f;Zfynk, wB'oziB, fJzihBhnfozr, dtkJhnK, fj;kp^feskp, tgko, ftfrnkBe y'i nkfd bJh ehsh ik ;edh j?. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A ezfgT{No nXkos f;ybkJh e'o;K (CBTs) ns/ fJB;kJheb'ghvhnk s/ izsohnK nkfd jtkbk g[;seK (Reference Books) bJh ehsh iKdh j?. wbNh^whvhnk dh tiQk Bkb y'i dh
;zGktBk th tXh j?. ;e{bK, ekbiK s/ :{Bhtof;NhnK ftZu fJ; Bkb f;Zfynk ftZu ;[Xko fbnKdk ik fojk j?. iwksK ftZu ftfdnkoEh tX/o/ ;[ykbk wfj;{;
eo ;ed/ jB. nfXnkge tZy'^tZyo/ sohfenK okjhA ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ frnkB^
ftfrnkB Bkb i'V ;ed/ jB.
wbNh^whvhnk B/ gZsoekoh ƒ ftPth o{g gqdkB eo fdZsk j?. \poK d/
nkdkB^gqdkB d/ Yzr^sohe/ pdb u[Ze/ jB. whvhnk fBowksktK (Producers) s/ T[gG'rsktK (Consumers) bJh ;{uBk dhnK BthnK seBheK ftef;s j' u[ZehnK jB. fw;kb ti'A ;KMk GkPk g'qi?eN (Common Language Project) wbNh^whvhnk gZsoekoh dh fe;w dh fJZe T[dkjoB j?. gZsoeko e?wfonK, nkvhU s/ thvhU foekovoK ns/ tkJh^ckJh Bkb b?; b?gNkg ezfgT{NoK dh wdd Bkb fwzNK^;fezNK ftZu \poK dk ;zuko eo oj/ jB.
;e?Bo dh wdd Bkb s;tho iK d;skt/IK ƒ fvIhNb (Digital) o{g fdZsk ik ;edk j?.
fN~gDh
fJ; b/y ftZu b/ye B/ wbNh^whvhnk d/ nkTD Bkb ihtB d/ tZy'^tZyo/
y/soK T[~go g?D tkb/ n;o ƒ do;kT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. wbNh^whvhnk Ppd dh ekY, fJ; d/ tZy'^tZyo/ sZsK ns/ fJ; dh tos'A d/ Yzr^sohfenK ƒ ;wMkT[D dk T[gokbk ehsk frnk j?. f;Zfynk s/ whvhnk ;w/s j'oBK y/soK ftZu fJ; Bkb nkJ/ ;[Xko ƒ T[Gkfonk frnk j?. wbNh^whvhnk dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK d/ fIeo Bkb fJ; dh ekoi^gqDkbh ƒ ;wMD ftu j'o wdd fwbdh j?. ;w[Zu/ b/y ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dh ;woZEk dk gsk brdk j?.
nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) wbNh^whvhnk Ppd dh ekY fe; B/ eZYh ;h <
(ii) fe;/ g'qrqkw ’u wbNh^whvhnk dh fejVh seBhe Bkb ;[Xko fbnKdk ik ;edk j? <
(iii) gZsoekoh d/ y/so ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dk eh :'rdkB j? <
(iv) ‘rkEk e{ek bfjo dh’ ƒ f|bwkT[D bJh fejVh seBhe dh tos'A ehsh rJh ;h.
(v) bhBhno s/ }?o^bhBhno whvhnk ftZu eh nzso j? <
(vi) wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fpnkB eo'.
(vii) wbNh^whvhnk dh ;woZEk dk eh G/s j? <
(viii)wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh d/ ;kXBK dk BK dZ;' <
nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/
TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) wbNh^whvhnk d/ izsoK ƒ do;kT[Adk fJZe ikDekoh Gog{o ukoN pDkT[.
(ii) i/eo s[jkƒ p'bD ftZu fMie wfj;{; j[zdh j? sK w'pkJhb iK fe;/
j'o izso ftZu nkgDh nktkI foekov eoe/ nkgDk T[ukoB ;[XkoB dh e'fPP eo'.
(iii) nkgD/ ;e{b ftZu j'J/ ;bkBk ;wko'j dh fog'oN ezfgT{No T[go NkJhg eo' < fJ; dh tko^tko eKN^SKN eoB Bkb s[;hA \poK dk ;zgkdB eoBk th f;Zy ;e'r/.
(iv) wbNh^whvhnk d/ izsoK ftZu'A s[jkƒ fejVk izso tX/o/ g;zd j? s/
feT[A < y[ZbQ e/ fpnkB eo'.
(v) tZy'^tZyo/ izsoK ƒ fwbk e/ ezfgT{No dh wdd Bkb wbNh^whvhnk pko/ fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.
nH j/m fby/ pj[^noEe PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L (i) T[~uk HHH HHH HHH HHH
(ii) ;ko HHH HHH HHH HHH (iii) f;ZNk HHH HHH HHH HHH (iv) ekb HHH HHH HHH HHH (v) ;o HHH HHH HHH HHH (vi) i'V HHH HHH HHH HHH (vii) nzr HHH HHH HHH HHH JH tuB pdb' L
(i) ;dh HHH (ii) s;tho HHH (iii) izsoh HHH (iv) nktkI HHH (v) ;{uBk HHH (vi) seBhe HHH (vii) e?wok HHH (viii) t;s{ HHH (ix) BthA HHH (x) ;N/i HHH
;H j/m fby/ nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L (i) T[bNh tkV y/s ƒ ykJ/ HHH
(ii) T[~fmnk Bk ikJ/, fcZN/ wz{j r'fvnK d/ HHH (iii) ;Zdh Bk p[bkJh, w?A bkV/ dh skJh HHH (iv) fJe nBko, ;" fpwko HHH
(v) jZE ezrD ƒ nko;h eh HHH
